The Meridional Overturning Circulation
Monitoring Global Ocean Circulation
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Who We Are
The overturning circulation is one of the main mechanisms the ocean uses to move heat, salt, carbon, and nutrients throughout the global oceans. Achieving a more complete understanding of the behavior of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) requires an observational network spanning the globe.
AOML scientists and our national and international partners are leading several programs that make crucial observations of the MOC in both the North and South Atlantic. The AOML projects that monitor/measure the MOC include: Western Boundary Time Series, Southwest Atlantic MOC , GO-SHIP, Argo, and the eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) network.
Our Objectives
- Measure, describe, and understand the pathways and variability of the upper and lower limbs of the MOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans.
- Assess the role of the MOC in redistributing heat and salt in the ocean, and how it affects regional and coastal sea level changes.
- Study the relationship between the MOC and extreme weather events, including global monsoons, heat waves, hurricanes, and droughts.
Top News
Reassessing the stability of the Florida Current: New insights from 40 years of observations
September 5, 2024
There is growing scientific interest in quantifying how large-scale ocean circulation is evolving as part of a changing global climate. Of particular interest is the potential weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, the strength of the Florida Current, a key component of the AMOC, has remained stable for the past four decades, […]
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Results & Research Impacts
The Importance of Long Term Time-Series Data on the Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Key Findings & Accomplishments
With our partners, our WBTS project helped generate a 16-year daily time series of the MOC and heat transport in the North Atlantic.
Daily Time Series
The SAM project, along with SAMOC partners, has collected 10 years of daily MOC transport data in the South Atlantic.
Year Time Series
Analysis of Argo and XBT data, along with altimetry data, allow us to generate 28-year long records of the MOC at multiple latitudes in both the North and South Atlantic.
Year Record
We have over 100 coast-to-coast XBT transects from 2000 to present and 7+ GO-SHIP transects that have been used to estimate the strength of the MOC at various latitudes.
Degrees North
What is the Overturning Circulation
The Oceanic Conveyer Belt
A “meridian” is a north-south line on the globe along a constant longitude. The term “meridional,” is commonly used to refer to motion that is primarily in the north-south direction.
The Meridional Overturning Circulation is a component of ocean circulation, which constantly moves water, heat, salt, carbon, and nutrients north-south within the ocean basins, and ultimately between the ocean basins and around the globe. In the Atlantic Ocean, warm and salty water in the upper ocean is transported from the South Atlantic towards the Nordic Seas (Greenland, England, and Northern Canada), where, after losing its heat to the atmosphere and mixing with ambient water masses, it sinks and forms deep water that flows south all the way down toward Antarctica.
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At the same time, near the coast of Antarctica, even heavier waters are formed. These waters flow north along the seafloor into the North Atlantic where they slowly rise and mix with other waters that flow back to the south. The MOC is responsible for about two-thirds of the oceanic northward heat transport and, thus, plays an important role in regulating the Earth’s climate system.
Changes in the Atlantic MOC determine how much heat is transported and influence regional heat content variations. This makes monitoring the Meridional Overturning Circulation critical for tracking changes in the global and regional climate and weather.
Observational MOC arrays are constructed so that they measure the strength of the circulation from coast to coast as the flow crosses a line of constant latitude either in the North Atlantic (e.g., from North America to North Africa) or South Atlantic (from South America to South Africa).
See the video below by NASA to learn more about why the MOC is important, or check out the tweet thread we did about the #thermohalinecirculation with Renellys Perez.
The #thermohalinecirculation is a global overturning circulation made of stratified water masses. The upper layer is warmer, lighter & sits on top of the colder and denser deep layer. These layers travel around the global oceans, exchanging waters and nutrients along the way. pic.twitter.com/yLvw33dcn5
— NOAA AOML (@NOAA_AOML) August 30, 2018
Effects on Global Climate
Regional Sea Level
Heat moved around the oceans by the MOC largely controls the regional oceanic heat content. It has recently been shown that this movement of heat also impacts the year-to-year variability of sea level both along the U.S. southeastern coastline and along the coastlines around the Mediterranean Sea. Continuous observations of the MOC can potentially be used to develop or improve coastal sea level predictions.
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One of AOML’s contributions to MOC monitoring is a system that measures the transport of the Gulf Stream near the Florida coast using voltages on a submarine cable. These daily observations started back in 1982, and now provide the longest nearly-continuous record of a boundary current transport in the world. Changes in the Gulf Stream strength directly affects sea levels along the eastern coast of Florida. A stronger current is associated with lower sea levels along the east coast of Florida, and a weaker current is associated with higher sea levels.
Oceanic Heat Content Change
Several ongoing projects are investigating the variability of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in both the North and the South Atlantic Ocean using shipboard measurements, moored buoys, and satellite data. These studies involve measurements of the full-water-column, full-basin-width, meridional velocity, temperature, and salinity along a line of constant latitude: 26.5N in the North Atlantic and 34.5S in the South Atlantic. This is crucial, because the Atlantic Ocean is unique as the only basin where heat is transported northward in both hemispheres, strongly impacting the heat content.
Extreme Weather
The MOC is a driver of global climate and has a substantial impact on precipitation patterns. Studying these patterns helps our physical oceanographers provide data and insights that can improve weather forecasts beyond the current weather timescales of up to 10 days. We also conduct research to understand how the MOC is connected to monsoons and extreme weather events such as heat waves and tornadoes.
How do we monitor the MOC?
Observing Systems and the MOC
Read the plain-language article about several different types of observational systems that are used by scientists to measure the complex nature of the meridional overturning circulation.
Measuring Ocean Transport
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation plays a crucial role in redistributing heat and salt throughout the global oceans. Achieving a more complete understanding of the behavior of the MOC system requires a comprehensive observational network that spans the entire Atlantic basin.
The Florida Current
AOML has continuously monitored the Florida current since 1982 to learn more about how local and global sea level rise are connected over time and space. These observations, taken at 26.5N latitude in the Atlantic, allow AOML scientists to draw important conclusions about the speed of the Meridional Overturning Circulation over long and short timescales. Results from long-term monitoring and subsequent research helps to improve coastal sea level predictions.
Click through the slides below to learn more about the Florida Current and its impacts on South Florida.
To watch the full presentation click here.
Expanding our Reach Beyond South Florida.
Trends across the Atlantic.
Watch the Lightning Presentation: Monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in both Hemispheres
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Global mean sea level rise caused by ocean warming and melting of ice sheets and glaciers is one of the most alarming aspects of climate change. However, while the global mean sea level is rising, regional sea level trends are quite different, with some regions rising faster than others or even experiencing decreasing sea levels. For example, a pronounced acceleration of sea level rise in 2010-2015 was observed south of Cape Hatteras along the U.S. eastern coastline, while a deceleration occurred further north. This regional sea level variability is largely due to the changing dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere. These dynamics also further influence regional sea level changes region by region and over time.
These large-scale, slow, sea level pattern changes are added on top of shorter-period (and often stronger) sea level changes that coastal communities directly experience every day. These can include tides, storm surge, and the strength of the Gulf Stream. To improve regional sea level predictions, it’s important to understand both the large scale and small scale patterns and to explore how they change over time. Read how AOML scientists are discovering how ocean dynamics affect regional sea level in the Mediterranean Sea and along the U.S. southeastern seaboard.
Extreme Weather Events
In order to expand weather forecasts beyond the typical timescales, we need information from the surface ocean and the ocean at depth, as well as the land.
-Hosmay Lopez, Ph.D
Extreme weather events are responsible for large mortality and vast economic impact in the U.S. on a yearly basis. However, the current operational forecasts for extreme weather are limited to only several days in advance. There is a pressing need for extending the time frame of severe weather forecast beyond the 7-10 days’ time scale. Research conducted at AOML shows a physical link between the state of the ocean and high impact extreme weather events, such as heat waves and tornadoes.
Changes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) influences the occurrence of heat waves in the U.S., as well as global monsoon precipitation. AOML scientists have found evidence that weaker northward transports of heat within the ocean in the South Atlantic leads to stronger Northern Hemisphere monsoons about 20 years later. This research and related studies are allowing AOML scientists to link monsoon intensity and other severe weather events to changes in the MOC. Click on the link below to learn more about the extreme weather research happening at AOML.
Observations in the South Atlantic
Traditionally, most Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) observations have been focused on the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans where the largest volumes of new deep waters are formed. However, to understand the feedback and interaction between the waters formed in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans it is imperative to improve our understanding of the pathways of the upper and lower limbs of the MOC in the South Atlantic Ocean. Numerical climate models indicate that important water mass transformations and exchanges occur in the South Atlantic. These exchanges are thought to control the stability of the entire MOC flow system. Recognition of the importance of the South Atlantic led to the formation of an international group dedicated to advancing our understanding of the role of the South Atlantic Ocean in the MOC system, as well as the establishment of an observing system to capture key components of the circulation: these endeavors are known as the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or SAMOC initiative. The SAMOC initiative is a collaboration involving partners in Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, Spain, South Africa, and the United States (NOAA/AOML). The main objective of the SAMOC initiative is to measure the strength and variability of the MOC in the South Atlantic, and how it transports water mass properties like heat and salt, to link those variations with weather phenomena and climate system variability.
XBT
AOML collects expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data on two transects spanning the subtropical oceans on quarterly repeats: in the North Atlantic since 1995 along AX07 running between Spain and Miami, Florida, and in the South Atlantic since 2002 along AX18 between Cape Town, South Africa, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. These data capture the upper limb of the MOC transport, which provide a means to monitor the variability in MOC and its associated heat transport. AOML currently provides quarterly reports for the North and South Atlantic MHT using data from these two repeat XBT transects.
South Atlantic Meridional Heat Transport (SAMHT)
Observations in the South Atlantic have been historically sparse both in space and time compared to the North Atlantic. To enhance our understanding of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Meridional Heat Transport (MHT) variability in the South Atlantic, AOML developed a methodology to estimate the MOC and MHT by combining sea surface height measurements from satellite altimetry and in situ measurements (Dong et al., 2015). This new methodology allows us to estimate the MOC and MHT in real time.
Argo and Altimetry
There is increasing evidence that the South Atlantic may be playing a crucial role to the MOC variability. Therefore, in an attempt to understand the variability of the upper branch of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the South Atlantic, a three dimensional absolute velocity product is constructed using sea surface height measurements from satellite altimetry, observations from Argo floats, and wind fields. These velocity fields along with the hydrographic profiles are then used to estimate meridional volume and heat transport at several latitudes in the South Atlantic. The analysis has been expanded into the North Atlantic where the integrated meridional volume and heat transports are derived at two latitudes.
Featured Publication
VOLKOV, D.L., S. DONG, M. Lankhorst, M. KERSALÉ, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. SCHMID, J. Herrford, R.C. PEREZ, B.I. Moat, P. Brandt, C.S. MEINEN, M.O. BARINGER, E. Frajka-Williams, and D.A. Smeed. Global oceans: Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. In State of the Climate in 2020, J. Blunden, and T. Boyer (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102(8):S176-S179 (https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1) (2021).
The zonally integrated component of surface and deep currents, known as the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), plays an important role in Earth’s climate because it provides a mechanism for ocean meridional heat transport (MHT). The observing system for the Atlantic MOC/MHT consists of several basin-wide moored arrays as well as the combination of satellite altimetry and in situ (mainly Argo and eXpendable BathyThermograph [XBT]) measurements (Fig. 3.21a; e.g., Frajka-Williams et al. 2019)…
Global Oceans: Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Transport in the Atlantic Ocean
VOLKOV, D.L., S. DONG, M. Lankhorst, M. KERSALÉ, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. SCHMID, J. Herrford, R.C. PEREZ, B.I. Moat, P. Brandt, C.S. MEINEN, M.O. BARINGER, E. Frajka-Williams, and D.A. Smeed. Global oceans: Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. In State of the Climate in 2020, J. Blunden, and T. Boyer (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102(8):S176-S179 (https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1) (2021).
The zonally integrated component of surface and deep currents, known as the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), plays an important role in Earth’s climate because it provides a mechanism for ocean meridional heat transport (MHT). The observing system for the Atlantic MOC/MHT consists of several basin-wide moored arrays as well as the combination of satellite altimetry and in situ (mainly Argo and eXpendable BathyThermograph [XBT]) measurements (Fig. 3.21a; e.g., Frajka-Williams et al. 2019)…
Publications & References
2022
Berx, B., D. Volkov, J. Baehr, M.O. Baringer, P. Brandt, K. Burmeister, S. Cunningham, M.F. de Jong, L. de Steur, S. Dong, E. Frajka-Williams, G.J. GONI, N.P. Holliday, R. Hummels, R. Ingvaldsen, K. Jochumsen, W. Johns, S. Jónsson, J. Karstensen, D. Kieke, R. Krishfield, M. Lankhorst, K.M.H. Larsen, I. Le Bras, C.M. Lee, F. Li, S. Lozier, A. Macrander, G. McCarthy, C. Mertens, B. Moat, M. Moritz, R. Perez, I. Polyakov, A. Proshutinsky, B. Rabe, M. Rhein, C. SCHMID, Ø. Skagseth, D.A. Smeed, M.-L. Timmermans, W.-J. von Appen, B. Williams, R. Woodgate, and I. Yashayaev. Climate-relevant ocean transport measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Oceanography 34(4):10-11 (https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-04) (2021).Campos, E.J.D., M.C. van Caspel, W. Zenk, E.G. Morozov, D.I. Frey, A.R. Piola, C.S. Meinen, O.T. Sato, R.C. Perez, and S. Dong. Warming trend in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel in the South Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(19):e2021GL094709 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094709) (2021).
Kilbourne, K.H., A.D. Wanamaker, P. Moffa-Sanchez, D.J. Reynolds, D.E. Amrhein, P.G. Butler, G. Gebbie, M. Goes, M.F. Jansen, C.M. Little, M.J. Mette, E. Moreno-Chamarro, P. Ortega, B.L. Otto-Bliesner, T. Rossby, J. Scourse, and N.M. Whitney. Atlantic circulation change still uncertain. Nature Geoscience, 15:165-167 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00896-4) (2022).
Volkov, D.L., S. Dong, J. Willis, W. Hobbs, W. Johns, D.A. Smeed, B.I. Moat, Y. Fu, S. Lozier, M. Kersalé, R.C. Perez, D. Rayner, E. Frajka-Williams, and G. GONI. Global oceans: Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. In State of the Climate in 2021, J. Blunden and T. Boyer (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 103(8):S175-178 (https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0072.1) (2022).
Xu, X., E. Chassignet, S. Dong, and M. Baringer. Transport structure of the South Atlantic Ocean derived from a high-resolution numerical model and observations. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9:811398 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.811398) (2022).
2021
Brown, P. J., McDonagh, E. L., Sanders, R., Watson, A. J., Wanninkhof, R., King, B. A., … & Messias, M. J. (2021). Circulation-driven variability of Atlantic anthropogenic carbon transports and uptake. Nature Geoscience, 14(8), 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00774-5Dong, S., Goni, G., Domingues, R., Bringas, F., Goes, M., Christophersen, J., & Baringer, M. (2021). Synergy of In Situ and Satellite Ocean Observations in Determining Meridional Heat Transport in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(4), e2020JC017073. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017073
Goes, M., Goni, G., Dong, S., Boyer, T., & Baringer, M. (2020). The complementary value of XBT and Argo observations to monitor ocean boundary currents and meridional heat and volume transports: A case study in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 37(12), 2267-2282. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0027.1
Kersalé, M., Meinen, C. S., Perez, R. C., Piola, A. R., Speich, S., Campos, E. J. D., … & van den Berg, M. (2021). Multi‐Year Estimates of Daily Heat Transport by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 34.5° S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(5), e2020JC016947. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016947
Manta, G., Speich, S., Karstensen, J., Hummels, R., Kersalé, M., Laxenaire, R., … & Meinen, C. S. (2021). The South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Mesoscale Eddies in the First GO‐SHIP Section at 34.5° S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(2), e2020JC016962. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016962
Volkov, D.L., S. Dong, M. Lankhorst, M. Kersalé, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. Schmid, J. Herrford, R.C. Perez, B.I. Moat, P. Brandt, C.S. Meinen, M.O. Baringer, E. Frajka-Williams, and D.A. Smeed. Global oceans: Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. In State of the Climate in 2020,J. Blunden, and T. Boyer (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102(8):S176-S179 (https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1) (2021).
2020
Kersalé, M., C.S. Meinen, R.C. Perez, M. Le Hénaff, D. Valla, T. Lamont, O.T. Sato, S. Dong, T. Terre, M. van Caspel, M.P. Chidichimo, M. van den Berg, S. Speich, A.R. Piola, E.J.D. Campos, I. Ansorge, D.L. Volkov, R. Lumpkin, and S.L. Garzoli, 2020: Highly variable upper and abyssal overturning cells in the South Atlantic. Science Advances, 6(32):7573, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7573.Dong, S., H. Lopez, S.-K. Lee, C. Meinen, G. Goni and M. Baringer, 2020: What caused the large-scale heat deficit in the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean during 2009-2012? Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088206. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088206.
Volkov, D.L., C.S. Meinen, C. Schmid, B. Moat, M. Lankhorst, S. Dong, F. Li, W. Johns, S. Lozier, R. Perez, G. Goni, M. Kersale, E. Frajka-Williams, M. Baringer, D. Smeed, D. Rayner, A. Sanchez-Franks, and U. Send, 2020: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport [in “State of the Climate in 2019″]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101 (8), S163–S169, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1.
McCarthy, G.D., P.J. Brown, C.N. Flagg, G.J. Goni, L. Houpert, C.W. Hughes, R. Hummels, M. Inall, K. Jochumsen, K.M.H. Larsen, P. Lherminier, C.S. Meinen, B.I. Moat, D. Rayner, M. Rhein, A. Roessler, C. Schmid, and D.A. Smeed. Sustainable observations of the AMOC: Methodology and technology. Reviews of Geophysics, 58(1):e2019RG000654, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000654 2020
Moat, B.I., D.A. Smeed, E. Frajka-Williams, D.G. Desbruyeres, C. Beaulieu, W.E. Johns, D. Rayner, A. Sanchez-Franks, M.O. Baringer, D. Volkov, L.C. Jackson, and H.L. Bryden. Pending recovery in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation at 26°N. Ocean Science, 16(4):863-874, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-863-2020 2020
2019
Domingues, R.M., W.E. Johns, and C.S. Meinen. Mechanisms of eddy-driven variability of the Florida Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(5):1319-1338, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-18-0192.1 2019Foltz, G.R., P. Brandt, I. Richter, B. Rodriguez-Fonseca, F. Hernandez, M. Dengler, R.R. Rodrigues, J.O. Schmidt, L. Yu, N. Lefevre, L.C. Da Cunha, M.J. McPhaden, M.C. de Araujo Filho, J. Karstensen, J. Hahn, M. Martin-Rey, C.M. Patricola, P. Poli, P. Zuidema, R. Hummels, R.C. Perez, V. Hatje, J. Luebbecke, I. Polo, R. Lumpkin, B. Bourles, F.E. Asuquo, P. Lehodey, A. Conchon, P. Chang, P. Dandin, C. Schmid, A.J. Sutton, H. Giordani, Y. Xue, S. Illig, T. Losada, S. Grodsky, F. Gasparin, T. Lee, E. Mohino, P. Nobre, R. Wanninkhof, N.S. Keenlyside, V. Garcon, E. Sanchez-Gomez, H.C. Nnamchi, M. Drevillon, A. Storto, E. Remy, A. Lazar, S. Speich, M. Goes, T. Dorrington, W.E. Johns, J.N. Moum, C. Robinson, C. Perruche, R.B. de Souza, A. Gaye, J. Lopez-Parages, P.-A. Monerie, M. Castellanos, N.U. Benson, M.N. Hounkonnou, J. Trotte Duha, R. Laxenaire, and N. Reul. The tropical Atlantic observing system. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6:206, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00206 2019
Frajka-Williams, E., I.J. Ansorge, J. Baehr, H.L. Bryden, M.P. Chidichimo, S.A. Cunningham, G. Danabasoglu, S. Dong, K.A. Donohue, S. Elipot, N.P. Holliday, R. Hummels, L.C. Jackson, J. Karstensen, M. Lankhorst, I. Le Bras, M.S. Lozier, E.L. McDonagh, C.S. Meinen, H. Mercier, B.I. Moat, R.C. Perez, C.G. Piecuch, M. Rhein, M. Srokosz, K.E. Trenberth, S. Bacon, G. Forget, G.J. Goni, P. Heimbach, D. Kieke, J. Koelling, T. Lamont, G. McCarthy, C. Mertens, U. Send, D.A. Smeed, M. Van den Berg, D. Volkov, and C. Wilson. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed transports and variability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6:260, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00260 2019
Goes, M., L.N. Murphy, and A.C. Clement. The stability of the AMOC during Heinrich events is not dependent on the AMOC strength in an Intermediate Complexity Earth System model ensemble. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(8):1359-1374, doi:10.1029/2019PA003580 2019
Goni, G.J., Sprintall, J., Bringas, F., Cheng, L., Cirano, M., Dong. S, Domingues, R., Goes, M., Lopez, H., Morrow, R., Rivero, U., Rossby, T., Todd, R.E., Trinanes, J., Zilberman, N., Baringer, M.O., Boyer T., Cowley, R., Domingues, C.M., Hutchinson, K., Kramp, M., Mata, M.M., Reseghetti, F., Sun, C., Bhaskar, U., and Volkov, D., 2019: More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6:452 (doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00452).
Kersalé, M., Perez, R. C., Speich, S., Meinen, C. S., Lamont, T., Le Hénaff, M., van den Berg, M., Majumder, S., Ansorge, I. J., Dong, S., Schmid, C., Terre, T., Garzoli, S. L. Shallow and Deep Eastern Boundary Currents in the South Atlantic at 34.5°S: Mean structure and variability. J. Geophys. Res. doi: 10.1029/2018JC014554, 2019.
Lee, S.-K., R. Lumpkin, M.O. Baringer, C.S. Meinen, M. Goes, S. Dong, H. Lopez, and S.G. Yeager. Global meridional overturning circulation inferred from a data-constrained ocean and sea-ice model. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(3):1521-1530, doi:10.1029/2018GL080940 2019
Majumder, S., M. Goes, P.S. Polito, R. Lumpkin, C. Schmid, and H. Lopez. Propagating modes of variability and their impact on the western boundary current in the South Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(5):3168-3185, doi:10.1029/2018JC014812 2019
Meinen, C.S., W.E. Johns, B.I. Moat, R.H. Smith, E.M. Johns, D. Rayner, E. Frajka-Williams, R.F. Garcia, and S.L. Garzoli. Structure and variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5°N. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(6):3700-3723, doi:10.1029/2018JC014836 2019
Valla, D., A.R. Piola, C.S. Meinen, and E. Campos; 2019. Abyssal transport variations in the southwest South Atlantic: First insights from a long-term observation array at 34.5°S. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(12):6699-6705, doi:10.1029/2019GL082740.
Volkov, D.L., M. Baringer, D. Smeed, W. Johns, and F. Landerer. Teleconnection between the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and sea level in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Climate, 32(3):935-955, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0474.1 2019
Volkov, D.L., S.-K. Lee, R. Domingues, H. Zhang, and M. Goes. Interannual sea level variability along the southeastern seaboard of the United States in relation to the gyre-scale heat divergence in the North Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(13):7481-7490, doi:10.1029/2019GL083596 2019
2018
Kersale, M., T. Lamont, S. Speich, T. Terre, R. Laxenaire, M.J. Roberts, M.A. van den Berg, and I.J. Ansorge. Moored observations of mesoscale features in the Cape Basin: Characteristics and local impacts on water mass distributions. Ocean Science, 14(5):923-945, doi:10.5194/os-14-923-2018 2018Majumder, S. and Schmid, C., 2018: A study of the variability in the Benguela Current volume transport. Ocean Science, 14(2):273-283 (doi:10.5194/os-14-273-2018). [PDF]
Meinen, C.S., S. Speich, A.R. Piola, I. Ansorge, E. Campos. M. Kersale, T. Terre, M.-P. Chidichimo, T. Lamont, O.T. Sato, R.C. Perez, D. Valla, M. Van den Berg, M. Le Henaff, S. Dong, and S.L. Garzoli. Meridional Overturning Circulation transport variability at 34.5°S during 2009-2017: Baroclinic and barotropic flows and the dueling influence of the boundaries. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(9):4810-4188, doi:10.1029/2018GL077408 2018
Schmid, C., and Majumder, S., 2018: Transport variability of the Brazil Current from observations and a data assimilation model. Ocean Science, 14(3):417-436 (doi:10.5194/os-14-417-2018). [PDF]
Smeed, D.A., S.A. Josey, C. Beaulieu, W.E. Johns, B.I. Moat, E. Frajka-Williams, D. Rayner, C.S. Meinen, M.O. Baringer, H.L. Bryden, and G.D. McCarthy. The North Atlantic Ocean is in a state of reduced overturning. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(3):1527-1533, doi:10.1002/GL076350 2018
Valla, D., A.R. Piola, C.S. Meinen, and E. Campos. Strong mixing and recirculation in the northwestern Argentine Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123(7):4624-4648, doi:10.1029/2018JC013907 2018
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