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Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT -
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By Chris Landsea, Craig Anderson, William Bredemeyer, Cristina Carrasco,
Noel Charles, Michael Chenoweth, Gil Clark, Jason Dunion, Ryan Ellis,
Jose Fernandez-Partagas, Steve Feuer, John Gamache, David Glenn,
Lyle Hufstetler, Cary Mock, Charlie Neumann, Ramon Perez Suarez,
Ricardo Prieto, Jorge Sanchez-Sesma, Adrian Santiago, Donna Thomas,
Lenworth Woolcock, and Mark Zimmer.
Special thanks to: Sim Aberson, James Belanger, Auguste Boissonnade,
Emery Boose, Hugh Cobb, Jose Colon, Neal Dorst, Daniel Gladstein,
Mark Guishard, Paul Hebert, Paul Hungerford, Mark Jelinek, Brian Jones,
Lorne Ketch, David Roth, Al Sandrik, and David Vallee.
Introduction
1) Original re-analysis efforts completed in 2000 provided an addition
to HURDAT for the years 1851 to 1885, based upon the encyclopedic work of
Partagas and Diaz as well as other sources. Unless otherwise stated,
observations mentioned here are from the Partagas and Diaz reports.
2) In August 2002, a re-analysis of 1992's Hurricane Andrew's intensity was
approved and incorporated into HURDAT. A brief synopsis of the results
of this re-analysis are provided here. A full description of presentations
made and minutes of deliberations are provided on-line at:
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/andrew.html
3) Re-analysis work completed in 2003 focussed upon the period of 1886 to
1910, with some additional changes to the earlier 1851 to 1885 era. Again
the main sources utilized for this effort were the Partagas and Diaz
reports and all observations described come from these reports unless
otherwise explicitly referenced.
4) In 2005, changes and additions are made for the period of 1911 to 1914.
This is the first era completed in the reanalysis that did not have
the benefit of Jose Fernandez Partagas' efforts. Co-authors on these changes
are William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock, with special
thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock. We revised all 15 existing
tropical storms and hurricanes during this four year period, added 5 new
tropical storms, and discussed (but did not add in) an additional 19 suspect
systems. While there were no major US hurricanes during this relatively quiet
period, Jamaica experienced one of their worst hurricanes ever in a late
season system in November 1912. A surprising finding was the lack of any new
tropical storms or hurricanes for 1914, which was and remains the quietest
hurricane season ever for the Atlantic basin with just one tropical storm.
5) In 2006, many corrections were made for U.S. landfalling tropical
cyclones based upon research conducted by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger.
Additionally, explicit notation was given for U.S. hurricanes during the
entire 1851 to 2005 period that caused hurricane conditions (estimated
maximum sustained surface winds of 64 kt or greater) in an inland
state.
6) In 2007, minor alterations were introduced for a few cyclones during
the period of 1989 to 2005 to fix a couple typographic errors, to correctly
indicate U.S. states impacted and to make slight adjustments to the HURDAT
positions/intensities for two days in Ophelia and one time period in Wilma.
7) In 2008, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1915 to 1920.
All storms of the era were revised in track and intensity. Eight new tropical
storms were added during this period and one of the original tropical storms in
HURDAT was removed.
8) In 2009, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of
1921 to 1925. All 27 tropical storms and hurricanes of the era
were revised in track and intensity (with one in 1923 removed
from HURDAT). 10 new tropical cyclones were added for these five
years. Most significant hurricanes of this era were the 1921
Tampa Bay hurricane that struck as a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Scale Category 3, the 1922 Bermuda hurricane that struck the
Bermuda islands as a Category 3, and the 1924 Cuba hurricane
that struck as a Category 5 (and is now the first recorded Category
5 hurricane in the database).
*******************************************************************************
1851/01 - 2003 ADDITION:
00001 06/25/1851 M= 1 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
00002 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 70 0* 0 0 0 0
00003 HRBTX1
Ellis' (1988) Hurricane History of the Texas Coast (and mirrored in Roth's
(1997b) Texas Hurricane History website) includes the following description:
"June 25th, 1851: A short but severe storm which passed over Matagorda Bay and
was described as the most disastrous experienced there to date. Caused
widespread damage at Saluria on Matagorda Island where saltwater contaminated
the fresh water cisterns. Wind damage at Port Lavaca was widespread and
every wharf destroyed. Indianola suffered damage to waterfront buildings,
but the storm tide did not cover the spit of land at Power Horn."
Based upon this account, a single-point hurricane is analyzed and added to the
best track database. It is quite possible that this hurricane was Category 2
(or stronger) given the sparseness of the population in the region.
1851/01 - 2004 REVISION:
00001 06/25/1851 M= 1 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
00001 06/25/1851 M= 4 1 SNBR= 1 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*
00002 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 70 0* 0 0 0 0
00002 06/25*280 948 80 0*280 954 80 0*280 960 80 0*281 965 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 26th through the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
00002 06/26*282 970 70 0*283 976 60 0*284 983 60 0*286 989 50 0
00002 06/27*290 994 50 0*295 998 40 0*3001000 40 0*3051001 40 0
00002 06/28*3101002 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
00003 HRBTX1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
1-6/25/1851 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 70kt 1 (985mb) BTX1
1-6/25/1851 2000Z 28.1N 96.7W 80kt 1 (977mb) BTX1
**** **** **** ** ***
Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina obtained some observations
that pertain to this hurricane from Corpus Christi and Fort Brown.
Additionally, Prof. Mock and Mr. David Roth of the Hydrometeorological
Prediction Center obtained newspaper accounts of the impact of its landfall
in Texas. (The observations were primarily from Army Forts that observed the
weather four times a day: near sunrise, 9 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m. Winds
could range from a range of 0 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about
40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.) A
search of the NCDC archives revealed, in addition to those provided
by Prof. Mock, observations from the following Texas forts: Fort
Graham, Fort Mcintosh, Fort Croghan, Fort Lincoln, Fort Martin Scott,
Fort Ringgold, San Antonio, Fort Merrill, Fort Duncan and New Wild.
Relevant observations are shown below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - ENE1 NE1 NE4 NW1 80/85/89/83
Jun. 26, 1851 - S5 SSW2 SSW3 ESE4 74/76/78/74 rain 1am to 6 1/2 pm 3.00"
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1 S3 SE6 SSE6 79/83/88/83
Fort Mcintosh (Laredo), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2 SE2 SE2 NE2 73/93/98/88
Jun. 26, 1851 - N2 NW2 NW2 SE3 75/92/98/83 rain began ?
Jun. 27, 1851 - NW2 E2 SW2 SE2 70/78/92/79 rain ended ? 2.48"
Fort Croghan (30.5N, 98.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - S3 SE4 SE4 SE3 75/85/95/80
Jun. 26, 1851 - NE2 E3 E3 E3 70/80/86/82 0.19"
Jun. 27, 1851 - S3 SE4 S4 SE4 82/81/82/79
Notes from Jun. 26th: At 10 A.M. a slight shower. Showers from 11 P.M.
through the night.
Fort Lincoln (29.4N, 99.5W), Texas (no temperatures):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1 SE2 SE3 SE2
Jun. 26, 1851 - NW3 N4 N4 SE8 11 a.m. rain began, 9 p.m. rain ended 0.8"
Jun. 27, 1851 - SE1 E4 ENE5 SE2 9 a.m. rain began, 3 p.m. rain ended 0.35"
Notes from Jun 26th: Rain fell in showers at intervals, accompanied by
heavy winds.
Fort Martin Scott (30.2N, 98.8W), Texas (no precipitation totals):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1 SE1 NE2 SE1 70/80/93/74
Jun. 26, 1851 - E1 NE3 NE3 SE1 69/76/82/71 rain at intervals during day
Jun. 27, 1851 - E1 SE2 SW3 SE4 68/76/83/72 rain at intervals during day
San Antonio, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E1 E2 N2 NE3 75/81/87/82
Jun. 26, 1851 - N1 NE4 NE4 E2 72/78/74/72
Jun. 27, 1851 - E2 SE1 SE1 NE3 70/74/78/74 rain began 11 a.m.
Addendum: Rain ended on the 28th at 11 a.m. 1.00"
Fort Merrill (28.2N, 98.1W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - 0 NE2 NE4 NE5 77/85/91/81
Jun. 26, 1851 - W5 SW5 S2 S2 75/85/77/82 rain began 6 a.m.
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1 S4 S3 S4 78/83/82/80 rain ended 3 a.m. 1.25"
Fort Duncan (Eagle Pass), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2 E2 S2 S3 80/84/95/89
Jun. 26, 1851 - E2 N2 N3 N2 81/83/94/87
Jun. 27, 1851 - N2 E2 E2 S3 80/82/90/84
Notes: No rain on these dates. Wind apparently reported to nearest 90
degree interval.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 9, 1851, p.2
This vessel [The Maria Burt] left Galveston on the 24th ult. That night
a heavy gale commenced blowing, and the next day, about 10 A.M., the
steamer put back for Sabine Pass.
The Matagorda Tribune, June 30, 1851
Violent Gale on Matagorda Bay - The Shipping driven Ashore - Several Houses
Blown down at Indianola, Saluria, and Port Cavallo.
One of the heaviest gales that has perhaps ever been experienced in this
section of country, occurred within the past week. Early on Wednesday
morning [June 25th], it commenced raining furiously, and continued to pour
down in torrents for nearly the whole of that day and the following night,
with few intermissions, accompanied by violent gales of wind, frequently
veering from the east, northeast and southeast. Although we believe no
material damage has been done hereabouts, beyond perhaps the leveling of some
of the more exposed garden patches, the result, we understand, has been
calamitous to the shipping and to our neighbors, situated on the lower bay.
From Port Lavaca, we have not, as yet, had any tidings, but Indianola,
Saluria, and Port Cavallo, appear to have suffered considerable loss
from the fury of the gale. At the former place, we learn, every wharf has been
carried away, and a number of houses had either been leveled to the earth, or
blown from their foundations. At Saluria, considerable damage has also been
Done. Port Cavallo, however, has escaped with less injury, as will be seen by
The following extract from a letter from thence, addressed to a gentleman in
this city, under date of 27th June.
The loss and injury sustained among the shipping on the bay, has
doubtless been far greater than we have yet had any particulars of.
We learn at the present writing by a vessel just up from below, that
the Steamship Mexico was driven ashore opposite, or near Powder
Horn Bayou, and was still lying on the flats in that vicinity when our
informant left - that the depot or freight steamer Portland shared the
same fate, together with several other smaller crafts. The steamer
Wm. Penn was driven ashore from her anchorage near Saluria, and
will probably be a total loss.
Port Cavallo, June 27, 1851
Our place has been visited by the most terrible storm which has occurred
on this coast within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. It commenced
Wednesday the 25th inst. The sun rose clear, with the exception of a few
heavy clouds hanging to the northward, but the tide commenced rising with
unprecedented rapidity - the storm in the meantime increasing to that degree,
that by 4 P.M., it was blowing a perfect hurricane. Thus it continued all
night, coming with frightful violence. What with the torrents of rain, the
howling of the winds and the roaring of the sea, it was a scene baffling
all description. The damage here had been quite trifling, considering the
great strength of the gale. Mr. Doerow had one of the chimneys to his new
house blown over, and his fields much injured - the fences being generally
prostrated. The warehouse and wharf stood it bravely. The wharf is uninjured -
the warehouse had a few blocks washed from under it, which is the only damage
it sustained. Mr. Maverick's house was blown from its blocks - that is to say,
the small house in his yard. This is the total amount of damage done here,
except a few more fences blown down.
The schr. Velasco, with a heavy cargo of cotton and molasses, returned
back over the bar, having sprung a leak - She made fast to the wharf there and
commenced discharging, but the gale and leak still increasing, she was winded
around on the flat below the wharf where she now lies.
The schr. Buena Vista, lying at anchor on the Saluria side, dragged and
went ashore. The morning she got off, and came to on this side.
Mr. Harrison's pilot boat went ashore on the Saluria side, and is a complete
wreck. Mr. Givins' house was blown from the blocks and broke in two. Judge
Rose's warehouse at Saluria was also blown from the blocks. Gen.
Summerville's house is blown and destroyed. Dr. McCreary's house in much
injured - gallery gone.
In addition to the above, a letter was last night received by Messrs.
Doswell, Hill & Co., from Capt. Talbot, dated on Tuesday, the 26th ult., which
states that the freight of the Mexico had been discharged before the heavy blow
came on. The Mexico was then dropped astern of the Portland, and both anchors
thrown out. At 10 P.M. on Wednesday, the gale increased to great violence, and
grew more violent until 11 1/2, when the Portland broke adrift and went ashore.
The Mexico had then gotten steam up, and was working full stroke with 20 inches
of steam, and two anchors out with 60 fathoms of chain, but all could not
resist the violence of the storm. About one o'clock, the Mexico broke from
her anchorage, and was driven on a hard bottom with six feet of water.
Capt. Boehner says he never before saw so high a tide in that bay. All
Capt. Talbot's hands were at work getting out coal, and every exertion was
being made to get her off, but the captain has very little hope of success
until he can have the assistance of the Louisiana. Captain Talbot adds:
Captain Boehner's lighter is ashore, the Wm. Penn is a total wreck, all
the wharves at Indianola are gone, and some few houses prostrated. The
J. Smith, although sunk decks under water, was driven three quarters of a
mile, and is pretty much all to pieces.
The Advocate, Victoria TX, July 3, 1851, p. 2
A storm of wind and rain, unprecedented in violence in this region, passed
over this place, in common with every other point from which we have heard,
from the Bay and Gulf immediately below us as high up as the Western portion
of De Witt county, and extending as far West as the "Mission of Refugio,"
on Wednesday night of last week, (the 25th and 26th ult.) The damage done
to buildings, fences, fruit and shade trees in this place is by no means
inconsiderable. No serious injury occurred to any building that was
inhabited, or occupied, except by workmen engaged in the completion of the
same.
At Saluria, we learn, several buildings were injured by the violence of the
gale and the wash of the tide. Another evil resulting from the storm there,
we understand, is the mixture of the water and spray from the Gulf with the
water of the cisterns of the place, to such an extent as to render it unfit
for use.
At Indianola, and its vicinity, the effects of the storm are given somewhat
in detail by our correspondent. It is spoken of us being the severest storm
ever experienced in that place.
At Lavaca, in slip from the office of the "Commercial," informs us the
ravages of the storm were quite disastrous to property, though most happily,
not to life. Our friend of the "Commercial" says:
Every one of the wharves belonging to the merchant of this place was
destroyed. Of some, scarce vestige was left. The warehouse of
Mr. Ross was swept away by the violence of the tide, whilst other
sustained slighter injuries.
The schooner William & Morris, trading between this place and
Galveston, and which was anchored at the wharf of R. M. Forbes & Co.,
was thrown by the fury of the waves on the beach, where she remains
high and dry. Ornamental and fruit trees have been blown down,
fences and pilings prostrated. We have not learned the amount of damage
sustained by this destructive tornado, but it will be several thousand dollars.
Some damage has been done to dwellings and farm houses in the country, not
only in the valley of the Guadelupe, but in the Colette settlement. The
injury done to corn in all this region will be considerable. Some fields
have been laid entirely level with the earth, and place beyond the
possibility of yielding more than one third of a crop.
Quite an amount of timber along the Guadelupe and San Antonio rivers,
between this and the Espiritu Santa Bay, have been blown down and destroyed.
At Carlos' Ranch, we heard quite a number of buildings are prostrated. The
damages done to the property there is considerable, and will be severely
felt, as it falls upon those who are poorly able to sustain such losses.
At the Mission, in Refugio county, the progress and force of the storm were
manifested in the injury done to buildings, fences and trees. In one
instance, it is reported, one of the residents of the place - a female at
that - while attempting to return to her house on foot, across an open place,
was blown out quite a distance on to the prairie, and by the time she could
retrace her steps against the wind and reach the village, she was almost
entirely divested of her clothing.
At Goliad, the severity of the storm was felt, we understand, in the
demolition of several buildings, and other injuries done to property. It is
somewhat remarkable, that in all the accounts we have thus far received, no
other injury appears to have accrued to human life than that occasioned by
exposure to the rain, at an unseasonable hour of the night. It is possible,
however, when we come to receive the history of the storm more in detail,
this happy exemption will be dashed by incidents of a painful and heart-
rendering character.
Since the above was in type, we learn, from a gentleman just arrived from
Espiritu Santa Bay, that the houses of Messrs. Kuykendall, Burns, Hays,
Tucker, and Judge Duke, in that vicinity, were all demolished, or seriously
injured by the gale. One or two persons are said to have been more or less
injured, either by falling timbers, or by exposure to the storm. Mrs. Burns
is said to have dies the next morning after the occurrence of the storm,
having been sick for sometime previous.
We regret to learn that the new mail Steamship Mexico is so hard aground in
the Bay, that it will be necessary to take out her engines, &c., before she
can be removed from her present dangerous position.
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 11, 1851, p.2
More of the Texas Gale - Indianola, Texas, June 27, 1851
[To the] Editors Picayune - I have to advise you of the effects of one of
the worst gales every known on this bay. The storm commenced on the 25th,
and continued till daylight of the 26th. The wind prevailed from northeast
to southeast. The wharves at this place were carried away; the steamboat
Wm Penn was blown aground, filled with water, and was badly damaged; all
the small boats in the bay were stranded and greatly injured. Several
small houses on the water's edge were more or less injured, and
considerable damage was done in various ways.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The hurricane's landfall near Matagorda Bay was not closely observed from
any of the fort locations, though Fort Merrill likely was just to the
south of the inland center just before 12 UTC on the 26th and Fort Lincoln
was just to the north of the inland center around 00 UTC on the 27th.
From the impacts described in the newspaper accounts - especially the
peak winds shifting from northeast to southeast in Indianola and only
easterly component in Matagorda - indicate a landfall southwest of those
locations. The observations then indicated a track at landfall toward the
northwest with a turn to the north over the next two days as it decayed. It
is estimated that the storm dissipated early on the 28th over central
Texas. Thus a track for this hurricane has now been attempted and data
from the ship "Maria Burt" allow for a portion of track to be determined
on the 25th before landfall. The winds are increased slightly at landfall to
better match the original damage descriptions as well as to account for a
long-lasting system after landfall (estimated 65 kt gusts at 00 UTC
on the 27th at Fort Lincoln). It is noted that high winds seen at some
forts on the 27th were due to straight-line southeasterly flow not
directly related to the hurricane itself.
*******************************************************************************
1851/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #1 in Partagas and Diaz), except to assume a date of July 5th for
storm "before July 7th". No track available, only one point. Storm
determined to be a hurricane based upon destruction that occurred in Tampico.
********************************************************************************
1851/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #2 in Partagas and Diaz), though storm documentation is somewhat weak.
No track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1851/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #3 in Partagas and Diaz). Inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and SE US
reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model,
but windspeed values over Hispanola and Cuba had an accelerated rate of
decay due to the enhanced topography. Storm tide value of 12' obtained from
Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for St. Marks, Florida. Storm determined to
have reached major hurricane status based upon storm tide and extreme damage
at landfall. Ludlum also called this storm the "Great Middle Florida
Hurricane of August 1851". The best track provided appears to describe the
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical
storm strength).
1851/04 - 2006 REVISION:
00065 08/16/1851 M=12 4 SNBR= 4 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
00070 08/16*134 480 40 0*137 495 40 0*140 510 50 0*144 528 50 0*
00075 08/17*149 546 60 0*154 565 60 0*159 585 70 0*161 604 70 0*
00080 08/18*166 625 80 0*169 641 80 0*172 660 90 0*176 676 90 0*
00085 08/19*180 693 90 0*184 711 70 0*189 726 60 0*194 743 60 0*
00090 08/20*199 759 70 0*205 776 70 0*212 790 70 0*219 804 70 0*
00095 08/21*226 814 60 0*232 825 60 0*239 836 70 0*244 843 70 0*
00100 08/22*250 849 80 0*256 855 80 0*262 860 90 0*268 863 90 0*
00105 08/23*274 865 100 0*280 866 100 0*285 866 100 0*296 861 100 0*
00110 08/24*307 851 90 0*316 841 70 0*325 830 60 0*334 814 50 0*
00115 08/25*340 800 40 0*348 786 40 0*358 770 40 0*368 751 40 0*
00120 08/26*378 736 40 0*389 718 40 0*400 700 40 0*413 668 40 0*
00125 08/27*428 633 40 0*445 602 40 0*464 572 40 0*485 542 40 0*
00130 HRAFL3 GA1
00130 HRAFL3IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
1851/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #4 in Partagas and Diaz). Storm assumed to be stationary for 4 days.
********************************************************************************
1851/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical storm strength).
********************************************************************************
1851 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1851 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of the evidence suggesting that the
storm did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.
********************************************************************************
1852/01: Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model. FL Keys experienced hurricane conditions, but not landfall of center.
Storm tide value of 12' obtained from Ho (1989) and Barnes (1998) for Mobile,
Alabama. Using Ho's suggested central pressure of 961 mb at landfall in AL/MS
gives 99 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, thus utilizing
100 kt in best track - a major hurricane. Storm is also known as the "Great
Mobile Hurricane of 1852" from Ludlum (1963).
1852/01 - 2003 REVISION:
00165 08/19/1852 M= 9 1 SNBR= 5 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
00165 08/19/1852 M=12 1 SNBR= 6 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** *
00170 08/19*205 671 60 0*207 680 60 0*209 688 60 0*211 696 60 0
00175 08/20*212 706 70 0*215 719 70 0*217 730 70 0*219 740 70 0
00180 08/21*221 749 80 0*222 761 80 0*226 771 80 0*229 781 80 0
00185 08/22*232 793 90 0*235 801 90 0*238 811 90 0*242 821 90 0
00190 08/23*247 831 90 0*252 839 90 0*257 846 90 0*262 853 90 0
00195 08/24*267 860 100 0*272 866 100 0*277 871 100 0*282 875 100 0
00200 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 881 100 0*294 884 100 0
00200 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 882 100 0*294 884 100 0
***
00205 08/26*298 886 100 0*302 886 100 961*306 885 90 0*312 881 70 0
00210 08/27*319 876 50 0*325 869 40 0*330 861 40 0*334 850 40 0
00210 08/27*318 874 50 0*323 863 40 0*328 848 40 0*332 828 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT)
00211 08/28*335 805 40 0*338 782 40 0*340 760 40 0*344 742 40 0
00212 08/29*352 728 50 0*364 718 50 0*380 708 50 0*396 696 50 0
00213 08/30*410 680 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3AFL1
00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 961mb AL3,MS3,AFL1
1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 961mb AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
***
Roth (1997a) provided the following description of this hurricane's
impacts in Louisiana's Chandeleur Island:
"Four new channels were cut through Chandeleur Island. The storm claimed
the 55 foot tall Chandeleur Island lighthouse and replaced it with a broad 10
foot deep lagoon. The keepers were rescued three days later, on the verge of
starvation."
On this basis, the hurricane is also listed as causing Category 2 hurricane
conditions in Louisiana.
Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina uncovered evidence
that this system crossed over Georgia and South Carolina as a tropical
storm and modestly redeveloped in the Atlantic. Thus three additional
days (28th to the 30th) are included for this storm into HURDAT. Details
from his research are provided below:
Georgia Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
-------------------------------------------------
Savannah GA. Elevation 77 ft. Observer: John F Posey. August 1852
Date Time Temp. Pres. Wind Cloud. Rain
8/25 6am 77.2 30.189 SE 0
8/25 2pm 87.1 30.141 SE2 6
8/25 10pm 81.0 30.100 SSE 0
8/26 6am 77.6 30.058 ESE 3
8/26 2pm 87.0 30.011 S 5
8/26 10pm 81.5 30.005 SSE 5
8/27 6am 79.0 29.934 SE 10
8/27 2pm 83.0 29.857 SSE4 10
8/27 10pm 80.4 29.778 SW4 10 0.164
8/28 6am 75.0 29.885 S 0
8/28 2pm 84.5 29.960 WSW 5
8/28 10pm 81.2 30.086 WNW 4
Additional Observations
Date Time Temp. Pres. Wind Cloud. Remarks
8/27 8am M 29.901 SSE2 10 Began to blow
8/27 11am 80.0 29.893 SSE4 10
8/27 12mid 84.6 29.893 SSE4 10
8/27 1pm 82.8 29.873 SSE4 10
8/27 2pm 83.0 29.857 SSE4 10 raining slowly at short times
8/27 3:40 83.0 29.793 SSE3 9
8/27 5:25 82.5 29.780 SSE4 10
8/27 7:38 80.7 29.779 S4 10
8/27 10pm 80.4 29.778 SW4 10 rained after ten o'clock 0.165
Mercer University, Buford GA, Prof. J.E. Willet, August 1852, 400 ft?
(Note that Prof. Mock determined that the pressure readings were
unreliable because of an uncalibrated barometer.)
Date Time Att. Ther. Pres.Wind (1-6) Cloud.
8/27 10:10am 75 29.15
8/27 11:45am 76 29.09
8/27 2:00pm SSE3 10
8/27 2:40pm 76 28.96
8/27 3:40pm 76 28.94
8/27 4:50pm 76 28.91
8/27 6:00pm 76 28.90
8/27 8:00pm 75 28.90
8/28 5:30am 70 29.12
8/28 6:30am 70.5 29.15
8/28 7:00am W2 5
8/28 8:20am 71 29.20
8/28 9:30am 72 29.23
8/28 2:00pm NNW2 9
8/28 4:00pm 82 29.32
Remarks:
8/27 7am-3:40pm: Rain continues almost constant sometimes violent
8/27 4:50pm: Rain continues more moderate
8/27 6:00pm: Rain continues more moderate Min Baro observed
8/27 8:00pm: Rain ending. Wind veered SSE, SE, SSE, SE, NW
8/28 5:30am-8:20am: Clearing away
8/28 9:30am: Clearing away. Perfectly clear at 10 a.m.
8/28 2:00pm: Total of Rain during Storm (say 27 hours) 3.925 Inches
8/30 12noon: Maximum Barometer after Storm (29.63)
Whitemarsh Island (Savannah) GA. Elevation 18 ft.
Observer: Richard Gibson. August 1852
Date Time Wind Cloud. Rain Remarks
8/25 Sunr. 0 8
8/25 9am SE3 5
8/25 3pm SE3 7
8/25 9pm S1 9 A sprinkle of Rain only fell
8/26 Sunr. 0 8
8/26 9am SW2 7
8/26 3pm S3 5
8/26 9pm S1 6 0.06 Weather looked stormy again
8/27 Sunr. SSW2 6
8/27 9am S4 5
8/27 3pm S5 7
8/27 9pm S5 7 Very little Rain. The wind
has increased gradually since Sunrise and tonight is blowing a Gale
8/28 Sunr. SW2 9
8/28 9am W4 8
8/28 3pm W3 6
8/28 9pm 0 7 0.02 The wind moderated after
9 o'clock last night
South Carolina Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
--------------------------------------------------------
At Charleston, high wind on afternoon of 27th, and until midnight; wind S,
very little rain. (Too much material to reproduce here in entirety - see
Charleston Courier article by Lewis R. Gibbes on this storm in
September 10th issue).
J.L. Dawsons Meteorological Observations from the Charleston Courier.
Date Temp (7/2/9). Pres (7/2/9). Wind (sr/4pm) Wx.
8/25 80/84/82 30.246/30.178/30.156 SE1/SE2 Fair
8/26 81/86/83 30.114/30.020/30.018 SW2/SW2 Fair
8/27 82/84/83 30.002/29.928/29.876 SW3/SE4 Rain
0.07" rainfall
8/28 80/84/81 29.008/29.982/30.196 SW3/SW3 Fair
Black Oak Agricultural Society, Pinopolis, SC. (elevation 300 ft)
Date Pres (sr/2/9). Wind Wx. Rain
8/25 29.48/.40/.35 SE changeable
8/26 29.33/.35/.27 SE clear/cloudy
8/27 29.23/.20/.10 SE/S Clear/rain/high Wind 0.05
8/28 29.10/.23/.32 WSW clear/drizzle/cloudy
8/29 29.40/.45/.45 W clear
Rev. Clark B. Stewart (Laurens): 25th - Rain, heavy in Evening 26th -
The Rain fell from an early hour of the day - in perfect torrents until
after night some time - My fence on the Creek all gone - only 1/2 an acre
of Corn in that field - Sand left in abundance - God to praised for his
goodness. Uncle John Stewarts saw mill all gone and half the dam left -
Broke and all gone - Bridges; Mill Factorys &c. nearly all gone - Great
loss sustained in this country
Jacob Schirmer (Charleston): 30th Freshes dreadful Account from the up
country, Bridges washed away, Crops destroyed cars could not reach Hamburg,
great fears of the Columbia Bridge 31st Weather the past Month a good deal
of rain and hot Sun, the whole Country is inundated with water
Jesse James Hammond (Silver Bluff): 27th - there is a fresh 28th -The
rain yesterday not heavy but enough for the season - windy River rising
Thomas Chaplin (St Helena): Storm I neglected to state that the wind
commenced blowing violently on Friday [Aug. 28] about midday, from south.
Continued till Saturday morning, with driving rain Friday night. I hope
this is the [last] storm of the season for it has done little damage & a
trifle in comparison with the storms about the same time last year.
Alexander Glennie: 27th near Georgetown SC- [late in the day] - SW. Gale
[pressure is about 29.76] 28th SW, Clear, High Wind.
James Davis Trezevant (Orangeburg Dist.): 27th - Commenced raining about
12 N and rained heavily nearly all the afternoon 28th - Commenced blowing
and raining heavily during the night and continued to blow and rain until
after sunrise when it cleared off. The river very full today, and rising
fast. 30th - The river came to a stand today about 1 P.M. The water was
4 ft 10 in higher than the May fresh of 1846 and more than 2 ft higher than
the great Yazoo fresh of 1792[6?].
Charleston Courier, Friday, Sept. 10:
Georgetown, S.C., September 8. - The Weather and the Crops. - The rainy
weather which we announced as commencing in June last has continued up to
the present time with some short intervals; and early much annoyed the
labour in hoeing and killing grass, and during the last month was greatly
detrimental to the curing of blades
The great fall of rain on the 27th and 28th of August, and which
spread vast injury from Mobile to New York, on the various rivers, is to-day
with us on the Santee and Pee Dee rivers, and is likely to do much damage to
the rice crop, and especially to those who plant the most fruitful tide
lands highest up. All the lands in the neighborhood of Lynch's causeway on
Santee was under water yesterday. From Pee Dee we heard yesterday and the
water was not then over the banks; but it is feared that to-day, the
freshet is upon all the rice. The wind is now high at N.E., and has been so
for several days preventing the freshet from going to sea. - Winyah Observer
New York Herald, September 3, 1852
Aug. 30, lat 39, lon 71. Spoke brig Extra (Br), from Savannah for Halifax;
29th and 30th, experienced a heavy gale from NW.
1852/01 - 2006 REVISION:
00195 08/19/1852 M=12 1 SNBR= 7 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
00200 08/19*205 671 60 0*207 680 60 0*209 688 60 0*211 696 60 0*
00205 08/20*212 706 70 0*215 719 70 0*217 730 70 0*219 740 70 0*
00210 08/21*221 749 80 0*222 761 80 0*226 771 80 0*229 781 80 0*
00215 08/22*232 793 90 0*235 801 90 0*238 811 90 0*242 821 90 0*
00220 08/23*247 831 90 0*252 839 90 0*257 846 90 0*262 853 90 0*
00225 08/24*267 860 100 0*272 866 100 0*277 871 100 0*282 875 100 0*
00230 08/25*286 878 100 0*288 880 100 0*291 882 100 0*294 884 100 0*
00235 08/26*298 886 100 0*302 886 100 961*306 885 90 0*312 881 70 0*
00240 08/27*318 874 50 0*323 863 40 0*328 848 40 0*332 828 40 0*
00245 08/28*335 805 40 0*338 782 40 0*340 760 40 0*344 742 40 0*
00250 08/29*352 728 50 0*364 718 50 0*380 708 50 0*396 696 50 0*
00255 08/30*410 680 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
00260 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone in the Florida Keys
(southwest Florida - "BFL") is revised to be a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Category 2. This upgrade from a Category 1 is due to the likelihood that some
portion of the Keys experienced the most intense portion of the hurricane,
which was 90 kt Category 2 at that time. It was suggested previously that
the radius of maximum wind on the cyclone's right semi-circle may have gone
between the Dry Tortugas and Key West.
********************************************************************************
1852/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is also known as "San Lorenzo" in Puerto Rico from impact there.
********************************************************************************
1852/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland
winds over Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status both in the
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic Ocean based upon ship reports from
the "Union" and the "Emily Banning".
1852/03 - 2003 REVISION:
00255 09/09/1852 M= 5 3 SNBR= 8 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
00255 09/09/1852 M= 5 3 SNBR= 9 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*
00260 09/09*264 904 70 0*265 896 70 0*266 888 70 0*266 881 70 0
00265 09/10*268 874 70 0*269 866 70 0*271 861 70 0*273 854 70 0
00265 09/10*268 874 70 0*269 866 70 0*271 861 70 0*273 856 70 0
***
00270 09/11*274 846 70 0*276 838 70 0*278 828 70 0*284 816 60 0
00270 09/11*275 851 70 0*277 846 70 0*278 840 70 0*279 834 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
00275 09/12*289 805 50 0*295 793 60 0*302 778 70 0*310 765 70 0
00275 09/12*280 828 70 0*281 822 60 0*282 815 50 0*285 805 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
00280 09/13*318 750 60 0*325 735 60 0*333 721 50 0*342 706 50 0
00280 09/13*292 790 60 0*304 770 70 0*320 745 70 0*340 715 70 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
00285 HRBFL1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-9/11/1852$ 1200Z 27.8N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1
3-9/12/1852$ 0000Z 28.0N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1
** **** ****
Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered the following
observations from the historic Army Surgeon weather archives from the
Florida fort data:
Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
Date Sunrise 13Z 19Z 01Z
9/11/1852 NE-1 NE-1 NE-1 NE-1 .55" showers and violent storm
during the night
9/12/1852 W-8 W-6 NE-1 NE-1
Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt)
These observations indicate that while the track of the hurricane
and its intensity are reasonable, the track of the hurricane's passage
across Florida was about 12 hours too early. Such a discrepancy
is not implausible, given the relative scarce and ambiguous data
obtained in the original Partagas and Diaz (1995a) study. Track
and intensity values adjusted accordingly from the 10th to the
14th.
********************************************************************************
1852/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1852/05: Added an additional day - Oct. 11th - to track based upon ship
"Peerless" in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup. Inland winds over SE US
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value
of 7' obtained from Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for Newport, Florida.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction
in Jamaica, conditions from the ship "Hebe" and damage that occurred in
Newport. Storm also known in Ludlum as the "Middle Florida Storm of
October 1852".
1852/05 - 2006 REVISION:
00375 10/06/1852 M= 6 5 SNBR= 11 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 L
00380 10/06*170 738 90 0*171 750 90 0*172 763 90 0*172 778 90 0*
00385 10/07*177 796 90 0*182 815 90 0*187 831 90 0*195 844 90 0*
00390 10/08*204 855 90 0*212 864 90 0*224 869 90 0*240 868 90 0*
00395 10/09*256 864 90 0*269 859 90 0*280 855 90 0*292 849 90 0*
00400 10/10*305 839 80 0*318 828 60 0*330 811 50 0*340 795 50 0*
00405 10/11*350 770 50 0*360 740 50 0*380 700 60 0*400 660 60 0*
00410 HRAFL2 GA1
00410 HRAFL2IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
1853/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1853/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1853/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Central pressure measurement of 924 mb with the southern wind-pressure
relationship gives 132 kt - 130 kt utilized, a major hurricane. Ludlum
(1963) named this system the "Cape Verde and Cape Hatteras Hurricane
(offshore)".
********************************************************************************
1853/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status from observations
taken from the ships "Gilbert Gallatin", "Harvester Queen" and "Chesapeake".
********************************************************************************
1853/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1853/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Samuel and Edward" and "Werada".
********************************************************************************
1853/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1853/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
assumed to be stationary for 2 days. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
1853/08 - REVISION:
00565 10/19/1853 M= 2 8 SNBR= 18 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
00565 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* ** * *
00570 10/19*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0
00570 10/19*275 785 70 0*280 789 70 0*285 793 80 0*289 796 80 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
00575 10/20*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0*275 785 70 0
00575 10/20*293 799 80 0*297 802 80 0*300 805 90 0*303 807 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 21st and 22nd are new to HURDAT.)
00577 10/21*306 809 90 0*309 809 90 0*313 806 80 0*317 801 80 0
00579 10/22*321 794 80 0*325 785 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
00580 HR
00580 HR GA1
***
Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) shows that the hurricane moved northward
to just offshore Georgia and caused hurricane conditions along the Georgia
coast. This was based upon ship reports and wind reports from Jacksonville,
Brunswick and Charleston. (The hurricane was previously listed as being
stationary for two days.)
1853/08 - 2006 REVISION:
00610 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 L
00610 10/19/1853 M= 4 8 SNBR= 19 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 L
*
00615 10/19*275 785 70 0*280 789 70 0*285 793 80 0*289 796 80 0*
00620 10/20*293 799 80 0*297 802 80 0*300 805 90 0*303 807 90 0*
00625 10/21*306 809 90 0*309 809 90 0*313 806 80 0*317 801 80 0*
00630 10/22*321 794 80 0*325 785 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
00635 HR GA1
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
1853 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1853 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference
to it in Garcia-Bonnelly (1958), but no other information.
********************************************************************************
1854/01 - 2004 ADDITION:
00621 06/25/1854 M= 3 1 SNBR= 20 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
00622 06/25*260 925 60 0*260 930 60 0*260 935 70 0*260 940 70 0
00623 06/26*260 947 70 0*261 957 70 0*262 970 70 0*264 985 50 0
00624 06/27*2681000 40 0*2741015 40 0*2801030 40 0* 0 0 0 0
00624 HRATX1
Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina and Mr. David Roth of
the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center found evidence of a newly uncovered
hurricane that made landfall in southern Texas from Army Fort data and
historical newspaper accounts. (The Army Forts observed the weather four
times a day between sunrise and sunset. Winds could range from a range of
1 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt
gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.)
Fort Brown (Brownsville, Texas):
Jun. 25, 1854 - E2 NE3 NW2 NW3 78/79/84/77 3 1/2 am rain 0.79" Showers
Jun. 26, 1854 - W4 W5 W3 SW2 76/76/76/80 11 pm to 6pm rain 5.65" Storm
Jun. 27, 1854 - SW1 SW2 W1 SW1 78/84/86/81 Light showers
Barometer (altitude 50 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 30.08 30.08 30.05 30.02
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.75 29.82 29.96 30.04
Jun. 27, 1854 - 30.08 30.10 30.18 30.26
Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2 N3 N4 N7 79/80/83/80 0.70" rain
Jun. 26, 1854 - E7 E7 E8 E8 80/80/81/80 0.50" rain
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE4 SE4 SE3 SE3 80/84/84/83
Fort Ringgold (26.4N, 99.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2 N2 N4 N4 75/86/84/84 Rain 8a.m.-5p.m. 0.73"
Jun. 26, 1854 - NW2 NW4 W4 S3 75/77/76/74 Rain 3a.m.-2a.m. (27th) 5.05"
Jun. 27, 1854 - S1 S3 S3 S3 72/76/84/78 Rain 9a.m.-6p.m. 0.85"
Barometer (altitude ~200 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 29.87 29.89 29.80 29.81
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.67 29.60 29.40 29.80
Jun. 27, 1854 - 29.91 29.95 29.95 29.96
Note on 27th: Showers. Distant thunder S. and S.W. during day.
Fort McIntosh (27.5N, 99.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NE1 NE2 NE3 NE2 76/82/88/79
Jun. 26, 1854 - SW2 N3 NE4 SE5 74/78/76/74 0.20"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2 SE2 E1 E1 72/79/75/76 0.70"
Note on 25th: Rain at intervals during the day
Note on 26th: Rain at intervals from 11 o'clock a.m. until 8 p.m.
Fort Duncan (28.7N, 100.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - SE2 SE2 SE3 SE2 75/83/93/81
Jun. 26, 1854 - SE1 SE3 SE3 SE2 75/82/89/77 0.20"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2 SE2 SE2 SE2 75/78/82/77 Rain 6 1/2a.m.-3p.m. 0.14"
Note on 25th: Rain at intervals
Note on 26th: Rain at intervals and moderate during the day
Note on 27th: Rain at intervals and moderate during the day
Fort Ewell (28.2N, 99.0W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NW1 NW2 N3 N1 74/83/94/77 Rain 5a.m.-7p.m. 0.73"
Jun. 26, 1854 - N4 N4 N2 SE0 75/76/78/72 Rain 1 1/2a.m-2a.m. 0.40"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE3 SE4 SE3 SE2 73/80/90/77
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
The Galveston News, of the 27th ult., has these items:...
The wind commenced blowing very strong from the eastward on Saturday
last [24th], and has continued since, sometimes almost a gale. It
caused a slight overflow of the strand yesterday and day before. It
has been accompanied with occasional showers, and with some very
severe thunder and lightning.
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
FROM BRAZOS SANTIAGO [26.1N, 97.2W] - Severe Storm -
By the arrival of the steamship Perseverance, Capt. John Y. Lawless,
yesterday, we are placed in possession of intelligence from that place
to the 27th ult.
On Sunday last, the 25th of June, we learn that the city was visited by
a very severe storm, which caused a great deal of damage and caused yet
more disastrous consequence. The wind was higher than it had ever been
experienced since the establishment of the city, blowing, in fact, a
perfect hurricane from the S.S.E., and at the same time very heavy rain
fell. Many buildings were unroofed and otherwise damaged, while some
were completely turned round. The large cistern belong to the U.S.
Quartermaster's Department, and which contained 2,000 gallons of water,
was destroyed. Several boats employed between Point Isabel and Brazos
were driven ashore, and some sank; and at one time the greatest fears
were entertained that the partial deluge of the island actually
experienced, would extend to a complete and disastrous overflow.
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 5, 1854, p.1
By the steamship Louisiana, which arrived here from Galveston, this
morning, we have advices from that city and Houston to the 2d inst. ...
The Lavaca Commercial, of the 28th, says:
We were visited by another terrible gale last evening, from the south-
east. The wind commenced blowing last evening, and continued all
night, accompanied by heavy falls of rain. The tide is very high -
several bath houses have been washed away, and some little damage has
been done to the whaves.
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 12, 1854, p.1
The Nueces Valley, of the 1st inst., has the following:
Our sea board was visited on Saturday last with one of the most
tremendous gales that has ever been known of this coast. It commenced
blowing severely on Saturday evening, the 24th ult., and continued,
accompanied with rain until Tuesday morning, when the storm abated.
Some little damage was done to the shipping in this harbor, but not in
proportion of the violence of the storm.
We are informed that the current was driven into Aransas Bay through
the Pass, at the rate of ten or twelve knots per hours. It was with
difficulty that the vessels at anchorage in Aransas harbor could hold
on...It is said that Aransas Bar is much improved by the storm, being
increased both in depth and width.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
These observations indicate a tropical cyclone of about Category 1 hurricane
conditions (70 kt) made landfall around 12 UTC on the 26th north of
Brownsville, just north of Brazos Santiago, Texas. The system then passed
north of Fort Ringgold around 20 UTC on the 26th. The sea level pressure
at that fort was a minimum of about 1002 mb at that time. 1002 mb suggests
winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship, though this would be for an over open water exposure. Winds
are estimated to be about 50 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th. The system then
passed west of Fort McIntosh around 00 UTC on the 27th and then is estimated
to have dissipated by about 12 UTC on the 27th. Intensity at landfall is
based primarily upon impacts of the system at Brazos Santiago. A search of
the COADS ship database did not reveal any observations in the Gulf of
Mexico near this storm.
********************************************************************************
1854/02: (Was originally storm 1854/01 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1854/03: (Was originally storm 1854/02 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model, though not as fast as suggested with this model due to extreme
duration of damaging winds along Georgia and South Carolina. Ship with
central pressures observation of 938 mb gives with subtropical latitude
wind-pressure relationship a 112 kt reading - utilizing 110 kt. Peripheral
pressure reading of 973 mb (at 20 UTC on the 8th of September in Savannah,
Georgia) suggest winds of at least 83 kt utilizing the same subtropical
wind-pressure relationship. Ho used this value with other information to
estimate a 950 mb central pressure at landfall which gives 103 kt again from
the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - here we are choosing 100 kt for
the best track. Both reports (of 938 mb and 950 mb) suggest that the storm
reached major hurricane status over the Atlantic. The storm is determined to
have reintensified to hurricane status after moving back over the Atlantic
Ocean after landfall. Have also adjusted track to the north by about 60 nmi
as the hurricane returned to the Atlantic to better match observed strong
gales over Northeastern U.S. The storm is named in Ludlum's (1963) book as
the "Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854" for its impacts in the Carolinas and
the "Coastal Hurricane of September 1854" for its impacts in the Middle
Atlantic and New England coasts.
1854/03 - 2003 REVISION:
00600 09/07/1854 M= 6 2 SNBR= 20 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
00600 09/07/1854 M= 6 2 SNBR= 21 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
**
00605 09/07*264 766 110 0*272 776 110 0*280 786 110 938*288 796 110 0
00610 09/08*296 803 110 0*304 806 110 0*311 809 100 0*316 811 100 950
00615 09/09*320 813 80 0*325 815 70 0*332 815 60 0*343 805 50 0
00620 09/10*355 781 40 0*368 759 40 0*378 740 50 0*384 719 60 0
00625 09/11*388 695 70 0*390 673 80 0*394 650 90 0*395 618 90 0
00630 09/12*398 583 90 0*400 551 90 0*400 520 80 0*402 480 80 0
00635 HR GA3 SC2
00635 HR GA3 SC2DFL1
****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-9/8/1854 2000Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 950mb GA3,SC2
2-9/8/1854 2000Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 950mb GA3,SC2,DFL1
****
Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) suggests that the hurricane had also
impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1 hurricane conditions as well in
its landfall in Georgia.
********************************************************************************
1854/04: (Was originally storm 1854/03 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track.
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model. The storm is determined to reach hurricane status based upon
damage that occurred in Matagorda. Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Matagorda Hurricane of 1854".
********************************************************************************
1854 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1854 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but it is likely that this reference
was really referring to storm 1854/03 which hit the coast at the same exact
location.
********************************************************************************
1854/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1855/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm determined to have been a hurricane
based upon destruction in Tampico.
********************************************************************************
1855/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1855/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm determined to have reached hurricane
status from the ship "Walverine".
********************************************************************************
1855/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Utilized the southern wind-pressure relationship for ship with central
pressure observation of 997 mb to get 53 kt, using 50 kt in best track.
Review of this storm in conjunction with the 1855/05 hurricane reveals
that they may be the same system. However, without more supporting
evidence for the intervening days (of August 28-30) between the
systems, we are opting to keep these as separate storms.
********************************************************************************
1855/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for
track. Ludlum (1963) describes that "the tide at places between Lake
Ponchartrain and Bay St. Louis was said to have risen ten to fifteen
feet above normal high tide." Storm determined to have reached major
hurricane status at landfall based upon storm tide and destruction along
Louisiana and Mississippi. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Hurricane known as the "Middle Gulf
Shore Hurricane of 1855" (Ludlum 1963). (Note that this storm was originally
labeled 1855/06 in the 2000 version of HURDAT. It was renumbered in
2003 because of the removal of storm 1855/05.)
1855/05 - 2004 REVISION:
00810 09/15/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 28 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
00810 09/15/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 29 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
**
00815 09/15*267 891 70 0*271 891 80 0*275 893 90 0*281 894 100 0
00820 09/16*288 895 110 0*296 895 100 0*302 894 90 0*310 891 60 0
00820 09/16*288 895 110 0*296 895 110 0*302 894 100 0*310 891 70 0
*** *** **
00825 09/17*320 888 50 0*330 883 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
00830 HR LA3 MS3
After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds: 1855/05 and 1878/05. In this case,
the Category 3 impact assigned for Mississippi was not consistent with the
original 12 UTC winds for this hurricane of 90 kt, while just offshore of the
Mississippi coast. The original intensity for this system was based
primarily upon the storm tide amount both in Louisiana and Mississippi (see
above) and it was intended to analyze this hurricane as a Category 3 in
both states. Thus the winds have been boosted up to 100 kt at the 12 UTC time
to retain the Category 3 assignment for Mississippi. Again utilizing the
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model after landfall in Mississippi
suggests increasing the 18 UTC winds up to 70 kt.
******************************************************************************
1855 - Additional Notes:
1855/05 - 2003 REVISION: STORM REMOVED FROM HURDAT.
1855/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ships
"Catherine" and "Rebecca". Review of this hurricane in conjunction with
the 1855/04 tropical storm reveals that they may be the same system.
However, without more supporting evidence for the intervening days (of
August 28-30) between the systems, we are opting to keep these as separate
storms.
00770 08/31/1855 M= 3 5 SNBR= 27 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
00775 08/31*414 675 70 0*424 650 70 0*434 620 70 0*445 588 70 0
00780 09/01*455 551 70 0*465 514 70 0*475 472 70 0*484 445 70 0
00785 09/02*495 414 60 0*505 384 60 0E513 355 50 0E522 330 50 0
00790 HR
(System removed from revised HURDAT.)
This hurricane is, with additional information, shown instead to be
a strong extratropical storm with well-defined baroclinic structure.
New data sources were provided by Michael Chenoweth for Sable Island and
Halifax, Canada and by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina
for Bridgeport, Massachusetts. This tropical cyclone is thus removed from
the HURDAT database. Details about these new data sources are provided in
full below.
The two Canadian sources are (1) a weather diary kept by Alexander Muirson
at Halifax, 1828-1860 and (2) a daily record of occurrences at the "Principal
Station" on Sable Island, Nova Scotia from 1853-1855. The first is a 'pure'
meteorological register, with instrumental temperature and barometer data; the
second is what appears to be some type of government or corporate record of
activity at a fishing station. Weather is recorded daily, but is only
non-instrumental. Both records were obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the
Provincial Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
Sable Island Observations:
30 August 1855
First part moderate SE winds and clear....Latter part strong
north winds and cloudy weather.
31 August 1855
A heavy northwardly blow throughout.
1 September 1855
Moderate WSW winds and clear weather.
The terminology of the time units suggests that the record is
kept by a mariner. However, the dates appear to be civil calendar
dates (midnight-midnight) and not the seaman's day of noon to noon. This
assessment is based on a scan of other day's records in the diary.
Halifax Observations:
Temperature and barometer are labeled M, N, E (morning, noon,
evening). Winds are "prevailing". Remarks give prevailing weather
conditions and register (without specifying the time usually)
a change to another prevailing weather type. Temperature and
barometer readings are most likely read at 0800, 1300-1400, and
2200 based on analysis of hourly means. Muirson never states
the morning and evening times but states once in his journal
that his mid-day reading was between 1 and 2 P.M. His thermometer also has
an eastern exposure and there is evidence for sunlight reaching the
thermometer as his morning readings in the summer are higher than his
evening reading. Muirson's barometer during the summer and early autumn
rarely exceeds 29.9 inches. Without knowing the details of his location,
cannot assume an elevation but the barometer appears not to have been
calibrated. He did routinely record the names of ships arriving in port.
Date Temp (F) Pressure (") Winds Description
29 Aug. 1855 56 70 60 29.8 29.7 29.5 changeable Clear very fine, this
morning a white frost
30 Aug. 1855 72 64 42 29.4 29.5 29.6 SW to NW Cloudy & windy --
clear & cool
31 Aug. 1855 50 64 44 29.7 29.8 29.9 N Clear & fine,
frost last night
1 Sep. 1855 53 57 56 30.0 29.9 29.7 SW Cloudy, frost last night --
heavy rain
Massachusetts Observations:
Prof. Cary Mock provided the following additional information regarding
this system: Leonard Hill's Meteorological Register. Hill kept a weather
diary at Bridgewater, MA (42.0N, 71.0W). For the dates of interest, he
recorded the following:
Aug. 29. Clear, cool.
Aug. 30. Clear, cool N
Aug. 31. Frost - killed beans, &c
Sept. 1. Rain. S.W. & S.
This early freeze helps to confirm the analysis of a strong
extratropical storm system as was also observed in the Sable Island
and Halifax observations. Prof. Mock also checked his records from
the Carolinas, which showed no storm system (tropical or otherwise)
moving up from the south near or over the mid-Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
1856/01: Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model. Ship with pressure measurement of 955 mb not in the hurricane's
eye suggests at least 105 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship, utilize 130 kt in best track. Ho's estimate of 934 mb at
landfall gives 125 kt, utilize 130 kt in best track - a major hurricane.
A small RMW of 12 nmi supports slight increase of winds over suggested
wind-pressure relationship. Storm tide value of 11-12' provided by Ludlum
(1963) for Last Island, Louisiana. The storm is also known as the "Last
Island Disaster" after the destruction caused at that location.
********************************************************************************
1856/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction felt in
Grenada and Barbados.
********************************************************************************
1856/03: This storm was not identified by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a)
analysis. Enough evidence was retrieved from Ludlum's (1963) analysis
(see pages 99 and 100) to provide track and intensity estimates. Note
that the track provided here keeps the tropical storm's center offshore
of New England, which disagrees with Ludlum's assessment. This is due to
all wind reports from New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and - especially
- Massachusetts which remained at an easterly component for the duration of
this storm. If, as Ludlum suggested, the storm crossed the neck of Cape Cod,
there would have been a wind shift to a westerly component at Cape Cod and/or
Nantucket. Both remained easterly, thus suggesting a just-offshore track.
Ludlum referred to this storm as the "Charter Oak Storm of August 1856" for
the destruction of the famous Charter Oak that was a witness to the founding
of the Connecticut Colony in 1636.
********************************************************************************
1856/04: This storm was listed as #3 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1856/05: This storm was listed as #4 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a). No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a)
analysis for track. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 6' obtained from Barnes (1998)
for Apalachicola, Florida. Havana's central pressure observation of 969 mb
gives 90 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which is used
directly. Pressure reading of 968 mb not in hurricane's center (on 18 UTC
of the 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is chosen for best track. This
last reading supports that this storm reached major hurricane status, but
likely weakened slightly before making landfall in the United States. Ludlum
(1963) referred to this storm as the "Southeastern States Hurricane of
1856".
1856/05 - 2003 REVISION:
00910 08/25/1856 M=10 5 SNBR= 33 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
00915 08/25*210 698 70 0*210 708 70 0*211 719 70 0*212 728 70 0
00920 08/26*216 739 70 0*217 748 70 0*220 759 80 0*222 766 80 0
00925 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 90 0
00925 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 80 0
**
00930 08/28*229 816 90 969*230 829 90 0*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0
00930 08/28*229 816 80 0*230 829 90 969*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0
** *** ***
00935 08/29*239 851 90 0*242 856 90 0*247 864 90 0*249 868 90 0
00940 08/30*252 871 100 0*256 873 100 0*262 874 100 0*275 873 100 0
00945 08/31*289 866 90 0*302 859 90 0*311 848 70 0*322 833 60 0
00950 09/01*330 816 50 0*340 796 50 0*347 779 50 0*355 753 50 0
00955 09/02*363 728 50 0*368 700 50 0*372 673 50 0*377 646 50 0
00960 09/03*382 618 50 0*388 586 50 0*390 560 50 0*395 523 50 0
00965 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1
Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) confirms
landfall as Category 2 hurricane (90 kt). However, winds reduced after
landfall in Cuba until center re-emerges off of the coast. Central
pressure of 969 mb in Havana corrected from 00Z to a 06Z value.
1856/05 - 2006 REVISION:
00965 08/25/1856 M=10 5 SNBR= 34 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
00970 08/25*210 698 70 0*210 708 70 0*211 719 70 0*212 728 70 0*
00975 08/26*216 739 70 0*217 748 70 0*220 759 80 0*222 766 80 0*
00980 08/27*224 776 80 0*226 786 80 0*227 795 90 0*227 806 80 0*
00985 08/28*229 816 80 0*230 829 90 969*232 840 90 0*236 846 90 0*
00990 08/29*239 851 90 0*242 856 90 0*247 864 90 0*249 868 90 0*
00995 08/30*252 871 100 0*256 873 100 0*262 874 100 0*275 873 100 0*
01000 08/31*289 866 90 0*302 859 90 0*311 848 70 0*322 833 60 0*
01005 09/01*330 816 50 0*340 796 50 0*347 779 50 0*355 753 50 0*
01010 09/02*363 728 50 0*368 700 50 0*372 673 50 0*377 646 50 0*
01015 09/03*382 618 50 0*388 586 50 0*390 560 50 0*395 523 50 0*
01020 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1
01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1
********
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
and Alabama hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, rather than
along either states' coastal region.
********************************************************************************
1856/06: No major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the
ship "Utah".
1856/06 - 2003 REVISION:
00970 09/18/1856 M= 5 6 SNBR= 34 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
00975 09/18*320 488 50 0*325 489 50 0*329 490 50 0*335 493 50 0
00980 09/19*345 498 60 0*352 505 60 0*357 512 70 0*358 514 70 0
00980 09/19*345 498 60 0*352 505 60 0*356 510 70 0*358 514 70 0
*** ***
00985 09/20*360 517 70 0*360 520 70 0*362 523 70 0*363 524 70 0
00985 09/20*360 517 70 0*361 520 70 0*362 523 70 0*363 524 70 0
***
00990 09/21*364 525 60 0*365 526 60 0*365 527 60 0*365 528 60 0
00995 09/22*365 529 60 0*365 530 60 0*365 530 60 0*365 530 60 0
01000 HR
Track altered slightly for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1856 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1856 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference
to it in Dunn and Miller (1960), but it is likely that this reference was
really referring to storm 1856/04 which hit the coast at the same exact
location.
********************************************************************************
1857/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1857/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 961 mb gives 94 kt with the
subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 90 kt in best
track - supporting hurricane status. Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Central America Disaster in 1857" due to the loss of
the ship the "S.S. Central America".
********************************************************************************
1857/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm is suggested to be stationary throughout its four day existence.
This storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
reports from the ship "Ocean Express".
********************************************************************************
1857/04: Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5
into one continuous track. Utilized Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay
model for storm's winds over Texas and Mexico. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Cadet".
********************************************************************************
1857 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1857 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1857/04 were likely the same system. Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1857/04, while Partagas and
and Diaz's storm #5 in 1857 is removed.
********************************************************************************
1858/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "L. H. Sampson".
********************************************************************************
1858/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "Shelter".
********************************************************************************
1858/03: Only major change to Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis was to
extend the track 12 hr into Canada to account for observations in Maine.
Utilized the northern wind-pressure relationship of hurricanes for winds at
landfall. A peripheral pressure reading of 978 mb (around 17 UTC on the
16th) suggests winds of at least 75 kt - 80 kt chosen for the best
track. Central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 74 kt, for the second
landfall in Connecticut/Rhode Island - 70 kt is utilized for the second
landfall. Both of these pressure measurements support hurricane status for
this storm. Also used the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model
for winds over New England. Ludlum (1963) referred to this storm as the
"New England Tropical Storm of 1858".
1858/03 - 2003 REVISION:
01185 09/14/1858 M= 4 3 SNBR= 41 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
01190 09/14*252 846 60 0*260 839 60 0*269 831 60 0*279 820 50 0
01195 09/15*289 808 50 0*300 796 60 0*312 785 80 0*324 773 90 0
01200 09/16*340 758 90 0*360 746 90 0*385 733 80 0*414 720 70 979
01205 09/17*455 700 60 0*500 670 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
01205 09/17*455 700 50 0*500 670 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
01210 HR NY1 CT1 RI1 MA1
As the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this
hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 00 and 06Z on the 17th,
which is reflected in the revised HURDAT.
Additional information on this hurricane was also obtained by Boose et al.
(2001). They analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 at U.S. landfall based
upon a Fujita-style analysis of hurricane wind-caused destruction, but had a
slight high bias in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-
based empirical wind modeling work. Thus landfall as a high end Category 1
hurricane (80 kt) in New York is reasonable to retain. Boose et al. (2001)
also estimated a RMW of 45 nmi at landfall.
********************************************************************************
1858/04: Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5
into one continuous track. No other changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a)
analysis. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon observations from the ships "Phantom", "Hudson" and "City of
Washington".
********************************************************************************
1858/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a)
analysis. No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ship
"Priscilla".
1858/05 - 2003 REVISION:
01265 09/22/1858 M= 4 5 SNBR= 43 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
01270 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*219 740 50 0*232 740 50 0
01275 09/23*246 740 60 0*261 740 60 0*279 740 70 0*293 741 70 0
01280 09/24*307 741 70 0*322 740 70 0*333 738 80 0*339 736 80 0
01280 09/24*307 741 70 0*322 740 70 0*333 738 80 0*339 737 80 0
***
01285 09/25*345 736 80 0*352 734 80 0*359 731 80 0*365 726 80 0
01290 HR
Track adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1858/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a)
analysis. No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction in Bermuda
and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1858 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1858/04 were likely the same system. Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1858/04, while Partagas and Diaz's
storm #5 in 1858 is removed.
********************************************************************************
1859/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track
available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon damage in Tuxpan and Tecoluta, Mexico.
********************************************************************************
1859/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Pressure
readings of 989 and 982 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC of August
17th and 18th, respectively) suggest winds of at least 64 and 71 kt from
the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track because
of these values and from description of winds from ship reports, supporting
hurricane status for this storm.
********************************************************************************
1859/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from reports provided from
St. Kitts.
1859/03 - 2003 REVISION:
01375 09/02/1859 M= 2 3 SNBR= 47 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
01380 09/02*172 597 70 0*174 607 70 0*176 618 70 0*177 630 70 0
01380 09/02*173 597 70 0*174 607 70 0*175 618 70 0*175 630 70 0
*** *** ***
01385 09/03*177 641 70 0*179 654 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
01385 09/03*174 641 70 0*173 654 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ***
01390 HR
Re-examination of Salivia's (1972) Puerto Rican hurricane history, Boose
et al. (2003) and J. Colon (personal communication) reveals that this
hurricane did not impact Puerto Rico. The track is adjusted slightly
southward to avoid a direct impact on the island, yet still cause
the observed hurricane conditions in St. Kitts and St. Croix described
in Partagas and Diaz (1995a).
********************************************************************************
1859/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status from report from ship "Liberty".
1859/04 - 2003 REVISION:
01395 09/12/1859 M= 1 4 SNBR= 48 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
01395 09/12/1859 M= 2 4 SNBR= 48 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
*
01400 09/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*395 505 90 0* 0 0 0 0
01400 09/12* 0 0 0 0*355 575 90 0*370 545 90 0*390 520 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01402 09/13*410 500 80 0*430 485 80 0*455 465 70 0*490 435 70 0
01405 HR
Mr. Doug Mayes at the University of South Carolina uncovered additional
ship observations, which allow for a track to be determined for this
hurricane from 06Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 13th.
New York Tribune Oct 1. 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Ship Coronet, Flowers, Liverpool. . . .12 inst lat 42 lon 50 experienced
a heavy gale which split fore and topsails, main spencer and done other
damage.
New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8)
Bark Etiwan (of Charleston) . . . . Sept 12th lat 36 lon 56 30 had a
very heavy gale from SE which lasted for six hours veering suddenly to
NW with equal force; split sails &c.
New York Tribune Sept 30 1859 p. 8
Ship Cordelia, Bishop, . . . Sept 13th lat 49 48 lon 4? 08 experienced a
hurricane from E to SW which blew away entire suite of sails, sprung
foreyard, main topmast crosstrees, and strained the ship badly, causing
her to leak.
New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8)
Brig Bell Flower (of Pittston). . . . . Experienced heavy gales, split
sails &c. Sept 13 lat 45 30 Lon 47 23, during the violent gale from NE,
was boarded by a sea which stove the deck cabin, filling the cabin with
water, and washed the Captain and a seaman named Samuel Thomas overboard
who were lost.
New York Times Oct 5 1859 p. 8
Ship Anna Decatur, Parsons, Sunderland. . . . Sept 13 in lat 46
experienced very heavy gales.
********************************************************************************
1859/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon destruction which occurred in Mobile.
1859/05 - 2003 REVISION:
01410 09/16/1859 M= 1 5 SNBR= 49 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
01410 09/15/1859 M= 4 5 SNBR= 49 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** *
(15th not in HURDAT originally.)
01413 09/15*280 890 70 0*285 890 70 0*290 889 70 0*296 886 70 0
01415 09/16*305 880 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
01415 09/16*303 881 70 0*311 875 50 0*320 868 40 0*331 848 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.)
01416 09/17*343 825 40 0*356 800 40 0*370 775 50 0*385 745 60 0
01417 09/18*400 710 70 0*412 665 70 0*420 610 70 0*425 550 70 0
01420 HR AL1
01420 HR AL1AFL1
****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.5N 88.0W 80kt 1 (977mb) AL1
5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.3N 88.1W 70kt 1 (985mb) AL1,AFL1
**** **** ** *** ****
Ship and land station observations uncovered by Mr. Doug Mayes and Prof.
Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina and Mr. Michael Chenoweth
are able to well document a track for this hurricane during its
passage over the southeast United States and back out over the Atlantic.
All of these newly analyzed data are documented in full below. The data
reconfirms a minimal hurricane making landfall near Mobile, Alabama which
also caused Category 1 hurricane conditions in Pensacola, Florida. The
landfall intensity though was reduced slightly due to the lack of strong
pressure drop at Warrington, FL just east of the landfall point and relatively
weak winds observed just north of Mobile (at Mt. Vernon, AL) soon after
landfall. This system then trekked to the northeast and reemerged back
over the Atlantic near Virginia/Maryland. Ship reports indicate that the
storm re-acquired hurricane intensity over the open Atlantic. A
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (at 19Z on the 17th in Annapolis) suggests
winds of at least 55 kt from the northern wind pressure relationship -
60 kt chosen for best track.
Newspaper Reports:
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
The Late Storm in Mobile. - Our Mobile exchanges, of Friday morning, come
to us with full accounts of the storm in that city the day and night
previous. It appears that the rain began to fall as early as 3 o'clock in
the morning, and continued without the slightest cessation during the
whole day, at times accompanied by a heavy gale of wind, which shifted
at the edge of evening from northeast to southeast.
At this time the alarm became very great. The wind blew a hurricane and
the water flooded the wharf at the foot of Conti, and was still rising
when the authorities ordered the water alarm bells to be rung, and "the
bell on the tower pealed forth its ten strokes with fearful import. Great
excitement prevailed, and the merchants on Commerce and Front streets
set about removing the merchandise into the second stories."
About half-past 9, however, the wind shifted to the south, the rain
ceased, and the water began to recede and fears to subside. As to the
damage, it is not, from the lateness of the hour, fully reported. It is
stated, however, that the telegraph wires were broken down in every
direction; the wharves and bath houses along the city side of the bay were
carried away; boxes, barrels and bales set afloat; and at a late hour
intelligence, from along the line of railroad track, was received, which
caused serious apprehensions that the trains would be interrupted for two
or three days, to the great inconvenience of a large amount of freight
at the depot.
Accidents from Thursday's Blow.- The schooner W. W. Harkness, Capt.
Peterson, hence for Tampico, when about two miles above the head of the
Southwest Pass, during a heavy gale on Thursday last, lost her anchors
and chains and went ashore in four feet water.
The steamboat Crescent, Capt. Carlton, left the levee on Wednesday
afternoon last . . . While proceeding on her voyage she encountered a
gale when off the Chandeleurs, which carried away her chimneys, pilot
house, texas and nearly all the bulwarks of the cabin.
The main boat California, Capt. Myers, met the gale when opposite
Point Clear.
The Daily Picayune Monday, Sept 19, 1859, p.4
The Storm on the Coast. Damage to Shipping and other Property -
The furious and destructive gale, which swept over the coast Thursday
last appears to have been much more violent at Pensacola and vicinity
than even at Mobile. The [Pensacola] Tribune of Friday says:
"On Wednesday night the first of the equinoctial storms commenced with
a vengeance, and yesterday the Storm King reigned supreme, the wind
blowing a hurricane and the rain falling a deluge. Trees were
uprooted and fences prostrated. During the forepart of the day the
wind blew, at different intervals, from every point of the compass,
with terrible force, sweeping everything before it. At noon it
settled in the southeast, from which point it blew with increased
violence.
The shipping in the bay was in a very critical condition, and greatly
confused. The wind sporting with the smaller craft as with ebaff[?]
- throwing them out on the beach and dashing them to pieces against the
wharves.
The schooner Hornet, with her cargo, was thrown ashore, and is now high
and dry.
At about 5 o'clock, the Palafox street wharf which had during the day,
up to the hour mentioned, nobly withstood the storm, succumbed to the
combined force of wind and wave, and was entirely demolished.
The new wharf also received damages to a considerable extent.
The bath-houses, the property of various individuals, situated along
the shore, were all completely destroyed.
It is almost miraculous how the entire shipping in the bay escaped
demolition. Considering the violence of the storm, the damage done,
though great, might have been, and we fear is, far greater than here
reported.
Vessels on the coast must have been greatly distressed, and we shall be
agreeably surprised, when sufficient time has elapsed, if we do not
hear of a greater loss of life and property than has ever been known
on the coast of Florida. . .
During Thursday night the wind shifted round to northeast, still
blowing hard but somewhat inclined to lull.
At daylight this morning the beach presented an indescribable mass of
timbers from the different wrecks, drifted ashore during the night.
In the city, nothing more serious than fences blown down and shade
trees topped, have, as yet, been heard of. On the beach, there are
numerous different estimates as to the value of property destroyed.
In lieu of authentic information, we give the lowest estimate rumored,
$10,000. . .
At the time we go to press it has abated its fury, though the winds
still blow in stiff breeze."
Safety of the Galveston -
By a letter of the same date, but written some hours later, in the
Mobile Tribune, we are gratified to learn of the safety of the
Galveston, Capt. Hutchings, which left this port with the Florida
mails the morning of the 14th. She arrived at Pensacola about 10
o'clock Friday morning. The writer says:
"After getting to sea the wind commenced to blow fresh from the
southeast, and increased to a gale, and blowed from almost every
point of the compass. At 5 A. M. Thursday she was within twenty
miles of Pensacola bar, but the gale increasing, it was dangerous
to keep on her course, and consequently she headed off the land and
rode the gale out. At midnight the gale moderated, and the ship
was again on her course for this place. The wheel houses are stove
in, and the forward part of the ship above the deck is stove in also.
It was necessary to throw off part of her deck load, and most of that
on deck is damaged, as the water washed through the ship from fore to
aft. She has not sustained damage though to detain her." . . .
The Damage at Mobile -
Our neighbors of Mobile appear to have been more frightened than
hurt. Only some sugar, flour, &c., on the ground floors of a few
of the warehouses were injured.
At Point Clear nearly all of the little bath houses and wharves were
swept away, and the sojourners were much alarmed.
Higher up, on the eastern shore, every wharf and bath house, except
Hudson's and Stark's is gone.
In the neighborhood of Short's wharf, two oyster boats capsized, one
of them the Sea Bird, and two persons, names unknown, were drowned.
The Daily Picayune Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
Heavy Storm at New York. Extensive Damage to Property.
New York, Sept. 17. - A very violent storm of wind a rain passed over
this city today doing considerable damage to shipping.
Among the disasters, the bark Mary Ellen, from Bremen, dragged her
anchors and went ashore on Governor's Island.
There was also considerable damage to other property.
A five-story warehouse in progress of erection, in Duane street, was
blown down and completely demolished. The house adjoining was also
thrown down and the tenants buried beneath the ruins.
Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) Tuesday Sept. 20 1859 p. 2
The ravages of the storm of Friday and Saturday have been general and
severe. The amount of water was over eight inches. The damage to the
ungathered crops and to mill dams and fences has been very great.
Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2
The Fresh, subsequent to the date of our report of yesterday, raised
sufficiently on Sunday night to do some damage. Scantling and other
lumber was carried off from some of the lumber yards in Georgetown, and
more or less of it lost. In addition to the loss of salt by a
Georgetown merchant, about fifty barrels of flour belonging to
Mr. Cruikshank were damages. This is all we hear of worth mentioning in
addition.
Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2
Of the Chesepeake and Ohio canal it is yet in our power to say but
little. Unauthenticated reports were current yesterday of a breach on
the nine mile level, and also east of the Great Falls, but they received
little credence. A telegraph dispatch from Harper's Ferry yesterday
announced Dam No. 4 as swept away, but this was deemed altogether
extravagant. The coffer-dam lately inserted and the yet unfinished
guard bank were most likely injured, but that the solid masonry of the
dam has suffered is scarcely credible.
Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2
Extraordinary Fall of Rain. --- The amount of rain at Grafton Cottage
near Washington, in the storm of the 16th and 17th instant, was six
inches and four-tenths September 19, CHAS. G. PAGE.
Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The freshet in the Potomac caused by the heavy rains of Friday and
Saturday was a source of considerable excitement yesterday all along the
river banks. . . . . At five o'clock the river was rising at the
Georgetown wharves, but we were assured that at the little falls bridge
it was falling. Some apprehension was felt for what might take place at
the next flood tide.
Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
A good many persons were hard at work at the western wharves scouring
private and public property there. The new depot of New York Steamship
company was considered in much peril if the river should rise higher; as
it was the water was up more than 100 feet beyond shore. The contents of
the depot were removed in good time.
Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The current in the Potomac was very rapid, and large quantities of
driftwood passed down. In some cases lodging against vessels at the
wharves somewhat to there risk. The Long Bridge, in its present fragile
state, appeared to be in danger, but may withstand the pressure against
it.
Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, so far as heard from has suffered no
damage from the fresh. The water was let out of the Georgetown level to
prevent breaches there, and it is hoped that similar precaution was
observed all along the line. Some solicitude is felt for dams No. 4 and
5, but nothing is known, as the telegraph was not at work yesterday.
New York Tribune Monday Sept 19, 1859 p. 8
Brig Tangent, Plummer, from Boston, for Elizabethport, in Ballast for
coal, arrived at the Hook on Friday night, and during the gale of
Saturday dragged both anchors into two fathoms of water. Her foremast
was cut away, which with the yards and main topmast, went over the side,
when she held. She was towed up to the city on Sunday.
New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8
Steamship Potomac, Watson, Savannah, . . . . On the 17th inst . . .
9 P.M. 10 miles off Cape Hatteras, passed steamship Parkersburg hence for
Savannah. The P. experienced a heavy gale from the N.E.
New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8
Ship Marathon, Tyler Liverpool, . . . 17th inst, Lat 40 30, Lon ?9 in a
gale from SE to NNE carried away main topmast trestletrees.
New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8
Ship Manhattan, Dixon, Liverpool Aug. 6. . . . has been twenty days west
of the banks with light westerly winds; had to haul off shore Saturday
night during the heavy easterly gales.
New York Tribune Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8
Bark Milton, Bradford, Liverpool Aug 10. . . . Saturday 17th had a heavy
gale from ESE to NNE with a bad sea, vessel laboring very heavy, Montauk
bearing North 50 miles.
New York Tribune Sept 21, 1859 p. 12
Ship Havre, Askins, . . . Sept 17 and 18, Lat 40 20 Lon 70 experienced a
heavy gale from SE to NNE.
New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Ship Martha (of Boston) Arr. Off the Hook 17th and hauled off shore in
a heavy gale from E. Had heavy weather off Algoa Bay; slit split sails,
washed away bulwarks, &c.
New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Ship Wm H Prescott (of Boston) . . . .17th inst, had a gale from SE to W;
18th had hurricane from the N during which shifted cargo.
New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Bark Kepler . . . 17th inst, highlands bearing WNW bearing 40 miles
passed schr Oregon lying to; experienced heavy westerly gales up to
Lon 50. since then light westerly winds and calms and on the 17th inst
had a head easterly gale.
New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Schr Alma . . . 17th inst5 miles E of Sandy Hook, took a gale from ESE
and was compelled to haul off shore, during which split foresail, stove
bulwarks, &c.
New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8
Ship Messenger, Hooper . . . . Sept 17 off the Capes of Delaware,
experienced a hurricane fm NE which blew away foretopsail and jib.
New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8
Brig Salus Arkle, Palmero 70 days, and Gibraltar 36 days fruit to order.
Sept 18 in a heavy gale from N., split sails &c.
New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8
Schr Sir Colin Campbell, Virgens, Sagua 11 days, sugar, &c. to Whitman
Bros. Sept 17 experienced a heavy gale from ENE lost deck load of
Molasses.
New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8
Ship Constitution . . . . 17th Lat. 41 Lon. 67 had another very heavy
blow from S and NW with a high cross sea running.
New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8
Bark R G W Dodge. . . 16th and 17th inst had heavy gale from SE
New York Tribune Sept 24 1859 p. 8
Bark Harvest Hammond Savannah 7days, in ballast to Sturgis Clearman and
Company. Sept 17 SE of Hatteras experienced a very heavy gale from
Southeast.
New York Tribune Oct 1 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Schr. Louisa A. Johnson (of Brookhaven). . . . 18th inst, lat 41 52
lon 56 49 in a hurricane from NW lost mainboom and received other
damage.
New York Times Oct 3 1859 p. 8
Ship Lady Franklin, Jordan, Liverpool. . . . Sept 18 lat 44 lon 58
experienced a hurricane from SE did no damage.
New York Times Sept 23 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 1859 p. 4)
Steamer Chesapeake . . . .during the NE gales of the 18th while off
Cape Cod sprang a leak and threw overboard 400lbs of sugar and syrup.
She still leaks and is kept free by her donkey pumps. She will, after
discharging her cargo, go to the docks for repairs.
New York Times Sept 20 1859 p. 8
Steamer George's Creek On the 16th experienced a heavy gale from the NE
and was compelled to put into Hampton Roads for harbor.
New York Times Sept 19 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 p. 4)
Steamship Nashville. . . . The Nashville experienced very heavy gales
from Hatteras to the Lower Bay where she anchored last evening the 17th.
Instrumental Records
--------------------
Date Time Station Temp in Cloudiness Wind Wind Comments
Pressure Open Amount Dir. Speed
Annapolis, Maryland
16SEP 7am 30.12 63 10 NE 2
2pm 30.06 65 10 ESE 3
9pm 29.94 64 10 ENE 3 Rain began 9pm
17SEP 7am 29.51 67 10 NE 3
2pm 29.37 60 10 N 4
9pm 29.72 63 10 NW 2 Rain ended 9pm, 4.8"
18SEP 7am 29.86 57.5 0 NW 1
2pm 29.84 72.5 3 N 1
9pm 29.86 65 3 N 1
Fort Monroe, Virginia
16SEP 7am 30.30 73 Cloudy E 4 Rain began 6am
2pm 30.20 72 Cloudy E 5
9pm NA 71 Cloudy E 5
17SEP 7am 29.71 75 Cloudy SW 4 Rain ended 5am, 0.86
2pm 29.80 75 Cloudy NE 2
9pm 30.00 68 Fair NW 2
18SEP 7am 30.15 70 Fair NW 2
2pm 30.18 73 Fair NE 2
9pm NA 70 Fair SW 2
US Naval Ob., Wash. D.C. (selected)
16SEP noon 30.22 68 10 SE 1 Rain began 2.5am
2.5pm 30.18 66 10 E 2
8.5pm 30.07 63 10 E 3
17SEP 0.5am 29.95 64 10 NE 3 Rain cont., 0.93"
2.5am 29.90 63 10 NE 3
6.5am 29.60 64 10 E 4
8.5am 29.59 68.5 10 E 5
9.5am 29.44 69 10 E 4
10.5am 29.42 68 10 NNE 5
noon 29.54 61 10 NW 6
2.5pm 29.66 60 10 NW 6
3.5pm 29.73 60 10 NW 6
4.5pm 29.78 60 10 NW 6
6.5pm 29.82 60 10 WNW 6
8.5pm 29.89 60 10 WNW 4
9.5pm 29.90 60 10 NW 3 Rain ended 9pm, 3.34"
18SEP 2.5am 29.95 60 4 NW 3
8.5am 30.04 64 1 NW 2
noon 30.03 74 10 NW 3
Washington D. C.
16SEP 7am 30.28 60 10 NE 2 Rain began 1am
2pm 30.20 67 10 SE 3
9pm 30.08 63 10 NE 4
17SEP 7am 29.51 69 10 NE 4
2pm 29.61 61 10 NW 4 cont., 4.00"
9pm 29.89 62 10 NW 4 Rain ended 9.5pm, 0.34"
18SEP 7am 30.03 61 0 NW NA
2pm 30.06 71 3 NW 1
9pm 30.08 64 0 0 0
Other records and diary entries
-------------------------------
(These observations are typically taken on a 7am/2pm/9pm timeframe.)
Mt Vernon Barracks AL
13th N2/N3/NE0
14th NE1/NE0/N0
15th NE0/NE6/NE5
16th W3/W1/N0
17th N0/NE0/NE0
On the 15th, 3.05 inches of rain, "Rained all day without ceasing"
Columbus MS
15th SE2/SE3/E3 0.108 inches of rain
16th N3/N3/N1
17th N1/S2/E1
Pauling MS
15th NE3/NE4/NE4
16th NE2/NW3/NE1
17th N1/M/E2
On the 15th, "wind at 6 pm NE5", rain 1.650 from 12 M to 1 AM
New Orleans LA
15th NE4/N5/NW5
16th W2/NW3/SW1
17th E1/NE2/E2
On the 15th, High wind in the evening. 0.39 inches of rain. Barometer
on the 15th down to 29.85 in the middle of the day.
Baton Rouge LA
15th NE2/NE4/NE2
16th W1/NE2/NE1
17th E1/E2/SE1
Thomaston GA
14th 72/76/72 29.05/29.05/29.05 SW/SE2/SE0 3.35" rain
15th 73/74/71 28.8/28.8/29.0 E1/SE2/SE4
16th 70/84/77 29.0/29.0/29.0 S5/S4/SW_
17th 70/84/77 29.0/29.0/29.0 NE/SW/SW
Whitemarsh Island, GA
14th 71/84/75 W1/SSE3/M
15th 73/80/77 N1/NE3/SE3 1.35" rain
16th 77/82/79 S4/S5/WSW5 0.08" rain
17th 72/83/75 WNW3/WNW3/M
Sparta, GA
14th 61/85/70 SW1/NW1/N1
15th 65/72/69 E1/NE2/E4 rain afternoon night
16th 70/74/69 SE1/SW3/SW4 rain During day
17th 63/83/71 W1/NW3/NE1
Augusta GA
14th 65/91/75 30.25/30.30/30.34 W0/W1/W0
15th 72.5/75/72 30.30/30.24/30.18 W0/W0/W0
16th 74/79/73 30.10/30.05/30.00 SE3/SE2/SW2 1.88" rain
17th 69/88/72 30.02/30.07/30.15 W0/W1/W0 0.42" rain
St Augustine, FL
14th 84/88/87 29.92/29.92/29.97 SW1/SE3/SW1
15th 84/86/84 30.10/30.10/30.10 SE3/SE4/SE4
16th 83/78/77 30.04/30.00/29.97 S3/SW3/SW2 0.40" rain
17th 80/90/87 30.00/30.00/30.00 NW2/SW3/SW1
Note most winds were 3+ in strength all month
Cedar Keys, FL
14th 80/86/80 S1/SW1/0
15th 80/85/81 E3/SE2/SE4
16th 76/81/80 SE3/SW3/SW4
17th 77/82/77 NW2/W2/NW2
Barrancas Barracks, FL
14th 72/88/84 N2/SE3/SE3
15th 76/81/79 NE3/SE7/SE8 3.30" rain
16th 75/87/77 NW5/NW2/N2
17th 75/87/81 N1/SW1/NW2
Warrington FL (US Naval Hospital)
14th 78/80/86/79 29.90/29.90/29.90/29.90 SW2/SW3/SW3/SW5 rain
15th 78/76/79/75 29.90/29.88/29.83/29.73 NE7/NE7/E7/SE7 rain
16th 74/80/87/80 29.79/29.80/29.84/29.87 NW7/SW5/SW4/SW3
17th 74/80/88/80 29.92/29.92/29.92/29.93 SW2/SW2/SW2/SW3
Lake City, FL
14th 77/92/78 S1/S2/0 0.50" rain
15th 79/87/75 SE1/S2/S2
16th 74/82/78 S3/SW5/SW2 1.60" rain
17th 76/88/76 SW1/0/0
A. Glennie, Pawley's Island SC
14th 74/80/62 30.05 E/S/S
15th 67/79/77 30.05 N/SE/E
16th 79/83/80 29.80 S/S/SW 0.22
17th 72/82/72 30.02 W/W/W
Black Oak, Pinopolis SC
14th 61/82/72 30.05/30.13/30.14 NW/NE/SE
15th 67/81/76 30.15/30.23/30.21 NE/NE/SE Cloudy/Rain/Cloudy
Rain 0.01"
16th 76/83/80 30.14/30.03/29.92 SE/SE/E Squally with high wind.
Rain 0.09"
17th 70/82/71 29.95/30.02/30.03 NW/NW/W Clear
Charleston Board of Health, SC
14th 69/81/78 30.11/30.15/30.21 SW2/E2 Fair
15th 76/80/78 30.24/30.26/30.25 NE2/SE2 Fair - rain 0.12"
16th 80/84/82 30.11/30.09/30.00 SE3/S5 Cloudy
17th 73/83/75 30.08/30.05/30.12 SW3/W1 Fair
Fort Moultrie, SC
14th 74/81/78 30.19/30.24/30.27 SW1/E2/E2 f/f/f - rain 0.23"
15th 76/80/77 30.22/30.24/30.26 NE1/E2/E1 cloudy/cloudy/f
rain at intervals
16th 80/82/81 30.27/30.17/30.10 SE1/SE3/S5 f/cloudy/cloudy
stormy at 4 PM and 10 PM
17th 72/84/76 30.13/30.13/30.22 SW3/NW2/NW1 f/f/f
Arsenal Academy, Richland County (Columbia), SC
14th 68/86/71 NE0/SE2
15th 70/83/72 E3/SE3 [rain] 4.5 PM continued during night
16th 73/78/68 W6/SE5 1.8" rain
17th 66/85/72 NE0/SW3
Aiken, SC
14th 63/87/72 E2/E2/E2
15th M/72/66 M/E1/NE3 0.85" rain
16th 73/80/66 NE4/SE4/W4 0.94" rain
17th 67/81/69 W3/S2/SW1
David Golightly Harris. Spartanburg, SC
16th Night before last and yesterday and last night it rained very hard
Charleston Courier, Saturday, September 17: The winds and waves
prevented the boat race which was eagerly expected on Friday afternoon.
We shall no doubt have a trial on the first fair afternoon; and after
the gales and "blows" of this period, we may expect frequent occasions of
such a delightful and exciting pastime.
Dr. Louis M. Desaussure. Beaufort Dist., SC
16th - rain, threatening Sepr gale from N.E. - warm ... Late in eveng,
hard blow or gale of wind & rain from S.E. threw cotton down funneled it
& injured it.
John McPherson DeSaussure (Kershaw Dist.): Rain fell 0.05 In. wind
S.E., S. or S.W.
Samuel Porcher Gaillard. Sumter Dist., SC:
14th Cool this morning, 68°. Cloudy this evening
15th Cloudy this morning & heavy fog. About 9 am sun came out,
overcast all morning from 11 am until 2 pm at which time the clouds were
threatening at south & S.W. At 3 pm had a few drops of rain & from that
time to this, 8 pm, occasionally a few drops, likely to rain before
morning.
16th Had a little rain last night. Cloudy & unsettled all morning.
Had a slight shower just after daylight & ceased at 7 am. At a ¼ of 12
(& previous) heard thunder & by 20 after 12 a heavy cloud came over from
S.S.W. A very heavy fall of water. It did not cease raining until near
2 pm. At 4 pm had a heavy shower all evening. About sunset every
appearance of clearing up as it has been clear at west but soon became
cloudy & has been raining off & on up to this time 9 pm the wind
indicates stormy weather.
17th Had a very heavy rain last night & wind very high, by 12 o'clock
ceased & was clear before morning. I heard this morning (which was ????
by a letter from my sister, Mrs. Rembert) that yesterday a tornado passed
over Col. James Rembert's plantation. Every building except smokehouse
unroofed even his dwelling, which is a very large building. All his
fencing down. I have no doubt it was [serious] to the crops. He said it
all was done in 5 minutes.
Charles Heyward, Charleston SC
15th Good weather until today, Cloudy & rain
16th Overcast. Threatening weather but passed off during the night with
a little high wind
Chapel Hill, NC
14th 68/80/65 29.61/29.66/29.69 NW1/W1/W1
15th 62/76/68 29.78/29.63/29.43 NE2/NE2/N2
16th 66/70/68 29.73/29.63/29.43 NW3/NW3/NW1
17th 66/80/69 29.33/29.46/29.56 NW3/NW3/SW1 0.15" rain
Murfreesboro, NC
14th W1/SE1/NE1
15th 63/76/68 29.4/29.55/29.35 E2/NE2/E2
16th 69/70/69 29.3/29.25/29.2 SE4/SW3/NW1 0.60" rain
17th 72/82/71 28.9/29.0/29.1 NW1/NW1/NW1 0.50" rain
Basil Armstrong Thomason. Yadkin County, NC
15th Cloudy and cool. Wind from the north east.
16th A real "north easter." Came as near raining all day as common.
Guess this is the equinoctial storm.
17th Clear and quite warm. It rained a small flood last night, so the
creeks are past fording to-day.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
16th 42/60/37 29.9/29.9/29.9 NW & SW clear and fine
Thermometer at sunrise 32
17th 45/64/44 29.9/29.8/29.7 SE Cloudy rain at night
18th 50/56/53 29.5/29.4/29.4 ENE Heavy rain nearly all day
19th 57/65/47 29.4/29.4/29.6 WNW Cloudy - clear and fine
********************************************************************************
1859/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Utilized
the northern wind-pressure relationship for hurricanes from ship on 6th.
Ship with central pressure observation of 938 mb gives 105 kt, used 110 kt in
best track - supporting major hurricane status of this storm.
********************************************************************************
1859/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland
winds over Florida reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model.
********************************************************************************
1859/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Pressure
reading of 989 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, 28th of October)
suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, supporting hurricane status
for this storm.
********************************************************************************
1860/01: Extended track three days into the Atlantic as was suggested by
Partagas and Diaz (1995a). However, it is noted by Prof. Cary Mock of the
University of South Carolina and Sandrik (2001) that all of the available
historical accounts from this time showed no evidence for tropical storm
strength during its transit over Georgia. It may very well be the case that
this system dropped to tropical depression stage before redeveloping into a
moderate-intensity tropical storm over the Atlantic. Due to format chosen,
however, that tropical depression stage is not utilized in HURDAT until
1871, this system will be retained here formally as a minimal tropical storm
over the southeast United States. Inland winds over SE US derived from
utilizing Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm tide
values from Ludlum (1963) for Fort St. Philip, Louisiana (12 ft) and
Mobile, Alabama (10 ft). Storm determined to have reached major hurricane
status based upon destruction and storm tide values along U.S. Gulf coast.
********************************************************************************
1860/02: Extended the track to the 26th to take into account ship
observations reported by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a). Otherwise, no major
changes. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
reports from the ships "Sabine", "Mary Rusell" and "Zurich".
********************************************************************************
1860/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track
available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon report from ship "Ocean Spray".
********************************************************************************
1860/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm tide value of 10' from Ho (1989) for Mobile,
Alabama. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction
and tide experienced along the U.S. Gulf coast.
1860/04 - 2003 REVISION:
01620 09/11/1860 M= 6 4 SNBR= 56 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
01625 09/11*251 838 90 0*252 841 90 0*252 845 90 0*252 848 90 0
01630 09/12*252 851 90 0*252 856 90 0*254 860 90 0*255 866 90 0
01630 09/12*252 852 90 0*253 856 90 0*254 860 90 0*255 866 90 0
*** ***
01635 09/13*256 871 90 0*257 876 90 0*259 881 90 0*262 886 90 0
01640 09/14*267 893 90 0*272 896 90 0*277 899 90 0*283 898 90 0
01640 09/14*267 893 90 0*272 896 90 0*277 898 90 0*283 898 90 0
***
01645 09/15*289 896 90 0*295 896 90 0*301 894 90 0*308 891 70 0
01645 09/15*289 897 90 0*295 896 90 0*301 894 90 0*308 891 70 0
***
01650 09/16*318 886 50 0*330 880 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
01655 HR LA2 MS2 AL1
Track altered slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1860/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1860/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon destruction in Louisiana.
********************************************************************************
1860/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1861/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1861/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon ship
reports from the "Santiago de Cuba" and the "Kate Stevens". Storm
is known as the "Key West Hurricane" from its impacts in Key West,
Florida (Ludlum 1963).
1861/02 - 2003 REVISION:
01800 08/14/1861 M= 4 2 SNBR= 61 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
01800 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 61 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** *
(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01805 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 700 40 0*210 715 40 0
01805 08/14*230 756 70 0*231 765 70 0*232 775 70 0*232 783 70 0
01805 08/14*215 730 50 0*220 745 60 0*225 760 70 0*229 774 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
01810 08/15*235 793 80 0*237 801 80 0*237 810 90 0*239 816 90 0
01810 08/15*232 787 80 0*235 799 80 0*237 808 80 0*239 815 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** **
01815 08/16*240 823 90 0*240 828 90 0*240 835 80 0*240 839 80 0
01815 08/16*242 820 80 0*246 825 80 0*250 830 70 0*254 835 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
01820 08/17*240 843 80 0*240 846 80 0*240 851 80 0*239 856 80 0
01820 08/17*258 840 60 0*262 845 60 0*266 850 50 0*270 856 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
01825 HRBFL1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-8/15/1861$* 2100Z 24.0N 82.0W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1
2-8/16/1861$* 0000Z 24.2N 82.0W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1
****
Additional observations for this hurricane were obtained from a
weather record kept by the U.S. Consul at Turk's Island (Salt Cay) for
the Smithsonian Institute that is located in the US National Archives.
(Thanks to Michael Chenoweth for providing this additional data.)
These are provided in full below:
Date 0900L 1400L 2100L 0900L 1400L 2100L
August 12, 1861 29.95" 29.94" 29.94"
August 13, 1861 29.90" 29.70" 29.60" NE 6 SE 5 NE 6
August 14, 1861 29.95" 29.96" 29.96"
Comment for 13 August: This was a very stormy day. Generally
persons prepared for a hurricane.
Smithsonian Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt)
Best track is extended back one-half day to the 13th and the track is
adjusted on the 14th and 15th accordingly. The 1002 mb peripheral pressure
measurement suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly
on the 14th.
Further additional observations were provided by Brian Jones of the
University of Miami in his analysis of military fort observations
in Florida:
Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date 12Z 19Z 02Z
8/13/1861 E-3 E-2 E-1 "night 0.39"
8/14/1861 NE-2 NE-1 NW-3 "rain at night .24"
8/15/1861 N-4 N-4 N-6 "light showers at intervals .06"
8/16/1861 NW-6 SW-5 W-4 (No comments provided)
8/17/1861 SW-4 SW-4 SE-3 (No comments provided)
Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt)
These data strongly suggest that the hurricane passed to the east,
north and then northwest of the fort, rather than moving south of
the fort. The change of track provided for the 16th and the 17th
now matches these newly available observations, while still being
consistent with the impact in Key West and the sparse ship reports.
The Fort Jefferson observations also indicate a weaker system than
the 90 kt hurricane originally estimated, even after accounting for
the hurricane's weaker side impacting the fort. Since the only data
for hurricane conditions in this system were observed on the 15th and
16th and that this system is not recorded as making landfall anywhere
on the Gulf coast, a weakening to below hurricane force is deduced
for the 17th.
1861/02 - 2006 REVISION:
01875 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 62 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
01875 08/13/1861 M= 5 2 SNBR= 62 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1
*
01880 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 700 40 0*210 715 40 0*
01885 08/14*215 730 50 0*220 745 60 0*225 760 70 0*229 774 70 0*
01890 08/15*232 787 80 0*235 799 80 0*237 808 80 0*239 815 80 0*
01895 08/16*242 820 80 0*246 825 80 0*250 830 70 0*254 835 70 0*
01900 08/17*258 840 60 0*262 845 60 0*266 850 50 0*270 856 50 0*
01905 HRBFL1
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
1861/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Pressure reading of 958 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC,
30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm judged
to have reached hurricane force based upon this pressure reading and
wind observations from the ships "Harvest Queen" and "Marianne".
********************************************************************************
1861/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon observations from the ship "David G. Wilson".
********************************************************************************
1861/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland
winds over NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane force
based upon observations from the ship "Virgina Ann". Hurricane is also
known as the "Equinoctial Storm" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a)
and Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1861/06: Have extended the storm out four additional days as was suggested
in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup to the 9th based upon the ship
"Wellington".
********************************************************************************
1861/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1861/08: Have started track over Gulf of Mexico instead of over Florida
as was drawn in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland winds
over Florida and NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model. Values of 1000mb and 999mb give winds of
49 and 50 kt, respectively, utilizing the northern wind-pressure
relationship; 50 kt is used in the best track. Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon observations from Hatteras Inlet
and the ship "Honduras". Hurricane is also known as the "Expedition
Hurricane" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1862/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1862/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1862/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1862/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1862/05: The only major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
was to add an additional half day on the 17th to accommodate the end
of the track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity
based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1862/06 - 2003 ADDITION:
02126 11/22/1862 M= 4 6 SNBR= 73 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
02127 11/22*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0
02128 11/23*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0
02129 11/24*105 795 60 0*105 795 60 0*105 796 50 0*105 797 50 0
02130 11/25*105 798 40 0*105 800 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
02131 TS
A new storm (possibly hurricane intensity) was uncovered from the
meteorological register kept at Aspinwall, Panama (9 22 53.7N
79 52 58.2 W) by A.F. Holmes, Acting Master Navigating Officer
of the U.S. Steamer "James Adger", part of the voluntary Smithsonian
Institute network. (Thanks to Mike Chenoweth for providing the
information for this new storm.) Below are the temperature,
wind direction/force, cloud cover (in tenths), and rainfall from
November 20-25, 1862 (unfortunately, the barometric record appears
to be defective):
Date Temp. Temp. Temp. Wind Wind Wind Cloud Cloud Cloud Rainfall
0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L
20 74.7F 80.6F 76.3F S 1 W 2 SE 1 9 6 3 0.12"
21 74.6F 79.4F 77.0F SE 1 NW 2 WNW 2 8 8 10 0.12"
22 75.2F 78.6F 76.9F NW 7 NNW 7 NW 6 10 10 10 3.45"
23 76.3F 78.0F 78.8F NNE 6 NNW 5 NW 5 10 10 10 6.18"
24 78.8F 78.3F 77.5F NNW 6 WNW 4 WxN 5 10 10 10 0.64"
25 75.4F 76.9F 77.0F WxN 3 WxN 3 WxN 4 10 10 10 0.61"
Comments:
22 November - At 2a.m. gale commenced blowing from NW. Heavy
sea came in suddenly.
23 November - Gale continued, more sea than yesterday.
24 November - Gale continues.
25 November - Gale over.
Smithsonian Wind Force Scale
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph
5 - High breeze 35 mph
6 - Gale 45 mph
7 - Strong gale 60 mph
8 - Violent gale 75 mph
9 - Hurricane 90 mph
10 - Most violent 100 mph
Based upon this, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northeast
of this location from the 22nd to the 25th with weakening late on the
24th and on the 25th. No apparent motion of the storm could be detected
until late on the 24th and on the 25th when a slow westward drift is
indicated by the change in wind direction to more westerly.
********************************************************************************
1863/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "Francis B. Cutting" and "Rapid".
********************************************************************************
1863/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "American Congress" and "Herzogin".
********************************************************************************
1863/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 975 mb gives 83 kt with the
northern wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt in best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports
from several ships.
********************************************************************************
1863/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from
the ship "Dolphin".
********************************************************************************
1863/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1863/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland
decay model. The best track provided appears to describe the full life
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until
its dissipation below tropical storm strength).
********************************************************************************
1863/07: A 36 hr track was achieved for this storm - Partagas and
Diaz (1995a) had kept the storm stationary. Inland winds over Mexico
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an
accelerated decay rate used to account for enhanced topography.
********************************************************************************
1863/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1863/09 - 2003 ADDITION:
02341 09/29/1863 M= 3 9 SNBR= 82 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
02342 09/29*285 957 60 0*289 953 60 0*293 948 60 0*296 943 50 0
02343 09/30*298 937 50 0*300 931 50 0E301 925 40 0E302 919 40 0
02344 10/01E303 913 40 0E304 907 40 0E305 901 40 0E306 895 40 0
02345 TS
Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Roth have uncovered substantial evidence
for a previously undocumented tropical storm that made landfall in
Texas/Louisiana in the United States. The storm did exhibit some
baroclinic characteristics at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, but was
retained as a tropical cyclone until 12Z on the 30th. A peripheral
pressure of 999 mb (around 12Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at least
47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for the best track. Below are excerpts from the Houston weather
observer's record along with newspaper accounts of the storm's impacts.
Houston weather observer record, September/October 1863
(Temperatures taken at sunrise, 1-3pm, and sunset. Pressure, winds and
clouds were monitored 4-5 times a day between sunrise and sunset.
Pressure given in inches - 30" for values between .01 to .09 and 29"
for values between .49 and .96. Winds are given between 0 [calm] and
6 [violent storm]. Clouds are given in tenths.)
Date Temperatures Pressure Winds Clouds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
9/26 62/90/80 .07/.09/.04/.05 NE2/S3/S2/S3 3/6/7/8
9/27 69/83/78 .03/.04/.01/.96 E2/SE2/S4/S2 10/10/10/10
9/28 70/69/66 .84/.86/.76/.71/.63 E3/E4/SE5/E5/E6 10/10/10/10/10
9/29 68/72/71 .50/.50/.50/.49/.53 NE3/E3/NE4/M/N3 8/8/10/10/9
9/30 68/71/71 .73/.81/.85/.89 N4/N5/N5/N5 9/10/10/9
"The Storm of the 28th and 29th much more severe at Galveston & East of
Galveston than here. At Sabine Pass wind took off limbs of trees. At
Washington but little wind but heavy rain. At Velasco wind very high as
on the coast generally. Heaviest fall of water I remember in these times".
From the _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ published in in Houston, TX:
Friday October 2, 1863
"SABINE PASS, Sept. 29 - This morning our forces captured a fine Yankee
schooner, the Manhassett, with her crew, consisting of seven men. She was
loaded with coal and was used as a tender to the blockading fleet. The
heavy gale last night drove her in near the coast, seven miles below the Pass,
and coming within range of one of our batteries, which at once prepared to
fire on her, she hoisted the white flag and surrendered. Her stores are all
safe in our hands."
"The late equinoctial storm has undoubtedly lashed the waves of the Gulf into
unusual commotion. The federal fleet now cruising about will be truly
fortunate if they have escaped disaster from the fury of the elements.
Rarely in past years has such a storm occurred without more or
less wrecks on the Louisiana and Texas coast."
October 14, 1863
"The Fordache Fight
Morgan's Ferry, Sept. 30, 1863 - ...On the night of the 28th September, our
forces crossed the Atchafalaya, at the same time that a 60 hours rain set in.
Our troops bivouacked on the east bank of the Atchafalaya on that night,
under a drenching rain."
From the New Orleans _Picayune_:
Tuesday, September 29, 1863
"The drouth (sic) still continues, but there are signs that it will not be
of much longer duration. A change is much wished for in the city, as most of
the cisterns are empty, and the dust, when agitated, is very annoying,
especially to notable house-wives."
Wednesday, September 30, 1863
"Long wished for, come at last - the refreshing and welcome rain. Now it has
commenced, the prospect is we shall have it in abundance."
Friday, October 2, 1863
"A gloomy and disagreeable day was yesterday - neither good for man nor beast.
It was a day to incite one to commit suicide - uncomfortably wet and warm,
and very debilitating. Well, a few days ago we were praying for rain. Now
we sigh for fair weather. How unsatisfied and inconsistent men are! and
women too, for that matter. For instance, a few days ago, house-wives
were complaining that there was no water for the family washing. Now they
complain that though there is an abundance of water, they cannot get the
clothes dry when they are washed. According to present appearances,
this will be a difficulty to be overcome only by ingenuity and good
management for some time to come. 'The rain it raineth every day' is
likely to be the cry for lo, many days. Well, 'Man never is, but always to
be, blest.'"
"The blustering norther that came upon us yesterday, although not the
pleasantest of visitors, was decidly (sic) welcome as the successor
of the disagreeable weather that immediately preceded it. We have fairly
entered on the few weeks of changeable weather - now hot, now cold, and
alternately dry and wet - usual at this season. It is trying to the
constitution and productive of sickness, and those who have any care for
their health will be careful to avoid all unnecessary exposure."
It was hot and uncomfortable again in New Orleans on the 2nd.
********************************************************************************
1864/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Hattie Eaton".
********************************************************************************
1864/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1864/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over Central America reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model with an accelerated decay rate used to account for
enhanced topography. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from Martinique and Belize.
********************************************************************************
1864/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm analyzed to be stationary for four days duration. An alternative
solution to being stationary for four days is that the storm completed
a tight (but slow) loop during this time. However, the data available
does not provide enough detail to fully document that a loop actually
occurred.
********************************************************************************
1864/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1865/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1865/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1865/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1865/04: This hurricane was originally listed as #5 in 1865 in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Added additional day at end of the track over
Louisiana and Arkansas to provide a reasonable decay of the hurricane. Inland
winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from Guadeloupe and Louisiana. This system is known as the "Sabine River-
Lake Calcasieu Storm" in Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1865/05: This storm was originally listed as #7 in 1865 in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from their analysis. No track is
available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1865/06: This hurricane was originally listed as #6 in 1865 in Partagas and
and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No major changes from their analysis. No track
available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "Teresa".
********************************************************************************
1865/07: This hurricane was originally listed as #8 in 1865 in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Havana central pressure observation of 975 mb
gives 83 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt
in best track. Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon numerous ship reports and observations taken in
Cuba.
1865/07 - 2003 REVISION:
02695 10/18/1865 M= 8 7 SNBR= 92 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
02695 10/18/1865 M= 8 7 SNBR= 94 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
**
02700 10/18* 95 804 40 0* 97 804 40 0*100 805 40 0*102 806 40 0
02705 10/19*105 806 40 0*107 808 40 0*110 810 50 0*113 811 50 0
02710 10/20*118 813 50 0*123 814 50 0*129 816 60 0*137 818 60 0
02715 10/21*143 820 60 0*152 823 60 0*159 824 70 0*169 826 70 0
02720 10/22*179 828 80 0*189 830 80 0*200 830 90 0*212 829 90 0
02725 10/23*227 825 80 975*242 819 90 0*257 810 90 0*271 798 80 0
02725 10/23*226 826 80 975*238 821 90 0*250 814 90 0*265 802 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
02730 10/24*286 783 80 0*301 769 80 0*314 753 80 0*325 731 80 0
02730 10/24*282 788 80 0*299 772 80 0*314 753 80 0*325 731 80 0
*** *** *** ***
02735 10/25*335 706 70 0*347 683 70 0*360 660 70 0*373 635 70 0
02740 HRBFL2CFL1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
7-10/23/1865$ 0700Z 24.6N 81.7W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2
7-10/23/1865$ 1000Z 24.6N 81.7W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2
****
7-10/23/1865$ 1100Z 25.5N 81.2W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2,CFL1
7-10/23/1865$ 1400Z 25.4N 81.1W 90kt 2 (969mb) BFL2,CFL1
**** **** ****
Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:
Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date 12Z 19Z 02Z
10/20/1865 NE-2 NE-2 NE-2 "9AM-?, 1.60"
10/21/1865 NE-4 NE-4 NE-10
10/22/1865 NE-10 N-4 N-4 "Rain 11AM-?, 2.50"
Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt)
These observations indicate that the hurricane's landfall over the
Florida Keys was somewhat later than the 07Z on the 23rd as
originally estimated. Based upon these data, the timing of the
track is adjusted back in time on the 23rd and 24th slightly. This
allows for landfall to occur in the Keys around 10Z.
********************************************************************************
1865 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.
********************************************************************************
1866/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon reports from Matagorda, Texas.
1866/01 - 2003 REVISION:
02685 07/15/1866 M= 1 1 SNBR= 93 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
02685 07/11/1866 M= 6 1 SNBR= 95 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** * **
(The 11th to the 14th are new to HURDAT.)
02686 07/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 873 90 0*280 878 90 0
02687 07/12*280 883 90 0*280 888 90 0*281 893 90 0*281 899 90 0
02688 07/13*281 905 90 0*281 911 90 0*282 917 90 0*282 923 90 0
02689 07/14*282 929 90 0*282 935 90 0*283 941 90 0*283 947 90 0
02690 07/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 965 90 0* 0 0 0 0
02690 07/15*284 953 90 0*285 959 90 0*285 965 90 0*286 971 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
02691 07/16*286 977 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
02695 HRBTX2
Analysis by Roth (1997a) provides additional information for this hurricane
which was previously listed as a "single-point" storm in HURDAT. Roth writes:
"July 12-13th, 1866: A storm moved well off the coast of Louisiana. On the
11th at 28.5N 87.3W, a three-masted schooner was dismasted in heavy seas.
Winds "blew hard" at New Orleans for a few hours on the evening of the 12th.
Tides increased until daybreak the 13th. Damage was seen at the Timbalier
Bay lighthouse. "Ugly, threatening weather" hit on the 12th. Three feet of
water surrounded the tower. Wave action knocked away two brick piers, as 24
hours of pounding surf broke against the lighthouse. The keeper became
spooked by the combination of weather condition and loneliness, and "promptly
resigned"."
Based upon this description, the track was extended back to the 11th for
this hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over Texas.
********************************************************************************
1866/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
enhanced topography. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "A. E. Patterson" and
the Fortress Monroe.
********************************************************************************
1866/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Messina" and "Robert Wing".
********************************************************************************
1866/04: Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
not assume that the hurricane was stationary for three days at 15N
and 29.5W. Only one six-hourly position/intensity is provided on 12 UTC
of the 18th. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon ship reports from the "Iddo Kimball".
********************************************************************************
1866/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1866/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Central pressure observation from Nassau with 938 mb gives 120 kt with the
southern wind-pressure relationship, which is used in the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon
this central pressure measurement as well as several ship reports. This
system is known as the "Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866" (Ludlum 1963).
********************************************************************************
1866/07: Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their
analysis. Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas.
********************************************************************************
1866 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information. It is likely
that this case was confused with storm 1867/09, which hit at the exact same
place at exactly the same time of year.
2. The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm
did not actually exist. Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported
reference to it in Tannehill (1938) and Dunn and Miller (1960), but no other
information. It is likely that this case was actually storm 1866/01.
********************************************************************************
1867/01 - 2003 ADDITION:
02901 06/21/1867 M= 3 1 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
02902 06/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*295 800 50 0*303 801 60 0
02903 06/22*311 800 60 0*318 799 70 0*325 798 70 0*332 796 60 0
02904 06/23*339 794 50 0*345 792 40 0*350 790 40 0*355 788 40 0
02905 HR SC1
This is a new hurricane that has been uncovered by the work of Prof. Cary
Mock at the University of South Carolina. The information that he provided
(included in total below) shows that a Category 1 hurricane made landfall
in South Carolina. As the storm made landfall just to the east of
Charleston and the city received approximately 60 kt of winds (based
upon wind-caused damage) while on the weak side of storm, peak intensity
is judged to be about 70 kt at landfall occurring between Charleston
and Georgetown.
Here are excerpts from local papers that Prof. Mock was able to obtain:
Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24:
THE WEATHER. - The heavy and continuous rains from Wednesday last,
reported in Saturday's Courier, culminated Friday night and Saturday
morning in the heaviest rains and one of the severest gales witnessed here
for several years. On Friday night the shipping at the wharves had to be
doubly secured, and between nine and ten o'clock, Saturday morning, the
wind seemed to reach its highest, blowing almost a perfect hurricane from
the Northeast, for nearly two hours. Its effects at sea, we fear, have
been disastrous. The harbor presented a very black and terrible appearance.
In the city a number of wharves sustained considerable damage, houses
were unroofed, chimneys blown down, trees torn up by their roots, and
large branches blown from others, blocking up streets and sidewalks. The
tin roof of the New Custom House on East Bay, near Market-street, was
blown off and carried by the wind to the corner of Cumberland and East
Bay, a distance of between three and four hundred feet. The tin was
afterwards removed by the Custom House laborers into the Custom House
yard. Two large derricks on the South side of the building were also
blown down, crushing in their fall a number of the beautifully cut and
costly cap and cave stones, besides killing a cow belonging to Mrs.
Jenkins. The steamer Huron, lying at the Custom House Wharf, was
overflowed and sunk. The gale moderated Saturday afternoon, and on Sunday
the skies had again become clear.
We learn from Dr. George S. Pelzer, City Registrar, that the fall
of rain from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive, was seven and a half inches,
three inches of which fell on Saturday. This is said to have been the
heaviest fall of rain since 1824.
Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24:
Marine News:
A GALE IN JUNE. - After some days of unsettled weather, accompanied
with rain, the wind commenced blowing a heavy gale from the Northeast at
an early hour on Saturday, and about seven to eight o'clock it had
increased to the force of an equinoctial blow, but moderated about midday.
The shipping and wharves being generally in fair order, got off with
little damage, the injuries being quite unimportant. The steamers Pilot
Bay, from Savannah, and Dictator, from Florida, arrived safely on Sunday,
without injury. The Dictator experienced the blow on her passage from
Fernandina to Savannah, and had a part of it after she anchored in
Savannah River. She reports the wind from North to Northwest, with a very
heavy sea. A brig, name unknown, had dragged ashore near Tybee.
Charleston Daily Courier, Tuesday, June 25:
THE WEATHER. - After four days of rain and wind, the sun shone out
beautifully yesterday, imparting new life and hope to Nature and her
children. What damage has been done to the crops we are not yet
sufficiently informed to speak with certainty. There is reason to apprehend
that the cotton and corn in the low country, at least, have been seriously
injured, and there is little doubt that the whole rice crop on Cooper River
has been largely, if not entirely destroyed. So far as we have been able to
learn, the wind-storm prevailed only immediately on the coast, though the
rain fell continuously three days in most of the Districts in the State. We
hope to receive more detailed intelligence to-day.
Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
Marine News.
SAVANNAH, June 23. - The brig W.H. Parks was blown ashore on Tybee, during
the gale of yesterday. It is supposed that she will get off.
Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
DANGEROUS RUINS. - During the gale on Saturday the walls of Tobias' old
building, at the corner of Vendue Range and East Bay, were rocked to and
fro to such a degree that their fall was momentarily expected...
Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
THE GREAT STORM. - DAMAGE DONE THE TREES, WHARVES, THE BUILDINGS, AND THE
CITY CROPS. - The storm of rain which has been passing over the city for
more than four days reached its height on Saturday, and was then accompanied
by a storm of wind which might fully be termed a hurricane. Such a
storm at this season has not been known in the memory of citizens who have
resided here for nearly a century, and the last storm which equaled it in
power and fury took place in the Fall of 1854. In the city the amount and
value of injury done cannot be well estimated, but a few particulars will
enable our readers to judge for themselves.
Trees were blown down in every direction. On Orange-street a tree
one yard in diameter was uprooted, and all the fruit and ornamental trees
throughout the city have been damaged. The grape vines suffered particularly,
and all of the corn in the various garden lots has been blown down
almost without exception.
The tin roof of the new Custom House was rolled up by the wind and
carried by it to the corner of Cumberland-street, and the derricks in
front of the Custom House were blown down, killing a cow in their fall. A
portion of the roof of the South Carolina Railroad freight depot was
rolled up, but secured and fastened down before any damage had been done
to the building or its contents.
The roof of the shed on Brown's wharf was damaged, the roof of
that on Kerr's wharf was also damaged, and some little damage was done to
the roof of Atlantic wharf.
The bathing house was injured; three breaches were made in the
East Battery, and an iron stand near the corner of Church and Broad
streets were forced to the ground.
Yet, whatever the damage done in the city, it will be nothing in
comparison with that done in the country districts. In another column
will be found some account of the injury done by the rains alone, and we
await with many misgivings, the accounts of the ravages of the great storm
of June 22, 1867.
Samuel Porcher Gaillard (Sumter Dist.), June 22: Thermometer at 5 A.M. 70,
12 N 65, 9 PM 60. Rain all night and ceased about daylight at half past
6 A.M. began again & [never ceased] at times very hard up to this time 9 P.M.
has not ceased. Wind & clouds from N. East from 12 N Wind ????
David Golightly Harris (Spartanburg), June 22: Rain... The land was
entirely too wet. This evening it is raining again June 23 - Rain. All
last night there was a constant gentile rain. It has been raining
incessantly to day (11 o'clock) and no prospect of its ceasing. Much fear
is entertained that wheat will be injured in the shock. None has been
threshed yet & no prospect of suitable weather for the business. This is a
gloomy Sunday June 24 - Rain. Rain. Rain.
Jacob Schirmer (Charleston): June 22nd - Weather the past week has been
almost one Continuous Rain and that in torrents and this morning,
something of a Severe Gale, and quite cool. Great fears are entertained
that our staple crops have suffered very materially.
William J. Ball (Limerick Plantation): June 19-22 - Heavy & Continuous
Rain, Heaviest Freshet since 1837
Elias Horry (Georgetown): June 22 - Gale
Hilton Head weather record: June 22nd - 7am:SE4, 2pm:NE4, 9pm:NE4,
2.04" precipitation. (The numbers indicate force with a scale from 0 to 6.
0 indicates calm and 6 indicates a violent storm.)
Glennie weather record, Georgetown, SC: June 22nd - Sunrise:NE6-very
heavy rain, 2pm:E6-rain/gale, 9pm:E2-showery.
Statesville NC weather record: June 22 (7/2/9) - E4 E4 E4... rain started
at 8 pm June 23 - rain ended at 11 am... total 2 inches for storm...
E4 E4 E4
The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 3:
The Gale of Saturday Morning
One of the most terrific gales that has ever passed over the city
since 1854, occurred on Saturday morning last. It commenced at half-past
six o'clock. At seven it was at its height, destroying beautiful shade
trees, carrying away awnings, portions of tin roofs gutters under the eaves
of houses, conductors on the sides of buildings, window shutters, etc.
The steamer Gen. Berry, lying moored to the wharf at Capt. Rufus P.
Hawkes' ship yard, opposite Abercorn street, parted her fastenings and was
driven to the Savannah shore of the river. No damage was done to her.
The steamer Annie, lying at the Hutchinson Island shore of the
Savannah river, at the pilings opposite West Broad street, had her sails,
which were chewed up, blown into ribbons, and her sides, which are torn,
chafed by coming in contact with the pilings to which she is moored.
On the Thunderbold Road a frame two-story building, in the course
of erection for Mr. Frederick A. Schultz by Bostock & Hobson, was blown down.
A tree, during the gale, fell at the southwest corner of Indian and
West Broad streets, carrying away the brick fence of the Guerard buildings.
Further up Indian street, a large tree fell on a building owned by
Mrs. Farry, crushing in the roof. On Bryan street, a tree fell against the
residence of Mrs. Sarah Puder, crushing in the windows of the second story.
Messrs. Wylly and Meinhard's building, on the south side of Broughton
street, had a portion of its tin roof blown away.
At Mr. Maupu's farm on the White Bluff Road, had several trees
prostrated, breaking down his fences, which were newly erected.
Up to the hour of writing we have not heard of any accidents.
The crops in every portion of this county have greatly suffered,
although we are hopeful that the destruction is not so great as is
apprehended.
The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 2:
THE WEATHER - We have never experienced more unpleasant and
depressing weather than that which has been prevailing hereabouts for the
last five days, and we regret to learn that the continued heavy rains have
thrown a deep gloom upon the countenances of planters in this section.
New York Times, Marine Intelligence, July 1:
Brig, Alex Milliken - June 21 and 22, had a very heavy N.E. gale; split and
lost sails, and lost deck-load of molasses.
New York Times, Marine Intelligence, June 30:
Brig Agnes (Br) - June 21, lat. 30 12, lon. 79 18, had a heavy gale from
S.E. to N.E., and back to S.E., with increased violence, with high sea
running, sprung a leak, lost one boat, stove bulwarks, started headrails, &c.
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 5:
BRIG W H PARKS, which was blown ashore at Tybee during the recent heavy
gale, and from her position was considered as being virtually lost and only
worthy of abandonment, was got off 30th ult, sustaining but little damage,
and as she was fully repaired.
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 4:
SCHR MARTHA ANN, McCormick, which sailed from Charleston some days since
for New York, with a cargo of lumber, returned to Charleston on Saturday
last, having experienced heavy gales on the 21st and 22d June, off Cape
Lookout, during which lost deck load, sprung a leak, split sails, and has
sustained other damage. She has put back to C for repairs.
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 3:
BRIG HENRY LAURENS,... for New York, before reported put into Charleston
28th ult. leaky, reports June 19 off Sand Key Light, coast of Florida,
experienced heavy blows, varying from NE to SE, with short cross seas,
causing the vessel to labor and sprung a leak; on the 22d, had heavy
gales from the south, with short head sea, the vessel making water badly...
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
BARK J CUMMING (Br), Hookway, at Charleston from Newport... June 22, when
near Charleston, experienced a severe gale from the northeast to northwest
in which lost two lower topsails, split other sails, and caused the bark to
leak...
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
SCHR FOAMING SEA, North, at Charleston, from Baltimore on the 22nd ult, off
Cape Romain, experienced a severe eastern gale, and had part of the bulwarks
carried away... flying jib, and sustained other damage.
New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 1:
BRIG WM SPARK, of Philadelphia, parted her chains in a NE gale June 22, and
went ashore Tybee Island.
From the _Wadesboro Argus_, North Carolina:
On Sunday [June 23] last this immediate section was visited by another heavy
and destructive rain storm, heavier, it is said to have been, than those
mentioned by us a week or two ago. For three hours, from 8 to 11 A.M., the
rain fell in torrents, beating down small grain not yet cut, also corn and
cotton, and washing lands. We hear of great destruction on all sides of us in
consequence of the creeks and branches being unusually swelled, and of large
quantities of wheat in the shock, left in the low grounds, floated off, and
fences swept away.
From the _Wilmington Dispatch_, North Carolina:
The Wilmington Dispatch [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel], July 2, speaking
of the freshet in the Cape Fear:
We learn that, in consequence of recent rains, the Cape Fear has
risen thirty feet at Fayetteville, at which it stood when our informant left.
But it was the general opinion that the volume of water poured out from the
clouds within the last ten days had not yet affected the river, the present
freshet being the result of the previous rains.
The Lincolnton Courier says of the rains of that region [from the Raleigh
Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
The terrible rains that have fallen during the past week will ruin
the Planting interest on low lands throughout this section of country.
Reports received are truly distressing.
The Asheville News says of the late rains [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel,
July 2]:
On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out
another deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we
received a few weeks ago. Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the
new fences and bridges were washed off. We have heard that in some places
the wheat was injured.
From the _Asheville News_, North Carolina:
On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out another
deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we received a
few weeks ago. Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the new fences and
and bridges were washed off. We have heard that in some places the wheat was
injured.
The Wilmington Journal speaking of the damage done the crops in the Eastern
Counties by the late rains says [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
The effect of the recent rains upon the crops in all the Eastern
portion of the State has been most disastrous. The damage sustained by
planters in Brunswick, Bladen, New Hanover, Onslow, Dunlin, Sampson,
Edgecombe, and all the Eastern counties, so far as heard from, has been
very serious and almost irreparable. The corn and cotton crop have
received a most severe blow, while the rice crop in this section has been
almost entirely ruined. Along the line of the Cape Fear, and in fact in
all the lowlands of the countries named, the damage is very apparent, and
the pernicious results of the recent terrible rains will be long remembered.
At no time could a more severe blow in this section befall us than at
present, when our future prosperity so greatly depends upon an abundant
yield.
Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh),Wen. July 3, 1867, p. 3:
Sunday was the hottest day we have had so far this year, the thermometer
reaching 99 deg. in the shade. It was also the first day since Sunday the
16th in which there has not some rain, at least a few drops, fallen here in
Raleigh.
The amount of rain for the month has been enormous, measuring nine
inches and a half in depth between the 16th and 27th, and over fourteen
inches in all.
James Harvey Greenlee (McDowell Ct., NC): June 22 - Cloud warm June 23 -
It rained all day June 24 - Rained last night creek quite flush... A wet
day.
Weather observer data from Fort Monroe, VA, located near Norfolk:
On June 23, it started to rain beginning at 4 pm and by 4:40 pm the next day
it rained 1.95 inches. Written comments indicate "Rain began in the night.
Foggy & high winds during the day, Thunder & Lightning at night & Showers."
Observations of winds at 7 am, 2 pm and 9 pm on the 23rd were E 1, E 2, and
E 2 respectively, changing to SE 1, SE 2, and NE 1 the next day.
********************************************************************************
1867/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #1 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Ship with a
central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with the northern
wind-pressure relationship, 80 kt is used in the best track. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement as well as several ship reports. Storm is known
as the "Early August Offshore Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1867/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #2 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No
track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Suwanee".
********************************************************************************
1867/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #3 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Helen R. Cooper".
********************************************************************************
1867/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #4 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1867/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #5 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
observations.
********************************************************************************
1867/07: Added a track for October 6-9th to database from Partagas
and Diaz's (1995a) writeup suggestion (was storm #6 originally in
the Partagas and Diaz report). Also moved track closer to
Brownsville, Texas, as it appears that the town was in the western
eyewall. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model. Storm tide value of 7' from Ludlum (1963) for
Galveston, Texas. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon damage and storm tide observations from Texas and Louisiana.
System is known as the "Galveston Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1867/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #7 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1867/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #8 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Ship with
central pressure observation of 952 mb gives 108 kt with the southern
wind-pressure relationship, but since the RMW may have been on the
order of 5 nmi, a higher wind of 120 kt is assigned in best track. Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure and destruction that occurred in the Virgin Islands
and Puerto Rico. Hurricane is also known as "San Narciso" for effects in
Puerto Rico on October 29th. The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation
below tropical storm strength).
1867/09 - 2003 REVISION:
03205 10/27/1867 M= 5 9 SNBR= 108 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
03205 10/27/1867 M= 5 9 SNBR= 110 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
03210 10/27*190 505 40 0*190 515 40 0*190 526 50 0*190 537 50 0
03215 10/28*190 550 60 0*190 563 60 0*190 577 70 0*191 592 80 0
03215 10/28*190 550 60 0*190 563 60 0*190 577 70 0*190 592 80 0
***
03220 10/29*190 607 90 0*189 620 100 0*185 633 110 0*182 648 120 952
03220 10/29*190 607 90 0*189 620 100 0*186 633 110 0*184 648 100 952
*** *** ***
03225 10/30*182 665 110 0*182 681 100 0*182 696 100 0*184 715 70 0
03225 10/30*183 665 80 0*182 681 70 0*182 696 80 0*184 715 60 0
*** *** *** *** **
03230 10/31*186 735 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
03230 10/31*186 735 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**
03235 HR
Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused only Fujita-scale F1 damages in
the eastern and central portions of the island, not the F3 destruction
expected from a 120 kt Category 4 hurricane making landfall. Additionally,
E. Boose (2003, personal communication) suggested that the track may,
instead of going over Puerto Rico, have skirted just to the north of the
island. However, after a re-review of the limited meteorological data
available as well as the descriptive accounts from local reports at the
time of the hurricane (J. Colon, 2003, personal communication) suggest that
the hurricane did indeed cross the island from east to west, but as a
substantially weaker system (Category 2 - 90 kt). While good evidence
exists for major hurricane status farther east in the Virgin Islands with
the 952 mb central pressure, it is surmised that the hurricane began weakening
fairly rapidly thereafter - which would not be unusual for a late October
hurricane. Winds are thus adjusted downward from the 29th to the 31st and
the track is slightly adjusted to better match a track crossing over
Fujardo, Caguas and Mayaguez in Puerto Rico. This adjustment to Category 2
landfall in Puerto Rico is now consistent with descriptions of more intense
events (Category 4 - 1899, Category 3 - 1876, 1893, 1894) during the
second half of the 19th Century.
********************************************************************************
1868/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1868/02: No major alterations from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
********************************************************************************
1868/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Mary E. Mangan" and "Haidee".
********************************************************************************
1868/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from multiple ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1869/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ships "Olaf Nicklesen" and "Prinze Frederik".
********************************************************************************
1869/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from the ship "Julia A. Rider" and from
central Texas. The storm is also known as the "Lower Texas Coast
Hurricane of 1869" in Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1869/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Siene".
********************************************************************************
1869/04: Major change for this storm: A 48 hr track was achieved, while
Partagas and Diaz (1995a) had originally kept the storm stationary. Track
was achieved by considering the observations from the "Harriet" and
"Mary Celeste".
********************************************************************************
1869/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over the Louisiana reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon reports from Grand Isle and New Orleans.
********************************************************************************
1869/06: Have altered significantly the track from Partagas and Diaz's
(1995a) analysis based upon Ho's (1989) work, which was apparently not
utilized by Partagas and Diaz. Storm tide value of 8' provided by Ho (1989)
for Providence, Rhode Island. Ship with central pressure observation of 950 mb
gives 97 kt with new northern wind-pressure relationship and Ho's estimated
landfall central pressure of 963 mb gives 88 kt. Have assigned 100 kt for
six hourly intensity based upon the ship observation and 90 kt at landfall
time. Central pressure measurement of 973 mb measured at Milton, MA gives
80 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in
best-track. Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based
central pressure reading of 950 mb as well as several ship reports. Storm
also known as the "September Gale of 1869 in Eastern New England" in Ludlum
(1963). Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model.
1869/06 - 2003 REVISION:
03375 09/07/1869 M= 3 6 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
03375 09/07/1869 M= 3 6 SNBR= 119 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
03380 09/07*270 745 90 0*280 745 90 0*290 744 90 0*301 741 90 0
03385 09/08*313 740 100 0*325 736 100 0*350 733 100 0*388 726 100 950
03390 09/09*428 711 80 973*470 690 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
03390 09/09*428 711 80 973*470 690 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**
03395 HR NY1 RI2 MA2 CT1
03395 HR NY1 RI3 MA3 CT1
*** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
6-9/8/1869& 2100Z 41.0N 71.9W 70kt 1 963mb NY1
6-9/8/1869& 2100Z 41.0N 71.9W 80kt 1 963mb NY1
**
6-9/8/1869 2200Z 41.4N 71.7W 90kt 2 965mb RI2,MA2,CT1
6-9/8/1869 2200Z 41.4N 71.7W 100kt 3 965mb RI3,MA3,CT1
*** * *** ***
Boose et al. (2001) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 at U.S. landfall,
based upon widespread reports of wind-caused Fujita-scale 2 damage in
New England. Additionally, their reconstructed damage work analyzes a RMW of
30 nmi at landfall, which is substantially smaller than the earlier estimate of
40 nmi from Ho (1989). Ho's 963 mb central pressure estimate suggests
88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship. With a RMW slightly
smaller than that expected climatologically (around 34 nmi) for that central
pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds somewhat higher than
what the wind-pressure relationship suggests should be used. Additionally,
the extremely rapid forward motion of the hurricane (around 40 kt) would
also argue for higher winds than is usual on the right semi-circle of the
hurricane. Based upon all of these points, the estimated maximum sustained
winds at landfall are increased from 90 kt (Category 2) to 100 kt (Category 3),
making this a major hurricane landfall in New England. (No changes were
needed for the 6 hourly intervals within HURDAT.)
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06Z on the 9th, which is
reflected in the revised HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1869/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 79 kt with
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure reading and several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1869/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No
track available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1869/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. No track
available, only one point.
********************************************************************************
1869/10: Major alteration is to shift track farther to the west over New
England to account for observations at Nantucket Island and Gardiner as
described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and to take into account new analysis
by Abraham et al. (1998). Abraham et al. showed that this hurricane was
undergoing extratropical transition as it interacted with (and was likely
absorbed by) a secondary, baroclinic low on the 5th of October. Pressure
reading of 972 mb not in hurricane's center (at 18 UTC, 4th of October)
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon above peripheral pressure reading, several ship reports and
the destruction caused in Massachusetts and Maine. Inland winds over New
England and Canada reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.
Storm surge of 6-7' is estimated to have occurred in the Upper Bay of Fundy,
Canada (Parkes et al. 1998). Hurricane is also known as the "Saxby's Gale"
from description given in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) and Ludlum's (1963)
report.
1869/10 - 2003 REVISION:
03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 121 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 124 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
03485 10/04*315 755 90 0*345 730 90 0*377 715 90 0*407 706 90 0
03490 10/05*440 700 80 0*465 685 70 0*480 655 60 0* 0 0 0 0
03490 10/05*440 700 80 0*465 685 60 0*480 655 50 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
03495 HR MA1 ME1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
10-10/4/1869& 1900Z 41.3N 70.5W 70kt 1 (960mb) MA1
10-10/4/1869& 1900Z 41.3N 70.5W 80kt 1 (965mb) MA1
** ***
10-10/4/1869& 2000Z 41.7N 70.4W 70kt 1 (960mb) MA1
10-10/4/1869& 2000Z 41.7N 70.4W 80kt 1 (965mb) MA1
** ***
10-10/4/1869 2300Z 43.7N 70.1W 80kt 1 (972mb) ME1
10-10/4/1869 2300Z 43.7N 70.1W 90kt 2 (968mb) ME2
** * *** ***
Boose et al. (2001 and personal communication) analyzed this hurricane as a
Category 2 impact in Massachusetts and Category 3 impact in Maine during
its U.S. landfall. The original HURDAT had this hurricane listed as being
a high end Category 2 as it made U.S. landfall (90 kt), but with the RMW
staying offshore near Massachusetts. Given the low number of reports
utilized in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-based
empirical wind modeling work for this case, a boost to the winds at landfall
to this extent is does not have enough substantiation. However, estimates
of winds at landfall are increased moderately, though this does not
necessitate any changes to the 6-hourly HURDAT itself. Boose et al. (2001)
also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall, which does suggest a slightly
higher central pressure to match the 90 kt given a slightly smaller than
usual RMW for this windspeed and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000).
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001). This model does decay systems faster
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06 and 12Z on the 5th, which
is reflected in the revised HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1870/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon damage reports from Mobile, Alabama.
Storm is also known as the "Mobile Storm of July 1870" in Ludlum (1963).
********************************************************************************
1870/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1870/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 1004 mb gives 39 kt with
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 40 kt is assigned to the best track.
********************************************************************************
1870/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 948 mb gives 98 kt with
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 100 kt is assigned to the best
track. Storm is suggested to have reached major hurricane status based upon
the above central pressure reading.
********************************************************************************
1870/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Ship with central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best
track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon above
central pressure reading as well as several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1870/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Central pressure observation over Cuba of 969 mb gives 91 kt with southern
wind-pressure relationship, thus 90 kt is assigned to the best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement, several ship reports and destruction that occurred
in Cuba. This system is known as the first of the "Twin Key West
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).
1870/06 - 2003 REVISION:
03635 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 127 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
03635 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
03640 10/05*175 740 40 0*181 750 40 0*187 760 50 0*191 770 50 0
03645 10/06*195 780 60 0*200 791 60 0*205 800 70 0*210 804 70 0
03650 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 80 0*221 816 90 969*224 819 90 0
03650 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 90 0*221 816 100 959*224 819 100 0
** *** *** ***
03655 10/08*227 821 80 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0
03655 10/08*227 821 90 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0
**
03660 10/09*239 818 90 0*241 816 90 0*242 814 90 0*244 811 90 0
03665 10/10*245 810 90 0*246 808 90 0*247 806 90 0*249 803 90 0
03670 10/11*251 800 90 0*252 798 90 0*255 795 90 0*258 790 90 0
03675 10/12*262 786 90 0*265 781 90 0*268 776 80 0*273 770 80 0
03680 10/13*278 763 70 0*283 756 70 0*289 749 60 0*295 740 60 0
03680 10/13*278 763 80 0*283 756 80 0*289 749 70 0*295 740 70 0
** ** ** **
03685 10/14*301 729 60 0*307 718 60 0*314 705 60 0*322 691 60 0
03685 10/14*301 729 70 0*307 718 70 0*314 705 70 0*322 691 70 0
** ** ** **
03690 HRBFL1
03690 HRBFL1CFL1
****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N 80.8W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N 80.8W 70kt 1 (970mb) BFL1,CFL1
****
Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) have uncovered
that the central pressure for this hurricane was 959 mb (at Nueva Paz on the
8th), which suggests winds of 101 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt used for the best track. This is consistent with the
assessment of landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez
2000). The original listing of 969 mb for a central pressure (12Z on the
7th) was determined to be, instead, a peripheral pressure from Matanzas. The
hurricane is known as El Huracan de San Marcos for its impacts in Cuba (Perez
2000). The U.S. landfall designation also includes the CFL1 (Southeast
Florida) because of the new geographical designation implemented
by NHC in 2000.
1870/06 - 2006 REVISION:
03820 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
03820 10/05/1870 M=10 6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1
*
03825 10/05*175 740 40 0*181 750 40 0*187 760 50 0*191 770 50 0*
03830 10/06*195 780 60 0*200 791 60 0*205 800 70 0*210 804 70 0*
03835 10/07*214 809 80 0*217 813 90 0*221 816 100 959*224 819 100 0*
03840 10/08*227 821 90 0*231 821 80 0*234 820 90 0*237 819 90 0*
03845 10/09*239 818 90 0*241 816 90 0*242 814 90 0*244 811 90 0*
03850 10/10*245 810 90 0*246 808 90 0*247 806 90 0*249 803 90 0*
03855 10/11*251 800 90 0*252 798 90 0*255 795 90 0*258 790 90 0*
03860 10/12*262 786 90 0*265 781 90 0*268 776 80 0*273 770 80 0*
03865 10/13*278 763 80 0*283 756 80 0*289 749 70 0*295 740 70 0*
03870 10/14*301 729 70 0*307 718 70 0*314 705 70 0*322 691 70 0*
03875 HRBFL1CFL1
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
1870/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Horatio
Harris".
********************************************************************************
1870/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1870/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
status at landfall in Cuba based upon severe damage in Vuelta Abajo and
Batabano. This system is known as the second of the "Twin Key West
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).
1870/09 - 2003 REVISION:
03730 10/19/1870 M= 4 9 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
03730 10/19/1870 M= 4 9 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
03735 10/19*195 841 100 0*199 840 100 0*204 840 100 0*211 839 100 0
03735 10/19*195 841 90 0*199 840 90 0*204 840 90 0*211 839 90 0
*** *** *** ***
03740 10/20*219 836 100 0*229 834 90 0*239 829 80 0*252 820 80 0
03740 10/20*220 837 90 0*231 835 80 0*243 831 80 0*255 823 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
03745 10/21*266 808 70 0*280 793 60 0*291 781 70 0*303 766 70 0
03745 10/21*267 811 70 0*279 797 60 0*291 781 70 0*303 766 70 0
*** *** *** ***
03750 10/22*314 754 70 0*325 740 70 0*335 726 70 0*345 711 70 0
03755 HRBFL1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
9-10/20/1870$ 1400Z 24.7N 82.8W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1
(Landfall over Fort Jefferson is additional strike in U.S.)
9-10/20/1870$ 2100Z 25.9N 81.5W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1
9-10/20/1870$ 2000Z 26.0N 81.6W 80kt 1 (977mb) BFL1
**** **** ****
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 3 assigned in HURDAT
(mainly on the hurricane-caused damage). Winds are adjusted accordingly
on the 19th and 20th.
Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:
Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date 12Z 19Z 02Z
10/19/1870 E-4 E-4 E-3
10/20/1870 E-10 NW-9 SE-5
Remarks:
"For several days past the wind has been blowing first from the E and SE.
At 9 P.M. Oct. 19th, it began increasing and at 3 A.M. Oct. 20th amounted
to a Hurricane. Heavy rainfall, but not lightning or thunder accompanied
it. Trees and fences protested, buildings surroofed & debris flying in
every direction, making it dangerous to be out. At 8:15 A.M., the wind
died completely out in 3 minutes, so close as to be uncomfortable.
Suddenly at 9:40 A.M. it set in from the opposite direction, and in
twenty minutes increased to a Hurricane. At 2 P.M. began diminishing and
at 9 P.M. amounted to a moderate breeze."
Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze 2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze 4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze 12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze 25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze 35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale 45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale 60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale 75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane 90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent 100 mph (87 kt)
These additional observations indicate that the hurricane made a direct
landfall over the fort at 14Z on the 20th, rather than passing to the
east. The track has been adjusted on the 20th and 21st appropriately.
********************************************************************************
1870/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
No track available, only one point. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "R. Murray, Jr."
and a Spanish bark.
********************************************************************************
1870/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995)
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
the enhanced topography. Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon reports from ships "Silver Star" and "Nymph".
1870/11 - 2003 REVISION:
03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 132 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 135 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
03780 10/30*170 855 60 0*171 856 60 0*172 860 60 0*172 861 60 0
03785 10/31*174 864 70 0*175 866 60 0*177 869 70 0*177 871 70 0
03785 10/31*174 864 70 0*175 866 70 0*177 869 70 0*177 871 70 0
**
03790 11/01*180 876 70 0*182 878 70 0*185 880 70 0*187 880 60 0
03795 11/02*192 879 50 0*197 876 40 0*204 874 40 0*214 869 50 0
03800 11/03*222 863 60 0*230 856 60 0*237 850 70 0*242 840 70 0
03805 HR
Typographical error - the storm was designated as being of hurricane
force from 00Z on the 31st until 12Z on the 1st.
********************************************************************************
1871/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.
Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. 999 mb
central pressure provides guidance of 47 kt using the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen in best track.
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
1871/01 - 2003 REVISION:
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
03920 06/01*241 810 40 0*241 821 40 0*242 836 40 0*247 846 40 0
03925 06/02*252 854 50 0*258 861 50 0*261 873 50 0*265 886 50 0
03930 06/03*268 898 50 0*270 911 50 0*273 924 50 0*277 933 50 0
03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 50 0*303 960 40 0
03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 40 0*303 960 40 0
**
03940 06/05*311 961 40 0*320 961 40 0*332 958 30 0*350 950 30 0
03945 TS
Winds not reduced after landfall occurred until well-inland. Winds
decreased at 12Z on the 4th for more realistic decay.
********************************************************************************
1871/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1871/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) was to
extend track of storm one full day into the SE United States to
accommodate a typical decay of the hurricane to tropical depression
strength, as suggested by the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995). Partagas and Diaz (1995b) did make large changes to
the track found in Neumann et al. (1993), though these are found to be
reasonable. 952 mb central pressure provides guidance of 101 kt using
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in
the best track. 955 mb central pressure provides guidance of 99 kt
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements.
1871/03 - 2003 REVISION:
03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 134 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 137 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*268 743 80 0
03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*267 743 80 0
***
03880 08/15*269 750 90 0*269 756 90 0*270 765 100 0*270 773 100 952
03880 08/15*268 750 90 0*268 758 90 0*268 767 100 0*268 777 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03885 08/16*271 780 100 0*272 785 100 955*273 791 100 0*274 795 100 0
03885 08/16*268 785 100 952*268 791 100 955*268 795 100 0*269 798 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03890 08/17*275 796 100 0*276 799 100 0*277 800 100 0*279 801 100 0
03890 08/17*270 801 100 0*272 805 90 0*276 811 80 0*283 817 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03895 08/18*282 803 90 0*287 804 90 0*290 805 90 0*294 806 90 0
03895 08/18*290 821 70 0*297 825 60 0*304 823 60 0*308 819 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
03900 08/19*300 806 80 0*307 806 80 0*315 805 80 0*322 798 80 0
03900 08/19*313 814 50 0*318 808 60 0*321 802 60 0*323 796 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
03905 08/20*325 788 80 0*327 776 80 0*327 766 80 0*324 764 80 0
03905 08/20*325 788 60 0*327 776 60 0*326 768 60 0*324 764 60 0
** ** *** *** ** **
03910 08/21*320 761 80 0*317 763 80 0*315 765 80 0*311 771 80 0
03910 08/21*320 761 60 0*317 763 60 0*314 765 60 0*312 771 60 0
** ** *** ** *** **
03915 08/22*310 780 80 0*310 786 90 0*310 795 90 0*311 804 90 0
03915 08/22*311 780 60 0*310 786 60 0*310 795 60 0*311 804 60 0
*** ** ** ** **
03920 08/23*312 814 90 0*313 824 60 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0
03920 08/23*312 814 60 0*313 824 50 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0
** **
03925 HR GA2DFL1
03925 HRCFL3DFL1AFL1
**** ****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-8/18/1871$* 0000Z 28.2N 80.3W 80kt 1 (965mb) DFL1
3-8/17/1871$* 0200Z 27.1N 80.2W 100kt 3 955mb CFL3,DFL1,AFL1
** ***** ***** ***** ***** * ******* **** ****
3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 90kt 2 (965mb) GA2,DFL1
3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 60kt TS ----- ---
**** ** ******* ********
Hurricane is revised from the previously accepted analysis of Partagas
and Diaz due to inclusion of work by Ho (1989). In particular, additional
observations were provided from New Smyrna, Fairview, Ocala, Picolata,
Tampa, Jacksonville (FL), and Savannah (GA). These land-based measurements
from Ho's study were key in providing the track alteration to one that
made landfall in central east Florida, passed over Ocala, moved west of
Jacksonville, then back over water off of southern Georgia. However, Ho's
intensity analysis of a 945 mb central pressure is likely too low an
estimation as a 955 mb central pressure recorded by the ship "Victor"
(as recorded in Partagas and Diaz 1995b) occurred very near the coast,
along Jupiter. Hurricane is re-analyzed to come ashore early on the 23rd
as a tropical storm in Georgia since there is no evidence that it
reintensified to a hurricane after weakening to a tropical storm while
over Florida.
********************************************************************************
1871/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who
made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
These track changes are found to be reasonable. 965 mb central
pressure provides guidance for 95 kt utilizing the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. 962 mb central
pressure suggests 98 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship
- 100 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon
above central pressure measurements. This hurricane is known as
"Santa Juana" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.
1871/04 - 2003 REVISION:
04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 139 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
04040 08/17*112 307 40 0*115 322 40 0*118 339 40 0*123 355 40 0
04045 08/18*129 374 50 0*135 392 50 0*140 410 50 0*142 425 50 0
04050 08/19*143 445 60 0*145 464 60 0*147 480 70 0*149 499 70 0
04055 08/20*151 522 80 0*153 545 80 0*154 564 90 0*158 582 90 0
04060 08/21*164 600 100 0*171 616 100 0*177 629 100 965*182 640 100 0
04065 08/22*189 653 100 962*195 665 100 0*200 675 90 0*207 686 90 0
04070 08/23*212 696 90 0*220 710 90 0*225 723 90 0*232 735 90 0
04075 08/24*241 750 90 0*250 764 90 0*257 776 90 0*263 786 90 0
04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 819 50 0
04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 822 50 0
***
04085 08/26*294 825 40 0*299 831 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0
04085 08/26*294 831 40 0*299 838 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0
*** ***
04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*320 835 30 0
04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*321 835 30 0
***
04095 08/28*322 831 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 820 30 0*324 810 30 0
04095 08/28*322 830 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 821 30 0*324 810 30 0
*** ***
04100 08/29*325 799 40 0*327 786 40 0*330 775 50 0*340 761 50 0
04105 08/30*355 743 50 0*373 724 50 0*395 705 60 0*420 685 60 0
04110 HRCFL2DFL1
Track adjusted to provide for more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1871/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1871/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 5. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Robert Myhan" and
"Lizzie M. Merrill".
1871/06 - 2006 REVISION:
04225 09/05/1871 M= 4 6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
04230 09/05*260 901 70 0*265 890 70 0*270 876 70 0*275 861 70 0*
04235 09/06*281 849 70 0*286 841 70 0*290 833 70 0*296 825 50 0*
04240 09/07*302 818 50 0*307 811 50 0*313 803 60 0*317 793 60 0*
04245 09/08*319 783 60 0*322 770 60 0*324 759 60 0*327 750 60 0*
04250 HRAFL1
04250 HRAFL1BFL1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone as a Category 1
hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL") is added. This is based upon
ship observations of hurricane force winds south of the dividing line
between northwest ("AFL") and southwest Florida.
********************************************************************************
1871/07: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend out the track of the storm an additional one day to the 7th
of October based upon suggestion in the Partagas and Diaz writeup
due to the ship "Robert Cadwell". Track otherwise unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6. Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United
States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm
strength). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon loss of steamships "Hall" and "Twelfth Era".
********************************************************************************
1871/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon reports from ships "Nellie Antrim" and
"Armida" as well as destruction in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
********************************************************************************
1872/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States. The
best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
1872/01 - 2003 REVISION:
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 141 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 144 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 911 40 0
04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 912 40 0
***
04265 07/10*258 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0
04265 07/10*257 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0
***
04270 07/11*284 893 50 0*292 891 50 0*300 890 50 0*305 890 50 0
04275 07/12*309 891 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0
04275 07/12*309 890 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0
***
04280 07/13*325 895 30 0*330 894 30 0*335 890 30 0*342 885 30 0
04285 TS
Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1872/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. The storm reached hurricane status
based upon observations from several ships. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from
its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its
dissipation as an extratropical cyclone).
********************************************************************************
1872/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from several ships.
********************************************************************************
1872/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force based upon report from the ship "Tare".
********************************************************************************
1872/05: Track considerably altered from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
The track chosen is a compromise between that shown in Neumann et al.
(1993) and that advocated by Partagas and Diaz. The reasoning is that
observations in the 1872 _Monthly Weather Review_ show that 7 1/2 inches
of rain occurred in Norfolk , which is unlikely to be produced by a separate
extratropical storm alone as is what is suggested by Partagas and Diaz
to have caused the gales and low pressures throughout the middle
Atlantic states. Additionally, the U.S. Army Signal Corp did provide
overland tracks of extratropical storms, none of which matched up to
the one that Partagas and Diaz suggested to have occurred. This new
track takes it across Florida a bit farther south than both previous tracks
to allow for a turn northward near the ship "Cardenas", then the new track
brings the system ashore as a tropical storm in North Carolina just a bit
farther east of Neumann et al.'s landfall. The new track then stays east of
Neumann et al.'s track while over the middle Atlantic states to correspond
with the the northeast to north winds over Washington and the low pressures
measured in New York City. After leaving New England, the new track rejoins
the original Neumann et al. track.
1872/05 - 2003 REVISION:
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 143 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 146 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04400 10/22*234 893 40 0*240 883 40 0*247 873 40 0*257 862 40 0
04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 50 0*290 803 50 0
04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 40 0*290 803 40 0
** **
04410 10/24*300 790 60 0*313 785 70 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0
04410 10/24*300 790 50 0*313 785 60 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0
** **
04415 10/25*343 777 50 0*350 775 50 0*357 772 40 0*365 769 40 0
04420 10/26*375 765 40 0*386 758 40 0*397 748 40 0*406 738 40 0
04425 10/27*413 726 40 0*418 713 40 0E424 692 40 0E429 672 40 0
04430 10/28E436 650 40 0E445 625 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04435 HR
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 23rd and 24th.
********************************************************************************
1873/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Georgia. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1873/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. 962 mb central pressure
suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used
in best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
status for the two days before the above central pressure measurement
was made at latitude 44N. The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as
an extratropical cyclone).
1873/02 - 2003 REVISION:
04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 147 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
04555 08/13*139 250 40 0*140 260 40 0*140 270 40 0*141 281 40 0
04560 08/14*141 293 50 0*142 306 50 0*143 320 50 0*144 330 50 0
04565 08/15*145 344 50 0*145 359 50 0*145 373 50 0*146 384 50 0
04570 08/16*147 397 60 0*148 412 60 0*150 427 60 0*153 440 60 0
04575 08/17*156 455 70 0*160 470 70 0*165 490 70 0*169 505 70 0
04580 08/18*175 520 70 0*182 536 70 0*187 550 70 0*195 564 70 0
04585 08/19*202 579 80 0*212 595 80 0*220 610 80 0*229 621 80 0
04590 08/20*239 635 80 0*249 646 80 0*260 656 80 0*268 666 80 0
04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 683 90 0*310 684 90 0
04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 682 90 0*310 684 90 0
***
04600 08/22*317 685 90 0*325 686 90 0*333 685 90 0*343 683 90 0
04605 08/23*352 680 100 0*360 676 100 0*370 670 100 0*383 664 100 0
04610 08/24*395 658 100 0*409 646 100 0*420 635 90 0*430 614 90 0
04615 08/25*437 589 90 962*444 566 90 0*450 550 80 0*457 543 80 0
04620 08/26*460 541 80 0*465 541 80 0*470 540 70 0*474 540 70 0
04625 08/27*478 539 70 0*482 537 70 0E485 535 60 0E494 526 60 0
04630 08/28E504 513 60 0E510 498 60 0E520 480 50 0E530 460 50 0
04635 HR
Minor track alteration on the 21st for more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1873/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Pressure reading of 992 mb not in hurricane's center (at 12 UTC, 19th of
September) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the
SE United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force
in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction that occurred in Tallahassee,
Florida; storm regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic based upon above
peripheral surface pressure report along with several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1873/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.
********************************************************************************
1873/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track reasonably shown in Neumann et al.
(1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the SE United States. Used an accelerated decay
rate over Cuba to account for enhanced topography. Pressure reading
of 969 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 91 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track. Pressure reading of 971 mb not
in hurricane's center (on 00 UTC, September 29th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track. Estimate of 959 mb for
central pressure at landfall in SW Florida from Ho (1989) appears
reasonable and matches SLOSH modeling work by Jarvinen (1990).
959 mb central pressure suggests 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for the best track. Storm tide
value of 14' at Punta Rassa, Florida from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status on the 28th of
September based upon peripheral surface pressure reading of 969 mb and
destruction that occurred in Jacmal, Haiti. Storm regained major
hurricane status on the 7th of October based upon the estimate of central
pressure of 959 mb and surge/destruction in Punta Rassa.
1873/05 - 2003 REVISION:
04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 153 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
04695 09/26*147 623 40 0*148 631 40 0*150 640 50 0*153 651 50 0
04700 09/27*157 665 60 0*160 676 60 0*162 690 70 0*166 701 70 0
04705 09/28*169 711 80 0*174 723 90 0*180 730 100 0*190 739 90 0
04710 09/29*197 745 90 0*202 755 80 0*202 765 60 0*202 771 50 0
04715 09/30*201 778 40 0*200 784 40 0*200 790 40 0*201 796 40 0
04720 10/01*201 801 40 0*201 806 40 0*200 810 40 0*200 814 40 0
04725 10/02*200 818 50 0*200 821 50 0*200 825 50 0*200 828 50 0
04730 10/03*200 831 60 0*200 836 60 0*200 840 70 0*200 846 70 0
04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*206 861 80 0
04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*204 861 80 0
***
04740 10/05*210 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0
04740 10/05*208 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0
***
04745 10/06*224 861 90 0*230 859 90 0*237 855 100 0*247 841 100 0
04750 10/07*262 825 100 959*281 803 80 0*297 786 80 0*311 771 80 0
04755 10/08*324 756 90 0*337 741 90 0*350 726 80 0*363 709 80 0
04760 10/09*375 685 70 0*388 661 70 0E395 645 60 0E400 630 60 0
04765 10/10E405 615 60 0E410 600 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04770 HRBFL3CFL2DFL1
Track slightly altered to provide a more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1874/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1874/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon a report from "a sailing vessel".
********************************************************************************
1874/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 980 mb
not in storm's center (on 18 UTC, 7th of September) suggests winds of
at least 73 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track as it is determined that the storm had already
undergone extratropical transition by this point. Storm determined to
have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1874/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
1874/04 - 2003 REVISION:
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 154 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04910 09/02*204 946 40 0*207 950 40 0*212 953 40 0*215 956 40 0
04915 09/03*220 959 40 0*224 962 40 0*229 965 40 0*234 968 40 0
04920 09/04*239 970 50 0*244 971 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0
04920 09/04*239 971 50 0*244 974 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0
*** ***
04925 09/05*261 980 40 0*267 981 40 0*273 982 30 0*278 983 30 0
04930 09/06*283 984 30 0*288 985 30 0*292 985 30 0*297 985 30 0
04935 09/07*303 985 30 0*310 984 30 0*317 984 30 0*325 983 30 0
04940 TS
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1874/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1874/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Mexico, Florida and the eastern United States. A pressure reading
of 996 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 984 mb
suggests 71 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 987 mb suggests 67 kt
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen
for best track. A central pressure of 980 mb suggests 73 kt using the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen as it is determined that
the storm transitioned to extratropical. The storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force from the 984 mb central pressure and reports from
the ship "Emma D. Finney". The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an
extratropical storm).
1874/06 - 2003 REVISION:
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 156 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 159 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 50 0
04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 40 0
**
04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 40 0*212 888 40 0*222 885 40 0
04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 30 0*212 888 30 0*222 885 40 0
** **
04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*241 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0
04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*242 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0
***
04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*295 825 60 0*310 810 70 0*324 801 70 984
04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*298 823 60 0*314 810 70 0*328 800 80 981
*** *** *** *** *** ** ***
04895 09/29*339 795 70 987*354 789 60 0*368 780 50 0*389 760 50 0
04895 09/29*340 790 70 0*352 780 60 0*368 770 50 0*389 755 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
04900 09/30*409 736 60 0*427 716 60 0E443 700 60 0E460 680 60 980
04905 10/01E480 655 50 0E500 630 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04910 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
6-10/28/1874 0400Z 29.1N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1
6-10/28/1874 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1
**** ****
6-10/28/1874 1900Z 32.6N 80.0W 70kt 1 984mb SC1,NC1
6-10/28/1874 1800Z 32.8N 80.0W 80kt 1 981mb SC1,NC1
**** **** ** ***
Unrealistically small weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing
over the Yucatan of Mexico. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Mexico. Winds reduced accordingly on the 25th
and 26th.
Recent research by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina
that there was a measurement of 981 mb from Georgetown which does appear
to be a central pressure value. (The hurricane appears to have maintained
intensity or slightly intensified between Charleston (984 mb) and
Georgetown (981 mb).) 981 mb suggest winds of 74 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track in part based upon
destruction that occurred in Charleston. The track is adjusted slightly to
the east at and after landfall to accommodate this new data (included in
full below):
Sept. 28, 1874, from the weather diary of Alexander Glennie at Georgetown, SC.
Wind strength was recorded in a numerical scale from 1-6, with 1 indicating a
very light breeze and 6 indicating a violent storm. Total precipitation at
Georgetown was 1.5 inches, which suggests it didn't receive the brunt of the
rainfall.
* Morning and Forenoon (probably sunrise, as the temperature observation is
at sunrise): 72 F, SE wind at 5, Rain, Gale
* Noon and Afternoon (temperature reading is at 2 pm): 73 F, E wind at 6,
heavy Gale Rain; wind changed 3 pm to W.. Bar [barometer] at 3 pm 28.96
* Evening and Night (temperature reading is at 9 pm): 65 F, SW 3.
The News and Courier, Tuesday, Sept. 29, 1874, p. 1.
THE GREAT GALE OF 1874
A MEMORABLE DAY-FULL DETAILS OF THE AWFUL STORM.
The long immunity which Charleston has enjoyed from disastrous
gales was interrupted yesterday by a disaster which has probably destroyed
over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property. In the early part
of the present month everybody was on the lookout for the equinoctial
storm, because there exists a kind of tradition that severe and disastrous
equinoxes occur once in every twenty years, and it is just twenty years
since the destructive gale of 1854. But when the 21st of the month had
passed without bringing the disagreeable visitor people began to think
that Charleston would after all escape the dreadful infliction. For over
a fortnight the wind had been blowing steadily from the east, and at times
the weather had assumed a threatening aspect, but not sufficiently so to
warrant the apprehension of a gale. On Sunday evening at a late hour it
began to blow stiffly in puffs and to rain, and by daylight the wind had
increased considerably, blowing from the east and southeast. The steamer
Dictator, which arrived in the morning, reported heavy weather at sea, but
the captain failed to observe any indications of the coming blow. About
half-past six or seven o'clock in the morning the wind grew stronger, with
heavy squalls and severe puffs, which created general apprehensions. At
eight o'clock it was evident that
THE GALE WAS UPON US.
The sea was heaving and tossing in the harbor, and the rapidly
encroaching tide began to flood the wharves and streets. The squalls kept
constantly increasing in strength, and the masters of vessels in port
began to look anxiously to their moorings. At nine o'clock the tide had
risen so high that it covered all the wharves on the eastern front of the
city and flooded the streets to the depth of several feet. Many of the
wharves were washed up, and several vessels parted from their moorings and
were driven on shore.
THE SCENE FROM THE WHARVES
at this time was terrific. In every direction drift wood, bales of
cotton, wrecked boats and debris were being tossed about. The wind,
whistling through the rigging of the shipping, made melancholy music, and
the blinding rain falling in torrents rendered efforts to save anything
almost useless. The tide rose to a great height, in many instances
lifting the flooring from the piers and rendering it extremely hazardous
for anybody to stand in the vicinity. The sea in the harbor rolled
mountain high, and the waves dashed over the piers in huge rollers. At
Accommodation wharf a bark was driven from her moorings high up on the
landing into the wharf office of Campbell Wylly & Co., but was blown off a
gain when the wind shifted. So great was the force of the wind that the
bowsprit of the vessel entered the second story of the building, which was
of brick, and cut it completely in two, making a clean split. At the
wharf of the Sullivan's Island steamers the waves washed clear over the
wood work, and the anxious crowd who had gathered there to hear tidings
from friends on the Island were fairly driven back by the blinding rain
and rapidly rising waters. East Bay and Calhoun street were flooded with
water to such a depth as to
FLOAT THE CARS
of the Enterprise Railway from the track. All the wharves above Market
street were more or less damaged, but those below that point suffered the
most. At Vanderhorst wharf, a large flat loaded with phosphate rock
intended for the ship Border Chieftain parted the fastenings, and was
blown into three sloops in the dock, sinking them almost immediately. The
flat was then lifted by the waves and thrown transversely across the dock,
making a complete bridge between the two piers. The British bark
Beltiate, which had lately arrived from Liverpool and was anchored in the
stream, was blown from her moorings despite two heavy anchors held by
seventy-five and forty-five feet of iron chain and dragged into the dock
between Boyce and Atlantic wharf. The wharf on the extreme southern limit
of the eastern water front was completely washed away, and the piers
immediately adjoining on the north, at which were moored the steamers City
Point and Dictator, were also badly damaged. The work of destruction
continued without interruption until about half-past twelve, when
THE WIND MODULATED
for a short time, and then shifted around to the south and west, when it
again blew with full force for about an hour, tearing the slate and tin
from the roofs of many buildings and blowing down trees and fences in
every direction. The change in the direction of the wind, however, had
the effect of turning the tide, and in an incredible short time the waters
began to fall, and people began to breathe easier. As soon as the wind
shifted the rain ceased to fall, and the streets, which had up to this
time been dangerous to pedestrians on account of the falling shingles,
signs, and fences, were now crowded with people who had come out to view
the effects of the storm.
********************************************************************************
1874/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Jamaica and Cuba.
Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to take into account the
enhanced topography. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon description of severe damage in Jamaica.
1874/07 - 2003 REVISION:
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
05025 10/31*135 784 40 0*141 783 40 0*147 781 50 0*151 781 50 0
05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 775 80 0
05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 774 80 0
***
05035 11/02*177 771 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 50 0
05035 11/02*177 772 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 60 0
*** **
05040 11/03*205 758 50 0*210 754 50 0*215 750 60 0*222 744 60 0
05045 11/04*231 739 70 0*237 734 70 0*245 730 70 0*255 725 70 0
05050 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds
brought up to 60 kt at 18Z on the 2nd, since the storm had not yet made
landfall in Cuba.
1874/07 - 2006 REVISION:
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
*
05105 10/31*135 784 40 0*141 783 40 0*147 781 50 0*151 781 50 0*
05110 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 774 80 0*
05115 11/02*177 772 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 60 0*
05120 11/03*205 758 50 0*210 754 50 0*215 750 60 0*222 744 60 0*
05125 11/04*231 739 70 0*237 734 70 0*245 730 70 0*255 725 70 0*
05130 HR
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should not have been indicated
to be a continental U.S. landfalling system. The landfall indicator
is thus switched (from "XING=1" to "XING=0").
********************************************************************************
1875/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/02: The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September
to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported
in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. However, the other
track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that
shown in Neumann et al. (1993) were large, but reasonable. 982 mb
central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement
and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 2. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central
pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A
pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC,
September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based
upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique,
Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure.
A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b). Storm regained
hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico
based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in
Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall.
********************************************************************************
1875/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
********************************************************************************
1875/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the
ship "E.E. Ruckett".
********************************************************************************
1876/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 970 mb central pressure suggests
82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1876/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States. Used accelerated decay rate to
take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba. 990 mb
central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure
suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.
985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as
storm was inland at this position. A central pressure of 980 mb at
landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean based
upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and
991 mb central pressure measurements. Storm is determined to have
regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land
(Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated
central pressure at landfall.
1876/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 70 0*180 621 70 0
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 80 0*180 621 90 0
** **
05240 09/13*180 634 70 0*181 643 70 990*182 653 70 990*184 666 70 991
05240 09/13*180 634 100 0*180 646 100 0*181 660 90 0*183 676 70 991
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05245 09/14*187 684 70 0*190 701 60 0*192 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
05245 09/14*186 692 70 0*189 707 60 0*193 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
*** *** *** *** ***
05250 09/15*201 748 50 0*204 761 50 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
05250 09/15*201 748 70 0*204 761 60 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
** **
05255 09/16*217 796 50 0*229 800 50 999*245 800 60 0*266 794 60 0
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 60 985
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 70 985
**
05265 09/18*382 773 50 0*408 781 40 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
05265 09/18*382 773 60 987*408 781 50 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
** *** **
05270 09/19*430 745 30 0*427 730 30 0*423 715 30 0*420 700 30 0
05275 HR NC1
05275 HR NC1 VA1
***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1,VA1
***
Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage
and occasional F3 destruction. Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally
thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be
peripheral pressure measurements. Thus this hurricane is estimated
here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major
hurricane. Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track
and intensity. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship. Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and
rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest
increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship.
These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall. A central
pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane
transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt. Due to the
small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the
best track. Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal
communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained
hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon
moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 14th and 15th. Observations of sustained hurricane force
winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane
History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early
on the 18th. A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest
winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for best track because of inland location. The hurricane is known as
"San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003).
********************************************************************************
1876/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2.
********************************************************************************
1876/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an
accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography. The storm is
determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from
the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua.
********************************************************************************
1876/05: Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The first
is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest
Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de
Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The second major
change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near
Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994).
Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz.
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 973 mb
central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen. 976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best
track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure
observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind
observations from Key West, Florida.
1876/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
05355 10/12*120 790 40 0*122 790 40 0*124 790 50 0*126 790 50 0
05360 10/13*128 790 50 0*130 791 50 0*132 792 50 0*135 792 50 0
05365 10/14*138 794 50 0*141 795 50 0*144 796 50 0*147 797 50 0
05370 10/15*150 798 50 0*154 799 50 0*158 800 50 0*162 801 50 0
05375 10/16*166 802 50 0*170 803 50 0*174 804 60 0*178 805 60 0
05380 10/17*182 806 70 0*186 807 70 0*190 808 80 0*194 809 80 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 816 90 0*212 818 90 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 815 90 0*212 817 90 0
*** ***
05390 10/19*217 819 90 0*221 819 90 0*227 820 90 0*236 820 90 971
05390 10/19*217 819 100 0*223 822 100 0*227 823 100 958*236 823 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05395 10/20*247 819 90 973*260 813 90 0*275 805 80 0*288 796 80 976
05400 10/21*300 788 80 0*310 779 80 0*319 767 80 0*325 749 80 0
05405 10/22*330 726 80 0*333 698 80 0*335 678 70 0*335 666 70 0
05410 10/23*338 656 70 0*339 646 70 0*340 635 60 0*342 620 60 0
05415 HRBFL2CFL1
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for
this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of
102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the
best track. This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a
Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). The original listing
of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be,
instead, a peripheral pressure. The track is shifted slightly to the west to
take into account this new center fix location. The hurricane is known as El
Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).
********************************************************************************
1877/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1877/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over SE United States after final landfall in Florida. Storm is determined
to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the description of winds and
effects along the Gulf coast. The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1877/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "Harlcy John"
and from wind reports at St. Paul Island, Canada.
********************************************************************************
1877/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over the eastern United States. Storm tide is reported as 12' for St.
Marks, Florida from Barnes (1998). Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane intensity based upon storm tide in St. Marks as well as reports from
the ship "Sarah Hall".
05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 172 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
05660 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0
05665 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0
05670 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0
05675 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0
05680 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0
05685 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0
05690 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0
05695 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0
05700 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0
05705 09/30*227 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*237 875 70 0*244 876 70 0
05705 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0
*** *** ***
05710 10/01*247 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 876 80 0*265 876 80 0
05710 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0
*** ***
05715 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0
05720 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0
05725 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0
05730 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0
05735 HRAFL3 GA1
Track adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.
1877/04 - 2006 REVISION:
05735 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
05740 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0*
05745 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0*
05750 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0*
05755 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0*
05760 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0*
05765 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0*
05770 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0*
05775 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0*
05780 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0*
05785 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0*
05790 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0*
05795 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0*
05800 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0*
05805 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0*
05810 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0*
05815 HRAFL3 GA1
05815 HRAFL3IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
1877/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1877/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1877/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
1877/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). The best track provided appears to
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as
a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
********************************************************************************
1878/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Florida.
1878/01 - 2003 REVISION:
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
05795 07/01*254 873 40 0*254 866 40 0*255 860 40 0*256 850 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 30 0
**
05805 07/03*273 796 40 0*280 783 40 0*287 770 40 0*294 756 40 0
05810 TS
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida,
even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model. In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was
used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd.
********************************************************************************
1878/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated
decay rate to account for enhance topography. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang".
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
1878/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
05910 08/08*150 605 40 0*149 610 40 0*147 615 40 0*146 619 40 0
05915 08/09*146 624 40 0*146 628 40 0*145 633 40 0*145 641 40 0
05920 08/10*144 649 40 0*144 656 40 0*143 665 40 0*142 676 40 0
05925 08/11*141 686 40 0*140 700 40 0*140 713 40 0*141 730 40 0
05930 08/12*143 746 50 0*145 761 50 0*150 775 50 0*159 786 50 0
05935 08/13*166 796 50 0*174 806 50 0*180 815 50 0*187 825 50 0
05940 08/14*195 833 60 0*202 841 60 0*210 850 60 0*215 856 60 0
05945 08/15*220 861 70 0*225 868 70 0*228 875 70 0*229 881 70 0
05950 08/16*230 890 70 0*230 896 70 0*230 903 70 0*230 911 70 0
05955 08/17*230 921 70 0*230 930 70 0*230 940 70 0*230 948 70 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*227 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*228 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
***
05965 08/19*225 992 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
05970 HR
Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1878/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day
to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb
central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely
high latitude and cold waters. Storm determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb
central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at
Magdalene Islands, Canada.
********************************************************************************
1878/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 996 mb central pressures suggests
55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track. 972 mb central pressure suggests
84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track. 975 mb central pressure suggests
78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings
as well as several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:
Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown
in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 3. These include indicating a loop in the track from
the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track.
Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in
Partagas and Diaz. A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's
center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least
72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's
center (at 06 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC
on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th)
suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th)
suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States. Used an accelerated
decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean
based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad,
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports. The storm
regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several
ship reports. The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in
the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990
and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York",
as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
1878/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
05940 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0
05945 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0
05950 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 80 0*190 730 70 0*196 739 70 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0
** *** ** ***
05960 09/05*199 746 70 0*202 756 60 0*205 766 60 0*207 771 60 0
05960 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0
*** *** *** ***
05965 09/06*211 778 50 0*214 783 50 0*217 786 50 0*221 793 50 0
05965 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05970 09/07*222 799 50 0*226 804 50 0*230 806 50 0*237 809 50 0
05970 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05975 09/08*246 810 60 0*252 810 60 0*260 815 60 0*266 821 60 0
05975 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0
*** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
05980 09/09*266 829 70 0*259 831 70 0*255 834 70 0*252 831 70 0
05980 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
05985 09/10*251 826 70 0*252 818 70 0*260 811 60 0*270 808 50 0
05985 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
05990 09/11*279 806 50 0*288 806 60 0*297 806 70 0*305 806 70 0
05990 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
05995 09/12*312 806 80 0*317 806 80 0*325 805 80 0*345 801 60 0
05995 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0
*** *** *** ***
06000 09/13*368 798 50 0E392 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
06000 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
*** ***
06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
********
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Landfall
Winds State
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0100Z 24.7 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$ 2100Z 24.7 80.9 60 FL
* ***** ****
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0600Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0200Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
*****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/10/1878$ 1000Z 25.7N 81.3W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1
***** ***** ***** **** * ******* **** ****
5-9/12/1878 1000Z 32.2N 80.5W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
**** **** *****
Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work
by Ho (1989). In particular, additional observations were provided from
Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in
both track and intensity. Observations from Key West showed that the
system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21 UTC on the
7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly
thereafter. All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north
and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified. Early on the 10th,
it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12 UTC
on the 10th, likely north of Tampa. Observations from St. Augustine showed
that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02 UTC on the 11th
with a central pressure of 985 mb. (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is
in conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the
observer may have had a high bias at the former station. However, strong
winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a
combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient
induced by a strong ridge to the north. This ridge also blocked the storm
and induced a slow motion for the same days.) The hurricane's track was
altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data. The 985 mb
central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the
Atlantic at 06 UTC on the 11th . From this 985 mb central pressure and that
the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure
was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure-
decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987). A 970 mb central pressure suggests
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
is chosen for the winds at landfall. Winds are reduced on the 4th to
account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola. Track also
adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon
re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000). Assignment of
Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000).
1878/05 - 2004 REVISION:
06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06085 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0
06090 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0
06095 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0
06100 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0
06105 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0
06110 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0
06115 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0
06120 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0
06125 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0
06130 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0
06135 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0
06140 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0
06145 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
06150 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06150 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
**** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) AFL2,BFL2,DFL1
****
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) SC1,GA1
***
After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds: 1855/05 and 1878/05. In this case,
the assignment of Category 1 hurricane impact for North Carolina does not
appear consistent with landfall in southern South Carolina. The original
assessment of Category 1 conditions for North Carolina were based upon
observed 65 kt winds at Cape Lookout (see above). It has subsequently
been learned since 2000 that the 4 cup Robinson anemometer of the time had a
severe high bias. These 5 min observed winds of 65 kt convert to 50 kt
after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to
53 kt after converting from a 5 min to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al.
1996). While peak 1 min winds were likely somewhat higher than this somewhere
in North Carolina, direct and indirect evidence suggests that only tropical
storm conditions impacted the state. There were three other peak observations
available between Myrtle Beach, SC and Cape Lookout, NC: Smithville, NC (now
Southport) - SE 42 kt, Wilmington, NC - SE 26 kt, Sloop Point, NC (northeast
of Wilmington near Top Sail Beach) - 55 kt (estimated), and Cape Lookout.
Thus these other measurements are also consistent with tropical storm
conditions in North Carolina and North Carolina is removed from
the listing as having sustained hurricane force conditions from this
hurricane. Northwest Florida added as Category 2 impact due to location
of the landfall.
1878/05 - 2006 REVISION:
06120 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06125 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0*
06130 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0*
06135 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0*
06140 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0*
06145 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0*
06150 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0*
06155 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0*
06160 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0*
06165 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0*
06170 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0*
06175 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0*
06180 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0*
06185 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0*
06190 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
06190 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should have been listed as a Category 2
hurricane for northwestern Florida ("AFL") as well as southwestern Florida,
based upon the intensity of the hurricane at landfall and its location.
Thus "AFL2" is added into the listing of U.S. continental hurricane
impacts.
********************************************************************************
1878/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.
938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined
to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon
reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps". The
hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based
upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship
reports.
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
06165 09/24*151 719 40 0*155 719 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 720 50 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 723 70 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 722 70 0
***
06175 09/26*180 724 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 50 0
06175 09/26*180 723 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 40 0
*** **
06180 09/27*195 726 50 0*197 726 50 0*201 726 60 0*205 726 60 0
06180 09/27*195 726 40 0*197 726 40 0*201 726 50 0*205 727 60 0
** ** ** ***
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 728 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 729 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
***
06190 09/29*224 733 80 0*227 734 80 0*232 735 80 0*236 735 80 0
06195 09/30*239 735 90 0*242 735 90 0*247 735 90 0*254 735 90 0
06200 10/01*258 735 100 0*263 734 100 0*268 733 100 0*274 731 100 0
06205 10/02*276 731 110 0*280 731 110 0*285 730 110 0*289 729 110 0
06210 10/03*293 726 120 0*298 725 120 0*302 721 120 0*308 719 120 0
06215 10/04*314 715 120 0*319 711 120 0*325 706 120 0*333 700 120 0
06220 10/05*339 693 110 0*344 686 110 0*350 677 110 0*360 666 110 0
06225 10/06*373 648 110 0*385 626 110 0*397 605 110 0*407 583 110 0
06230 10/07*417 555 110 0*427 519 110 0*435 485 110 938*448 443 100 0
06235 10/08*462 395 100 0*475 355 100 0*485 310 90 0*495 270 90 0
06240 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds
slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola
and accounting for reasonable weakening.
********************************************************************************
1878/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. 982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The
storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic
Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central
pressure reading.
1878/08 - 2003 REVISION:
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06250 10/09*235 913 40 0*246 911 40 0*256 906 40 0*263 901 40 0
06255 10/10*268 896 50 0*273 891 50 0*281 881 50 0*292 866 50 0
06260 10/11*306 838 50 0*315 808 50 0*327 781 60 0*335 766 60 0
06260 10/11*306 838 40 0*315 808 40 0*327 781 50 0*335 766 60 0
** ** **
06265 10/12*345 750 70 0*358 736 70 0*370 725 70 0*388 705 70 0
06270 10/13*402 681 70 0*418 651 70 0*429 626 70 982*438 597 70 0
06275 10/14*445 568 70 0*452 533 70 0*455 500 70 0*455 475 70 0
06280 10/15E455 440 60 0E455 409 60 0E455 375 60 0E455 340 60 0
06285 HR
Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over
Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model.
********************************************************************************
1878/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7. Note
that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on
the 16th of October. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1878/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8. 951 mb
central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. The storm is
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the
951 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1878/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 9. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 975 mb
central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this
point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting
higher winds than 78 kt). The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an
extratropical storm). The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S.
states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the
central pressure reading.
1878/11 - 2003 REVISION:
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06285 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0
06290 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 70 0*212 824 70 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0
** **
06300 10/21*219 824 70 0*225 823 70 0*232 820 70 0*244 810 70 0
06300 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0
** *** ** *** **
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*312 780 80 0
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0
***
06310 10/23*340 776 90 0*365 775 80 0*389 770 80 975*405 760 70 0
06310 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
06315 10/24*422 740 60 0*427 716 60 0*425 689 60 0*415 666 60 0
06315 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0
**** *** **** *** ** * *** ** * **
06320 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0
06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
11-10/23/1878 0100Z 34.4N 77.6W 90kt 2 (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
11-10/23/1878 0400Z 34.8N 77.1W 90kt 2 (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
***** ***** ***** *******
Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this
system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused
damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate.
Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st,
accordingly.
Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until
the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000). Changes
do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina.
They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond
to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. 90 kt is kept
for landfall intensity. Additional observations were obtained from the
new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003). A 10 foot storm tide was observed
in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and
12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003).
1878/11 - 2006 REVISION:
06465 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06470 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0*
06475 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0*
06480 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0*
06485 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0*
06490 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0*
06495 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0*
06500 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0*
06505 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0*
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1IPA1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing Category
1 hurricane impact in Pennsylvania based upon the track and intensity
shown in HURDAT. This is consistent with observations of high winds
and storm surge that occurred in Philadelphia.
********************************************************************************
1878/12: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 10. Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its
impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm
intensity).
********************************************************************************
1879/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1879/02: Only substantial change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to alter
the track near the U.S. eastern seaboard to accommodate observations
described in Ho (1989). Track has otherwise reasonable though large
alterations by Partagas and Diaz (1995b) from that shown in Neumann et al.
(1993), originally storm number 1. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
Ho (1989) estimated 971 mb at landfall in North Carolina with a small radius
of maximum wind (16 n mi). 971 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship. However, due to the small RMW,
winds are chosen for the best track to be 100 kt. This is the basis for
determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity. 979 mb
central pressure (while back over water) suggests winds of 74 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen to take into account the
small RMW. 984 mb central pressure (twice) suggest winds of 69 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, again because of small
RMW. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as
a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
1879/02 - 2003 REVISION:
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06430 08/13*190 580 40 0*190 590 40 0*190 600 40 0*190 613 40 0
06435 08/14*191 629 40 0*192 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*195 668 40 0
06440 08/15*197 680 40 0*201 690 40 0*205 700 50 0*212 711 50 0
06445 08/16*217 721 60 0*225 729 60 0*232 736 70 0*242 746 70 0
06450 08/17*252 756 80 0*265 769 80 0*277 776 90 0*293 784 90 0
06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 90 979
06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 80 979
**
06460 08/19*395 734 80 984*414 708 80 984*433 680 70 0*448 654 60 0
06460 08/19*395 734 70 0*414 708 70 984*433 680 60 0*448 654 60 0
** *** ** **
06465 08/20*465 617 60 0*482 583 60 0*493 550 50 0*502 515 50 0
06470 HR NC3 VA1 MA1
06470 HR NC3 VA2
*** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA1
2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA2
***
2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 80kt 1 984mb MA1
2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 60kt TS 984mb (None)
** ** ******
Analysis of this hurricane's impacts in Virginia by Roth and Cobb (2001)
from wind and storm surge caused damage suggest that Category 2 conditions
are more representative of what occurred in and around Norfolk, Virginia.
(Note that Category 1 sustained windspeeds were observed in Cape Henry,
Virginia before the anemometer was destroyed by the wind. Presumably
higher winds would have been measured if the anemometer continued to
function.) A storm surge of 7' (personal communication - B. Jarvinen,
total storm tide of 8' from Roth and Cobb) was observed at Norfolk. (No
changes were needed to the 6 hourly intervals in HURDAT.)
Boose et al. (2001) did not include this hurricane in their publication
on New England hurricanes. Boose (personal communication) indicated
that their analysis found only F0 damage in Massachusetts, New York and
Rhode Island, not reaching their criterion for hurricane-intensity impacts.
The original supposition that the hurricane retained a tight RMW at a second
landfall in Massachusetts (after landfall in North Carolina) does not
have much substantiation, though the 984 mb central pressure is valid.
Given the observations of only 40 kt in New England and lack of hurricane-
wind caused damages it appears that either the RMW stayed offshore, the
hurricane had weakened or both was true. The 979 mb central pressure
at 1930Z on the 18th had been utilized to support a 90 kt wind at 18Z,
under the supposition that the small RMW would cause the maximum winds to
be substantially higher than the northern wind-pressure relationship
suggested winds (of 74 kt). This has been reduced slightly down to 80 kt
at 18Z on the 18th. The 984 mb central pressure is used directly to
estimate the peak winds while the hurricane made landfall - 69 kt from the
northern pressure-wind relationship. Thus 70 kt chosen for the best track
at 06Z on the 19th, reduced from 80 kt. Highest estimated wind in New
England is 60 kt, as the RMW with hurricane force winds likely remained
offshore.
1879/02 - 2006 REVISION:
06595 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06600 08/13*190 580 40 0*190 590 40 0*190 600 40 0*190 613 40 0*
06605 08/14*191 629 40 0*192 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*195 668 40 0*
06610 08/15*197 680 40 0*201 690 40 0*205 700 50 0*212 711 50 0*
06615 08/16*217 721 60 0*225 729 60 0*232 736 70 0*242 746 70 0*
06620 08/17*252 756 80 0*265 769 80 0*277 776 90 0*293 784 90 0*
06625 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 90 979*
06630 08/19*395 734 80 984*414 708 70 984*433 680 60 0*448 654 60 0*
06635 08/20*465 617 60 0*482 583 60 0*493 550 50 0*502 515 50 0*
06640 HR NC3 VA2
06640 HR NC3 VA2 MA1
***
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing a Category
1 hurricane impact in Massachusetts. Previously, it was estimated that
the hurricane force winds stayed offshore as the hurricane clipped New England.
However, upon further inspection of the track and intensity, it is likely
that hurricane force winds were felt in southeastern Massachusetts.
********************************************************************************
1879/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2. These track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of
Mexico and the SE United States. 982 mb estimated central pressure at
landfall in Texas suggest 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports
from the ship "Elvina". The storm reintensified into a hurricane in the
Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction reported in Orange, Texas and the
estimated central pressure value.
1879/03 - 2003 REVISION:
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
06465 08/19*167 811 60 0*171 821 60 0*175 830 60 0*180 841 60 0
06470 08/20*185 854 70 0*191 865 70 0*197 876 70 0*202 890 60 0
06475 08/21*210 903 60 0*220 915 60 0*230 925 70 0*240 930 70 0
06480 08/22*250 935 70 0*261 938 70 0*273 940 80 0*281 941 80 0
06480 08/22*250 935 80 0*261 938 80 0*271 940 90 0*281 942 90 0
** ** *** ** *** **
06485 08/23*290 943 80 982*300 944 70 0*310 943 50 0*322 938 40 0
06485 08/23*293 944 90 964*308 942 70 0*323 938 60 988*335 933 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
06490 08/24*335 928 40 0*350 916 40 0*360 905 40 0*372 886 40 0
06490 08/24*344 926 40 0*352 916 30 0*360 905 30 0*368 886 30 0
*** *** *** ** ** *** **
06495 HRCTX1 LA1
06495 HRCTX2 LA2
**** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-8/23/1879 0300Z 29.5N 94.4W 80kt 1 982mb CTX1,LA1
3-8/23/1879 0200Z 29.6N 94.4W 90kt 2 964mb CTX2,LA2
**** **** ** * *** **** ***
Details of this hurricane near and after landfall were reconsidered given
the information from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) of a possible central
pressure of 988 mb inland at Shreveport, Louisiana. The central pressure
decay relationship from Ho et al. (1987) is utilized along with a
10 hour over land trek by the hurricane to estimate a 964 mb central
pressure at landfall. The Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
suggests winds of 95 kt - 90 kt chosen for the best track at landfall.
The 988 mb central pressure at Shreveport suggests winds of 65 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT. The track and
intensity were adjusted accordingly on the 22nd and 23rd. Decay stage of
this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land
inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track,
leading to slight revisions downward in intensity on the 24th.
********************************************************************************
1879/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. Morgan City's sea level pressure of 972 mb not in
storm's center (at 12 UTC, the 1st of September) suggests winds of at
least 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane status at landfall based upon destruction described in Morgan
City, Louisiana as well as the peripheral pressure report.
1879/04 - 2003 REVISION:
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 192 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 195 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06505 08/29*235 885 50 0*237 888 50 0*240 891 50 0*242 893 50 0
06510 08/30*244 896 70 0*247 900 70 0*250 903 80 0*254 906 80 0
06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 916 100 0*273 916 100 0
06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 915 100 0*273 916 100 0
***
06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 916 110 0*299 911 90 0
06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 915 110 0*299 911 90 0
***
06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 40 0
06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 30 0
**
06530 HR LA3
Track altered slightly on the 31st and 1st to provide a more realistic
smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the
best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1879/05 - 2003 REVISION:
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06540 10/03*145 776 40 0*154 786 40 0*162 795 40 0*172 804 40 0
06545 10/04*182 814 40 0*191 821 40 0*200 830 40 0*207 839 40 0
06550 10/05*216 846 40 0*224 854 40 0*231 859 40 0*237 864 40 0
06555 10/06*244 869 50 0*250 874 50 0*258 879 50 0*267 884 50 0
06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 40 0
06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 30 0
**
06565 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1879/06 - 2003 REVISION:
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06575 10/09*142 560 40 0*142 572 40 0*143 585 40 0*144 599 40 0
06580 10/10*146 614 40 0*148 632 40 0*150 650 40 0*152 664 40 0
06585 10/11*154 681 40 0*157 700 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 736 50 0
06590 10/12*167 751 50 0*175 768 50 0*181 783 50 0*187 793 50 0
06595 10/13*192 803 50 0*200 811 50 0*204 819 50 0*210 826 50 0
06600 10/14*217 831 50 0*225 835 50 0*232 839 50 0*241 841 50 0
06605 10/15*249 843 50 0*259 845 50 0*268 848 50 0*277 851 50 0
06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 40 0
06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 30 0
**
06615 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/07: Storm was originally #8 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized
for inland winds over Florida. Storm is documented to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1879/08: Storm was originally #9 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Central pressure of 968 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, in part because the
hurricane had transitioned to an extratropical storm about six hours
previously. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based
upon the central pressure measurement and several ship observations.
1879/08 - 2003 REVISION:
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 199 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
06770 11/18*217 735 60 0*225 735 60 0*235 735 60 0*242 735 60 0
06775 11/19*252 735 70 0*263 735 70 0*280 735 80 0*306 730 80 0
06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0*390 680 80 0*425 648 80 968
06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0E390 680 80 0E425 648 80 968
* *
06785 11/21*458 618 70 0*493 587 60 0*530 555 50 0*550 540 50 0
06785 11/21E458 618 70 0E493 587 60 0E530 555 50 0E550 540 50 0
* * * *
06790 HR
Despite the description in the original writeup of an extratropical stage
beginning on the 20th, no such stage was indicated in HURDAT. This is now
corrected for the 20th and 21st.
********************************************************************************
1879 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b)
and storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually
exist as a tropical cyclone. Following the suggestion by Partagas and
Diaz, this event was instead determined to be an unusually early, long-
lasting and intense "norther" (cold front). Additional investigation for
this system found that the September 1879 issue of _Monthly Weather
Review_ showed no track drawn for this storm, nor any record of
significant rainfall in any of the Florida stations. A researcher at the
time - Loomis (1881) - also did not identify this system as being a
tropical storm. The first report that did put together a track for this
storm was Garriott (1900); however, no supporting documentation was
provided by Garriott for how the track was determined. All subsequent
track books and climatologies have reproduced Garriott's track as is.
Thus, there appears to be no corroborating evidence in support of the
track apparently first provided by Garriott (1900), this system is
removed as a tropical storm from the database.
********************************************************************************
1880/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1880/01 - 2003 REVISION:
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06695 06/21*267 865 40 0*268 873 40 0*270 880 40 0*272 886 40 0
06700 06/22*275 894 40 0*278 901 40 0*280 910 40 0*280 916 40 0
06705 06/23*280 923 40 0*280 928 40 0*281 934 40 0*282 940 40 0
06710 06/24*283 945 40 0*284 950 40 0*286 955 40 0*288 959 40 0
06715 06/25*291 963 40 0*295 966 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
06715 06/25*291 963 30 0*295 966 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
06720 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Estimate from Ho (1989) of 931 mb at landfall in Mexico just south of the
United States-Mexico border corresponds to 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt chosen for best track. This, along
with the extreme destruction in Matamoros, Mexico and Port Isabell and
Brazos, Texas, is the basis for determining that this storm reached major
hurricane intensity. When the hurricane crossed into the United States at
about 06 UTC on the 13th of August, it is estimated that the central
pressure had filled to 943 mb which corresponds to 117 kt - 110 kt chosen
for best track because hurricane was inland by this point. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Mexico and Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1880/02 - 2003 REVISION:
06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 198 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 201 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06730 08/04*160 598 40 0*159 618 40 0*160 640 40 0*161 655 40 0
06735 08/05*162 670 50 0*162 684 50 0*165 698 50 0*166 711 50 0
06740 08/06*167 725 60 0*167 738 60 0*170 751 70 0*171 763 70 0
06745 08/07*172 775 80 0*175 786 80 0*177 800 90 0*181 811 90 0
06750 08/08*185 821 90 0*189 831 90 0*192 840 90 0*196 846 90 0
06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*202 860 90 0*207 866 90 0*210 874 70 0
06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*204 860 90 0*207 867 90 0*210 874 70 0
*** ***
06760 08/10*212 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*222 904 60 0
06760 08/10*213 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*223 904 60 0
*** ***
06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 920 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0
06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 919 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0
***
06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*242 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0
06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*243 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0
***
06775 08/13*257 969 130 931*261 976 110 943*265 985 70 0*271 995 60 0
06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 40 0*3101010 40 0
06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 30 0*3101010 30 0
** **
06785 HRATX3
Track altered slightly on the 9th to the 12th to provide a more realistic
smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the
best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
987 mb central pressure corresponds to 68 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 980 mb central
pressure corresponds to 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure corresponds
to 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
chosen for best track. The observations of winds and central pressures
of 987 mb and 980 mb from Jamaica and Cuba are the basis for determination
that this storm reached hurricane intensity. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its
dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1880/04: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995) is to remove
the track from September 2nd as the storm is determined to have decayed
below tropical storm strength by then. The track is otherwise unchanged
from that of Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track of Neumann et al. (1993). 972 mb central
pressure corresponds to 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 18 UTC on the 25th of August)
suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. A pressure reading of
993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 31st of
August) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to be a hurricane
based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements both in the
Atlantic and again in the Gulf of Mexico.
1880/04 - 2003 REVISION:
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06835 08/24*247 575 50 0*249 586 50 0*250 597 50 0*252 607 50 0
06840 08/25*255 618 60 0*257 628 60 0*260 638 60 0*262 650 60 0
06845 08/26*264 661 70 0*266 673 70 0*267 685 80 0*269 696 80 0
06850 08/27*271 709 90 0*272 721 90 0*273 734 90 0*274 744 90 0
06855 08/28*275 754 90 0*277 765 90 0*278 775 90 0*279 785 90 0
06860 08/29*280 794 90 972*281 801 90 0*282 806 90 0*283 811 70 0
06865 08/30*284 816 60 0*285 821 60 0*287 826 60 0*290 833 70 0
06870 08/31*294 841 70 0*298 850 70 0*302 860 60 0*307 870 60 0
06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 40 0*335 891 40 0
06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 30 0*335 891 30 0
** **
06880 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1
Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. A pressure reading of 987 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 30th of August) suggests
winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 977 mb central pressure
corresponds to 79 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports and pressure
measurements.
********************************************************************************
1880/06: No major changes from this newly documented storm from
Partagas and Diaz (1995). 987 mb central pressure corresponds to
67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen
for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading,
destruction at Cape Henry, Virginia and reports from the ship
"T.H.A. Pitts".
1880/06 - 2003 REVISION:
06960 09/06/1880 M= 6 6 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
06965 09/06*239 886 40 0*242 884 40 0*246 880 40 0*249 876 40 0
06970 09/07*252 873 40 0*256 870 40 0*260 866 40 0*266 863 40 0
06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 50 0
06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 40 0
**
06980 09/09*317 804 60 0*335 781 70 987*353 765 70 0*370 743 70 0
06985 09/10*389 720 70 0*408 689 70 0*423 660 70 0*432 639 70 0
06990 09/11E440 617 60 0E447 591 60 0E453 567 60 0E460 542 60 0
06995 HR NC1
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 8th.
********************************************************************************
1880/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure
reading of 982 mb (at 12 UTC on the 8th of September) not in the
hurricane's center suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon peripheral
pressure reading and wind reports from several ships.
********************************************************************************
1880/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 7. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 928 mb central
pressure (twice) corresponds to 118 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt chosen for best track. The storm is
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon these two
central pressure measurements.
********************************************************************************
1880/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 8. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.
The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity both in the
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic based upon several ship
observations.
********************************************************************************
1880/10: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1995). 970 mb central pressure corresponds to
85 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen due to cooler SSTs in October. 979 mb central pressure
corresponds to 76 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen partially due to cooler SSTs in October.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these
central pressure readings and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1880/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995), except to
add 12 and 18 UTC positions for the 20th of October to accommodate
beginning of track portrayed. Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann
et al. (1993), originally storm number 9. 991 mb central pressure
corresponds to 61 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
60 kt chosen. The best track provided appears to describe the full
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical
storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
1880/11 - 2006 REVISION:
07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 L
07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
*
07335 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*271 753 40 0*282 746 40 0*
07340 10/21*293 745 40 0*302 741 40 0*310 740 40 0*317 738 40 0*
07345 10/22*324 736 50 0*332 733 50 0*340 730 50 0*353 726 50 0*
07350 10/23*375 718 60 0E402 705 60 0E435 690 60 991E460 680 50 0*
07355 10/24E478 673 50 0E490 663 50 0E500 650 50 0E508 635 50 0*
07360 TS
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be not be indicated as
a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as it already had become extratropical before
striking New England based upon the existing track and intensity in
HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1881/01: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to
remove the 12 and 18 UTC from the best track on the 4th of August
as the storm was determined to have decayed below tropical storm
force by those times. Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al.
(1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over the S.E. United States. The best track provided appears
to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm
intensity).
07180 08/01/1881 M= 4 1 SNBR= 208 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
07180 08/01/1881 M= 4 1 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
07185 08/01*230 855 40 0*235 858 40 0*240 860 40 0*246 863 40 0
07190 08/02*252 866 40 0*261 868 40 0*270 870 40 0*277 874 40 0
07195 08/03*285 878 50 0*293 881 50 0*301 883 50 0*309 884 40 0
07200 08/04*315 886 40 0*320 888 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
07200 08/04*315 886 30 0*320 888 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
07205 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1881/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who kept
the track as shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.
07315 08/11/1881 M= 4 2 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
07315 08/11/1881 M= 4 2 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
07320 08/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*256 887 40 0*256 896 40 0
07325 08/12*256 905 40 0*257 915 40 0*258 924 40 0*261 934 40 0
07330 08/13*264 943 40 0*268 952 40 0*272 958 40 0*277 966 40 0
07335 08/14*283 972 40 0*289 977 30 0*296 983 30 0*308 990 30 0
07335 08/14*283 972 30 0*289 977 30 0*296 983 30 0*308 990 30 0
**
07340 TS
Winds reduced to account for weakening after landfall more realistically.
********************************************************************************
1881/03: This hurricane was newly documented by Partagas and Diaz (1996)
and no major changes are made to their track. The storm is determined
to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship
"Fonthill".
********************************************************************************
1881/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the
ships "Cohasset" and "Anna".
********************************************************************************
1881/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 4. A sea level pressure reading of 985 mb (at
00 UTC on the 27th of August) not in the storm's center suggests
sustained winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen for the best track. Sandrik (1999) utilized
this peripheral pressure of 985 mb along with an estimate of a RMW of
15 nmi to get a 970 mb estimate of central pressure at landfall. 970 mb
suggests 85 kt winds from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track. 1002 mb central pressure corresponds to
45 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt
chosen for best track as storm was well inland at this point. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon several ship reports, the 985 mb peripheral pressure
reading and winds from Tybee Island and Augusta, Georgia.
1881/05 - 2003 REVISION:
07330 08/21/1881 M= 9 5 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
07330 08/21/1881 M= 9 5 SNBR= 215 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
07335 08/21*176 570 60 0*177 580 60 0*177 590 60 0*177 599 60 0
07340 08/22*180 609 60 0*182 620 60 0*186 630 60 0*189 639 60 0
07345 08/23*192 649 60 0*196 659 60 0*201 670 60 0*207 680 60 0
07350 08/24*216 691 70 0*222 700 70 0*230 708 70 0*237 719 70 0
07355 08/25*244 728 70 0*249 736 70 0*255 746 80 0*260 754 80 0
07360 08/26*267 764 80 0*274 773 80 0*282 781 80 0*286 786 90 0
07365 08/27*293 790 90 0*299 793 90 0*307 796 90 0*313 801 90 0
07370 08/28*316 809 90 970*319 819 70 0*320 830 50 0*320 844 50 0
07375 08/29*325 863 40 0*332 876 40 0*340 890 40 1002*347 904 40 0
07375 08/29*325 863 40 0*332 876 40 0*340 890 40 1002*347 904 30 0
**
07380 HR GA2 SC1
Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1881/06: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz is to adjust the
track near U.S. landfall to account for analyses by Ho (1989).
Track is otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5. Estimated central pressure at landfall of 975 mb
corresponds to 81 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track due to small (15 n mi)
radius of maximum winds. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
several ship reports and estimated central pressure reading of 975 mb.
********************************************************************************
1881/07: No major changes from this newly documented storm from
Partagas and Diaz.
********************************************************************************
1881 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1881 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b)
and storm number 6 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually
exist as a tropical cyclone. Partagas and Diaz suggested that the storm
was likely an extratropical storm for the duration of its lifetime.
********************************************************************************
1882/01: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane
by Partagas and Diaz (1996). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Case" and "Ida".
********************************************************************************
1882/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 981 mb central
pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. 961 mb central pressure
corresponds to 94 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 949 mb central pressure
corresponds to 103 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track. 1000 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.
A pressure reading of 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track. A pressure
reading of 986 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 5th)
suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track. Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity
based upon central pressure reading of 949 mb from the ship "Cato" while
over the Gulf of Mexico.
1882/02 - 2003 REVISION:
07485 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 216 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
07485 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
07490 09/02*195 675 50 0*197 685 50 0*202 693 50 0*207 701 50 0
07495 09/03*212 709 60 0*217 718 60 0*220 725 70 0*222 734 70 0
07500 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 80 0*224 770 80 0
07500 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 90 0*224 770 90 0
** **
07505 09/05*224 778 80 0*222 786 80 0*222 795 80 0*222 809 70 0
07505 09/05*224 778 90 0*224 786 80 0*224 795 80 0*224 809 70 0
** *** *** ***
07510 09/06*222 820 70 0*222 829 70 0*222 838 70 0*222 846 70 0
07510 09/06*224 820 70 0*224 829 70 0*224 838 70 0*224 846 70 0
*** *** *** ***
07515 09/07*225 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0
07515 09/07*226 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0
***
07520 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 886 90 0
07520 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 887 90 0
***
07525 09/09*268 888 90 0*273 886 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961
07525 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961
*** ***
07530 09/10*300 871 100 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0
07535 09/11*337 833 40 0*345 821 40 0*353 808 40 0*367 783 40 0
07540 09/12*384 749 50 0*400 715 60 0*417 681 50 1000*437 645 50 0
07545 09/13E452 610 40 0E465 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
07550 HRAFL3 AL1
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 1 assigned in HURDAT.
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 4th and 5th. Perez' track was slightly
farther north on the 5th and 6th, so the latitudes on those dates have also
been changed accordingly. Track altered slightly on the 8th and 9th to
provide a more realistic translational velocity.
1882/02 - 2006 REVISION:
07670 09/02/1882 M=12 2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
07675 09/02*195 675 50 0*197 685 50 0*202 693 50 0*207 701 50 0*
07680 09/03*212 709 60 0*217 718 60 0*220 725 70 0*222 734 70 0*
07685 09/04*225 743 80 0*225 751 80 0*225 761 90 0*224 770 90 0*
07690 09/05*224 778 90 0*224 786 80 0*224 795 80 0*224 809 70 0*
07695 09/06*224 820 70 0*224 829 70 0*224 838 70 0*224 846 70 0*
07700 09/07*226 858 80 981*231 866 80 0*237 873 80 0*242 876 80 0*
07705 09/08*247 880 90 0*254 883 90 0*260 886 90 0*264 887 90 0*
07710 09/09*268 888 90 0*272 887 90 0*277 884 90 0*288 880 90 961*
07715 09/10*300 871 100 949*311 861 80 0*319 851 60 0*330 841 40 0*
07720 09/11*337 833 40 0*345 821 40 0*353 808 40 0*367 783 40 0*
07725 09/12*384 749 50 0*400 715 60 0*417 681 50 1000*437 645 50 0*
07730 09/13E452 610 40 0E465 575 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
07735 HRAFL3 AL1
07735 HRAFL3IAL1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Alabama
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Alabama's
Gulf coast.
********************************************************************************
1882/03 - 2003 ADDITION:
07566 09/14/1882 M= 3 3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
07567 09/14*280 890 90 0*282 900 90 0*285 910 90 0*289 920 90 0
07568 09/15*294 930 90 0*299 938 80 0*304 945 60 0*309 950 40 0
07569 09/16*315 953 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
07570 HR LA2CTX1
Roth (1997a,b) documents a newly described system that made landfall
along the U.S. coastline near the Texas-Louisiana border:
"A strong tropical storm hit the mouth of the Sabine River. A "terrific wind
and rain storm" caused damage to homes in Sabine Pass, Tx. The Lake Charles
Echo, La. reported it as a "hurricane" that destroyed a house and injured
its occupant. Streets in town were covered by 3 feet of water. Fences were
blown over a mile from their previous location. That night [the 14th], a
"Hard wind and rain" visited Lake Charles, described as a lively gale". Port
Eads, La. had winds of 70 m.p.h. and a pressure of 29.38". Abbeville, La.
reported no damage with the storm."
From this description a rough track of the storm was created that goes
from southeast to northwest, making landfall just east of Sabine Pass.
Storm surge modeling (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) suggests that
3' of standing water in the streets of Lake Charles requires a Category 2
at landfall. Thus this system is estimated as 90 kt at landfall. The
inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Texas and Louisiana.
********************************************************************************
1882/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally
storm #3 in the Partagas and Diaz report). Track unaltered from Neumann
et al. (1993), their storm number 2. 1005 mb central pressure corresponds
to 40 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is utilized
as the best track intensity value. The best track provided appears to
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation
as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
1882/04 - 2003 REVISION:
07570 09/21/1882 M= 4 3 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
07570 09/21/1882 M= 4 4 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
*
07575 09/21*285 768 40 0*292 771 40 0*300 775 40 0*308 776 40 0
07580 09/22*315 776 40 0*322 776 40 0*330 774 50 0*340 771 50 0
07580 09/22*315 776 40 0*322 776 40 0*330 775 50 0*340 773 50 0
*** ***
07585 09/23*350 770 40 0*360 766 40 1005*370 761 40 0*382 755 40 0
07590 09/24*394 745 40 0*410 725 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
07595 TS
Track altered slightly on the 22nd to provide a more realistic smooth track.
********************************************************************************
1882/05: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #4 in the Partagas
and Diaz report). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "R.A. Allen" and "Sedmi
Dubrovacki".
********************************************************************************
1882/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally
storm #5 in the Partagas and Diaz report). Track unaltered from Neumann
et al. (1993), their storm number 3. 975 mb central pressure corresponds
to 84 kt in the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for
best track. 981 mb central pressure corresponds to 76 kt of sustained
winds from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in
best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over Florida and Georgia. Storm is determined to have been
of hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico based
upon these central pressure readings, ship reports and a 9 foot storm
tide experienced at the mouth of the Colona River, Cuba. Storm regained
hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon several ship
reports.
07620 10/05/1882 M=11 5 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
07620 10/05/1882 M=11 6 SNBR= 223 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* ***
07625 10/05*142 816 40 0*146 819 40 0*150 820 40 0*154 821 40 0
07630 10/06*158 821 50 0*162 823 50 0*166 824 50 0*170 825 50 0
07635 10/07*172 826 60 0*177 828 60 0*180 829 70 0*184 830 70 0
07640 10/08*187 831 80 0*191 831 80 0*195 831 90 0*202 835 90 0
07640 10/08*187 831 80 0*191 832 90 0*195 833 100 0*202 835 110 0
*** ** *** *** ***
07645 10/09*212 836 90 975*222 839 80 981*235 840 80 0*244 840 80 0
07645 10/09*212 837 120 0*222 839 100 0*235 840 90 0*244 841 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** ***
07650 10/10*254 841 70 0*265 841 70 0*275 840 70 0*283 838 70 0
07655 10/11*291 836 70 0*298 831 60 0*305 826 50 0*312 815 50 0
07660 10/12*320 804 60 0*330 790 60 0*338 775 70 0*342 760 70 0
07665 10/13*347 748 70 0*350 733 70 0*355 720 70 0*358 711 70 0
07670 10/14*360 704 70 0*362 696 70 0*365 690 70 0*367 683 70 0
07675 10/15*370 676 60 0*372 670 60 0*375 661 60 0*378 651 60 0
07680 HRAFL1
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a
Category 4 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 2 assigned in HURDAT.
The pressure values of 975 mb and 981 mb on 00 and 06Z on the 9th are
found to be peripheral pressures, instead of central pressures based upon
additional information provided by Perez (2000). Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 4th and 5th.
********************************************************************************
1883/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 975 mb not in
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 26th of August) suggests winds of at
least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for
best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to
its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the
peripheral pressure and several ship reports.
1883/01 - 2003 REVISION:
07815 08/18/1883 M=11 1 SNBR= 224 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
07820 08/18*192 485 40 0*194 495 40 0*195 510 40 0*197 526 40 0
07825 08/19*202 544 40 0*207 560 40 0*212 575 50 0*217 590 50 0
07830 08/20*222 605 50 0*231 623 50 0*240 640 50 0*247 651 50 0
07835 08/21*258 666 60 0*270 680 60 0*281 690 60 0*287 694 60 0
07835 08/21*258 666 60 0*270 680 60 0*281 690 60 0*290 694 60 0
***
07840 08/22*295 696 70 0*306 700 70 0*315 701 70 0*320 703 70 0
07840 08/22*299 697 70 0*307 700 70 0*315 702 70 0*322 703 70 0
*** *** *** *** ***
07845 08/23*328 701 70 0*333 700 70 0*339 696 70 0*343 691 70 0
07845 08/23*328 702 70 0*334 700 70 0*339 696 70 0*343 691 70 0
*** ***
07850 08/24*349 684 70 0*353 678 70 0*358 671 70 0*364 661 70 0
07855 08/25*369 653 80 0*375 641 80 0*384 625 80 0*395 603 80 0
07860 08/26*412 574 80 0*429 541 80 0*443 509 80 0*458 480 80 0
07865 08/27*477 438 70 0*493 400 70 0E510 360 60 0E521 328 60 0
07870 08/28E534 289 60 0E547 247 60 0E557 207 50 0E567 175 50 0
07875 HR
Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1883/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
983 mb central pressure suggests winds of 70 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track. A pressure reading
of 948 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 29th of
August) suggests winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 110 kt utilized in best track. A 963 mb
central pressure measured during the storm's extratropical stage
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track as it had already undergone extratropical
transition. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
intensity based upon the 948 mb peripheral pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1883/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to remove 12
and 18 UTC on the 13th of September as it is suggested that the hurricane
had decreased below tropical storm force winds by that time. Track from
Partagas and Diaz (1996) otherwise has reasonable small alterations from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
A pressure reading of 955 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. A pressure
reading of 978 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 8th)
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of
982 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 10th) suggests
winds of at least 73 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track. Storm determined
to have reached major hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic
based upon peripheral pressure reading of 955 mb and from extreme
damage in Martinique.
1883/03 - 2003 REVISION:
07810 09/04/1883 M=10 3 SNBR= 222 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
07810 09/04/1883 M=10 3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
07815 09/04*140 579 110 0*144 592 110 0*147 603 110 0*150 615 110 0
07820 09/05*154 628 110 0*159 641 110 0*162 655 110 0*167 668 110 0
07825 09/06*174 683 110 0*180 699 110 0*187 715 80 0*197 726 70 0
07830 09/07*209 739 70 0*214 748 70 0*220 755 70 0*225 760 70 0
07830 09/07*207 737 70 0*214 748 70 0*220 755 70 0*225 760 70 0
*** ***
07835 09/08*231 763 80 0*235 765 80 0*240 766 90 0*247 771 90 0
07835 09/08*230 763 80 0*235 766 80 0*240 769 90 0*247 772 90 0
*** *** *** ***
07840 09/09*255 774 90 0*264 778 90 0*273 780 90 0*280 781 90 0
07840 09/09*255 775 90 0*264 778 90 0*273 780 90 0*280 781 90 0
***
07845 09/10*287 781 90 0*295 783 90 0*302 784 90 0*312 786 90 0
07845 09/10*287 782 90 0*295 783 90 0*302 784 90 0*312 785 90 0
*** ***
07850 09/11*322 786 90 0*330 786 90 0*338 785 90 0*344 784 70 0
07855 09/12*350 783 50 0*354 783 50 0*360 781 40 0*370 779 40 0
07855 09/12*350 783 50 0*354 782 50 0*360 781 40 0*370 779 40 0
***
07860 09/13*380 776 40 0*393 773 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
07860 09/13*380 776 30 0*393 773 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
07865 HR NC2 SC1
Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
Track is adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translation
velocity.
********************************************************************************
1883/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
A pressure reading of 983 mb (at 18 UTC on the 27th of October) suggests
winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
70 kt chosen in best track as the storm had already undergone extratropical
transformation. Storm did not reach hurricane intensity as a tropical
cyclone, but did obtain hurricane-force sustained winds on the 27th of
October as an extratropical storm.
********************************************************************************
1884/01: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Oder" and "Engelbert".
********************************************************************************
1884/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track unaltered
from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. Central pressure
of 957 mb corresponds to winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of
983 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 15th of
September) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based
upon the central pressure reading of 957 mb.
********************************************************************************
1884/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 982 mb central
pressure corresponds with 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 982 mb central pressure
corresponds to 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 982 mb not at the hurricane's
center (at 18 UTC on the 16th of September) suggests winds of at least 73 kt
from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for
best track. The best track provided appears to describe the full life
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical
storm). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based
upon pressure measurements and several ship reports.
1884/03 - 2003 REVISION:
08035 09/10/1884 M=11 3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
08035 09/10/1884 M=11 3 SNBR= 230 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
08040 09/10*287 791 40 0*297 801 40 0*306 806 40 0*310 809 40 0
08045 09/11*315 811 40 0*319 815 40 0*325 816 40 0*330 813 40 0
08045 09/11*315 811 40 0*319 815 40 0*325 816 30 0*330 813 30 0
** **
08050 09/12*332 810 40 0*332 804 40 0*330 799 40 0*322 796 40 0
08050 09/12*332 810 30 0*332 804 30 0*330 799 30 0*322 796 40 0
** ** **
08055 09/13*314 791 50 0*305 785 50 0*303 773 50 0*305 764 50 0
08060 09/14*307 755 60 0*305 744 60 0*300 740 60 0*296 739 60 0
08060 09/14*307 755 60 0*305 744 60 0*300 740 60 0*296 739 70 0
**
08065 09/15*293 739 70 982*288 739 70 0*285 740 70 0*283 744 70 0
08065 09/15*293 739 70 982*288 740 70 0*284 744 70 0*281 749 70 0
*** *** *** *** ***
08070 09/16*283 748 80 0*284 751 80 0*285 753 80 0*292 754 80 0
08070 09/16*279 754 70 0*278 760 70 988*278 758 70 0*279 755 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
08075 09/17*302 751 80 0*310 746 80 0*320 735 80 0*333 719 80 0
08075 09/17*281 751 80 0*284 746 80 0*288 735 80 0*292 715 80 0
*** *** *** *** ***
08080 09/18*350 694 70 0*365 669 70 0*380 640 70 0*393 611 70 0
08080 09/18*296 680 80 0*302 653 80 979*314 613 80 0*340 585 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
08085 09/19*410 577 70 0*427 537 70 982*440 505 70 0*459 458 70 0
08085 09/19*390 560 70 0*427 535 70 982*445 505 70 0*460 458 70 0
*** *** *** *** ***
08090 09/20E477 404 60 0E495 345 60 0E510 290 50 0E530 230 50 0
08095 HR
Additional ship observations for this hurricane were obtained from the
_American Meteorological Journal_ of 1884 (pages 298-300). In particular,
the ship "Alpine" reported hurricane-force winds late on the 14th - thus
winds in the best track for that day are increased. A central pressure
value of 988 mb from the ship "R. M. Walls" (06Z on the 16th) suggests
winds of 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds
reduced down to 70 kt in best track along with a repositioning farther south
and west on the 15th and 16th. A central pressure value of 979 mb from the
ship "Stephen Hart" (06Z on the 18th) suggests winds of 76 kt - winds are
increased to 80 kt and the hurricane is repositioned farther to the south
and to the east on the 17th to the 19th. Decay stage of this storm to a
tropical depression while over land on the 11th and 12th inadvertently left
out from the first revision of the best track. (A thank you to Sim Aberson
for pointing out these additional ship observations.)
********************************************************************************
1884/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure
readings of 982 and 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC and
18 UTC on the 14th of October) suggest winds of at least 73 and 75 kt,
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports from the ship
"Cienfuegos" and from damage in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The storm then
regained hurricane intensity over the Atlantic based upon the pressure
measurements and several ship reports.
1884/04 - 2003 REVISION:
08230 10/07/1884 M=11 4 SNBR= 227 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08230 10/07/1884 M=11 4 SNBR= 231 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
08235 10/07*162 766 40 0*165 766 40 0*169 764 50 0*175 761 50 0
08240 10/08*180 760 60 0*185 758 60 0*191 756 70 0*196 755 70 0
08245 10/09*200 754 70 0*202 754 60 0*207 753 50 0*210 751 50 0
08245 10/09*200 754 70 0*204 753 60 0*207 753 50 0*210 752 50 0
*** *** ***
08250 10/10*214 751 50 0*217 751 50 0*220 750 50 0*222 750 50 0
08250 10/10*214 751 50 0*217 750 50 0*220 750 50 0*222 750 50 0
***
08255 10/11*222 750 60 0*225 750 60 0*227 750 70 0*230 750 70 0
08255 10/11*224 750 60 0*225 750 60 0*227 750 70 0*230 750 70 0
***
08260 10/12*232 750 70 0*235 750 70 0*237 750 70 0*240 750 70 0
08265 10/13*244 750 80 0*250 750 80 0*255 750 80 0*257 750 80 0
08270 10/14*257 750 90 0*257 750 90 0*257 746 90 0*258 741 90 0
08275 10/15*261 728 80 0*264 720 80 0*268 708 80 0*272 699 80 0
08280 10/16*276 688 70 0*279 678 70 0*282 668 70 0*284 654 70 0
08285 10/17*286 637 60 0*289 618 60 0*291 601 60 0*293 580 60 0
08290 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. It was
suggested by Perez (personal communication, 2003) that instead of a
hard right turn by this storm, that a cyclonic loop may have been
tracked from late on the 12th to the 14th. Without more definitive
information, the original track in HURDAT is retained.
********************************************************************************
1885/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
990 mb central pressure corresponds to 63 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 981 mb central
pressure corresponds to 72 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track. 983 mb central pressure corresponds
to 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 975 mb not in the
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 10th of August) suggests winds
of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 80 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity from these pressure reports and several other ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1885/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States.
958 mb central pressure corresponds to 91 kt in the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading of 976 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 25th of August) suggests winds
of at least 80 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track (because of this information as well
as extreme damage caused by winds in South Carolina). This is the
basis for determining that the storm reached major hurricane intensity.
********************************************************************************
1885/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle
of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until
its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1885/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States. Two pressure readings of 973 mb and 975 mb not in the hurricane's
center (both at 06 UTC on the 23rd of September) suggests winds of at
least 80 kt and 79 kt respectively from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined to
have reached hurricane status based upon these peripheral pressures.
********************************************************************************
1885/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). 999 mb central pressure
corresponds to a wind of 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt utilized in best track. Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship
"Sirius".
********************************************************************************
1885/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States. Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity while
over the Atlantic based upon reports from the ship "Lone Star".
1885/06 - 2003 REVISION:
08370 09/24/1885 M= 9 6 SNBR= 233 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
08370 09/24/1885 M= 9 6 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
08375 09/24*264 878 40 0*267 879 40 0*270 880 40 0*274 881 40 0
08380 09/25*278 883 50 0*282 884 50 0*287 886 50 0*290 888 50 0
08385 09/26*293 889 60 0*297 890 60 0*300 891 60 0*302 890 60 0
08390 09/27*303 889 60 0*304 888 50 0*305 886 50 0*306 884 40 0
08395 09/28*306 881 40 0*306 878 40 0*306 874 40 0*306 870 40 0
08400 09/29*306 865 40 0*306 860 40 0*305 854 40 0*304 848 40 0
08400 09/29*306 865 30 0*306 860 30 0*305 854 30 0*304 848 30 0
** ** ** **
08405 09/30*303 840 40 0*302 833 40 0*302 828 40 0*302 818 40 0
08405 09/30*303 840 30 0*302 833 30 0*302 828 30 0*302 818 30 0
** ** ** **
08410 10/01*304 808 40 0*307 796 40 0*312 788 50 0*320 778 60 0
08415 10/02*329 770 60 0*338 763 60 0*345 756 70 0*355 741 70 0
08420 HR
Decay stage of this storm to a tropical depression while over land
on the 29th and 30th inadvertently left out from the first revision of
the best track.
********************************************************************************
1885/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). A pressure reading of 982 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 29th of September)
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track. Storm determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon this peripheral pressure
reading and wind reports from the ship "Mistletoe".
********************************************************************************
1885/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over the eastern United States. The best track provided appears to
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation
as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
1885/08: 2003 REVISION
08585 10/08/1885 M= 7 8 SNBR= 235 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
08585 10/10/1885 M= 5 8 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
08590 10/08*172 805 40 0*176 806 40 0*180 809 40 0*187 811 40 0
08595 10/09*195 815 40 0*201 816 40 0*209 821 40 0*217 823 40 0
(The 8th and 9th are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)
08600 10/10*225 826 40 0*232 828 40 0*239 830 40 0*247 833 40 0
08600 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*239 830 40 0*247 833 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
08605 10/11*257 836 50 0*265 839 50 0*273 840 60 0*286 836 60 0
08610 10/12*300 830 50 0*314 824 50 0*330 815 40 0*340 808 40 0
08615 10/13*349 800 40 0*362 790 40 0E374 784 40 0E390 780 40 0
08620 10/14E405 775 40 0E420 770 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
08625 TS
Re-analysis of Cuban tropical storms and hurricanes (Perez 2000) reveals
that this system was not yet of tropical storm strength from the 8th
until early on the 10th based upon the Cuban observational network.
While it is quite possible that the system was of tropical depression
intensity on these dates, formative tropical depression stage is not
included in HURDAT until 1886.
********************************************************************************
08500 06/13/1886 M= 3 1 SNBR= 236 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08500 06/13/1886 M= 3 1 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
08505 06/13* 0 0 0 0*232 957 35 0*247 959 40 0*260 960 45 0
08510 06/14*269 958 45 0*279 954 50 0*289 946 50 0*298 938 50 0
08510 06/14*269 958 55 0*279 953 65 0*289 947 75 0*299 940 85 0
** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
08515 06/15*304 928 50 0*309 918 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
08515 06/15*306 930 60 0*310 918 45 0*312 904 35 0*312 890 30 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08520 TS
08520 HRCTX2 LA2
****** ***
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to continue the
storm until 18Z on the 15th to allow for decay to tropical depression stage.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the
track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Storm is upgraded to a Category 2
hurricane (85 kt) at landfall based upon damage and 7 foot storm tide at
Sabine Pass, Texas (Partagas and Diaz 1996a). Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and
Louisiana.
********************************************************************************
08525 06/18/1886 M= 6 2 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08525 06/17/1886 M= 8 2 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** * *** *
(17th not in HURDAT previously.)
08530 06/17*191 848 35 0*196 851 35 0*200 853 40 0*204 854 40 0
08530 06/18* 0 0 0 0*194 850 35 0*198 853 50 0*201 856 65 0
08532 06/18*207 856 45 0*211 856 50 0*217 857 55 0*221 857 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08535 06/19*204 858 70 0*208 861 75 0*214 864 80 0*218 865 80 0
08535 06/19*225 857 70 0*229 856 75 0*233 853 80 0*238 851 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08540 06/20*224 868 85 0*232 869 85 0*242 870 85 0*254 868 85 0
08540 06/20*243 849 85 0*247 847 85 0*253 845 85 0*263 844 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08545 06/21*267 864 85 0*280 857 85 0*294 850 85 0*308 843 75 0
08545 06/21*277 842 85 0*289 841 85 0*303 840 80 0*313 838 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
08550 06/22*323 832 50 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0
08550 06/22*323 832 45 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0
**
08555 06/23*373 780 35 0*384 769 35 0*393 753 35 0*399 732 35 0
08555 06/23*373 780 30 0*384 769 30 0*393 753 30 0*399 732 30 0
** ** ** **
(24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08557 06/24*402 700 30 0*401 660 30 0*400 615 30 0*399 570 30 0
08560 HR
08560 HRAFL2 GA1
****** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United
States.
1886/02 - 2006 REVISION:
08725 06/17/1886 M= 8 2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
08730 06/17*191 848 35 0*196 851 35 0*200 853 40 0*204 854 40 0*
08735 06/18*207 856 45 0*211 856 50 0*217 857 55 0*221 857 65 0*
08740 06/19*225 857 70 0*229 856 75 0*233 853 80 0*238 851 80 0*
08745 06/20*243 849 85 0*247 847 85 0*253 845 85 0*263 844 85 0*
08750 06/21*277 842 85 0*289 841 85 0*303 840 80 0*313 838 65 0*
08755 06/22*323 832 45 0*338 822 40 0*352 810 35 0*363 793 35 0*
08760 06/23*373 780 30 0*384 769 30 0*393 753 30 0*399 732 30 0*
08765 06/24*402 700 30 0*401 660 30 0*400 615 30 0*399 570 30 0*
08770 HRAFL2 GA1
08770 HRAFL2IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
08565 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 238 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08565 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
08570 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 801 35 0*176 823 45 0
08570 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 797 35 0*192 800 45 0
*** *** *** ***
08575 06/28*183 842 65 0*191 859 80 0*200 871 85 0*211 881 80 0
08575 06/28*199 803 55 0*207 807 65 0*215 815 75 0*220 825 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
08580 06/29*223 882 80 0*235 883 85 0*247 884 85 0*255 881 85 0
08580 06/29*224 835 70 0*229 842 70 0*237 853 75 0*246 860 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08585 06/30*260 878 85 0*266 875 85 0*273 869 85 0*282 859 85 0
08585 06/30*256 864 85 0*264 867 85 0*273 867 85 0*288 860 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08590 07/01*289 848 85 0*309 828 80 0*324 818 60 0*338 803 45 0
08590 07/01*304 844 70 0*318 827 55 0*330 813 50 0*338 803 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08595 07/02*349 791 40 0*361 780 35 0*372 770 35 0*382 753 35 0
08600 HR
08600 HRAFL2
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. Analyses from Perez (2000) indicates
that the hurricane was only Category 1 at its landfall in Cuba; winds are
adjusted downward on the 28th and 29th. Changes made to the track near
Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the eastern United States.
1886/03 - 2006 REVISION:
08775 06/27/1886 M= 6 3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
08780 06/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*183 797 35 0*192 800 45 0*
08785 06/28*199 803 55 0*207 807 65 0*215 815 75 0*220 825 80 0*
08790 06/29*224 835 70 0*229 842 70 0*237 853 75 0*246 860 80 0*
08795 06/30*256 864 85 0*264 867 85 0*273 867 85 0*288 860 85 0*
08800 07/01*304 844 70 0*318 827 55 0*330 813 50 0*338 803 45 0*
08805 07/02*349 791 40 0*361 780 35 0*372 770 35 0*382 753 35 0*
08810 HRAFL2
08810 HRAFL2IGA1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing
inland hurricane conditions in Georgia based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
08605 07/14/1886 M= 7 4 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08605 07/14/1886 M=11 4 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** *** *
08610 07/14* 0 0 0 0*189 829 35 0*192 834 40 0*197 839 40 0
08610 07/14* 0 0 0 0*189 829 35 0*192 834 40 0*194 838 40 0
*** ***
08615 07/15*202 844 45 0*207 850 50 0*213 855 55 0*219 861 60 0
08615 07/15*196 842 45 0*198 846 45 0*200 850 50 0*202 853 50 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08620 07/16*226 868 65 0*234 875 70 0*241 881 75 0*251 883 75 0
08620 07/16*204 856 55 0*206 858 55 0*207 860 60 0*209 859 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08625 07/17*260 883 80 0*270 882 85 0*274 876 85 0*277 869 85 0
08625 07/17*211 857 60 0*213 855 60 0*215 853 65 0*224 848 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08630 07/18*278 860 85 0*279 851 85 0*281 843 85 0*286 832 85 0
08630 07/18*237 844 70 0*251 839 70 0*265 835 70 0*276 833 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08635 07/19*291 824 85 0*299 813 80 0*305 803 75 0*312 792 70 0
08635 07/19*287 828 70 0*295 821 55 0*303 810 50 0*314 786 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08640 07/20*319 781 70 0*328 770 70 0*338 758 70 0*347 738 70 0
08640 07/20*327 756 70 0*339 726 75 0*350 700 75 0*358 680 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(21st to 24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08641 07/21*368 653 70 0*377 626 70 0*387 600 70 0*398 569 70 990
08642 07/22*414 535 70 0*430 498 70 0*443 463 70 0*451 431 65 0
08643 07/23E461 395 60 0E470 356 60 0E480 320 60 0E495 290 60 0
08644 07/24E515 258 60 0E537 227 60 0E555 210 55 0E573 195 50 0
08645 HR
08645 HRAFL1
****
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the
storm on the 14th as depicted in Neumann et al instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 16th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable. A possible central pressure of 990 mb
at 21Z on the 21st suggests 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship. Peripheral pressures of 993 mb at 06Z on the 22nd suggest at
least 59 kt. 70 kt chosen for best track for the 21st and early on the
22nd. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over Florida. Winds from the 17th to the 19th lowered slightly
as available observations indicate this system was likely of minimal
hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Northwest
Florida. Observations from Sandrik (2001) suggest that the system weakened
quickly over Florida, before re-intensifying over the Atlantic after
oceanfall.
********************************************************************************
08650 08/12/1886 M=10 5 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08650 08/12/1886 M=10 5 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
*** *
08655 08/12* 0 0 0 0*105 580 35 0*111 589 50 0*117 606 60 0
08655 08/12* 0 0 0 0*105 580 35 0*111 589 40 0*118 598 45 0
** *** *** **
08660 08/13*123 621 70 0*129 635 75 0*133 646 80 0*137 654 80 0
08660 08/13*125 607 50 0*132 617 55 0*140 627 60 0*146 639 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08665 08/14*140 661 85 0*143 667 85 0*147 676 85 0*151 687 85 0
08665 08/14*152 652 70 0*157 662 75 0*163 673 80 0*169 683 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
08670 08/15*155 698 85 0*159 708 85 0*164 719 85 0*169 729 85 0
08670 08/15*174 693 85 0*179 702 85 0*183 713 80 0*186 726 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
08675 08/16*174 740 85 0*180 750 85 0*187 760 85 0*199 769 80 0
08720 08/16*188 739 70 0*191 752 80 0*195 765 85 0*204 773 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
08680 08/17*211 775 75 0*221 782 70 0*229 796 55 0*238 811 60 0
08680 08/17*213 781 75 0*221 790 70 0*225 797 55 0*231 805 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08685 08/18*247 833 65 0*255 856 70 0*261 873 75 0*263 886 75 0
08685 08/18*238 817 65 0*243 830 70 0*247 843 75 0*253 861 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08690 08/19*262 898 80 0*262 910 80 0*263 919 85 0*265 933 85 0
08690 08/19*256 879 80 0*259 897 90 0*263 919 100 0*265 933 110 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** ***
08695 08/20*268 945 85 0*274 956 85 0*280 966 85 0*288 976 70 984
08695 08/20*268 945 120 0*274 956 130 0*280 966 135 925*290 980 85 965
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** ***
08700 08/21*297 984 60 0*308 993 50 0*3201000 35 0*3351013 25 0
08700 08/21*300 990 60 0*310 999 50 0*3201007 35 0*3351013 25 0
*** *** *** *** ****
08705 HR
08705 HRBTX4
******
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the
storm on the 12th as depicted in Neumann et al. instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 13th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable. A slower intensification of the storm
was indicated here compared with the original HURDAT for the 12th to the
14th due to evidence of tropical storm intensity until the 14th. The
analysis by Perez (2000) confirms landfall in Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane.
Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications
suggested by Perez (2000).
Estimated central pressure from Ho (1989) of 915 mb at landfall in Texas
is incorrect since it relied upon a pressure measurement from San Antonio,
Texas, which has been found to be a surface pressure rather than a sea level
pressure value. Additionally, it is likely that this was not a central
pressure measurement either as strong winds were still observed at the time
of lowest pressure and that winds only shifted from northeast to southeast.
This sea level pressure measurement of 971 mb (corrected from the 948 mb
surface pressure value) at 19Z on the 20th implies a central pressure of
around 965 mb, assuming that the RMW estimate of Ho (of 12 nmi) is slightly
too small (15 nmi utilized instead). 965 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship for a marine exposure - 85 kt
utilized in best track for this inland location. Using methodology in Ho
et al. (1987) as modified by B. Jarvinen (personal communication), a 6.5 hr
transit time from landfall to a position near San Antonio, and the 965 mb
central pressure near San Antonio, a new value of 925 mb at landfall is
estimated for this hurricane. This suggests winds of 133 kt from the Gulf
of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. The estimate of 15 nmi for RMW is
slightly smaller than climatology (18 nmi) for this latitude and central
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), supporting slightly stronger winds for this
particular storm. 135 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained winds at
landfall. This is consistent with the very high storm tide and extreme
destruction in Indianola, Texas. Storm surge modeling efforts with the
SLOSH model (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) indicate that a 925 mb
central pressure and RMW of 15 nmi provides reasonable matches to observed
surge values. Positions are altered slightly after landfall to better
account for passage of the hurricane's center near San Antonio at 19Z on
the 20th.A storm tide of 15' was reported for Indianola, Texas in Roth
(1997b).
********************************************************************************
08710 08/16/1886 M=12 6 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08710 08/15/1886 M=13 6 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
(15th not in HURDAT previously.)
08712 08/15*146 545 55 0*144 555 60 0*143 565 65 0*141 577 70 0
08715 08/16* 0 0 0 0*120 600 45 0*120 612 50 0*121 624 60 0
08715 08/16*138 589 75 0*135 600 85 0*130 613 95 0*127 624 95 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
08720 08/17*122 636 70 0*123 649 75 0*125 662 80 0*127 676 85 0
08720 08/17*125 637 95 0*125 651 90 0*125 665 85 0*125 678 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ***
08725 08/18*129 691 85 0*131 706 85 0*134 720 85 0*137 731 85 0
08725 08/18*126 692 85 0*128 706 85 0*130 717 85 0*132 725 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08730 08/19*140 741 85 0*144 749 85 0*148 755 85 0*153 760 85 0
08730 08/19*137 733 85 0*141 739 85 0*147 745 85 0*159 753 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
08735 08/20*159 768 85 0*165 775 85 0*170 779 85 0*175 782 85 0
08735 08/20*170 762 95 0*179 768 95 0*185 773 95 0*190 778 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08740 08/21*180 785 85 0*185 787 85 0*190 791 85 0*195 794 85 0
08740 08/21*197 784 95 0*204 788 100 0*210 790 105 0*213 790 105 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08745 08/22*199 796 85 0*205 798 85 0*214 800 85 0*228 805 80 0
08745 08/22*215 790 105 0*217 790 90 0*220 790 80 0*231 790 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
08750 08/23*241 802 80 0*260 791 85 0*280 779 85 0*298 768 85 0
08750 08/23*246 790 80 0*263 787 85 0*280 779 85 0*298 768 85 0
*** *** *** ***
08755 08/24*318 755 85 0*336 743 85 0*350 732 85 0*360 723 85 0
08760 08/25*367 716 85 0*374 708 85 0*382 700 85 0*391 690 85 0
08765 08/26*399 678 85 0*408 665 80 0*416 650 75 0*420 632 70 0
08770 08/27*422 611 65 0*425 586 60 0*430 560 60 0*436 533 60 0
08775 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are
found to be reasonable. 979 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 18th
suggests at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt
retained in best track. 977 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 20th
suggests at least 81 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
95 kt used in best track. 989 mb peripheral pressure on 18Z on the 26th
suggests at least least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt used in best track. Winds increased from the 15th to the 17th and
the 19th to the 23rd compared to original HURDAT based upon numerous ship
reports, the peripheral pressure readings and moderate to severe damage in
St. Vincent, Jamaica and Cuba. Hurricane is analyzed by Perez (2000) to be
a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba; winds increased on the 21st and
22nd accordingly. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with
modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Lifecycle of this hurricane is not
complete as information on the genesis (and possibly decay) are not
available.
********************************************************************************
08777 08/20/1886 M= 6 7 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08777 08/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*317 710 40 0*301 690 50 0
08777 08/21*292 655 60 0*300 627 75 0*323 617 95 0*338 624 100 0
08777 08/22*350 634 100 0*359 642 100 0*370 650 100 0*381 660 95 0
08777 08/23*397 669 90 0*411 665 85 0*423 650 80 0*441 622 75 0
08777 08/24*459 584 70 0*476 541 65 0E485 500 60 0E486 461 55 0
08777 08/25E485 413 50 0E483 373 50 0E483 333 50 0E483 295 50 0
08777 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
hurricane. Peripheral pressure measurements of 962 mb at 15Z on the
21st and 963 mb at 04Z on the 22nd suggest at least 93 and 94 kt,
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
used in the best track, which makes the storm a major hurricane. 983 mb
peripheral pressure value at 00Z on the 23rd suggests at least 70 kt
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in
best track.
********************************************************************************
08780 09/15/1886 M=10 7 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08780 09/16/1886 M= 9 8 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** *** *
08785 09/15* 0 0 0 0*140 602 35 0*144 613 45 0*148 626 60 0
(Track on the 15th is removed, since storm is relocated and begun on 16th.)
08790 09/16*150 640 70 0*152 654 80 0*153 668 80 0*152 682 85 0
08790 09/16*210 655 35 0*210 666 35 0*210 677 35 0*210 689 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08795 09/17*152 697 85 0*152 712 85 0*152 727 85 0*159 748 85 0
08795 09/17*210 704 40 0*210 717 40 0*210 730 45 0*210 747 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08800 09/18*174 761 85 0*190 781 85 0*203 802 85 0*213 825 85 0
08800 09/18*210 763 40 0*210 775 35 0*210 790 35 0*212 805 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08805 09/19*221 852 85 0*226 879 85 0*229 902 85 0*226 920 85 0
08805 09/19*213 819 45 0*214 830 50 0*215 843 55 0*217 857 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08810 09/20*221 931 85 0*219 943 85 0*220 950 85 0*222 952 85 0
08810 09/20*220 870 65 0*222 883 70 0*223 897 75 0*223 909 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08815 09/21*224 955 85 0*227 957 85 0*230 959 85 0*233 961 85 0
08815 09/21*223 921 85 0*224 933 85 0*225 947 85 0*228 954 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08820 09/22*237 963 85 0*240 965 85 0*244 967 85 0*249 969 85 0
08820 09/22*234 960 85 0*240 965 85 0*244 967 85 0*249 969 85 0
*** ***
08825 09/23*254 971 85 0*259 972 85 0*265 974 85 0*271 975 80 0
08825 09/23*254 971 85 0*259 972 85 0*265 974 80 0*271 975 75 0
** **
08830 09/24*278 975 75 0*285 974 65 0*292 973 45 0*309 970 30 0
08830 09/24*278 975 70 0*285 974 65 0*292 973 45 0*300 970 30 0
** ***
08835 HR
08835 HRATX1BTX1
********
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is reduced in
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 16th to the 20th since
available observational evidence suggests that the storm reached hurricane
strength after it reached the Gulf of Mexico. A peripheral pressure reading
of 987 mb on 03Z on the 23rd suggests at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track at landfall in
Mexico. Category 1 conditions (80 kt) in Texas are supported by moderate
wind-caused damage in Brownsville. Track slightly altered at the storm's end
for a more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
08840 09/26/1886 M= 5 8 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08840 09/22/1886 M= 9 9 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * ***
(22nd to the 25th not in HURDAT previously.)
08841 09/22*229 667 50 0*232 666 50 0*235 665 55 0*237 664 55 0
08842 09/23*240 663 60 0*244 661 65 0*247 660 70 0*248 660 75 0
08843 09/24*250 659 80 0*252 657 85 0*253 655 85 0*254 654 85 0
08844 09/25*255 652 85 0*257 650 85 0*258 650 85 0*260 650 85 0
08845 09/26* 0 0 0 0*215 655 35 0*223 662 40 0*235 666 45 0
08845 09/26*261 651 85 0*262 652 85 0*263 653 85 0*266 657 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08850 09/27*246 669 55 0*256 673 60 0*262 676 65 0*267 679 70 0
08850 09/27*267 660 85 0*268 663 85 0*270 670 85 0*272 674 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08855 09/28*271 683 75 0*275 686 75 0*279 690 80 0*283 695 85 0
08855 09/28*275 679 85 0*279 683 85 0*283 687 85 0*288 689 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
08860 09/29*287 701 85 0*290 707 85 0*294 712 85 0*298 715 85 0
08860 09/29*292 691 85 0*297 692 85 0*300 693 85 0*305 695 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08865 09/30*301 715 80 0*305 714 75 0*311 710 50 0*317 705 35 0
08865 09/30*310 697 80 0*314 699 75 0*317 700 50 0*322 701 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08870 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is increased in
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 26th to the 28th based upon
ship reports in Partagas and Diaz. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb on 12Z
on the 23rd suggests at least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track. Complete lifecycle of this
hurricane is not available as the genesis was not documented.
********************************************************************************
08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 9 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** *** *
08880 10/08*199 825 35 0*203 830 35 0*208 833 40 0*212 837 45 0
08880 10/08*199 825 50 0*203 830 55 0*208 833 60 0*212 837 65 0
** ** ** **
08885 10/09*217 841 50 0*222 844 55 0*227 848 55 0*233 851 60 0
08885 10/09*217 841 65 0*222 844 60 0*227 848 60 0*233 851 65 0
** ** ** **
08890 10/10*239 854 65 0*246 857 70 0*252 860 75 0*257 864 80 0
08895 10/11*262 869 85 0*267 875 85 0*272 881 85 0*276 890 85 0
08895 10/11*262 869 85 0*267 875 90 0*272 881 95 0*276 890 100 0
** ** ***
08900 10/12*279 903 85 0*282 917 85 0*286 927 85 0*292 933 85 0
08900 10/12*279 903 105 0*282 917 105 0*286 927 105 0*292 933 105 0
*** *** *** ***
08905 10/13*301 936 75 0*311 937 65 0*323 935 50 0*332 929 35 0
08905 10/13*301 936 80 0*311 937 65 0*323 935 50 0*332 929 35 0
**
08910 HR
08910 HR LA3CTX2
*******
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 9. Peripheral pressures of 991 mb (20Z on the 9th), 985 mb (12Z on
the 10th), 987 mb (16Z on the 10th) and 983 mb (12Z on the 11th) suggest
at least 61 kt, 70 kt, 67 kt and 72 kt, respectively, from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Winds are increased from the 8th and
the 9th to accommodate ship reports and effects in Western Cuba consistent
with landfall of a Category 1 hurricane, which matches the assessment by
Perez (2000). Winds are increased for the 11th and 12th based upon ship
reports and effects at landfall in Texas and Louisiana. A storm tide of
12' was reported in Johnson Bayou, La. by Roth (1997a). This suggests
landfall of a Category 3 (955 mb/105 kt) hurricane based upon SLOSH runs
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication.) Lifecycle of this hurricane is not
complete as information on the genesis is not available.
********************************************************************************
08911 10/10/1886 M= 6 11 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08911 10/10*291 605 35 0*295 603 35 0*300 600 35 0*304 598 35 0
08911 10/11*307 597 40 0*311 595 40 0*313 593 40 0*316 590 40 0
08911 10/12*318 587 40 0*321 584 40 0*325 580 40 0*328 576 40 0
08911 10/13*331 571 45 0*334 566 45 0*337 560 45 0*340 553 45 0
08911 10/14*343 545 45 0*345 539 45 0*347 530 45 0*348 517 45 0
08911 10/15*350 502 40 0*350 484 40 0*350 470 35 0*350 459 35 0
08911 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
08915 10/22/1886 M= 4 10 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08915 10/21/1886 M= 6 12 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ** ***
(21st not in HURDAT previously.)
08920 10/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*178 730 35 0
08920 10/22* 0 0 0 0*199 687 35 0*210 686 35 0*220 682 40 0
08920 10/22*187 727 35 0*196 724 35 0*205 720 35 0*212 715 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08925 10/23*229 676 45 0*239 669 50 0*248 660 50 0*258 650 50 0
08925 10/23*219 708 45 0*227 699 50 0*237 687 55 0*244 675 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
08930 10/24*267 639 50 0*277 626 50 0*286 612 50 0*295 600 45 0
08930 10/24*249 666 60 0*253 657 60 0*257 645 60 0*260 634 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
08935 10/25*305 585 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
08935 10/25*264 626 55 0*267 617 50 0*270 607 45 0*272 597 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(26th not in HURDAT previously.)
08937 10/26*274 589 40 0*275 581 40 0*277 570 35 0*279 560 35 0
08940 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.
These track changes are shown to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of
992 mb at 09Z on the 24th suggests at least 61 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen in best track because of lack of
hurricane winds reported and very large size of system (implying a weaker
pressure gradient for a given central pressure). Peripheral pressure of
997 mb on the 24th suggests at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized.
********************************************************************************
1886 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) July 6-7, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 7, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 1-14, 1886: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
*******************************************************************************
08941 05/15/1887 M= 6 1 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08941 05/15*293 638 35 0*298 642 35 0*303 647 40 0*308 652 40 0
08941 05/16*313 655 45 0*318 657 50 0*323 660 55 0*327 663 60 0
08941 05/17*332 665 60 0*337 667 60 0*343 667 60 0*349 667 55 0
08941 05/18*354 667 50 0*359 667 45 0E365 667 40 0E377 667 40 0
08941 05/19E395 664 40 0E411 658 35 0E423 650 35 0E440 635 35 0
08941 05/20E470 605 35 0E510 555 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
08941 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb at 16Z on the 16th
supports at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt utilized in best track.
********************************************************************************
08945 05/17/1887 M= 5 1 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
08945 05/17/1887 M= 5 2 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
08950 05/17*184 786 35 0*187 787 35 0*192 788 40 0*196 789 40 0
08950 05/17*156 769 35 0*160 772 35 0*165 775 40 0*171 779 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08955 05/18*201 789 45 0*205 790 45 0*210 790 50 0*215 791 50 0
08955 05/18*177 783 45 0*183 786 45 0*189 787 50 0*195 787 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08960 05/19*221 791 50 0*227 791 40 0*233 790 35 0*238 782 35 0
08960 05/19*203 784 50 0*213 780 40 0*220 775 35 0*226 770 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
08965 05/20*237 771 40 0*238 759 45 0*240 748 45 0*245 738 50 0
08965 05/20*232 765 40 0*236 758 45 0*240 748 45 0*245 738 50 0
*** *** *** ***
08970 05/21*252 728 50 0*261 718 50 0*271 708 45 0*282 703 35 0
08975 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of
1002 mb at 20Z on the 18th suggests at least 43 kt - 50 kt used in best
track.
********************************************************************************
08976 06/11/1887 M= 4 3 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
08976 06/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 840 30 0*212 847 30 0
08976 06/12*219 853 30 0*227 859 35 0*235 865 35 0*243 869 35 0
08976 06/13*251 873 35 0*260 877 35 0*270 880 35 0*280 883 35 0
08976 06/14*290 885 35 0*300 887 35 0*310 888 30 0*320 888 30 0
08976 TS
Moderate changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm. Storm is also carried for an additional day to account for
reasonable decay to tropical depression over land.
********************************************************************************
08980 07/20/1887 M= 9 2 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
08980 07/20/1887 M= 9 4 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* *** *
08985 07/20* 0 0 0 0*120 582 35 0*121 594 45 0*125 621 55 0
08985 07/20*120 576 60 0*121 592 60 0*123 610 60 0*125 624 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
08990 07/21*127 636 60 0*129 649 70 0*132 663 75 0*134 676 75 0
08995 07/22*137 689 80 0*140 702 80 0*142 714 85 0*144 726 85 0
09000 07/23*146 738 85 0*147 750 85 0*150 765 85 0*151 774 85 0
09005 07/24*153 788 85 0*156 803 85 0*161 817 85 0*169 840 85 0
09010 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*203 869 85 0*215 872 85 0
09010 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*202 869 85 0*215 872 75 0
*** **
09015 07/26*227 873 85 0*239 875 85 0*251 876 85 0*263 877 85 0
09015 07/26*227 873 75 0*239 875 75 0*251 876 75 0*263 877 75 0
** ** ** **
09020 07/27*275 876 85 0*287 872 85 0*299 868 85 0*309 863 80 0
09020 07/27*275 876 75 0*287 872 75 0*299 868 75 0*309 863 65 0
** ** ** **
09025 07/28*317 858 70 0*323 854 60 0*328 850 50 0*336 844 35 0
09025 07/28*317 858 50 0*323 854 40 0*328 850 35 0*336 844 30 0
** ** ** **
09030 HR
09030 HRAFL1
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 2. Storm intensity increased on the 20th based upon destruction
in Barbados. The hurricane is listed in Perez (2000) as a Category 1
hurricane for its impacts in Cuba, which is consistent with a Category 2
hurricane passing offshore of the island. Storm intensity decreased after
striking the Yucatan of Mexico. No evidence for the storm to be considered
stronger than a Category 1 hurricane in Northwest Florida, but it could be
that it struck an unpopulated stretch and that it was more intense than
listed here. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over Florida, Alabama and Georgia.
1887/04 - 2006 REVISION:
09390 07/20/1887 M= 9 4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
09395 07/20*120 576 60 0*121 592 60 0*123 610 60 0*125 624 60 0*
09400 07/21*127 636 60 0*129 649 70 0*132 663 75 0*134 676 75 0*
09405 07/22*137 689 80 0*140 702 80 0*142 714 85 0*144 726 85 0*
09410 07/23*146 738 85 0*147 750 85 0*150 765 85 0*151 774 85 0*
09415 07/24*153 788 85 0*156 803 85 0*161 817 85 0*169 840 85 0*
09420 07/25*179 855 85 0*189 862 85 0*202 869 85 0*215 872 75 0*
09425 07/26*227 873 75 0*239 875 75 0*251 876 75 0*263 877 75 0*
09430 07/27*275 876 75 0*287 872 75 0*299 868 75 0*309 863 65 0*
09435 07/28*317 858 50 0*323 854 40 0*328 850 35 0*336 844 30 0*
09440 HRAFL1
09440 HRAFL1IAL1
****
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as to causing
inland hurricane conditions in Alabama based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
09250 07/30/1887 M=10 3 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09250 07/30/1887 M=10 5 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
09255 07/30* 0 0 0 0* 99 501 35 0*100 511 35 0*103 522 35 0
09260 07/31*105 532 35 0*108 542 40 0*110 550 40 0*112 557 40 0
09265 08/01*113 562 40 0*115 567 40 0*117 574 40 0*121 584 45 0
09270 08/02*125 595 45 0*129 606 45 0*133 615 45 0*136 623 50 0
09275 08/03*140 632 50 0*143 640 50 0*146 648 50 0*149 656 50 0
09280 08/04*152 664 50 0*155 672 50 0*158 680 50 0*161 688 50 0
09285 08/05*164 695 50 0*167 702 45 0*170 710 45 0*174 720 45 0
09290 08/06*178 732 45 0*184 745 40 0*190 760 40 0*195 771 40 0
09295 08/07*200 785 35 0*206 799 35 0*210 810 35 0*213 827 35 0
09300 08/08*214 840 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09305 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.
********************************************************************************
09095 08/15/1887 M= 8 4 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09095 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** * *** * *
(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
09098 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 590 35 0*180 600 35 0
09100 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*227 623 35 0*230 635 40 0
09100 08/15*190 610 35 0*200 622 35 0*210 634 35 0*218 646 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
09105 08/16*233 647 40 0*236 658 45 0*238 670 50 0*240 681 50 0
09105 08/16*224 658 40 0*229 669 45 0*234 680 50 0*238 691 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09110 08/17*242 693 55 0*244 704 60 0*246 714 65 0*249 724 70 0
09110 08/17*242 702 55 0*246 713 60 0*250 725 65 0*255 738 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09115 08/18*252 733 75 0*255 741 80 0*258 750 85 0*261 759 90 0
09115 08/18*260 749 75 0*265 758 80 0*270 767 85 0*276 775 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09120 08/19*264 767 90 0*268 775 95 0*272 783 100 0*274 787 100 0
09120 08/19*281 782 90 0*286 788 95 0*295 790 100 0*309 788 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09125 08/20*276 790 100 0*278 792 105 0*280 794 105 0*292 796 105 0
09125 08/20*324 780 100 0*336 767 105 0*350 750 105 0*367 731 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09130 08/21*305 791 100 0*322 780 95 0*339 761 90 0*361 738 80 0
09130 08/21*382 709 100 0*398 684 95 0*410 660 90 0*420 620 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09135 08/22*387 701 60 0*404 669 50 0*418 635 40 0*429 590 35 0
09135 08/22*428 577 75 0*434 536 70 0E440 495 70 0E449 456 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
(23rd not in HURDAT previously.)
09137 08/23E460 420 70 0E476 386 70 0E490 350 70 972E506 300 70 0
09140 HR
09140 HR NC1
***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressures of
967 mb (07Z 20th) suggest winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 105 kt retained as HURDAT winds. Central pressure
of 972 mb (18Z 23rd) suggest winds from the northern wind-pressure
relationship of 80 kt, respectively - 70 kt chosen for best track since
hurricane had transitioned to extratropical storm stage.
Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts,
17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and moderate adjustments
to existing positions. All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date,
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, August 16, 1887
Meteorological Register
10 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 83 Cloudy Clear E mod E light
11 Aug 29.77 29.78 83 83 Cloudy Cloudy E mod E mod
12 Aug 29.78 29.78 84 83 Clear Clear E mod E mod
13 Aug 29.79 29.79 85 82 Clear Clear E mod E light
14 Aug 29.78 29.70 84 84 Cloudy Cloudy ENE mod N fresh
15 Aug 29.70 29.72 81 82 Overcast Cloudy SW fresh SW fresh
16 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 82 Hazy Clear E light E light
General Remarks
10th - Fine bright day and clear moonlight night.
11th - 10 a.m. passing rain squalls, balance of day cloudy to fair, and
fine night. Last Quarter.
12th - Weather very fine and warm, and bright starry night.
13th - 120 p.m. A shower. Fine bright day and night.
14th - The weather today is very suspicious. During the night it blew in
gusts with light drizzly rain, and the wind went round to the NE. At
2 p.m. it began to get squally and gusty accompanied with short showers
of rain. The barometer became depressed,and went down one tenth. The
wind then began to blow from the N. At 6 o'clock it became quite clear
that a cyclone was passing to the North of this island. The wind later
veered very rapidly from N to NNW, then NW, with lightning in that
region and some distant thunder. Later in the night the wind hauled to
the Westward and finally settled at SW blowing fresh all the next day.
It is evident from the rapid changes of the wind that the stormfield
was not very extensive.
15th - Blowing fresh from the SW and cloudy. Towards afternoon and evening
it became clearer. Night clear and starry.
16th - Clear and pleasant day, night clear and starry.
Based upon these observations, it is analyzed that the system had a closed
circulation (i.e. westerly wind component) and was nearly due north of
the island around 09Z on the 15th. The track is extended back to 12Z on
the 14th, with a track substantially closer to St. Kitts than analyzed
before (but still outside any gale force wind region). However, little
can be deduced for intensity. Thus, continuing the system with minimal
(35 kt) tropical storm strength appears prudent.
1887/06 - 2006 REVISION:
09505 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
09505 08/14/1887 M=10 6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1
*
09510 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 590 35 0*180 600 35 0*
09515 08/15*190 610 35 0*200 622 35 0*210 634 35 0*218 646 40 0*
09520 08/16*224 658 40 0*229 669 45 0*234 680 50 0*238 691 50 0*
09525 08/17*242 702 55 0*246 713 60 0*250 725 65 0*255 738 70 0*
09530 08/18*260 749 75 0*265 758 80 0*270 767 85 0*276 775 90 0*
09535 08/19*281 782 90 0*286 788 95 0*295 790 100 0*309 788 100 0*
09540 08/20*324 780 100 0*336 767 105 0*350 750 105 0*367 731 105 0*
09545 08/21*382 709 100 0*398 684 95 0*410 660 90 0*420 620 80 0*
09550 08/22*428 577 75 0*434 536 70 0E440 495 70 0E449 456 75 0*
09555 08/23E460 420 70 0E476 386 70 0E490 350 70 972E506 300 70 0*
09560 HR NC1
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
09145 08/18/1887 M=10 5 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09145 08/18/1887 M=10 7 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
09150 08/18* 0 0 0 0*169 574 35 0*172 584 50 0*177 593 65 0
09150 08/18* 0 0 0 0*180 600 35 0*188 610 35 0*196 620 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
09155 08/19*182 602 85 0*189 611 90 0*195 620 95 0*203 630 100 0
09155 08/19*204 632 40 0*212 645 45 0*220 660 50 0*228 675 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
09160 08/20*212 639 105 0*220 648 105 0*227 657 105 0*239 680 105 0
09160 08/20*236 690 55 0*243 705 55 0*250 720 60 0*255 733 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09165 08/21*250 710 105 0*260 737 105 0*267 753 105 0*271 761 105 0
09165 08/21*259 744 65 0*261 753 75 0*263 760 85 0*264 766 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09170 08/22*273 765 105 0*275 769 105 0*279 772 105 0*284 776 105 0
09170 08/22*265 772 105 0*266 778 110 0*270 783 110 0*278 786 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09175 08/23*289 780 105 0*294 782 105 0*300 783 105 0*306 782 105 0
09175 08/23*286 787 110 0*293 786 110 0*300 785 110 0*307 784 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09180 08/24*311 778 105 0*318 771 105 0*326 760 105 0*336 747 105 0
09180 08/24*314 782 110 0*318 780 110 0*323 777 110 0*333 767 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09185 08/25*347 731 105 0*359 714 105 0*370 695 105 0*380 675 105 0
09185 08/25*342 756 110 0*350 744 110 0*357 733 110 0*367 713 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09190 08/26*389 654 100 0*399 632 95 0*410 610 85 0*426 582 75 0
09190 08/26*379 691 105 0*390 663 105 0*400 640 100 0*420 603 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09195 08/27*447 558 70 0*467 535 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09195 08/27*443 560 95 0*463 514 85 0E485 460 75 0E507 397 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09200 HR
Only one major change (detailed below) from Partagas and Diaz (1996a),
who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Intensities reduced from
the 18th to the 21st, since available observations indicate that the
system remained a tropical storm until the 21st and moderate (Category 1
and 2) hurricane status until the 22nd. Winds boosted on the 26th and 27th
based upon ship reports. Peripheral pressure of 994 mb (09Z on the 21st)
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 75 kt chosen in best track (lowered from 105 kt).
Peripheral pressure of 955 mb (14Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least
99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for
best track. Peripheral pressures of 952 mb (12Z on the 26th) and 955 mb
(17Z on the 26th) suggest winds of at least 96 kt and 93 kt, respectively,
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best
track. Peripheral pressure of 963 mb (00Z on the 27th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track.
Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for repositioning of the storm on the
18th to the 20th. All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date,
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, 23 August 1887
Meteorological Register
17 Aug 29.80 29.80 84 83 Clear Clear ENE light NE mod
18 Aug 29.75 29.72 86 85 Clear Clear NE light SW mod
19 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 85 Clear Clear S light S mod
20 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 82 Clear Cloudy E light ENE mod
General Remarks
17th - Bright and sunny day, and clear starry night.
18th - Today has been exceedingly hot and sultry, night bright starlight.
19th - The weather today has been very fine, and warm, sea moderately
smooth. Night overcast. At 8 p.m. a sudden flash of lightning
followed by a low roll of distant thunder. New moon.
20th - Weather bright with sunshine throughout the day. Afternoon sky
lightly overcast. Night clear and starry.
These observations suggest a closest approach to St. Kitts around 18Z
on the 18th (lowest pressure and wind shift to SW) as a relatively weak
system. Southerly winds on the 19th clearly indicate that the system
has moved to the west of the island. Large adjustment to track
proposed by Partagas is not too surprising given the lack of data
that Partagas could locate for the 18th through the 20th.
********************************************************************************
09205 09/01/1887 M= 6 6 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09205 09/01/1887 M= 6 8 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
09210 09/01*279 533 35 0*288 539 40 0*297 545 45 0*306 554 50 0
09210 09/01*281 537 35 0*286 544 40 0*290 550 45 0*296 559 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09215 09/02*314 560 55 0*325 567 65 0*334 571 75 0*357 572 80 0
09215 09/02*304 570 55 0*311 578 65 0*320 585 75 0*342 587 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09220 09/03*380 567 85 0*403 553 85 0*428 518 85 0*447 475 85 0
09220 09/03*367 578 85 0*388 564 90 0*410 540 90 0*437 497 90 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09225 09/04*465 430 85 0*482 392 75 0*500 350 65 0*519 320 60 0
09225 09/04*464 445 90 963*492 397 90 0E520 350 80 0E530 324 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
09230 09/05*533 296 55 0*549 269 50 0*557 230 50 0*553 181 50 0
09230 09/05E540 297 60 0E549 269 60 0E557 230 60 0E553 181 60 0
**** *** ** * ** * ** * **
09235 09/06*552 146 50 0*554 110 50 0*559 72 50 0* 0 0 0 0
09235 09/06E552 146 55 0E554 110 50 0E559 72 50 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
09240 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 6. Intensities increased from the 3rd to the 6th based upon
ship reports. A possible central pressure of 963 mb (22Z on the 3rd)
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure measurement of 985 mb
(17Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.
********************************************************************************
09245 09/11/1887 M=12 7 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
09245 09/11/1887 M=12 9 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* *** *
09250 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 570 35 0*134 582 50 0
09250 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 570 35 0*134 582 40 0
**
09255 09/12*134 593 70 0*135 604 75 0*136 614 80 0*137 623 80 0
09255 09/12*134 593 45 0*135 604 50 0*136 614 55 0*137 623 60 0
** ** ** **
09260 09/13*138 631 80 0*139 639 85 0*140 648 85 0*141 662 85 0
09260 09/13*138 631 65 0*139 639 70 0*140 648 75 0*141 662 80 0
** ** ** **
09265 09/14*142 678 85 0*144 695 85 0*145 710 85 0*147 723 85 0
09270 09/15*150 735 85 0*153 747 85 0*157 760 85 0*162 778 85 0
09275 09/16*167 796 85 0*173 815 85 0*180 830 85 0*187 841 85 0
09280 09/17*195 851 85 0*203 859 85 0*210 866 85 0*214 872 85 0
09280 09/17*195 851 85 0*203 859 85 0*210 866 85 0*214 872 75 0
**
09285 09/18*219 877 85 0*223 883 85 0*230 890 85 0*231 893 85 0
09285 09/18*219 877 80 0*223 883 85 0*227 888 85 0*231 893 85 0
** *** ***
09290 09/19*235 898 85 0*239 903 85 0*245 910 85 0*250 917 85 0
09295 09/20*254 923 85 0*258 931 85 0*260 940 85 0*260 945 85 0
09295 09/20*254 923 85 0*258 931 85 0*260 940 85 0*261 948 85 0
*** ***
09300 09/21*260 949 85 0*260 954 85 0*260 959 85 0*260 964 85 0
09300 09/21*261 956 85 0*261 962 85 0*261 968 85 0*261 973 80 973
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ***
09305 09/22*259 972 80 0*257 980 75 0*255 989 65 0*252 997 35 0
09305 09/22*260 979 60 0*258 984 45 0*255 989 35 0*250 996 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
09310 HR
09310 HRATX2
******
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 7. Intensities reduced from the 11th to the 13th since hurricane
conditions were not noted in the Windward Islands. A central pressure
(16Z on the 21st) of 973 mb suggests winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track at
landfall. (Winds at 18Z on the 21st are slightly weaker.) Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Texas and Mexico.
********************************************************************************
09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 8 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 10 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
09320 09/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 537 35 0
09325 09/15*243 541 40 0*262 547 40 0*281 550 45 0*299 552 50 0
09325 09/15*243 541 40 0*262 547 40 0*281 550 45 0*295 553 50 0
*** ***
09330 09/16*318 553 60 0*336 552 65 0*355 549 70 0*374 545 75 0
09330 09/16*308 555 55 0*325 556 60 0*340 553 65 0*354 551 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09335 09/17*393 539 80 0*413 530 85 0*432 520 85 0*450 507 85 0
09335 09/17*374 547 70 0*393 541 70 0*410 535 70 0*428 527 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09340 09/18*467 489 80 0*483 470 75 0*500 450 65 0*516 429 55 0
09340 09/18*457 514 70 983*480 498 65 0E505 480 60 0E531 445 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** ***
09345 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 8. Intensities reduced from the 16th to the 18th since ship
observations only support category one conditions. A possible central
pressure of 983 mb (02Z on the 18th) suggests 70 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track.
********************************************************************************
09350 10/06/1887 M= 3 9 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09350 10/06/1887 M= 4 11 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
09355 10/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*197 847 35 0*197 860 45 0
09360 10/07*197 873 50 0*197 886 45 0*198 899 40 0*198 912 40 0
09365 10/08*198 925 45 0*199 937 50 0*200 950 50 0*201 978 35 0
09365 10/08*198 925 45 0*199 937 50 0*200 950 50 0*201 963 50 0
*** **
(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
09367 10/09*202 976 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09370 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Translational
speed too high at end of track. Adjustments made to correct this required the
addition of an extra six hourly position.
********************************************************************************
09375 10/09/1887 M= 3 10 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09375 10/08/1887 M= 2 12 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* * ** ***
(8th not in HURDAT previously.)
09377 10/08* 0 0 0 0*210 741 55 0*217 743 60 0*227 745 60 0
09380 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*190 805 35 0*202 812 45 0
09380 10/09*237 748 55 0*246 749 50 0*255 750 45 0*269 751 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09385 10/10*213 822 50 0*221 834 50 0*228 850 45 0*233 861 50 0
09390 10/11*236 871 50 0*238 882 50 0*238 892 45 0*237 904 35 0
(10th and 11th removed from HURDAT.)
09395 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral
pressure reading of 994 mb (10Z on the 8th) suggests winds of at least
58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best
track. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the
genesis (and possibly the decay) were not documented.
********************************************************************************
09400 10/09/1887 M=11 11 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
09400 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** *** *
09405 10/09* 0 0 0 0*191 597 35 0*192 610 45 0*193 624 55 0
09405 10/09* 0 0 0 0*191 597 35 0*192 610 40 0*193 624 45 0
** **
09410 10/10*193 638 65 0*194 652 75 0*194 666 80 0*194 680 85 0
09410 10/10*193 638 50 0*194 652 55 0*194 666 60 0*194 680 60 0
** ** ** **
09415 10/11*194 693 85 0*194 707 75 0*195 720 65 0*196 735 60 0
09415 10/11*194 697 60 0*194 711 50 0*195 727 45 0*195 743 55 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
09420 10/12*198 750 60 0*201 765 60 0*204 777 65 0*206 785 70 0
09420 10/12*196 760 65 0*197 774 70 0*200 787 75 0*203 798 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09425 10/13*208 792 75 0*210 798 80 0*212 804 80 0*214 811 85 0
09425 10/13*207 809 75 0*211 819 75 0*215 827 75 0*217 834 75 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09430 10/14*216 819 85 0*218 826 85 0*220 833 85 0*222 840 85 0
09430 10/14*220 841 70 0*222 847 65 0*225 853 65 0*226 859 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09435 10/15*224 847 85 0*226 854 75 0*228 861 70 0*231 868 70 0
09435 10/15*229 865 75 0*231 870 75 0*233 875 75 0*235 878 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
09440 10/16*234 875 70 0*238 882 75 0*241 888 80 0*243 893 80 0
09440 10/16*237 882 75 0*239 885 75 0*241 888 75 0*243 893 75 0
*** ** *** *** ** **
09445 10/17*245 896 85 0*248 899 85 0*251 902 85 0*256 905 85 0
09445 10/17*245 896 75 0*248 899 75 0*251 902 75 0*256 905 75 0
** ** ** **
09450 10/18*263 909 85 0*271 912 85 0*277 913 85 0*283 911 85 0
09450 10/18*263 909 75 0*271 912 75 0*277 913 75 0*283 911 75 0
** ** ** **
09455 10/19*288 907 85 0*294 900 85 0*299 896 65 0*309 880 35 0
09455 10/19*289 907 75 0*295 900 65 0*302 891 55 0*309 880 45 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** **
(20th and 21st not in HURDAT previously.)
09457 10/20*315 861 35 0*322 841 30 0*330 825 30 0*344 799 30 0
09458 10/21E357 771 35 0E376 740 40 0E395 720 45 0E420 690 45 0
09459 10/22E466 652 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09460 HR
09460 HR LA1
**
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 11.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure
reading of 989 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track. A
peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (on the 19th) suggests winds of at
least 64 kt from the Gulf wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best
track. Hurricane status east of and at landfall into Hispanola is reduced
to tropical storm status since there is no evidence for this intensity.
The hurricane is reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) in the original
HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico
as available observation data suggests minimal hurricane status. This is
consistent with analysis by Perez (2000) indicating landfall as Category 1
hurricane over Cuba. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 12 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 14 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
09470 10/10* 0 0 0 0*282 390 35 0*290 400 45 0*299 405 55 0
09470 10/10* 0 0 0 0*282 390 35 0*290 400 45 0*301 402 55 0
*** ***
09475 10/11*309 410 65 0*321 414 75 0*334 417 80 0*348 416 85 0
09475 10/11*313 402 65 0*325 401 75 0*337 400 75 0*352 399 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
09480 10/12*364 412 85 0*381 407 85 0*400 395 75 0*412 381 35 0
09480 10/12*368 398 75 0*384 397 75 0E400 395 60 0E412 381 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** * ** *
09485 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 12. A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (22Z on the 11th)
suggests at least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
75 kt used in best track. Peak winds reduced from the standard Category 2
(85 kt) in the original HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) on the 11th and
12th, since evidence suggests only a minimal hurricane occurred.
********************************************************************************
09490 10/16/1887 M= 4 13 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09490 10/15/1887 M= 5 15 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ** ***
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
09492 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 480 70 0*146 490 75 0
09495 10/16* 0 0 0 0*161 512 35 0*170 520 35 0*184 530 40 0
09495 10/16*153 500 80 0*161 510 85 0*170 520 90 0*184 530 90 0
*** *** ** *** ** ** **
09500 10/17*197 538 45 0*209 544 45 0*220 550 50 0*229 554 50 0
09500 10/17*197 538 90 0*209 544 90 0*220 550 85 0*229 554 80 0
** ** ** **
09505 10/18*237 556 50 0*244 557 50 0*253 557 50 0*264 553 50 0
09505 10/18*237 556 70 0*244 557 60 0*253 557 55 0*264 553 50 0
** ** **
09510 10/19*276 547 45 0*290 537 40 0*304 525 35 0*317 513 25 0
09515 TS
09515 HR
**
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 13.
Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and an
increase in intensity:
"Tuesday, 25 October 1887 - Royal Mail Steam Moselle arrived at
Barbados on October 18th and a couple of days before making port
encountered a hurricane: Wind began at noon of 15th from ENE. At 6pm
strong breeze. 8pm moderate gale, barometer steady. 10 pm fresh gale,
barometer falling. Midnight, strong gale. barometer falling, wind NE.
3 a.m. wind had increased to a hurricane, barometer 29[.00], wind NNE.
Between 3 am and 530am lost seven Boats, all Sheep Pens, and Fowl
Coops, with all Live Stock overboard and damaged one boat, leaving
only two small ones serviceable. Blew away Foretopsail and Foresail,
and Awning, and considerable damage was sustained around decks. At
5:30 a.m. wind NNE, barometer 28.80 blowing a fierce hurricane, with
furious squalls, wind North, backing West. 6 a.m. wind WSW with
mountainous seas. 7 a.m. Ship hove to on port tack, wind and sea
decreasing."
These observations clearly indicate hurricane intensity was achieved
by this storm. The 975 mb peripheral pressure (around 1030 UTC on
the 6th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. Winds adjusted for
the 15th to the 18th, accordingly. Complete life cycle for this
hurricane is not known due to lack of knowledge of its genesis.
********************************************************************************
09520 10/29/1887 M= 4 14 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
09520 10/29/1887 M= 9 16 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ** ***
09525 10/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*251 849 35 0*268 823 40 0
09525 10/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*265 860 35 0*272 845 40 0
*** *** *** ***
09530 10/30*284 798 35 0*298 783 35 0*310 772 40 0*321 765 40 0
09530 10/30*280 830 40 0*289 815 35 0*300 800 40 0*313 787 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
09535 10/31*330 759 40 0*339 752 40 0*346 745 40 0*353 738 40 0
09535 10/31*327 774 50 0*339 761 55 0*348 748 60 0*354 734 60 993
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
09540 11/01*359 731 40 0*364 723 40 0*368 716 35 0*373 708 35 0
09540 11/01E360 720 65 0E365 703 70 0E370 690 70 0E378 678 70 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
(2nd to 6th not in HURDAT previously.)
09541 11/02E385 666 65 0E392 654 65 0E400 640 60 0E406 617 60 0
09542 11/03E411 580 60 0E415 548 60 0E420 520 60 0E440 478 60 0
09543 11/04E474 442 60 0E511 402 60 0E530 360 60 0E536 320 60 0
09544 11/05E536 277 60 0E534 231 60 990E530 190 60 0E524 154 60 0
09545 11/06E518 114 55 0E508 73 50 0E500 40 45 0E483 4 40 0
09545 TS
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max States
Winds Affected
16-10/29/1887$ 1800Z 26.8 82.3 40 FL
16-10/30/1887$ 0100Z 28.1 82.8 40 FL
** **** **** ****
Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who otherwise made
large reasonable track alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 14. A possible central pressure reading of 993 mb
(17Z on the 3lst) suggests winds of 59 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt used in best track. A central pressure of 990 mb (08Z on
the 5th) suggests winds of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
60 kt used in best track since storm had transformed to extratropical.
Windspeeds increased from the 30th to the 1st to account for ship and coastal
observations (from Hudgins 2000, Roth and Cobb 2001).
The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base
Fort Meade east of Tampa:
Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain
Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z
10/28/1887 E E 0 29.90 29.88 29.90 0.83"
10/29/1887 S S SW 29.82 29.78 29.78 0.16"
10/30/1887 NW NW NW 29.70 29.65 29.65
10/31/1887 NW NW NW 29.75 29.74 29.74
These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the SW and NW wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 30th. The track is shifted to go just north of the Fort based upon
these west winds. The minimum surface pressure value corresponds to a
sea level pressure of 1007 mb, which is supportive of just minimal tropical
storm conditions while crossing Florida already in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 15 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 17 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
09555 11/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*221 670 35 0*231 686 40 0
09560 11/28*238 700 40 0*242 712 45 0*245 724 50 0*247 735 55 0
09560 11/28*238 700 40 0*242 712 45 0*245 724 50 0*245 728 55 0
*** ***
09565 11/29*246 748 60 0*236 752 70 0*230 747 75 0*232 730 80 0
09565 11/29*244 732 60 0*241 734 65 0*237 735 70 0*233 732 70 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09570 11/30*239 712 80 0*248 699 85 0*256 685 85 0*260 676 85 0
09570 11/30*234 726 70 0*237 718 70 0*240 713 70 0*245 704 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09575 12/01*264 667 85 0*268 659 85 0*272 653 85 0*275 648 80 0
09575 12/01*251 694 60 0*256 686 60 0*263 673 60 0*268 664 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09580 12/02*278 644 80 0*280 640 75 0*283 635 70 0*287 629 70 0
09580 12/02*274 653 55 0*279 645 55 0*285 635 55 0*291 627 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
09585 12/03*291 623 65 0*296 617 60 0*303 610 55 0*311 601 50 0
09585 12/03*298 619 50 0*305 610 50 0*310 603 50 0*315 595 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
09590 12/04*320 588 50 0*329 575 45 0*339 565 40 0*349 555 35 0
09590 12/04*320 588 50 0*329 575 50 0*339 565 45 0*349 555 40 0
** **
09595 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 15.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Winds reduced from the
28th until the 3rd since available observational data indicate that the
system peaked as a minimal hurricane (65 kt is chosen as peak winds),
rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity in the original
HURDAT. Winds slightly increased on 4th due to a ship observation.
********************************************************************************
09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 16 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 18 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
09605 12/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*192 541 35 0*207 574 40 0
09605 12/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*192 541 35 0*207 574 35 0
**
09610 12/05*221 600 40 0*235 619 50 0*248 628 50 0*261 632 55 0
09610 12/05*221 600 40 0*235 619 40 0*248 628 45 0*261 632 45 0
** ** **
09615 12/06*276 630 65 0*286 620 65 0*298 609 65 0*312 589 70 0
09615 12/06*276 630 50 0*286 620 50 0*298 609 55 0*312 589 60 0
** ** ** **
09620 12/07*326 571 75 0*340 556 75 0*353 543 80 0*361 518 80 0
09620 12/07*326 571 65 0*340 556 70 0*353 543 70 0*361 518 70 0
** ** ** **
09625 12/08*364 491 85 0*367 464 85 0*371 439 85 0*377 417 85 0
09625 12/08*364 491 70 0*367 464 70 0*371 439 70 0*377 417 65 0
** ** ** **
09630 12/09*384 396 85 0*392 377 85 0*400 360 80 0*409 346 75 0
09630 12/09E384 396 60 0E392 377 60 0E400 360 60 0E409 346 55 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
09635 12/10*419 334 70 0*430 325 60 0*442 318 50 0*454 313 35 0
09635 12/10E419 334 50 0E430 325 45 0E442 318 40 0E454 313 35 0
* ** * ** * ** *
09640 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 16. All gale
force or greater observations obtained for this system were the following:
50 kt from the southeast veering to the northwest around 02 UTC on the 7th
(Bark "Leocadia"), 70 kt around 17 UTC on the 7th (Steamship "Kate Fawcett"),
40 kt from the south-southwest veering to the west-northwest on the 8th
(Steamship "Orsino"), and 60 kt from the south veering to the northwest around
17 UTC on the 9th (Steamship "Westergate"). Winds are thus reduced for the
whole lifecycle of the storm since best available observations indicate that
the system likely peaked on the 7th and 8th as a minimal hurricane (70 kt
chosen as peak winds), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity
originally suggested in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 17 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 19 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
09905 12/07* 0 0 0 0*125 585 35 0*127 596 35 0*129 606 40 0
09910 12/08*131 616 40 0*132 626 40 0*133 636 45 0*133 646 45 0
09915 12/09*133 657 45 0*132 668 50 0*130 680 50 0*128 695 50 0
09920 12/10*126 713 50 0*123 732 50 0*121 750 50 0*118 766 50 0
09925 12/11*115 782 50 0*113 796 50 0*110 810 50 0*109 815 45 0
09930 12/12*108 820 45 0*107 825 40 0*106 831 35 0*105 836 25 0
09935 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 17.
********************************************************************************
1887 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) June 10-15, 1887: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
2) September 1-5, 1887: At least one (possible two) gale force wind reports,
but unclear if system was closed circulation.
3) October 22-23, 1887: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) Observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher
Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W)
suggest the occurrence of (at least) a tropical depression that passed
south and then west of St. Kitts. However, without additional
information documenting tropical storm strength for this system, it will
not be added into HURDAT.
All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches
mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind (The altitude of the
observations were at approximately 30 m. Thus the surface pressures provided
below must be corrected by 0.1" to convert to sea level pressure values.)
Tuesday, September 27, 1887
Meteorological Register
20 Sep 29.80 29.78 78 81 Cloudy Overcast NE light E mod
21 Sep 29.80 29.75 83 84 Cloudy Cloudy E light S light
22 Sep 29.78 29.70 82 82 Cloudy Overcast S mod SW mod
23 Sep 29.80 29.80 85 84 Cloudy Hazy SSW light SW light
24 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 85 Clear Clear SW light SW light
25 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 86 Clear Clear SW light SW light
26 Sep 29.80 29.77 85 84 Clear Clear S light SE light
General Remarks
20th - Weather densely overcast with heavy showers of rain all day.
Night cloudy with passing showers.
21st - Commences with a cloudy sky and calm sultry atmosphere.
Mid-day intermittent sunshine. 5 p.m. raining. Night showery with
sheet lightning.
22nd - Commences with squalls of wind and rain. At 1 a.m. the wind
became boisterous, and the squalls reached the force of a moderate
gale, with frequent heavy showers. Barometer at 29.68. Noon very
squally in South, thick and raining. Night cloudy and squally.
23rd - (No account.)
24th - After the squally weather of the day before yesterday, the sky
cleared, the wind still from the southwest but light. Fine sunny
day. Night clear and dull. Plenty of sheet lightning.
25th - Bright and sunny day, clear and starry night.
26th - Warm and sunny day. 5 p.m. overcast and raining - clear
starlight night.
5) Another possible new system has been identified by Mr. Michael Chenoweth
to have struck southern Belize in October 1887. Below are some excerpts
from the _Colonial Guardian_ newspaper of Belize:
"The storm which swept last week [October 15-16, 1887] over the town,
has caused great havock in the country, blowing down trees, strewing the
truck-paths with them and rendering travelling impossible. We have been
credibly informed that many of the banana plantations of the Southern
District have been levelled with the ground; so that for three months
these plantations will produce little or nothing."
In the same day's issue, they identify the "City of Dallas" as sailing
from New Orleans and being a day late in arriving in Belize (with the new
Colonial Secretary) "due to a severe storm shortly after leaving", but the
exact date is not given. It arrived in Belize Wednesday afternoon,
October 19.
The difficulty in ascribing this destruction to a new tropical cyclone
is that storm 13 was occurring just 300-400 nmi to the north while
passing between Cuba and the Yucatan of Mexico. While it is not impossible
for two tropical systems to be that physically close to one another, it
is an unlikely event. It is also a possibility that the destruction
described here is due to storm 13, which may need a large alteration in
its track. At this point, it is recommended that this system be retained
as a possible new system (or storm 13 in need of revision of track) until
more information can be obtained to clarify the situation.
********************************************************************************
09685 06/16/1888 M= 3 1 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
09685 06/16/1888 M= 3 1 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
09690 06/16*275 932 35 0*277 937 55 0*280 943 70 0*282 948 85 0
09690 06/16*275 932 35 0*277 937 45 0*280 943 55 0*282 948 65 0
** ** **
09695 06/17*284 953 85 0*287 957 80 0*290 960 70 0*294 963 65 0
09695 06/17*284 953 70 0*287 957 70 0*290 960 50 0*294 963 40 0
** ** ** **
09700 06/18*299 965 55 0*304 967 50 0*310 968 45 0*313 966 35 0
09700 06/18*299 965 35 0*304 967 30 0*310 968 30 0*313 966 25 0
** ** ** **
09705 HR
09705 HRBTX1
****
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced moderately for the whole
lifecycle of the storm as available observation evidence suggests that this
system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane status, rather than the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) utilized in the original HURDAT. Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) used for inland winds over Texas.
********************************************************************************
09710 07/04/1888 M= 3 2 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
09710 07/04/1888 M= 3 2 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
09715 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*260 944 35 0*264 948 40 0
09720 07/05*270 951 50 0*276 953 50 0*283 955 50 0*291 956 45 0
09725 07/06*300 956 40 0*309 955 35 0*320 954 35 0* 0 0 0 0
09725 07/06*300 956 40 0*309 955 35 0*320 954 30 0* 0 0 0 0
**
09730 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.
********************************************************************************
09735 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
09735 08/14/1888 M=11 3 SNBR= 273 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
09740 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 713 35 0*218 724 40 0
09740 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 710 35 0*233 721 40 0
*** *** *** ***
09745 08/15*223 734 50 0*228 745 60 0*233 755 70 0*238 765 80 0
09745 08/15*238 734 50 0*241 745 60 0*243 755 70 0*246 765 80 0
*** *** *** ***
09750 08/16*243 774 90 0*248 783 95 0*253 793 95 0*257 806 90 0
09750 08/16*248 774 90 0*251 782 100 0*253 790 110 0*257 799 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
09755 08/17*262 822 85 0*266 838 90 0*269 853 90 0*271 867 95 0
09755 08/17*262 809 85 0*266 820 70 0*269 833 80 0*271 847 90 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** **
09760 08/18*271 880 95 0*272 891 95 0*273 899 95 0*276 904 95 0
09760 08/18*271 862 95 0*272 876 95 0*273 886 95 0*276 894 95 0
*** *** *** ***
09765 08/19*279 907 95 0*283 910 95 0*288 913 95 0*293 916 90 0
09765 08/19*279 900 95 0*283 904 95 0*288 906 95 0*293 908 85 0
*** *** *** *** **
09770 08/20*299 918 80 0*307 920 70 0*318 921 65 0*332 916 60 0
09770 08/20*299 909 75 0*307 910 70 0*318 910 65 0*332 908 60 0
*** ** *** *** ***
09775 08/21*348 901 55 0*365 878 50 0*380 850 45 0*393 813 45 0
09780 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0*432 681 35 0*447 653 35 0
09780 08/22*406 765 40 0*419 718 40 0E432 681 50 0E447 653 50 0
* ** * **
09785 08/23*462 628 35 0*477 605 35 0*492 590 35 0*506 571 35 0
09785 08/23E462 628 50 0E477 605 50 0E492 590 45 0E506 571 45 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
09790 08/24*518 558 35 0*530 550 35 0*540 540 35 0*552 530 35 0
09790 08/24E518 558 40 0E530 550 40 0E540 540 35 0E552 530 35 0
* ** * ** * *
09795 HR
09795 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2
********** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-8/16/1888$ 1700Z 25.6N 80.4W 100kt 3 (953mb) CFL3,BFL1
3-8/16/1888$ 1900Z 25.8N 80.1W 110kt 3 (945mb) CFL3,BFL1
**** **** **** *** ***
3-8/19/1888 2100Z 29.6N 91.7W 95kt 2 (964mb) LA2
Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A
peripheral pressure of 994 mb (around 21Z on the 20th) suggests winds of at
least 56 kt from the wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt at 18Z and 55 kt at
00Z are chosen for best track since reading was for inland station. A
peripheral pressure reading of 992 mb (around 12Z on the 22nd) suggests at
least 60 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for
best track since the storm had likely transitioned to extratropical
status. Winds increased while extratropical from the 22nd to the 24th
to account for wind and peripheral pressure data. A value of 14 foot
storm tide for Miami, Florida is reported in Barnes (1998a) - supporting
(at least) a high end Category 3 intensity at landfall.
The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base
Fort Meade east of Tampa:
Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain
Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z
8/16/1888 NE NE NE 29.85 29.80 29.52 0.68"
8/17/1888 SE SE SE 29.50 29.88 29.65 0.50"
8/18/1888 E E 0 29.88 29.90 29.90 0.13"
These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the NE and SE wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 17th. This is an impact in Florida about 6 hours later than
estimated in the Partagas and Diaz analysis. The track is adjusted
accordingly on the 16th through the 18th. The minimum surface pressure value
corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1002 mb, though the hurricane center
likely passed a substantial distance to the south of the fort.
********************************************************************************
09800 08/31/1888 M= 9 4 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
09800 08/31/1888 M= 9 4 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
09805 08/31*193 603 35 0*195 613 40 0*197 623 40 0*201 637 45 0
09805 08/31*193 603 60 0*195 613 65 0*197 623 70 0*201 637 70 0
** ** ** **
09810 09/01*205 649 50 0*208 661 55 0*210 671 60 0*211 679 60 0
09810 09/01*205 649 75 0*208 661 75 0*210 671 80 0*211 679 80 0
** ** ** **
09815 09/02*212 685 65 0*213 692 70 0*214 701 75 0*216 713 75 0
09815 09/02*212 685 85 0*213 692 85 0*214 701 90 0*216 713 90 0
** ** ** **
09820 09/03*218 724 80 0*219 736 85 0*221 748 85 0*223 759 85 0
09820 09/03*218 724 95 0*219 736 100 0*221 748 105 0*223 759 110 0
** *** *** ***
09825 09/04*224 770 85 0*226 781 85 0*227 792 85 0*227 805 75 0
09825 09/04*225 770 110 0*227 782 110 0*229 797 110 0*230 808 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
09830 09/05*226 820 70 0*223 834 70 0*221 847 70 0*219 856 70 0
09830 09/05*230 819 80 0*228 828 75 0*225 837 70 0*222 849 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
09835 09/06*216 864 70 0*214 871 70 0*211 880 70 0*208 890 70 0
09835 09/06*218 861 70 0*214 871 70 0*211 880 60 0*208 890 55 0
*** *** ** **
09840 09/07*205 900 70 0*202 911 80 0*199 923 85 0*195 933 85 0
09840 09/07*205 900 50 0*202 911 60 0*199 923 70 0*195 933 85 0
** ** **
09845 09/08*188 942 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09845 09/08*190 943 75 0*180 952 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
09850 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds increased on
31st and 1st based upon ship report of hurricane force winds. Peripheral
pressure of 980 mb (17Z on the 2nd) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.
Peripheral pressure of 972 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least
87 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in
best track. Peripheral pressure of 979 mb (14Z on the 4th) suggests
at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. The pressure
readings on the 3rd and 4th along with extreme destruction in Sagua, Cuba
leads to a best track wind estimate of 110 kt at landfall, which is
consistent with the analysis of Perez (2000) of a Category 3 hurricane
landfall in Cuba. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with
modifications suggested by Perez (2000). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico. Track
extended six hours on the 8th for reasonable (though quick) final decay of
hurricane over Mexico. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not
available as the genesis was not documented. The hurricane is known as
"El Huracan de Faquineto" for its impact in Cuba and "San Gil" for its
impact in Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
09855 09/06/1888 M= 8 5 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
09855 09/06/1888 M= 8 5 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
09860 09/06* 0 0 0 0*233 720 35 0*239 730 35 0*244 743 40 0
09860 09/06* 0 0 0 0*235 717 35 0*239 730 35 0*244 743 40 0
*** ***
09865 09/07*248 755 40 0*253 768 45 0*258 780 45 0*262 792 45 0
09870 09/08*266 803 45 0*270 814 35 0*274 824 35 0*279 829 40 0
09870 09/08*267 801 45 0*272 811 35 0*277 818 35 1002*283 824 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ***
09875 09/09*285 831 45 0*292 831 50 999*301 829 35 0*312 823 35 0
09875 09/09*286 826 45 0*292 829 50 999*301 829 45 0*312 823 40 0
*** *** *** ** **
09880 09/10*325 815 35 0*339 806 35 0*350 797 35 0*359 788 35 0
09885 09/11*367 779 35 0*376 769 35 0*385 759 35 0*395 747 35 0
09885 09/11*367 779 35 0*376 769 35 0E385 759 35 0E395 747 35 0
* *
09890 09/12*406 733 35 0*418 716 35 0*430 699 35 0*442 675 35 0
09890 09/12E406 733 35 0E418 716 35 0E430 699 35 0E442 675 35 0
* * * *
09895 09/13*458 648 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
09895 09/13E458 648 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*
09900 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). While the storm's
center does not get completely over water, this storm apparently began
to re-intensify while over land - as observed by the strong winds and
low pressure at Cedar Key. However, it is quite uncertain how intense
the storm was at landfall in Southeast Florida. Winds decreased to below
storm strength on the 11th to the 13th since observations in Partagas and
Diaz show no storm force winds north of Virginia.
Confirmation of the inland Florida portion of the track and intensity
was deduced by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered
observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa:
Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
----- Wind ------ --- Pressure --- Rain
Date 14Z 20Z 02Z 14Z 20Z 02Z
9/7/1888 NE NE NE 29.75 29.72 29.62 0.55"
9/8/1888 S SE SE 29.50 29.60 29.62 1.93"
These observations match Partagas and Diaz analysis that the storm
tracked over or very close to Fort Meade around 12Z on the 8th. The
surface pressure minimum above corresponds to a sea level pressure of
1002 mb, which is may very well be a central pressure reading.
1002 mb suggests marine winds of 45 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 35 kt retained due to over-land position.
********************************************************************************
09905 09/23/1888 M= 5 6 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
09905 09/23/1888 M= 5 6 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
09910 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 810 35 0*255 802 35 0
09915 09/24*266 797 40 0*277 791 40 0*287 786 45 0*295 782 45 0
09920 09/25*301 778 45 0*307 775 50 0*317 769 50 0*335 757 50 0
09920 09/25*301 778 45 0*307 775 50 0*317 769 55 0*335 757 60 0
** **
09925 09/26*361 739 50 0*389 719 50 0*412 702 50 0*430 689 50 0
09925 09/26*361 739 65 0*389 719 70 0*412 702 70 985*430 689 60 0
** ** ** *** **
09930 09/27*448 675 50 0*464 663 40 0*478 652 35 0* 0 0 0 0
09930 09/27E448 675 50 0E464 663 40 0E478 652 35 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
09935 TS
09935 HR
**
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 985 mb (12Z on the
26th) suggests winds of 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
70 kt chosen for best track making this a minimal hurricane. However, given
the rapid translational speed, only winds of estimated 55 kt were sustained
along the U.S. coast.
********************************************************************************
09940 10/08/1888 M= 5 7 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
09940 10/08/1888 M= 5 7 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
09945 10/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*217 934 35 0*223 926 45 0
09950 10/09*229 918 50 0*236 909 60 0*242 900 65 0*249 891 75 0
09955 10/10*256 882 80 0*263 872 85 0*271 860 85 0*281 846 85 0
09955 10/10*256 882 80 0*263 872 85 0*270 860 90 0*277 846 95 0
*** ***
09960 10/11*295 829 80 0*310 811 75 0*327 793 70 0*345 775 60 0
09960 10/11*290 833 95 970*305 813 70 0*323 795 60 0*345 775 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **
09965 10/12*364 756 50 0*384 737 45 0*406 718 40 0*419 672 35 0
09970 HR
09970 HRAFL2DFL1
********
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Landfall time from Cedar Key
measurements in Partagas and Diaz is suggested to be slightly later than
that originally in best track - thus positions altered slightly on the 10th
and 11th. A nine foot storm tide (likely also to be storm surge value
based upon tidal data - B. Jarvinen, personal communication) occurred at
Cedar Key, Florida (Partagas and Diaz 1996a). B. Jarvinen (personal
communication) utilized the SLOSH model with the observed storm surge and
an estimated track at landfall to the north-northeast to analyze the
central pressure at 970 mb and RMW of 11 nmi at landfall. A 970 mb central
pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship. Given an RMW substantially smaller than climatology for this
central pressure and latitudinal position (22 nmi from Vickery et al.
2000), winds at landfall are estimated at 95 kt - near the border of
Category 2 and 3. This assessment is substantially stronger than the
directly observed winds of 65 kt at Cedar Key. However, it is strongly
suspected that this was either an estimated wind and/or that the anemometer
failed after recording this minimal hurricane conditions before the peak winds
occurred. Observations at Jacksonville and destruction in Fort George
Island, Florida indicate that the center crossed just to the east of the
city and may have still retained minimal hurricane force as it was making
oceanfall (Sandrik 2001). The best track is adjusted accordingly on the
11th.
********************************************************************************
10230 11/01/1888 M= 8 8 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10230 11/01/1888 M= 8 8 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10235 11/01* 0 0 0 0*123 599 35 0*133 610 35 0*144 611 35 0
10240 11/02*155 612 35 0*166 613 35 0*175 613 40 0*184 613 40 0
10245 11/03*192 613 40 0*200 612 40 0*208 611 45 0*217 610 45 0
10250 11/04*226 607 45 0*235 602 45 0*245 597 50 0*255 588 50 0
10255 11/05*266 579 50 0*277 570 50 0*287 560 50 0*295 550 50 0
10260 11/06*306 539 50 0*315 530 50 0*323 520 50 0*331 513 50 0
10265 11/07*337 508 50 0*344 504 50 0*351 498 45 0*360 490 45 0
10270 11/08*369 482 45 0*379 472 40 0*390 462 35 0*400 452 35 0
10275 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
10025 11/17/1888 M=16 9 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10025 11/17/1888 M=16 9 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10030 11/17* 0 0 0 0*246 560 35 0*247 567 40 0*248 575 40 0
10030 11/17*232 560 50 0*235 565 55 0*238 571 60 0*242 578 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10035 11/18*249 583 40 0*250 590 45 0*251 598 45 0*252 605 45 0
10035 11/18*246 585 60 0*249 592 60 0*251 598 60 0*252 605 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
10040 11/19*253 612 50 0*254 619 50 0*255 626 55 0*257 634 55 0
10040 11/19*253 612 60 0*254 619 60 0*255 626 60 0*257 634 60 0
** ** ** **
10045 11/20*258 642 60 0*261 651 60 0*263 660 60 0*265 670 65 0
10045 11/20*260 642 60 0*263 650 60 0*267 657 60 0*269 664 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10050 11/21*267 680 65 0*270 690 70 0*272 700 70 0*274 710 70 0
10050 11/21*271 671 65 0*275 680 70 0*277 687 70 0*281 695 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10055 11/22*276 721 75 0*278 731 75 0*282 741 80 0*284 745 80 0
10055 11/22*284 705 75 0*288 714 75 0*293 723 80 0*296 729 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10060 11/23*287 747 80 0*290 749 85 0*292 750 85 0*295 751 85 0
10060 11/23*298 735 80 0*301 742 85 0*305 747 85 0*310 751 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10065 11/24*299 752 85 0*305 752 85 0*310 752 85 0*314 752 85 0
10065 11/24*315 755 85 0*321 758 85 0*327 757 85 0*331 755 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10070 11/25*319 752 85 0*324 751 85 0*329 748 85 0*337 742 85 0
10070 11/25*336 752 85 0*340 750 85 0*345 747 85 0*353 742 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
10075 11/26*348 733 85 0*359 725 85 0*370 720 85 0*379 714 85 0
10075 11/26E361 736 80 0E370 730 80 0E380 723 80 0E385 719 80 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
10080 11/27*389 708 85 0*398 703 85 0*407 697 85 0*415 691 85 0
10080 11/27E393 712 80 0E400 704 80 0E407 697 80 0E415 691 80 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** * ** * **
10085 11/28*424 684 85 0*433 676 85 0*441 666 80 0*448 652 70 0
10085 11/28E424 684 80 0E433 676 80 0E441 666 80 0E448 652 70 0
* ** * ** * *
10090 11/29*455 635 60 0*460 617 50 0*464 600 45 0*467 587 45 0
10090 11/29E455 635 60 0E460 617 50 0E464 600 45 0E467 587 45 0
* * * *
10095 11/30*469 575 45 0*471 561 45 0*472 543 45 0*472 520 45 0
10095 11/30E469 575 45 0E471 561 45 0E472 543 45 0E472 520 45 0
* * * *
10100 12/01*472 497 40 0*472 473 50 0*472 450 55 0*472 427 55 0
10100 12/01E472 497 40 0E472 473 50 0E472 450 55 0E472 427 55 0
* * * *
10105 12/02*473 404 60 0*474 381 60 0*475 358 60 0*480 333 60 0
10105 12/02E473 404 60 0E474 381 60 0E475 358 60 0E480 333 60 0
* * * *
10110 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ship observation
on the 17th suggests stronger winds than originally in HURDAT - winds
increased from the 17th to the 19th. Peripheral pressure of 982 mb (on the
25th) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 85 kt retained in best track. Peripheral pressure of
973 mb (14Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 80 kt - 80 kt chosen
in best track as storm likely transitioned to an extratropical storm
around 00Z on the 26th. It is to be noted that this system had hurricane
force winds (and produced these along the U.S. coast) during its extratropical
stage on the 26th to the 28th. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is
not available as the genesis was not documented.
********************************************************************************
1888 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) August 13, 1888: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
system was tropical storm or waterspout.
2) September 12-13, 1888: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
system was new tropical storm, was continuation of storm 5, or was an
extratropical storm.
*********************************************************************************
10115 05/16/1889 M= 7 1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10115 05/16/1889 M= 7 1 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10120 05/16* 0 0 0 0*215 641 35 0*217 648 40 0*219 652 40 0
10125 05/17*221 657 45 0*224 663 50 0*228 670 55 0*233 678 60 0
10125 05/17*221 657 45 0*224 663 50 0*228 670 50 0*233 678 50 0
** **
10130 05/18*239 686 65 0*245 695 70 0*253 704 75 0*262 714 80 0
10130 05/18*239 686 50 0*245 695 50 0*253 704 50 0*262 714 50 0
** ** ** **
10135 05/19*273 726 85 0*283 738 85 0*292 748 85 0*299 754 85 0
10135 05/19*273 726 50 0*283 738 50 0*292 748 55 0*299 754 55 0
** ** ** **
10140 05/20*305 755 85 0*312 753 85 0*319 749 80 0*328 741 75 0
10140 05/20*305 755 55 0*312 753 60 0*319 749 65 0*328 741 70 0
** ** ** **
10145 05/21*337 731 70 0*346 720 60 0*358 708 55 0*371 702 45 0
10145 05/21*337 731 70 0*346 720 60 0E358 708 55 0E371 702 45 0
* *
10150 05/22*384 698 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
10150 05/22E384 698 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*
10155 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Gale force and greater observations
available for this system were the following: 50 kt NNW at 38.3 N, 74.8 W
(no date - Schooner "Joseph W. Fish"), unspecific hurricane force winds
and pressure of 1002 mb on the 21st. The writeup in the Monthly Weather
Review indicated that the system "possessed moderate energy" from the 16th
to 19th and that the winds for this systems "were not severe in their
character, save on the 21st, when gales of hurricane force were reported."
This suggests that peak intensity was reached on the 21st and that it was
below hurricane force for the days preceding, which is consistent with
available observations. Thus winds are retained as is on the 21st and
reduced to tropical storm intensity on the 18th through late on the 20th.
********************************************************************************
10415 06/15/1889 M= 6 2 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
10415 06/15/1889 M= 6 2 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
10420 06/15*198 847 35 0*206 850 35 0*213 853 40 0*220 857 40 0
10420 06/15*198 837 35 0*206 840 45 0*213 843 55 0*220 846 65 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** **
10425 06/16*228 859 40 0*237 859 45 0*246 858 45 0*256 855 45 0
10425 06/16*228 850 65 0*237 854 60 0*246 855 55 0*256 854 50 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
10430 06/17*266 851 45 0*276 845 45 0*286 835 45 0*296 822 40 0
10435 06/18*307 809 35 0*317 795 40 0*327 782 40 0*337 770 45 0
10440 06/19*345 759 45 0*354 747 45 0*363 734 45 0*373 716 45 0
10445 06/20*384 694 45 0*397 668 45 0*410 640 40 0*425 612 35 0
10450 TS
10450 HR
**
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). However, Perez (2000) analyzed this system as reaching
minimal hurricane intensity while tracking over western Cuba. It is listed
by Perez (2000) as a Category 1 hurricane impact in Cuba based primarily
upon wind-caused damages in Pinar del Rio. The track and intensity are
adjusted on the 15th and 16th accordingly.
********************************************************************************
10200 08/19/1889 M= 9 3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10200 08/19/1889 M=10 3 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
10205 08/19* 0 0 0 0*168 692 35 0*173 696 40 0*178 699 50 0
10210 08/20*183 703 50 0*187 706 50 0*192 709 45 0*196 712 45 0
10210 08/20*183 703 50 0*187 706 35 0*192 709 30 0*196 712 30 0
** ** **
10215 08/21*200 715 45 0*204 718 50 0*208 721 55 0*213 725 60 0
10215 08/21*200 715 35 0*204 718 50 0*208 721 55 0*213 725 60 0
**
10220 08/22*218 728 60 0*223 732 65 0*230 736 70 0*237 740 75 0
10220 08/22*218 728 60 0*223 732 60 0*230 736 60 0*237 740 60 0
** ** **
10225 08/23*245 744 75 0*253 748 80 0*262 752 80 0*271 755 85 0
10225 08/23*245 744 60 0*253 748 60 0*262 752 60 0*271 755 60 0
** ** ** **
10230 08/24*280 757 85 0*289 757 85 0*298 755 85 0*307 751 85 0
10230 08/24*280 757 60 0*289 757 60 0*298 755 60 0*307 751 60 0
** ** ** **
10235 08/25*315 745 85 0*322 739 85 0*329 734 85 0*335 730 80 0
10235 08/25*315 745 60 0*322 739 60 0*329 734 60 0*335 730 60 0
** ** ** **
10240 08/26*341 726 80 0*345 723 75 0*350 720 75 0*354 718 70 0
10240 08/26*341 726 60 0*345 723 60 0*350 720 65 0*354 718 65 0
** ** ** **
10245 08/27*359 717 65 0*362 717 60 0*366 718 50 0*371 721 35 0
10245 08/27*359 717 70 0*362 716 70 0*366 715 70 0*371 715 70 0
** *** ** *** ** *** **
(28th new to HURDAT.)
10247 08/28*375 715 65 0*380 715 60 0*385 715 50 0*390 715 40 0
10250 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced on 20th and 21st due
to passage of storm over Hispanola. Available observational data indicates
that the system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane intensity between the
26th and 28th, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) hurricane peak
intensity originally in HURDAT. Winds reduced throughout much of this
system's lifetime. Additional day added to the track on the 28th from
ship observations (the "Red Wing") described in the Partagas and Diaz
report.
********************************************************************************
10255 09/01/1889 M=12 4 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10255 09/01/1889 M=12 4 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10260 09/01*119 550 35 0*124 557 40 0*130 563 40 0*135 571 45 0
10260 09/01*119 550 35 0*124 557 40 0*130 563 45 0*137 572 50 0
** *** *** **
10265 09/02*140 579 45 0*146 587 50 0*152 594 55 0*159 605 55 0
10265 09/02*144 582 55 0*151 593 60 0*157 603 65 0*161 613 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10270 09/03*167 615 60 0*175 626 60 999*182 635 65 0*188 644 70 0
10270 09/03*169 623 75 0*174 632 80 0*180 640 90 0*187 650 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
10275 09/04*194 651 70 0*199 658 75 0*206 665 80 0*214 671 80 0
10275 09/04*194 660 90 0*199 668 90 0*205 675 90 0*211 681 90 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10280 09/05*223 677 85 0*233 681 85 0*243 684 85 0*254 685 85 0
10280 09/05*217 685 90 0*224 687 90 0*233 687 90 0*247 685 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
10285 09/06*265 686 85 0*277 687 85 0*287 687 85 0*296 687 85 0
10285 09/06*258 679 90 0*270 669 90 0*283 663 90 0*292 663 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10290 09/07*304 687 85 0*310 687 85 0*316 687 85 0*321 687 85 0
10290 09/07*299 664 90 0*309 665 90 0*320 670 90 0*326 674 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10295 09/08*326 688 85 0*331 689 85 0*336 690 85 0*341 692 85 0
10295 09/08*331 677 90 0*335 680 90 0*340 683 90 0*343 685 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10300 09/09*346 694 85 0*350 695 85 0*355 697 85 0*359 699 85 0
10300 09/09*347 688 90 0*351 692 90 0*355 695 90 0*360 698 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
10305 09/10*363 701 85 0*366 702 80 0*370 704 80 0*374 707 75 0
10305 09/10*363 700 85 0*366 702 80 0*370 704 80 0*374 707 75 0
***
10310 09/11*377 711 70 0*380 716 70 0*383 721 65 0*384 725 60 0
10315 09/12*384 729 55 0*381 734 45 0*378 738 40 0*366 745 35 0
10315 09/12*384 729 55 0*381 734 45 0*377 739 40 0*370 745 35 0
*** *** ***
10320 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 981 mb peripheral
pressure (around 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track. (999 mb at
06Z on the 3rd formerly in HURDAT is not correct. A 995 mb peripheral
pressure was observed at 07Z.) Slight adjustment in last positions of
the system to allow for more realistic translational velocity. The hurricane
is known as "San Martin de Hinojosa" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
10325 09/02/1889 M=10 5 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10325 09/02/1889 M=10 5 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10330 09/02*159 429 35 0*162 438 35 0*166 446 40 0*169 454 45 0
10330 09/02*159 429 35 0*162 438 35 0*166 446 40 0*169 454 40 0
**
10335 09/03*173 462 45 0*178 471 50 0*185 482 55 0*194 495 60 0
10335 09/03*173 465 45 0*177 479 45 0*180 490 50 0*183 504 50 0
*** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10340 09/04*205 512 65 0*216 528 70 0*225 540 70 0*232 549 75 0
10340 09/04*187 519 50 0*193 531 50 0*200 543 50 0*205 550 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10345 09/05*239 555 80 0*246 561 80 0*252 565 85 0*257 570 85 0
10345 09/05*212 556 50 0*218 561 50 0*225 565 50 0*237 572 50 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
10350 09/06*262 572 85 0*267 573 85 0*273 572 85 0*283 568 85 0
10350 09/06*246 576 50 0*254 578 50 0*263 580 50 0*275 579 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10355 09/07*297 561 85 0*311 551 85 0*320 540 85 0*328 525 85 0
10355 09/07*291 573 55 0*303 563 60 0*313 553 65 0*321 541 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10360 09/08*333 510 85 0*338 494 85 0*340 480 85 0*342 468 85 0
10360 09/08*329 524 70 0*336 507 70 0*340 490 70 0*341 477 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
10365 09/09*343 458 85 0*344 448 85 0*345 436 85 0*346 421 85 0
10365 09/09*342 463 70 0*343 448 70 0*345 430 70 0*345 411 70 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
10370 09/10*348 403 85 0*349 382 80 0*350 360 75 0*355 336 70 0
10370 09/10*346 390 70 0*348 371 70 0*353 350 70 0*358 329 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
10375 09/11*366 309 65 0*382 281 60 0*390 270 50 0*407 245 40 0
10375 09/11*366 309 65 0*377 290 60 0*390 270 50 0*407 245 40 0
*** ***
10380 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this
storm does not support Category 2 intensity (and only marginally supports
Category 1 intensity from the 8th to the 10th); winds are reduced for much
of the duration of this storm.
********************************************************************************
10385 09/11/1889 M=16 6 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
10385 09/12/1889 M=15 6 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** *** *
10390 09/11*155 585 35 0*155 594 35 0*155 604 40 0*155 612 40 0
(11th deleted from HURDAT.)
10395 09/12*155 621 45 0*156 631 50 0*156 641 55 0*156 652 55 0
10395 09/12*157 595 35 0*157 607 35 0*157 620 40 0*156 633 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
10400 09/13*157 664 60 0*157 676 65 0*158 688 70 0*159 701 75 0
10400 09/13*156 645 45 0*156 659 45 0*157 675 50 0*157 688 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10405 09/14*160 714 80 0*161 728 80 0*162 740 85 0*163 751 85 0
10405 09/14*157 705 50 0*159 721 50 0*160 733 50 0*162 742 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10410 09/15*165 763 85 0*167 774 85 0*169 787 85 0*170 798 85 0
10410 09/15*163 757 50 0*164 766 50 0*167 777 50 0*171 790 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10415 09/16*171 809 85 0*173 821 85 0*174 830 85 0*175 842 85 0
10415 09/16*174 797 50 0*177 807 50 0*180 815 55 0*185 827 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10420 09/17*177 851 85 0*178 860 85 0*179 870 85 0*179 878 85 0
10420 09/17*188 836 65 0*191 846 75 0*193 855 85 0*194 865 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
10425 09/18*180 886 80 0*180 894 70 0*181 902 60 0*184 913 60 0
10425 09/18*195 877 90 0*195 886 75 0*195 895 65 0*195 903 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
10430 09/19*189 921 60 0*195 926 65 0*202 929 70 0*209 931 75 0
10430 09/19*196 913 70 0*198 923 85 0*202 929 85 0*209 931 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **
10435 09/20*213 931 80 0*217 931 85 0*222 931 85 0*226 930 85 0
10435 09/20*213 931 85 0*217 931 85 0*222 931 85 0*226 930 85 0
**
10440 09/21*230 930 85 0*235 930 85 0*241 929 85 0*247 928 85 0
10445 09/22*252 927 85 0*261 924 85 0*270 920 85 0*279 914 85 0
10445 09/22*252 927 85 0*261 924 85 0*270 920 80 0*279 914 75 0
** **
10450 09/23*286 906 85 0*293 894 85 0*301 880 85 0*313 862 80 0
10450 09/23*286 906 70 0*293 894 65 0*301 880 60 0*313 862 50 0
** ** ** **
10455 09/24*328 839 70 0*343 816 60 0*357 795 50 0*365 779 45 0
10455 09/24*328 839 45 0*343 816 45 0E357 795 40 0E365 779 40 0
** ** * ** * **
10460 09/25*371 767 40 0*377 754 40 0*386 738 35 0*403 717 35 0
10465 09/26*428 691 35 0*459 662 35 0*495 629 35 0* 0 0 0 0
10465 09/26E428 691 35 0E459 662 35 0E495 629 35 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
10470 HR
10470 HR LA1
***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. Available observational evidence
indicates that the system did not reach hurricane intensity until the
17th - intensities reduced accordingly. Intensities increased on the
17th and 18th to account for great damage that occurred in the Yucatan
of Mexico. Observations indicate that the hurricane weakened to a tropical
storm by landfall in Florida, but may have still been a minimal hurricane
while passing briefly over coastal Louisiana. It is to be noted that the
Cuban meteorologists (Father Benito Vines) believed that this system was
actually two separate tropical cyclones.
********************************************************************************
10725 09/12/1889 M= 8 7 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10725 09/12/1889 M= 8 7 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10730 09/12* 0 0 0 0*152 257 35 0*157 267 35 0*162 279 35 0
10735 09/13*168 290 35 0*175 301 35 0*184 312 40 0*194 323 40 0
10740 09/14*205 333 40 0*218 342 40 0*232 350 45 0*249 355 45 0
10745 09/15*270 359 45 0*291 362 45 0*306 366 45 0*317 371 50 0
10750 09/16*326 377 50 0*333 383 50 0*340 390 50 0*345 399 50 0
10755 09/17*350 410 50 0*355 423 50 0*361 435 50 0*370 457 50 0
10760 09/18*375 475 50 0*383 488 45 0*397 494 45 0*404 494 45 0
10765 09/19*414 493 45 0*423 491 40 0*431 489 35 0*440 485 35 0
10770 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
10525 09/29/1889 M= 8 8 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10525 09/29/1889 M= 8 8 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10530 09/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*113 520 35 0*118 536 35 0
10535 09/30*123 551 35 0*127 564 40 0*132 575 40 0*137 585 40 0
10540 10/01*142 594 40 0*146 603 45 0*151 610 45 0*156 617 45 0
10545 10/02*162 623 45 0*169 629 50 0*179 637 50 0*188 643 50 0
10550 10/03*200 650 50 0*214 657 50 0*229 665 50 0*243 669 50 0
10555 10/04*258 672 50 0*273 674 45 0*288 674 45 0*303 670 40 0
10555 10/04*258 672 50 0*273 674 50 0*288 674 55 0*303 670 55 0
** ** **
10560 10/05*318 660 40 0*332 650 40 0*347 644 35 0*364 630 35 0
10560 10/05*318 660 60 0*332 650 60 0*347 644 55 0*364 630 50 0
** ** ** **
10565 10/06*378 612 35 0*391 594 35 0*404 575 35 0* 0 0 0 0
10565 10/06*378 612 45 0*391 594 40 0*404 575 35 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
10570 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds increased on the 4th to the 6th
based upon ship observations, though the peak intensity was kept at just
below hurricane force.
********************************************************************************
10575 10/04/1889 M= 7 9 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
10575 10/05/1889 M= 7 9 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ***
10580 10/04* 0 0 0 0*208 821 35 0*216 820 45 0*228 816 50 0
(4th removed in revised HURDAT.)
10585 10/05*237 813 45 0*248 810 50 0*258 806 50 0*270 801 45 0
10585 10/05* 0 0 0 0*200 825 30 0*215 820 30 0*234 815 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10590 10/06*288 795 45 0*303 789 45 0*317 780 50 0*340 757 50 0
10590 10/06*250 810 40 0*271 802 40 0*300 788 45 0*330 765 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
10595 10/07*361 730 50 0*383 703 50 0*403 680 50 0*425 659 50 0
10600 10/08*445 640 50 0*464 623 45 0*480 610 40 0*496 607 40 0
10600 10/08E445 640 50 0E464 623 45 0E480 610 40 0E496 607 40 0
* * * *
10605 10/09*510 602 40 0*522 596 40 0*533 590 40 0*544 588 40 0
10605 10/09E510 602 40 0E522 596 40 0E533 590 40 0E544 588 40 0
* * * *
10610 10/10*555 584 40 0*565 580 40 0*574 575 40 0*585 570 40 0
10610 10/10E555 584 40 0E565 580 40 0E574 575 40 0E585 570 40 0
* * * *
(00 and 06Z on the 11th added into HURDAT.)
10612 10/11E605 560 35 0E630 553 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**** *** ** **** *** **
10615 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large reasonable
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas and
Diaz recommended beginning the storm on the 5th south of Cuba (rather than
the 4th) based upon available observation data indicating formation of
closed circulation on the 5th. R. Perez (2001, personal communication)
analyzed this system as of tropical depression intensity crossing Cuba based
upon observations from the Cuban weather observing network.
********************************************************************************
1889 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) June 24-25, 1889: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 14-16, 1889: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
likely was an extratropical storm.
********************************************************************************
10616 05/27/1890 M= 3 1 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10617 05/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 830 30 0*211 833 30 0
10618 05/28*217 836 30 0*223 838 30 0*230 840 35 0*235 842 40 0
10619 05/29*240 843 45 0*244 844 50 0*248 846 50 0*252 848 50 0
10619 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) are introduced for this
newly documented storm. Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not
available as the decay was not documented.
********************************************************************************
10616 08/18/1890 M=11 2 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
10617 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 620 35 0*142 628 35 0
10618 08/19*144 636 40 0*145 644 40 0*147 655 40 0*148 663 40 0
10619 08/20*150 672 40 0*151 681 40 0*153 690 40 0*154 700 40 0
10620 08/21*155 709 40 0*156 717 40 0*157 725 40 0*159 736 40 0
10621 08/22*160 745 40 0*162 755 40 0*165 765 40 0*167 773 40 0
10622 08/23*169 782 45 0*172 790 45 0*175 800 45 0*178 809 45 0
10623 08/24*182 817 50 0*186 825 50 0*190 833 50 0*196 841 50 0
10624 08/25*202 849 50 0*209 858 50 0*215 867 50 0*221 876 50 0
10625 08/26*227 884 50 0*232 892 50 0*240 900 50 0*248 905 50 0
10626 08/27*258 908 50 0*268 909 50 0*280 910 50 0*295 908 40 0
10627 08/28*315 905 35 0*340 900 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
10628 TS
One major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
storm. The track of the tropical storm was placed closer to Pt. Eads,
Louisiana, at landfall in order to be more consistent with tropical storm
force winds that occurred there. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Mississippi. Track
extended twelve hours on the 28th for reasonable decay of the storm.
********************************************************************************
10620 08/26/1890 M= 9 1 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10620 08/26/1890 M= 9 3 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
10625 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*166 543 85 0*173 557 85 0
10625 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*166 543 85 0*173 557 90 0
**
10630 08/27*180 570 85 0*186 583 85 0*193 596 85 0*200 609 85 0
10630 08/27*180 570 95 0*186 583 100 0*193 596 105 0*200 609 105 0
** *** *** ***
10635 08/28*207 621 85 0*213 633 85 0*220 645 85 0*228 657 85 0
10635 08/28*207 621 105 0*213 633 105 0*220 645 105 0*228 657 105 0
*** *** *** ***
10640 08/29*239 669 85 0*250 680 85 0*261 691 85 0*272 697 85 0
10640 08/29*239 669 100 0*250 680 95 0*261 691 90 0*272 697 85 0
*** ** **
10645 08/30*283 698 85 0*294 696 85 0*305 692 85 0*317 684 85 0
10650 08/31*329 671 85 0*345 654 85 0*364 634 85 0*388 610 85 0
10655 09/01*416 584 85 0*445 554 85 0*472 522 85 0*497 485 85 0
10655 09/01*416 584 85 0*445 554 80 0*472 522 70 0*497 485 60 0
** ** **
10660 09/02*522 446 85 0*546 406 85 0*570 370 85 0*587 338 85 0
10660 09/02E522 446 50 0E546 406 50 0E570 370 50 0E587 338 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
10665 09/03*603 308 85 0*615 281 85 0*625 256 85 0* 0 0 0 0
10665 09/03E603 308 50 0E615 281 45 0E625 256 45 0* 0 0 0 0
* ** * ** * **
10670 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. A peripheral
pressure of 965 mb (at 07Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in best track. Winds
from the 26th to the 29th adjusted upward accordingly. Winds from the 1st to
the 3rd lowered based upon ship observations of a hurricane transitioning to
a (weaker) extratropical storm. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is
not available as the genesis was not documented.
********************************************************************************
10671 10/31/1890 M= 2 4 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10672 10/31*143 803 80 0*144 813 80 0*145 823 80 0*147 833 80 0
10673 11/01*149 844 55 0*151 855 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
10674 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
hurricane. Track extended twelve hours on the 1st for reasonable decay of
this hurricane over Central America. No dissipating tropical depression
intensity is indicated for a six hour location estimate because of rapid
dissipation over mountainous terrain.
********************************************************************************
1890 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) October 2, 1890: One report of gale force winds, insufficient to determine
if system was a tropical storm.
2) October 21-26, 1890: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
likely was an extratropical storm.
3) October 26-28, 1890: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
likely was an extratropical storm.
********************************************************************************
10675 07/03/1891 M= 6 1 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
10675 07/03/1891 M= 6 1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
10680 07/03* 0 0 0 0*217 930 35 0*220 932 45 0*224 935 55 0
10685 07/04*229 939 65 0*234 942 75 0*240 945 80 0*247 948 85 0
10685 07/04*229 939 65 0*234 942 75 0*240 945 80 0*247 948 80 0
**
10690 07/05*254 951 85 0*262 954 85 0*271 956 85 0*281 956 85 0
10690 07/05*254 951 80 0*262 954 80 0*271 956 80 0*281 956 80 0
** ** ** **
10695 07/06*292 954 80 0*303 951 70 0*312 947 60 0*319 943 50 0
10695 07/06*292 954 70 0*303 951 60 0*312 947 55 0*319 943 50 0
** ** **
10700 07/07*325 938 45 0*331 931 40 0*337 923 40 0*342 911 35 0
10700 07/07*325 938 45 0*331 931 40 0*337 923 35 0*342 911 30 0
** **
10705 07/08*350 881 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
10705 07/08*346 897 25 0*350 881 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
10710 HR
10710 HRBTX1CTX1
********
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at
0230Z on the 6th) suggests winds of at least 62 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, which reduces
the peak intensity originally in HURDAT slightly. Decay to tropical
depression stage over land included before dissipation. Additional
six-hourly position added at end of track to allow for reasonable
translational speed of system.
********************************************************************************
10715 08/17/1891 M=13 2 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10715 08/17/1891 M=13 2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10720 08/17* 0 0 0 0*133 244 35 0*136 255 35 0*138 266 35 0
10725 08/18*140 277 35 0*142 288 40 0*144 299 50 0*146 310 60 0
10730 08/19*149 320 70 0*152 330 75 0*154 340 80 0*156 349 85 0
10730 08/19*149 320 65 0*152 330 65 0*154 340 65 0*156 349 65 0
** ** ** **
10735 08/20*158 358 85 0*161 367 85 0*163 375 85 0*165 383 85 0
10735 08/20*158 358 65 0*161 367 65 0*163 375 65 0*165 383 65 0
** ** ** **
10740 08/21*167 390 85 0*170 398 85 0*173 406 85 0*177 415 85 0
10740 08/21*167 390 65 0*170 398 65 0*173 406 65 0*177 415 65 0
** ** ** **
10745 08/22*182 426 85 0*187 436 85 0*192 446 85 0*196 455 85 0
10745 08/22*182 426 65 0*187 436 65 0*192 446 65 0*196 455 65 0
** ** ** **
10750 08/23*200 463 85 0*205 471 85 0*209 480 85 0*214 489 85 0
10750 08/23*200 463 65 0*205 471 65 0*209 480 65 0*214 489 65 0
** ** ** **
10755 08/24*218 498 85 0*224 508 85 0*230 518 85 0*237 529 85 0
10755 08/24*218 498 65 0*224 508 65 0*230 518 65 0*237 529 65 0
** ** ** **
10760 08/25*245 540 85 0*253 552 85 0*260 563 85 0*267 573 85 0
10760 08/25*245 540 65 0*253 552 65 0*260 563 65 0*267 573 65 0
** ** ** **
10765 08/26*274 583 85 0*281 592 85 0*288 600 85 0*295 608 85 0
10765 08/26*274 583 65 0*281 592 65 0*288 600 65 0*295 608 65 0
** ** ** **
10770 08/27*302 615 85 0*309 621 85 0*316 627 85 0*324 633 85 0
10770 08/27*302 615 65 0*309 621 65 0*316 627 65 0*324 633 65 0
** ** ** **
10775 08/28*335 637 85 0*347 641 85 0*360 644 80 0*373 646 70 0
10775 08/28*335 637 65 0*347 641 65 0*360 644 65 0*373 646 65 0
** ** ** **
10780 08/29*388 645 65 0*403 644 55 0*419 641 35 0*433 640 25 0
10780 08/29*388 645 65 0E403 644 55 0E419 641 35 0E433 640 25 0
* * *
10785 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Gale force and
greater observations available for this system were the following: 997 mb
sea level pressure (suggestive of at least 53 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship) at Bermuda on the 27th, a ship (the steamer
"Dunsmurry") capsized in the "hurricane" on the 29th (but no specific
observations were provided), and 50 kt S wind on the 30th and 31st from the
steamer "La Touraine". Thus available observational evidence suggests
that the system may have achieved minimal hurricane intensity, but not
reaching Category 2 status as shown originally. Winds reduced for much of
the system's lifecycle.
********************************************************************************
10790 08/18/1891 M= 8 3 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
10790 08/18/1891 M= 8 3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
10795 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*139 578 35 0*147 597 40 0
10795 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*133 580 90 0*139 594 100 0
*** *** ** *** *** ***
10800 08/19*155 614 65 0*162 629 75 0*168 640 80 0*174 649 85 0
10800 08/19*147 611 110 961*153 625 110 0*160 640 105 0*165 650 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10805 08/20*179 657 85 0*184 665 80 0*190 672 80 0*196 679 80 0
10805 08/20*170 661 95 0*175 671 90 0*180 680 85 0*187 684 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
10810 08/21*202 686 85 0*207 693 85 0*213 700 85 0*218 709 85 0
10810 08/21*196 686 85 0*203 689 85 0*210 695 85 0*215 702 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10815 08/22*222 718 85 0*226 727 85 0*230 736 85 0*234 744 85 0
10815 08/22*218 710 85 0*221 717 85 0*225 726 85 0*229 735 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10820 08/23*237 752 85 0*240 759 85 0*243 767 85 0*246 775 85 0
10820 08/23*233 745 85 0*238 755 85 0*243 767 85 0*246 775 85 0
*** *** *** ***
10825 08/24*248 782 85 0*251 789 80 0*253 797 75 0*255 806 65 0
10825 08/24*248 782 80 0*251 789 75 0*253 797 70 0*255 806 55 0
** ** ** **
10830 08/25*258 815 60 0*260 826 50 0*262 837 45 0*262 848 35 0
10830 08/25*258 815 50 0*260 826 45 0*262 837 40 0*262 848 35 0
** ** **
10835 HR
10835 HRCFL1
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are
found to be reasonable. A central pressure reading of 961 mb (01Z on the
19th) suggests winds of 99 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship
- 110 kt used in best track because of indications of a small radius of
maximum wind (from Father Benito Vines' analysis quoted in the Partagas
and Diaz report) as well as extensive destruction in Martinique. Hurricane
is considered Category 1 (70 kt) at landfall in South Florida, but such
designation is quite uncertain given the lack of observations near the
landfall location. Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available
as neither the genesis nor the decay of the system was not documented. The
hurricane is also known as "San Magin", due to the rainfall-induced
flooding that occurred in Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
10840 09/02/1891 M= 9 4 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10840 09/02/1891 M= 9 4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10845 09/02* 0 0 0 0*193 582 35 0*197 592 40 0*199 600 40 0
10850 09/03*201 607 45 0*204 615 50 0*208 623 55 0*213 631 60 0
10855 09/04*218 639 70 0*223 647 75 0*228 655 80 0*234 662 85 0
10860 09/05*239 669 85 0*246 676 85 0*252 683 85 0*260 690 85 0
10865 09/06*271 697 85 0*283 703 85 0*296 710 85 0*310 714 85 0
10870 09/07*327 715 85 0*347 713 85 0*368 703 85 0*395 680 85 0
10875 09/08*426 646 80 0*458 609 75 0*486 579 70 0*509 555 65 0
10880 09/09*529 533 60 0*547 511 55 0*562 492 50 0*575 475 45 0
10880 09/09E529 533 60 0E547 511 55 0E562 492 50 0E575 475 45 0
* * * *
10885 09/10*585 459 40 0*592 445 35 0*597 433 30 0* 0 0 0 0
10885 09/10E585 459 40 0E592 445 35 0E597 433 30 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
10890 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Only intensity alteration is to
indicate extratropical stage for the hurricane north of 52N.
********************************************************************************
10895 09/16/1891 M=11 5 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10895 09/16/1891 M=11 5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10900 09/16*193 465 35 0*198 471 35 0*202 478 35 0*207 488 35 0
10905 09/17*213 498 35 0*218 507 35 0*223 516 40 0*228 524 40 0
10910 09/18*232 532 45 0*237 539 50 0*242 547 55 0*248 556 60 0
10915 09/19*254 566 65 0*260 575 70 0*266 583 70 0*272 590 75 0
10920 09/20*277 596 80 0*282 601 80 0*288 607 85 0*294 613 85 0
10920 09/20*281 600 80 0*288 607 80 0*295 615 85 0*300 621 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10925 09/21*300 618 85 0*306 623 85 0*312 628 85 0*318 631 85 0
10925 09/21*305 627 85 0*310 633 85 0*315 637 85 0*320 640 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10930 09/22*324 632 85 0*330 631 85 0*336 630 85 0*342 628 85 0
10930 09/22*325 641 85 0*329 641 85 0*333 640 85 0*340 635 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10935 09/23*349 624 85 0*356 617 85 0*363 607 85 0*370 591 85 0
10935 09/23*348 627 85 0*356 618 85 0*363 607 85 0*370 591 85 0
*** *** ***
10940 09/24*375 573 85 0*379 555 85 0*382 538 85 0*382 523 85 0
10945 09/25*382 508 80 0*382 493 80 0*382 478 75 0*384 463 65 0
10950 09/26*388 448 55 0*394 433 40 0*402 418 35 0*413 397 30 0
10950 09/26*388 448 55 0*394 433 40 0E402 418 40 0E413 397 40 0
* ** * **
10955 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral
pressure reading of 980 mb (05Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least
75 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in
the best track.
********************************************************************************
10960 09/29/1891 M=10 6 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
10960 09/29/1891 M=10 6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
10965 09/29* 0 0 0 0*207 546 35 0*212 547 35 0*217 550 40 0
10970 09/30*222 554 45 0*228 558 45 0*233 562 50 0*238 566 50 0
10975 10/01*244 571 55 0*249 576 60 0*255 582 60 0*261 590 65 0
10980 10/02*267 600 70 0*274 611 75 0*280 620 80 0*283 626 80 0
10980 10/02*266 597 70 0*271 604 75 0*277 613 80 0*283 620 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10985 10/03*287 633 85 0*291 639 85 0*295 645 85 0*301 653 85 0
10985 10/03*289 627 85 0*294 634 85 0*300 640 85 0*308 646 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10990 10/04*310 662 85 0*318 671 85 0*328 680 85 0*338 684 85 0
10990 10/04*318 654 85 0*327 660 85 0*335 667 85 0*346 675 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
10995 10/05*350 686 85 0*364 688 85 0*380 688 85 0*399 678 85 0
10995 10/05*353 681 85 0*365 687 85 0*380 688 75 0*399 678 65 0
*** *** *** *** ** **
11000 10/06*425 650 85 0*453 616 85 0*472 580 80 0*484 549 75 0
11000 10/06E425 650 55 0E453 616 50 0E472 580 50 0E484 549 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11005 10/07*496 517 70 0*506 484 65 0*516 450 65 0*525 414 60 0
11005 10/07E496 517 50 0E506 484 50 0E516 450 50 0E525 414 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11010 10/08*534 373 60 0*542 331 55 0*550 295 50 0*568 255 45 0
11010 10/08E534 373 50 0E542 331 50 0E552 295 50 0E568 255 45 0
* ** * ** **** *
11015 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral
pressure reading of 981 mb (01Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt wind retained
in the best track. Winds reduced from the 5th to the 8th due to
observations supporting tropical storm intensity south of and over Canada.
Position altered slightly on last day of system to allow a more realistic
translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1891/07 - 2003 REVISION:
11020 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
11025 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 598 35 0*176 608 40 0
11030 10/02*177 619 40 0*177 629 45 0*178 639 45 0*178 649 45 0
11035 10/03*179 659 45 0*179 670 45 0*179 680 45 0*180 690 45 0
11040 10/04*180 701 45 0*182 712 40 0*183 723 40 0*185 734 40 0
11045 10/05*189 745 40 0*193 756 45 0*198 767 45 0*204 778 45 0
11050 10/06*210 788 45 0*218 798 40 0*228 807 40 0*239 812 45 0
11055 10/07*250 812 45 0*262 810 40 0*273 804 40 0*284 797 40 0
11060 10/08*295 789 40 0*306 781 40 0*317 772 45 0*326 763 45 0
11065 10/09*334 753 45 0*342 743 45 0*350 732 45 0*360 718 45 0
11070 10/10*371 702 40 0*384 682 40 0*398 661 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11075 TS
No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). (This storm along
with storms 8 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)
1891/07 - 2004 REVISION:
11555 10/01/1891 M=10 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/04/1891 M= 7 7 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ** ***
(The 1st through the 3rd are removed from HURDAT.)
11560 10/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 598 35 0*176 608 40 0
11565 10/02*177 619 40 0*177 629 45 0*178 639 45 0*178 649 45 0
11570 10/03*179 659 45 0*179 670 45 0*179 680 45 0*180 690 45 0
11575 10/04*180 701 45 0*182 712 40 0*183 723 40 0*185 734 40 0
11025 10/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 790 35 0*160 795 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
11580 10/05*189 745 40 0*193 756 45 0*198 767 45 0*204 778 45 0
11030 10/05*170 800 45 0*175 805 45 0*180 810 45 0*187 815 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
11585 10/06*210 788 45 0*218 798 40 0*228 807 40 0*239 812 45 0
11035 10/06*195 820 45 0*205 823 45 0*215 825 45 0*226 823 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
11590 10/07*250 812 45 0*262 810 40 0*273 804 40 0*284 797 40 0
11040 10/07*237 820 40 0*248 815 45 0*260 810 40 0*271 803 40 1004
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ****
11595 10/08*295 789 40 0*306 781 40 0*317 772 45 0*326 763 45 0
11045 10/08*282 793 40 0*293 782 40 0*305 770 40 0*318 755 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
11600 10/09*334 753 45 0*342 743 45 0*350 732 45 0*360 718 45 0
11050 10/09E332 740 40 0E346 725 40 0E360 710 45 0E370 695 40 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **** *** **
11605 10/10*371 702 40 0*384 682 40 0*398 661 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11055 10/10E375 675 35 0E378 650 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** **
11610 TS
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max States
Winds Affected
7-10/7/1891$ 0000Z 25.0N 81.2W 45kt FL
7-10/7/1891$ 0800Z 25.2N 81.3W 45kt FL
**** **** ****
Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al.
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9). In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th. MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th. Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality". However, they
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."
Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above: two storm systems existed -
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus the two original
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with
two tropical storms.
Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S.
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth. These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to
15 October, 1891. (Figures showing the
station and ship observations and the team's analyses are provided.)
The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 7. The discussion for
the storm 8 (originally storm 8 and storm 9) is contained in that storm's
metadata file.
The early portion of original storm 7's track (1st through the 5th) has
been discounted partly by ship data (especially on the 4th and 5th) but
primarily by the climatological studies of Puerto Rico (Salivia 1972),
Hispanola (Garcia-Bonnelly 1958), and Cuba (Sarasola 1928). The first two
comprehensive tropical cyclone listings indicated that no tropical storm
or hurricane impacted those locations in October 1891. Perez (2003 -
personal communication) reconfirmed the earlier Cuban historical study
that the tropical system in October 1891 formed in the Caribbean and
made landfall in south central Cuba late on the 6th of October, not moving
in along eastern Cuba as suggested in HURDAT and Neumann et al.
Ship data first indicate a closed circulation late on the 4th in the
western Caribbean. Peripheral pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb on the 5th and
6th from ships and Havana suggest winds of at least 39 and 36 kt,
respectively. These along with ship observations suggest a maximum 1 min
wind of about 45 kt for this time period. (Some small weakening over
Cuba is accounted for on the 7th with a return to 45 kt intensity for
landfall in south Florida.) Station observations clearly locate the
center of the storm during its trek across Florida on the 7th. A sea
level pressure of 1004 mb in Jupiter, Florida at 1940 UTC may have been
a central pressure. This suggests winds of about 40 kt, which is
utilized for the HURDAT revision. Over water observations are somewhat
sparse on the 8th and 9th, but enhanced winds in North Carolina (peak of
39 kt at Kitty Hawk and 35 kt at Cape Hatteras) suggest a relatively
close pass east of the state early on the 9th. This likely occurred
soon after the system's extratropical transformation. The storm then likely
dissipated north of Bermuda on the 10th. It is noted that the track
provided here is quite similar from that found in HURDAT and Neumann et al.
(1999) for storm 7 from the 7th to the 10th.
********************************************************************************
1891/08 - 2003 REVISION:
11080 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11080 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
11085 10/06* 0 0 0 0*159 830 35 0*164 832 40 0*171 837 40 0
11090 10/07*178 841 45 0*186 844 45 0*193 847 45 0*200 849 45 0
11095 10/08*208 850 45 0*215 850 45 0*223 848 45 0*233 844 45 0
11100 10/09*246 837 45 0*259 831 45 0*270 825 45 0*278 819 40 0
11105 10/10*284 813 35 0*291 807 35 0*298 801 40 0*307 793 45 0
11110 10/11*316 784 45 0*326 774 40 0*337 762 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11115 TS
No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). (This storm along
with storms 7 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)
1891/08 - 2004 REVISION:
11615 10/06/1891 M= 6 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11615 10/07/1891 M=10 8 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** *** *
(The 6th removed from HURDAT.)
11620 10/06* 0 0 0 0*159 830 35 0*164 832 40 0*171 837 40 0
11625 10/07*178 841 45 0*186 844 45 0*193 847 45 0*200 849 45 0
11625 10/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 850 30 0*185 850 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11630 10/08*208 850 45 0*215 850 45 0*223 848 45 0*233 844 45 0
11630 10/08*190 850 35 0*195 850 35 0*200 848 35 0*207 844 35 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
11635 10/09*246 837 45 0*259 831 45 0*270 825 45 0*278 819 40 0
11635 10/09*215 840 35 0*225 837 40 0*240 835 40 0E255 828 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **
11640 10/10*284 813 35 0*291 807 35 0*298 801 40 0*307 793 45 0
11640 10/10E270 815 30 0E284 807 30 0E298 800 30 0E310 788 30 0
**** *** ** **** ** * *** ** **** *** **
11645 10/11*316 784 45 0*326 774 40 0*337 762 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11645 10/11E320 770 30 0E326 758 35 0E332 750 40 0E338 745 45 0
**** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
(The 8th to the 11th from storm 9 removed. The track from storm 9 on the
12th to the 16th incorporated into storm 8's track.)
11655 10/08/1891 M= 9 9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11660 10/08* 0 0 0 0*238 572 35 0*245 582 40 0*251 591 40 0
11665 10/09*256 601 45 0*262 612 50 0*268 625 55 0*274 639 60 0
11670 10/10*280 653 70 0*287 666 75 0*293 680 80 0*299 694 85 0
11675 10/11*305 708 85 0*312 721 85 0*321 735 85 0*330 740 85 0
11680 10/12*340 742 85 0*350 741 85 0*359 740 85 0*366 737 85 0
11680 10/12E344 740 50 0E348 737 55 0E350 735 55 0E354 733 55 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
11685 10/13*373 733 85 0*380 728 85 0*388 721 85 0*395 715 85 0
11685 10/13E360 731 55 0E370 729 55 0E380 725 55 0E390 715 55 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** **
11690 10/14*403 706 85 0*412 694 85 0*422 681 85 0*433 665 85 0
11690 10/14E400 705 55 0E410 695 55 0E420 685 50 0E433 665 45 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** * **
11695 10/15*446 647 80 0*460 626 75 0*475 602 70 0*500 571 65 0
11695 10/15E446 640 40 0E460 620 40 0E475 602 35 0E500 571 30 0
* *** ** * *** ** * ** * **
11700 10/16*530 522 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11700 10/16E530 522 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
* **
11650 TS
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max States
Winds Affected
8-10/9/1891$ 1400Z 25.8N 81.7W 45kt FL
(Removed from listing)
9-10/12/1891* 0600Z 35.0N 74.1W 60kt NC
(Removed from listing)
Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al.
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9). In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th. MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th. Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality". However, they
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."
Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above: two storm systems existed -
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus the two original
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with
two tropical storms.
Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S.
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth. These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to
15 October, 1891. (Figures showing the station and ship observations and
the team's analyses are provided.)
The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 8. The discussion for
the storm 7 is contained in that storm's metadata file.
Original storm 8 and 9 were each depicting a portion of the same storm
system that occurred. The genesis of the revised system is delayed a day
until the 7th in the northwestern Caribbean. By the time it reached
the Florida Keys on the 9th, it had merged with a pre-existing baroclinic
zone and became an extratropical storm. During the two day period
when the system maintained tropical cyclone status, peak observed winds
were 35 kt N from a ship at 14 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W and lowest
observed pressures were from same ship: 1004 mb at 22 UTC on the 7th at
20.0N 84.0W and 1005 mb at 10 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W (though a time
series of pressure from this ship suggests that the values may be
consistant 2-4 mb too low. 1004 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of
at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Peak estimated
winds as a tropical storm are 40 kt on the 9th. However, by the
time the system reached the Florida Keys as an extratropical system, either
it had weakened slightly or had not actually attained tropical storm
intensity. Peak conditions observed were only 21 kt and 1012 mb in Key West
as the system passed just to the west of the city. The extratrpical storm
then moved slowly northeastward across Florida into the Atlantic and then
drifted to the north beginning on the 11th for about 36 hours southeast of
Cape Hatteras. During this time a high built in from the north and west and
in conjunction with the extratropical storm caused strong northeasterly winds
along the U.S. mid-Atlantic and New England coasts. Peak (uncorrected) 5 min
sustained winds reached 57 kt at Kitty Hawk, 63 kt at Cape Hatteras, 41 kt at
Atlantic City, 63 kt at Block Island, and 50 kt at Nantucket. The estimated
maximum 1 min winds for this system during its extratropical stage were
about 55 kt. On the 13th to the 15th, the baroclinic low moved northeastward
and weakened. The baroclinic nature of this system is quite clear - it had
at times a 25F east-west temperature gradient while along the Atlantic coast.
The early portion of the original storm 9 also appears to be incorrect
based upon ship and Bermuda data on the 8th to the 11th. There is no
indication that a low (tropical or baroclinic) came toward the U.S.
Atlantic seaboard from the southeast. However, the portion of original
storm 9's track from the 12th to the 15th does closely match the analysis
here of the extratropical storm stage for this revised storm 8. However,
it is to be noted that the evidence for retaining this system in HURDAT
at all as a tropical storm is marginal given one gale force report and
a couple suspect low pressure readings.
********************************************************************************
1891/09 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1891/10, but became 1891/09 after the removal
of the original 1891/09 - May 2004.
1891/09 - 2003 REVISION:
11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11180 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 613 35 0*136 620 45 0
11180 10/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 613 35 0*136 620 35 0
**
11185 10/13*147 627 60 0*156 632 70 0*162 636 80 0*167 639 80 0
11185 10/13*147 627 40 0*156 632 40 0*162 636 45 0*167 639 45 0
** ** ** **
11190 10/14*172 641 85 0*177 644 85 0*182 646 85 0*187 648 85 0
11190 10/14*172 641 50 0*177 644 50 0*182 646 55 0*187 648 55 0
** ** ** **
11195 10/15*192 650 85 0*197 652 85 0*202 654 85 0*213 656 85 0
11195 10/15*192 650 60 0*197 652 60 0*202 654 65 0*213 656 70 0
** ** ** **
11200 10/16*224 658 85 0*234 660 85 0*245 662 85 0*256 663 85 0
11200 10/16*224 658 75 0*234 660 75 0*245 662 75 0*256 663 75 0
** ** ** **
11205 10/17*267 662 85 0*277 661 85 0*288 660 85 0*297 659 85 0
11205 10/17*267 662 75 0*277 661 75 0*288 660 75 0*297 659 75 0
** ** ** **
11210 10/18*303 659 85 0*310 658 85 0*320 657 85 0*334 655 85 0
11210 10/18*303 659 75 0*310 658 75 0*320 657 75 0*334 655 75 0
** ** ** **
11215 10/19*353 653 85 0*372 649 85 0*390 639 85 0*409 623 85 0
11215 10/19*353 653 75 0*372 649 75 0*390 639 70 0*409 623 65 0
** ** ** **
11220 10/20*430 602 80 0*448 582 65 0*465 570 60 0*485 575 35 0
11220 10/20*430 602 60 0*448 582 50 0*465 570 40 0*485 575 35 0
** ** ** **
11225 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any track changes from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane. Gale force and
greater observations available for this system were the following:
"gales of hurricane force" on the 17th east-northeast of the Bahamas,
60 kt SE-SW wind and 992 mb on the 18th at Bermuda (this peripheral
sea level pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized), 70 kt wind on the 19th
("Ocean Prince") at 36 N, 62 W. Available observational evidence
suggests that the peak intensity for this hurricane was a minimal
hurricane (Category 1), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt)
originally in HURDAT. Winds are reduced accordingly from the 13th to
the 20th. Hurricane intensity attained after passing through the Lesser
Antilles.
********************************************************************************
1891/10 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1891/11, but became 1891/10 after the removal
of the original 1891/10 - May 2004.
1891/10 - 2003 REVISION:
11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11235 11/03*241 738 35 0*250 725 35 0*257 716 40 0*268 703 45 0
11240 11/04*279 687 45 0*291 668 50 0*302 647 50 0*313 621 50 0
11245 11/05*325 592 50 0*338 562 50 0*352 538 45 0*380 512 40 0
11250 11/06*416 490 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11255 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The only change is to renumber the
storm number for the year.
********************************************************************************
1891 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:
1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-July 1891:
"1891 additional system #1 (July) MWR mentions 'gale' winds.
This system may warrant further research. Is there any COADS?"
Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system was of
tropical depression intensity at its peak. The COADS data were sparse
in the vicinity of the system until the 12th, when it was east of the
U.S. mid-Atlantic states. Peak ship observations were 25 kt and 1014 mb,
though a weak closed circulation was analyzed. Station data were also
obtained for Jacksonville, Jupiter, Titusville, Savannah, Charleston,
Wilmington, Cape Hatteras, Kitty Hawk, Baltimore, Atlantic City, New
York City, New London, New Haven, Block Island and Nantucket. Peak
observed winds were 36 mph at Kitty Hawk (10th and 11th) and at
Cape Hatteras (11th). These observations also support tropical depression
status for this system. While "fresh to strong gales" were mentioned
in the Monthly Weather Review, no evidence for these were to be found
from any source. Thus this system is not added into HURDAT.
2) September 11-12, 1891: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) September 14-15, 1891: Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-September 1891:
"1891 additional system #4 (Sept) MWR gives TS force winds at
coastal stations. This system is also given a high probability
by P+D, and bears further investigation."
Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, a closed circulation for
this system could not be found. The COADS ship data did not provide any
observations near the system, though the station data was quite thorough
with observations obtained for Key West, Jupiter, Titusville, Tampa,
Jacksonville, Pensacola, Mobile, Port Eads, New Orleans and Galveston.
These data indicate that a disturbance did cross the Gulf of Mexico
being located roughly along longitude 78W on the 17th, 80W on
the 18th, 82W on the 19th, 85W on the 20th, 88W on the 21st, and 90W
on the 22nd. Peak winds recorded in association with this system were
40 mph E at Titusville on the 19th, 48 mph NE at New Orleans on the 20th,
and 40 mph NE at Galveston on the 20th. However, only easterly winds were
reported from these locations and lowest pressure recorded was only
1014 mb at Key West on the 19th. It is possible that this was a
tropical storm, but confirming observations for having a closed
circulation were not found. (It is also possible that the system was
a vigorous easterly wave with no closed circulation and a NNE-SSW oriented
wave axis.) Thus because of the uncertainty and lack of having an observed
closed circulation, this system is not included into HURDAT.
5) Storm 9 in Partagas and Diaz (1996a) and Neumann et al. (1999) apparently
did not exist as a separate tropical cyclone, but was in fact part of the
extratropical storm stage for storm 8. Thus this system is removed from
HURDAT. Details on the observations for this removal can be found within
the discussion of storm 8. (Figures showing the station and ship observations and
the team's analyses are provided.). Below is the original HURDAT entry for this
system:
11120 10/08/1891 M= 9 9 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11125 10/08* 0 0 0 0*238 572 35 0*245 582 40 0*251 591 40 0
11130 10/09*256 601 45 0*262 612 50 0*268 625 55 0*274 639 60 0
11135 10/10*280 653 70 0*287 666 75 0*293 680 80 0*299 694 85 0
11140 10/11*305 708 85 0*312 721 85 0*321 735 85 0*330 740 85 0
11145 10/12*340 742 85 0*350 741 85 0*359 740 85 0*366 737 85 0
11150 10/13*373 733 85 0*380 728 85 0*388 721 85 0*395 715 85 0
11155 10/14*403 706 85 0*412 694 85 0*422 681 85 0*433 665 85 0
11160 10/15*446 647 80 0*460 626 75 0*475 602 70 0*500 571 65 0
11165 10/16*530 522 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11170 HR
********************************************************************************
11260 06/10/1892 M= 7 1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11260 06/09/1892 M= 8 1 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
11262 06/09*208 831 35 0*213 834 35 0*217 837 35 0*221 838 35 0
11265 06/10*237 853 35 0*245 844 35 0*250 836 40 0*258 824 40 0
11265 06/10*229 839 35 0*238 838 35 0*247 833 40 0*252 822 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
11270 06/11*265 812 45 0*272 801 45 0*278 792 35 0*283 781 35 0
11270 06/11*258 810 35 0*264 799 35 0*270 787 35 0*276 776 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
11275 06/12*287 771 40 0*290 761 45 0*293 751 45 0*296 740 45 0
11275 06/12*282 767 40 0*289 758 45 0*293 751 45 0*296 740 45 0
*** *** *** ***
11280 06/13*299 728 45 0*302 719 45 0*304 716 45 0*310 716 45 0
11285 06/14*314 720 45 0*313 727 45 0*312 736 45 0*312 741 45 0
11290 06/15*313 747 45 0*315 753 45 0*318 758 45 0*320 760 45 0
11295 06/16*323 760 45 0*326 760 40 0*330 760 40 0*335 760 35 0
11300 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found
to be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
11305 08/16/1892 M= 9 2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11305 08/15/1892 M=10 2 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
(15th not previously in HURDAT.)
11307 08/15*180 545 35 0*180 555 35 0*180 565 35 0*181 575 35 0
11310 08/16* 0 0 0 0*181 563 35 0*181 573 40 0*184 585 45 0
11310 08/16*182 585 35 0*185 595 35 0*189 605 40 0*193 614 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
11315 08/17*187 597 55 0*192 609 60 0*197 620 65 0*203 631 70 0
11315 08/17*197 622 45 0*201 630 45 0*206 637 50 0*211 643 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11320 08/18*210 642 75 0*218 652 80 0*228 662 80 0*241 673 85 0
11320 08/18*215 650 55 0*220 657 55 0*228 663 60 0*240 670 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
11325 08/19*258 677 85 0*274 678 85 0*288 679 85 0*299 678 85 0
11325 08/19*249 673 65 0*259 677 65 0*270 680 65 0*284 684 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11330 08/20*310 676 85 0*320 673 85 0*331 669 85 0*342 665 85 0
11330 08/20*300 686 65 0*318 686 65 0*335 680 65 0*351 672 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11335 08/21*354 660 85 0*368 652 85 0*400 630 85 0*417 616 85 0
11335 08/21*364 662 65 0*382 647 65 0*400 630 65 0*417 616 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
11340 08/22*435 598 80 0*452 578 70 0*470 552 70 0*492 515 70 0
11340 08/22E435 598 60 0E452 578 55 0E470 552 50 0E492 515 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11345 08/23*519 470 70 0*547 435 70 0*570 410 70 0*584 393 70 0
11345 08/23E519 470 50 0E547 435 50 0E570 410 50 0E584 393 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11350 08/24*595 370 70 0*601 336 65 0*606 310 60 0*609 283 55 0
11350 08/24E595 370 45 0E601 336 45 0E606 310 40 0E609 283 40 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11355 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Available gale force or greater observations are as follows: 40 kt SE wind
on Aug. 17 at 21.6 N, 60.1 W (steamship "Francia"), 60 kt S-SE wind at 00 UTC
on Aug. 19 at 24.3 N, 65.4 W (steamer "Duart Castle"), 35 kt SW wind and
1006 mb at 10 UTC on Aug. 20 at Bermuda, and NW-N "gales of hurricane force
along the trans-Atlantic shipping routes between 50 and 65 W on Aug. 22.
These observations indicate that the system peaked at minimal hurricane
status, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) originally found in
HURDAT. The hurricane is estimated to have transitioned to extratropical on
the 22nd based upon ship reports of strong northerly gales between 50 and 65W.
********************************************************************************
11360 09/03/1892 M=15 3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11360 09/03/1892 M=15 3 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11365 09/03* 0 0 0 0*115 330 35 0*116 346 35 0*119 363 40 0
11370 09/04*122 378 40 0*124 391 40 0*127 402 45 0*129 410 50 0
11375 09/05*132 417 50 0*134 423 55 0*137 431 60 0*142 442 65 0
11380 09/06*148 454 65 0*154 466 70 0*161 475 75 0*168 482 75 0
11385 09/07*174 488 80 0*181 494 85 0*187 499 85 0*193 504 85 0
11390 09/08*199 509 85 0*205 513 85 0*212 518 85 0*220 523 85 0
11395 09/09*229 527 85 0*238 531 85 0*247 534 85 0*256 536 85 0
11400 09/10*264 538 85 0*273 540 85 0*281 541 85 0*290 543 85 0
11405 09/11*298 544 85 0*307 545 85 0*317 546 85 0*329 545 85 0
11410 09/12*345 540 85 0*361 532 85 0*376 522 85 0*389 509 85 0
11415 09/13*403 493 85 0*415 473 85 0*428 450 85 0*440 423 80 0
11420 09/14*451 393 75 0*461 363 70 0*470 338 65 0*477 316 60 0
11425 09/15*482 294 60 0*485 272 55 0*487 250 55 0*482 228 50 0
11430 09/16*475 206 50 0*468 184 50 0*462 162 50 0*456 144 50 0
11435 09/17*451 131 45 0*447 122 40 0*443 115 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11440 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). No observations of gale force or
greater winds were found for this system. Without data for substantiating
changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made
for this hurricane.
********************************************************************************
11445 09/09/1892 M= 9 4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11445 09/08/1892 M=10 4 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ** ***
(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
11447 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*220 928 35 0
11450 09/09*220 928 35 0*228 934 35 0*241 942 40 0*249 944 45 0
11450 09/09*227 932 35 0*234 937 35 0*241 942 40 0*249 944 45 0
*** *** *** ***
11455 09/10*256 942 50 0*261 939 50 0*266 936 50 0*269 933 50 0
11460 09/11*271 929 50 0*274 924 50 0*276 920 50 0*279 916 50 0
11465 09/12*283 912 50 0*289 907 50 0*297 901 45 0*309 889 40 0
11470 09/13*327 877 35 0*347 865 35 0*368 854 35 0*392 843 35 0
11470 09/13*327 877 35 0*347 865 35 0E368 854 40 0E392 843 45 0
* ** * **
11475 09/14*419 831 35 0*443 820 35 0*462 808 35 0*476 792 35 0
11475 09/14E419 831 50 0E443 820 50 0E462 808 45 0E476 792 45 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11480 09/15*489 771 35 0*502 746 35 0*514 720 35 0*526 689 35 0
11480 09/15E489 771 40 0E502 746 40 0E514 720 35 0E526 689 35 0
* ** * ** * *
11485 09/16*539 652 35 0*551 615 35 0*563 584 35 0*574 560 35 0
11485 09/16E539 652 35 0E551 615 35 0E563 584 35 0E574 560 35 0
* * * *
11490 09/17*584 542 35 0*594 528 35 0*603 519 35 0* 0 0 0 0
11490 09/17E584 542 35 0E594 528 35 0E603 519 35 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
11495 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track extended back in time slightly
and adjusted to provide for a more reasonable translational velocity at
the beginning of the storm. Winds are intensified overland while
undergoing extratropical transition due to wind and pressure observations.
********************************************************************************
11500 09/13/1892 M=11 5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11500 09/12/1892 M=12 5 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
(12th not originally in HURDAT.)
11502 09/12*153 195 35 0*154 205 40 0*155 215 45 0*156 223 50 0
11505 09/13* 0 0 0 0*153 194 35 0*154 207 35 0*156 219 35 0
11505 09/13*157 230 55 0*159 236 60 0*160 241 65 0*162 248 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11510 09/14*158 231 35 0*160 242 40 0*163 254 50 0*166 266 60 0
11510 09/14*164 255 75 0*166 262 80 0*169 270 85 0*171 277 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11515 09/15*169 277 70 0*172 289 75 0*176 300 80 0*180 311 80 0
11515 09/15*173 284 85 0*174 292 85 0*176 300 85 0*180 311 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
11520 09/16*184 323 85 0*189 334 85 0*194 345 85 0*199 356 85 0
11525 09/17*205 367 85 0*210 378 85 0*215 389 85 0*220 398 85 0
11530 09/18*224 406 85 0*229 414 85 0*234 422 85 0*239 431 85 0
11535 09/19*245 440 85 0*250 449 85 0*256 458 85 0*261 466 85 0
11540 09/20*267 474 85 0*272 482 85 0*277 489 85 0*283 495 80 0
11545 09/21*290 500 80 0*298 504 80 0*306 507 75 0*316 509 70 0
11550 09/22*326 507 70 0*337 503 70 0*347 497 65 0*355 487 60 0
11555 09/23*363 473 50 0*369 454 45 0*375 432 35 0*382 419 25 0
11560 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Winds increased from the 12th to the 15th to account for hurricane
conditions experienced in and near the Cape Verde Islands.
********************************************************************************
11845 09/25/1892 M= 3 6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11845 09/25/1892 M= 3 6 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11850 09/25* 0 0 0 0*195 922 35 0*196 929 40 0*199 936 40 0
11855 09/26*203 943 45 0*208 949 50 0*213 955 50 0*219 961 50 0
11860 09/27*225 966 50 0*231 971 50 0*238 976 45 0*243 979 35 0
11865 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
11590 10/05/1892 M=11 7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11590 10/05/1892 M=12 7 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
11595 10/05*115 562 35 0*113 570 40 0*112 576 45 0*112 578 50 0
11595 10/05*115 562 35 0*113 570 40 0*112 576 45 0*112 582 50 0
***
11600 10/06*112 583 55 0*111 589 55 0*111 598 60 0*111 609 65 0
11600 10/06*112 587 55 0*111 592 55 0*111 600 60 0*111 609 65 0
*** *** ***
11605 10/07*111 620 70 0*112 632 75 0*113 644 80 0*115 657 80 0
11610 10/08*116 670 85 0*118 683 85 0*120 696 85 0*122 708 85 0
11615 10/09*124 720 85 0*125 731 85 0*127 743 85 0*129 756 85 0
11620 10/10*131 769 85 0*134 783 85 0*137 795 85 0*140 805 85 0
11625 10/11*143 813 85 0*146 821 85 0*150 830 85 0*155 841 85 0
11625 10/11*143 813 85 0*146 821 85 0*150 830 85 0*155 841 80 0
**
11630 10/12*159 851 85 0*164 862 85 0*169 872 80 0*174 883 75 0
11630 10/12*159 851 75 0*164 862 80 0*169 872 85 0*174 883 85 0
** ** ** **
11635 10/13*179 893 70 0*183 904 70 0*187 914 70 0*190 923 70 0
11635 10/13*179 893 60 0*183 904 55 0*187 914 55 0*190 923 65 0
** ** ** **
11640 10/14*193 930 70 0*195 935 75 0*198 941 80 0*200 947 85 0
11645 10/15*203 954 85 0*206 960 85 0*209 966 80 0*213 973 35 0
11645 10/15*203 954 85 0*206 960 85 0*209 966 80 0*213 973 70 0
**
(16th not previously in HURDAT.)
11647 10/16*217 980 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11650 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Positions on the 5th and 6th are
adjusted slightly to provide realistic translational velocities. Winds are
adjusted to better accommodate passage over land. Additional six hour
position/intensity added on the 16th to allow for reasonable (but quick)
decay over the mountainous terrain of Mexico.
********************************************************************************
11655 10/13/1892 M= 8 8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11655 10/13/1892 M= 8 8 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11660 10/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*262 695 35 0
11660 10/13*260 712 40 0*265 707 50 0*270 700 60 0*275 691 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11665 10/14*269 682 35 0*275 671 35 0*280 661 40 0*285 650 40 0
11665 10/14*280 683 70 0*285 677 75 0*290 670 80 0*296 662 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11670 10/15*290 640 45 0*295 632 45 0*300 626 50 0*302 623 50 0
11670 10/15*301 656 80 0*306 649 80 0*310 643 80 0*315 634 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11675 10/16*304 620 50 0*307 616 50 0*311 609 50 0*316 599 50 0
11675 10/16*320 626 75 0*325 617 70 0*330 609 60 0*337 597 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ***
11680 10/17*322 588 50 0*330 575 50 0*339 561 50 0*350 547 50 0
11680 10/17*344 582 50 0*350 572 50 0*355 560 50 0*362 546 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
11685 10/18*363 532 50 0*376 517 50 0*388 502 50 0*397 487 50 0
11685 10/18E370 531 50 0E378 518 50 0E388 502 50 0E397 487 50 0
**** *** **** *** * *
11690 10/19*404 473 50 0*411 463 50 0*419 455 45 0*432 446 45 0
11690 10/19E404 473 50 0E411 463 50 0E419 455 45 0E432 446 45 0
* * * *
11695 10/20*448 441 45 0*462 449 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11695 10/20E448 441 45 0E462 449 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
* *
11700 TS
11700 HR
**
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Intensity is
increased to Category 1 (80 kt) hurricane based upon reports of hurricane
force ship observations on the 13th as well as 60 kt observed wind in
Bermuda in the weak semi-circle of the storm on the 15th.
********************************************************************************
11705 10/21/1892 M= 9 9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
11705 10/21/1892 M= 9 9 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
11710 10/21*230 926 35 0*232 922 35 0*235 917 40 0*237 914 40 0
11715 10/22*239 910 40 0*242 906 45 0*246 900 45 0*251 894 45 0
11720 10/23*255 887 45 0*260 879 45 0*262 872 45 0*266 863 45 0
11720 10/23*255 887 45 0*259 879 45 0*262 872 45 0*266 863 45 0
***
11725 10/24*269 855 45 0*271 848 45 0*273 840 45 0*276 830 45 0
11725 10/24*269 855 45 0*271 848 45 0*273 840 45 0*276 827 45 0
***
11730 10/25*278 820 40 0*280 810 40 0*282 799 35 0*284 780 35 0
11730 10/25*280 810 40 0*283 792 35 0*285 777 35 0*286 765 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
11735 10/26*287 763 35 0*290 748 40 0*293 735 40 0*297 721 45 0
11735 10/26*288 756 35 0*290 746 40 0*293 735 40 0*297 721 45 0
*** *** ***
11740 10/27*305 710 45 0*312 702 45 0*320 695 45 0*327 689 45 0
11745 10/28*333 683 45 0*340 678 45 0*347 672 45 0*358 666 45 0
11750 10/29*366 662 45 0*375 660 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11755 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
1892 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) September 11-14, 1892: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
2) September 12, 1892: Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
3) October 1-2, 1892: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
11760 06/12/1893 M= 9 1 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
11760 06/12/1893 M= 9 1 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
*** *
11765 06/12* 0 0 0 0*205 952 35 0*212 947 40 0*217 943 45 0
11770 06/13*222 939 55 0*227 934 65 0*233 927 75 0*240 919 80 0
11770 06/13*222 939 50 0*227 934 55 0*233 927 60 0*240 919 60 0
** ** ** **
11775 06/14*245 912 85 0*252 904 85 0*258 897 85 0*262 889 85 0
11775 06/14*245 912 60 0*252 904 60 0*258 897 60 0*262 889 60 0
** ** ** **
11780 06/15*266 882 85 0*270 874 85 0*275 867 85 0*286 853 80 0
11780 06/15*266 882 60 0*270 874 60 0*277 865 60 0*286 853 60 0
** ** *** *** ** **
11785 06/16*301 834 70 0*317 815 55 0*331 798 50 0*343 784 50 0
11785 06/16*301 834 50 0*317 815 45 0*331 798 50 0*343 784 50 0
** **
11790 06/17*355 771 50 0*366 757 55 0*375 743 60 0*383 729 65 0
11795 06/18*390 716 70 0*398 702 75 0*405 688 80 0*412 668 80 0
11795 06/18*390 716 65 0*398 702 65 0*405 688 65 0*412 668 65 0
** ** ** **
11800 06/19*420 641 85 0*427 613 85 0*434 593 85 0*440 580 85 0
11800 06/19*420 641 65 0*427 613 65 0*434 593 65 0*440 580 65 0
** ** ** **
11805 06/20*445 568 80 0*450 558 75 0*454 550 70 0*459 540 65 0
11805 06/20E445 568 60 0E450 558 60 0E454 550 60 0E459 540 60 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11810 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Available observational data for
Florida indicates that the system was likely of strong tropical storm
intensity at landfall. Hurricane is downgraded from the original standard
Category 2 (85 kt) to a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane at peak intensity,
since observational evidence suggests that it was (at most) a minimal
hurricane.
********************************************************************************
11815 07/04/1893 M= 4 2 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11815 07/04/1893 M= 4 2 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11820 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*111 792 35 0*118 798 40 0
11825 07/05*126 804 50 0*133 812 60 0*140 820 70 0*147 829 80 0
11825 07/05*126 804 50 0*133 812 60 0*140 820 70 0*147 829 85 0
**
11830 07/06*154 839 85 0*160 849 85 0*167 860 85 0*172 870 80 0
11830 07/06*154 839 75 0*160 849 70 0*167 860 80 0*172 870 80 0
** ** **
11835 07/07*179 882 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
11835 07/07*179 882 80 0*184 895 60 0*187 910 40 0*190 925 30 0
** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
11840 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced slightly on the 6th
due to the center of the hurricane passing over Honduras, though original
landfall intensity at Nicaragua/Honduras retained (85 kt). Three position and
intensity values were added on the 7th because original final position was
not over land. These allow for a reasonable decay of the hurricane over
land by using the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model.
********************************************************************************
11845 08/13/1893 M=13 3 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11845 08/13/1893 M=13 3 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11850 08/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 96 505 35 0*103 515 40 0
11855 08/14*109 526 40 0*116 537 45 0*122 548 50 0*129 560 55 0
11860 08/15*135 573 60 0*142 585 65 0*148 597 65 0*154 608 70 0
11865 08/16*160 618 75 0*166 629 80 0*172 639 80 0*178 649 85 0
11865 08/16*160 618 75 0*166 629 80 0*172 639 90 0*176 649 100 0
** *** ***
11870 08/17*183 660 90 0*188 670 90 0*194 680 95 0*200 689 100 0
11870 08/17*180 659 100 0*185 670 90 0*190 680 95 0*196 689 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
11875 08/18*206 697 100 0*212 704 105 0*218 712 105 0*225 721 105 0
11875 08/18*202 697 100 0*209 704 105 0*218 712 105 0*225 721 105 0
*** ***
11880 08/19*232 729 105 0*240 738 105 0*248 747 105 0*257 754 105 0
11885 08/20*267 757 105 0*279 758 105 0*301 753 105 0*308 750 105 0
11885 08/20*267 757 105 0*279 758 105 0*291 755 100 0*308 750 95 0
*** *** *** ***
11890 08/21*327 738 105 0*348 723 105 0*370 706 105 0*395 686 100 0
11890 08/21*327 738 90 0*348 723 90 0*370 706 90 0*395 686 80 0
*** *** *** ***
11895 08/22*422 663 100 0*448 638 95 0*474 597 90 0*499 553 85 0
11895 08/22*422 663 70 0E448 638 60 0E474 597 50 0E494 553 50 0
*** * ** * ** **** **
11900 08/23*507 525 80 0*513 500 75 0*519 480 70 0*511 451 65 0
11900 08/23E507 525 50 0E513 500 50 0E516 480 50 0E511 451 50 0
* ** * ** **** ** * **
11905 08/24*504 431 65 0*496 418 60 0*491 400 60 0*492 387 60 0
11905 08/24E504 431 50 0E496 418 50 0E491 400 50 0E492 387 50 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11910 08/25*494 371 60 0*497 360 60 0*500 350 60 0*506 339 60 0
11910 08/25E494 371 50 0E497 360 45 0E500 350 40 0E506 339 35 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11915 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Analysis from
Boose et al. (2003) documents widespread Fujita-scale F2 wind-caused
damage over Puerto Rico. Thus winds increased to 100 kt (Category 3) at
landfall over that island. Winds are increased accordingly on the
16th and 17th. Observational evidence found in Partagas and Diaz suggests
a weakening of the system after recurvature - winds are reduced from the
20th to the 22nd accordingly. Additionally, no evidence is available that
indicates that the storm struck as a hurricane in Canada. Winds reduced
from the 23rd to the 25th accordingly. The hurricane is known as "San
Roque III" in Puerto Rico from the impacts in that island.
********************************************************************************
11920 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
11920 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
11925 08/15* 0 0 0 0*140 365 35 0*142 377 40 0*144 386 45 0
11930 08/16*147 396 45 0*149 405 50 0*151 415 55 0*153 426 60 0
11935 08/17*156 437 65 0*159 448 65 0*161 459 70 0*163 469 75 0
11940 08/18*165 479 80 0*168 489 85 0*172 499 85 0*176 513 85 0
11945 08/19*180 529 85 0*185 545 85 0*191 558 85 0*197 570 85 0
11950 08/20*203 581 85 0*210 592 85 0*216 603 85 0*222 614 85 0
11955 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 649 85 0*244 658 85 0
11955 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 646 85 0*244 658 85 0
***
11960 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 85 0*271 698 85 0*284 707 85 0
11960 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 90 0*271 698 95 0*284 707 100 0
** ** ***
11965 08/23*298 716 85 0*314 725 85 0*331 732 85 0*353 737 85 0
11965 08/23*298 716 100 952*314 725 100 0*331 732 100 0*350 737 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** **
11970 08/24*373 740 85 0*394 739 80 0*414 735 80 0*434 724 75 0
11970 08/24*368 740 85 0*386 739 80 0*407 739 75 986*430 730 60 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
11975 08/25*454 707 70 0*474 685 65 0*493 660 60 0*506 631 60 0
11975 08/25E454 710 55 0E474 685 50 0E493 660 45 0E506 631 45 0
* *** ** * ** * ** * **
11980 08/26*511 597 60 0*511 565 60 0*507 538 60 0*500 514 60 0
11980 08/26E511 597 40 0E511 565 40 0E507 538 40 0E500 514 40 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
11985 HR
11985 HR NY1
***
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track near landfall slightly altered
to better fit passage of the eye over New York City. A central pressure
of 952 mb (03Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of 101 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - supporting upgrading this hurricane to a 100 kt
Category 3 for best track. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (11Z on the 24th)
suggests winds of at least 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 75 kt chosen for best track. Estimate of RMW of 45 nmi provided by
Coch and Jarvinen (2000), while an estimate of 30 nmi for RMW was provided
by Boose et al. (2001) based upon observations and modeling of observed
wind-caused damages. The latter estimate is chosen here, as this may provide
a more direct RMW result for this region. Given the track of the hurricane
and the estimated RMW, SLOSH model runs suggest a central pressure of 986 mb
(Jarvinen, personal communication) - which corresponds to 67 kt maximum
sustained winds from the northern wind-pressure relationship. 75 kt winds
chosen for best track at landfall, which is reasonable given the slightly
smaller than usual RMW at this latitude and central pressure. Thus the U.S.
landfall intensity determined here is a 75 kt Category 1 hurricane in New
York, which is at the low end of the range of the Fujita-scale F2 (upper
Category 1 to all of Category 2) damage analyzed in Boose et al. (2001).
Additionally, the changes introduced here in intensity on the 24th and 25th
after landfall match closely the analysis of wind-caused damage by Boose
et al. (2001). Hurricane also known as the "Midnight Storm" (Coch and
Jarvinen 2000).
1893/04 - 2006 REVISION:
12470 08/15/1893 M=12 4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
12475 08/15* 0 0 0 0*140 365 35 0*142 377 40 0*144 386 45 0*
12480 08/16*147 396 45 0*149 405 50 0*151 415 55 0*153 426 60 0*
12485 08/17*156 437 65 0*159 448 65 0*161 459 70 0*163 469 75 0*
12490 08/18*165 479 80 0*168 489 85 0*172 499 85 0*176 513 85 0*
12495 08/19*180 529 85 0*185 545 85 0*191 558 85 0*197 570 85 0*
12500 08/20*203 581 85 0*210 592 85 0*216 603 85 0*222 614 85 0*
12505 08/21*227 624 85 0*233 635 85 0*239 646 85 0*244 658 85 0*
12510 08/22*252 671 85 0*261 684 90 0*271 698 95 0*284 707 100 0*
12515 08/23*298 716 100 952*314 725 100 0*331 732 100 0*350 737 95 0*
12520 08/24*368 740 85 0*386 739 80 0*407 739 75 986*430 730 60 0*
12525 08/25E454 710 55 0E474 685 50 0E493 660 40 0E506 631 45 0*
12530 08/26E511 597 40 0E511 565 40 0E507 538 40 0E500 514 40 0*
12535 HR NY1 VA1
12535 HR NY1 CT1
***
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone passed too far to the east of
Virginia for that state to be counted as a hurricane impact. Moreover,
inspection of the track and intensity in HURDAT suggests that Connecticut
likely experienced Category 1 hurricane impact along a portion of
their coastline. Despite passing quite close to New Jersey, this cyclone
likely did not cause hurricane force winds along that state's coast due
the hurricane's translational speed and induced wind asymmetries.
********************************************************************************
11990 08/15/1893 M= 5 5 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
11990 08/15/1893 M= 5 5 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
11995 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*322 604 35 0*331 621 40 0
12000 08/16*342 640 45 0*355 661 55 0*370 670 60 0*384 661 70 0
12005 08/17*402 647 80 0*419 627 85 0*434 608 85 0*448 588 85 0
12010 08/18*461 568 85 0*473 547 80 0*484 525 70 0*499 497 65 0
12010 08/18*461 568 85 0*473 547 80 0*484 525 70 0*495 497 65 0
***
12015 08/19*505 479 65 0*517 445 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
12015 08/19*505 474 65 0*517 445 65 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
***
12020 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Small track changes are introduced on
the 18th and 19th for more realistic translational velocities. No
observations of gale force or greater wind reports could be located for
this system (except for an indirect report from Bermuda of a "hurricane ...
moving northward between that station and Halifax" on the 15th). Without
data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no
alterations are made to the intensity for this hurricane.
********************************************************************************
12025 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12025 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
12030 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*181 202 40 0*176 209 40 0
12035 08/16*172 216 40 0*168 224 40 0*165 232 40 0*162 241 40 0
12040 08/17*160 250 40 0*158 260 40 0*156 269 40 0*155 278 45 0
12045 08/18*154 286 45 0*154 294 50 0*155 303 50 0*156 313 55 0
12050 08/19*158 324 55 0*161 338 60 0*165 354 65 0*170 374 70 0
12055 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 90 0
12055 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 85 0
**
12060 08/21*198 476 90 0*205 494 95 0*210 510 100 0*214 525 100 0
12060 08/21*198 476 85 0*205 494 85 0*210 510 85 0*214 525 85 0
** ** ** **
12065 08/22*217 540 100 0*219 555 105 972*220 570 105 0*221 585 105 0
12065 08/22*217 540 85 0*219 555 85 972*220 570 90 0*221 585 95 0
** ** *** ***
12070 08/23*223 600 105 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0
12070 08/23*223 600 100 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0
***
12075 08/24*228 649 105 0*229 659 105 0*230 670 105 0*232 681 105 0
12080 08/25*235 693 105 0*238 704 105 0*241 716 105 0*244 729 105 0
12085 08/26*247 742 105 0*251 756 105 0*255 769 105 0*261 780 105 0
12090 08/27*270 789 105 0*281 797 105 0*292 804 105 0*303 809 100 0
12090 08/27*270 789 105 0*280 798 105 0*290 803 105 0*297 806 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
12095 08/28*315 812 95 0*327 812 90 0*340 810 85 0*354 805 80 0
12095 08/28*306 807 100 954*321 812 90 958*339 811 75 0*354 805 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** **
12100 08/29*368 796 75 0*384 782 70 0*402 760 70 0*420 737 65 0
12100 08/29*368 796 60 0*384 782 55 0*402 760 55 0*420 737 55 0
** ** ** **
12105 08/30*443 707 60 0*466 677 60 0*490 647 55 0*501 630 55 0
12105 08/30*443 707 50 0*466 677 50 0*486 650 50 0*501 630 50 0
** ** *** *** ** **
12110 08/31*513 609 55 0*522 589 50 0*530 570 50 0*536 552 50 0
12110 08/31E513 609 50 0E522 589 50 0E530 570 50 0E536 552 50 0
* ** * * *
12115 09/01*541 535 50 0*545 518 50 0*547 500 50 0*545 481 50 0
12115 09/01E541 535 50 0E545 518 50 0E547 500 50 0E545 481 50 0
* * * *
12120 09/02*544 461 50 0*542 441 50 0*540 420 50 0*539 391 50 0
12120 09/02E544 461 50 0E542 441 50 0E540 420 50 0E539 391 50 0
* * * *
12125 HR
12125 HR GA3 SC3 NC1 DFL1
*** *** *** ****
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Track altered slightly based upon
analysis from Ho (1989). A central pressure on the 22nd of 972 mb (was
already in best-track) suggests winds of 87 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure
of 965 mb (on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 90 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt retained in best track.
For the intensity near landfall, the analysis from Ho is not accepted
because of concerns of two aspects. First the 18.2 foot storm tide
reported for Savannah Beach likely also includes a large wave component as
well. B. Jarvinen (personal communication) estimates that the storm tide
itself was closer to 11-13 foot, 2-3 foot of which was due to the astronomical
high tide. (Thus a storm surge of 9-10 foot appears to be the most
credible estimate.) A central pressure shortly after landfall of 958 mb
(05Z on the 28th in Savannah) suggests winds of 96 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt retained in best track since the center
of the hurricane has already made landfall. Ho discounted this central
pressure measurement from the Weather Bureau office in Savannah in favor of
a measurement of 938 mb taken by a private citizen. This 938 mb value
is dubious since it was not a calibrated instrument and that the eye of
the hurricane clearly went over the Savannah Weather Bureau office.
Using the 958 mb central pressure, a central pressure of 954 mb
at landfall is estimated via methodology from Ho et al. (1987) which
uses inland central pressure and time from landfall to the inland
central pressure measurement. (In this case, the time was approximately
one hour for the hurricane to transit from the coast to Savannah - a
distance of 17 nmi.) A landfall value of 954 mb for the central pressure
corresponds to 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt is chosen as the wind speed at landfall, since the RMW estimate
of 23 nmi (Ho 1989) is very close to the average value for that latitude
and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus the hurricane is
determined here to be a 100 kt Category 3 at landfall with a central
pressure around 954 mb, not the 931 mb of a Category 4 hurricane
suggested by Ho (1989). Winds after landfall were reduced to reflect
no observation of hurricane force north of North Carolina as described
in Partagas and Diaz (1996b). Small track changes are introduced on
the 30th for more realistic translational velocities. Storm is known as
the "Sea Islands Hurricane" for its impact in Georgia and South Carolina.
1893/06 - 2006 REVISION:
12575 08/15/1893 M=19 6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
12580 08/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*181 202 40 0*176 209 40 0*
12585 08/16*172 216 40 0*168 224 40 0*165 232 40 0*162 241 40 0*
12590 08/17*160 250 40 0*158 260 40 0*156 269 40 0*155 278 45 0*
12595 08/18*154 286 45 0*154 294 50 0*155 303 50 0*156 313 55 0*
12600 08/19*158 324 55 0*161 338 60 0*165 354 65 0*170 374 70 0*
12605 08/20*175 396 75 0*180 419 80 0*186 440 85 0*192 458 85 0*
12610 08/21*198 476 85 0*205 494 85 0*210 510 85 0*214 525 85 0*
12615 08/22*217 540 85 0*219 555 85 972*220 570 90 0*221 585 95 0*
12620 08/23*223 600 100 0*224 614 105 0*225 627 105 0*226 639 105 0*
12625 08/24*228 649 105 0*229 659 105 0*230 670 105 0*232 681 105 0*
12630 08/25*235 693 105 0*238 704 105 0*241 716 105 0*244 729 105 0*
12635 08/26*247 742 105 0*251 756 105 0*255 769 105 0*261 780 105 0*
12640 08/27*270 789 105 0*280 798 105 0*290 803 105 0*297 806 100 0*
12645 08/28*306 807 100 954*321 812 90 958*339 811 75 0*354 805 65 0*
12650 08/29*368 796 60 0*384 782 55 0*402 760 55 0*420 737 55 0*
12655 08/30*443 707 50 0*466 677 50 0*486 650 50 0*501 630 50 0*
12660 08/31E513 609 50 0E522 589 50 0E530 570 50 0E536 552 50 0*
12665 09/01E541 535 50 0E545 518 50 0E547 500 50 0E545 481 50 0*
12670 09/02E544 461 50 0E542 441 50 0E540 420 50 0E539 391 50 0*
12675 HR GA3 SC3 NC1DFL1
12675 HR GA3 SC3INC1DFL1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North
Carolina hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along
North Carolina's Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
12415 08/20/1893 M=10 7 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12415 08/20/1893 M=10 7 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
12420 08/20* 0 0 0 0*118 272 35 0*120 280 40 0*123 287 45 0
12425 08/21*126 294 45 0*129 301 50 0*132 308 55 0*136 315 60 0
12430 08/22*140 321 65 0*144 328 70 0*148 334 75 0*151 340 75 0
12435 08/23*154 346 80 0*158 353 80 0*161 359 85 0*165 365 85 0
12440 08/24*170 371 85 0*175 378 85 0*181 384 85 0*187 390 85 0
12445 08/25*193 396 85 0*201 401 85 0*210 407 85 0*221 411 85 0
12450 08/26*233 414 85 0*246 413 85 0*260 410 85 0*274 403 85 0
12455 08/27*289 391 85 0*305 376 85 0*321 359 85 0*338 340 85 0
12460 08/28*353 323 85 0*373 305 80 0*400 280 75 0*409 265 70 0
12460 08/28*353 323 85 0*373 305 80 0*393 285 75 0*409 265 70 0
*** ***
12465 08/29*414 251 65 0*418 240 60 0*420 230 55 0*421 216 50 0
12470 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). Small track changes are introduced on the 28th for more
realistic translational velocities.
********************************************************************************
12190 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12190 09/04/1893 M= 6 8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
12195 09/04* 0 0 0 0*184 853 35 0*190 861 40 0*195 870 45 0
12200 09/05*201 879 55 0*209 887 60 0*221 899 65 0*229 908 70 0
12200 09/05*201 879 40 0*209 887 35 0*221 899 45 0*229 908 55 0
** ** ** **
12205 09/06*240 918 80 0*252 925 85 0*269 930 85 0*274 928 85 0
12205 09/06*240 918 65 0*252 925 75 0*264 930 85 0*274 928 85 0
** ** ***
12210 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 80 0
12210 09/07*279 923 85 0*283 919 85 0*290 913 85 0*298 905 70 0
**
12215 09/08*307 900 75 0*317 894 70 0*328 890 65 0*330 889 60 0
12215 09/08*307 900 55 0*317 894 45 0*325 890 40 0*330 889 35 0
** ** *** ** **
12220 09/09*333 888 55 0*340 887 45 0*348 885 40 0*351 885 35 0
12220 09/09*333 888 35 0*340 887 30 0*348 885 30 0*351 885 30 0
** ** ** **
12225 HR
12225 HR LA2
***
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds from the 5th to the 6th reduced
to take into account moving over the Yucatan of Mexico. Observations
show no evidence for hurricane intensity for nearly a full day over
the southeast U.S. Winds reduced inland via the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model modified to allow slightly less weakening while
transit over the swamps of southeast Louisiana. Small track changes are
introduced on the 6th and the 8th for more realistic translational velocities.
********************************************************************************
12230 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12230 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
12235 09/25* 0 0 0 0*116 250 35 0*116 258 40 0*117 267 45 0
12240 09/26*117 275 50 0*117 283 55 0*117 291 60 0*117 298 65 0
12240 09/26*117 275 45 0*117 283 45 0*117 291 50 0*117 298 50 0
** ** ** **
12245 09/27*117 305 70 0*117 311 75 0*117 319 80 0*117 328 85 0
12245 09/27*117 305 55 0*117 311 55 0*117 319 60 0*117 328 60 0
** ** ** **
12250 09/28*117 336 90 0*118 345 95 0*118 354 95 0*118 363 100 0
12250 09/28*117 336 65 0*118 345 65 0*118 354 65 0*118 363 65 0
** ** ** ***
12255 09/29*118 372 100 0*118 381 105 0*118 390 105 0*118 398 105 0
12255 09/29*118 372 65 0*118 381 65 0*118 390 65 0*118 398 65 0
*** *** *** ***
12260 09/30*119 405 105 0*119 412 105 0*120 420 105 0*121 430 105 0
12260 09/30*119 405 65 0*119 412 65 0*120 420 65 0*121 430 70 0
*** *** *** ***
12265 10/01*123 439 105 0*125 449 105 0*128 459 105 0*130 469 105 0
12265 10/01*123 439 75 0*125 449 80 0*128 459 85 0*130 469 90 0
*** *** *** ***
12270 10/02*133 480 105 0*136 490 105 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0
12270 10/02*133 480 95 0*136 490 100 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0
*** ***
12275 10/03*148 516 105 0*152 522 105 0*157 527 105 0*163 532 105 0
12280 10/04*169 537 105 0*176 542 105 0*182 547 105 0*188 552 105 0
12285 10/05*193 557 105 0*198 562 105 0*203 567 105 0*208 572 105 0
12290 10/06*212 577 105 0*215 582 105 0*218 587 105 0*220 592 105 0
12295 10/07*222 598 105 0*224 604 105 0*226 610 105 0*228 617 105 0
12300 10/08*229 625 105 0*231 633 105 0*233 642 105 0*235 651 105 0
12305 10/09*237 660 105 0*239 669 105 0*241 678 105 0*243 687 105 0
12310 10/10*245 695 105 0*248 703 105 0*250 712 105 0*252 722 105 0
12315 10/11*255 732 105 0*258 742 105 0*261 752 105 0*264 762 105 0
12320 10/12*268 771 100 0*272 781 100 0*276 790 100 0*282 797 95 0
12320 10/12*268 771 105 0*272 781 105 0*276 790 105 0*282 797 105 0
*** *** *** ***
12325 10/13*293 801 95 0*309 801 90 0*329 797 85 0*357 793 80 0
12325 10/13*293 806 105 0*308 808 105 0*326 797 105 955*350 786 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
12330 10/14*391 786 70 0*427 776 60 0*457 764 55 0*483 748 50 0
12330 10/14*387 781 65 0*427 776 60 0E457 764 60 0E483 748 60 0
*** *** ** * ** * **
12335 10/15*507 729 45 0*529 707 40 0*549 682 35 0*570 660 35 0
12335 10/15E507 729 60 0E529 707 60 0E549 682 50 0E570 660 40 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
12340 HR
12340 HR SC3 NC2 VA1
*** *** ***
The only minor change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to use the track
analyzed by Ho (1989) near the landfall in the United States. Partagas
and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small track changes from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). It is to be noted, however, that such a long
slow translational speed of this hurricane before recurvature is very
unusual and does open the possibility that there were actually two
separate tropical cyclones instead of just the one indicated here. Until
more definitive information is uncovered, this will be retained relatively
unchanged from Neumann et al. (1999). A reduction in winds from the 28th
until the 2nd was included to make it consistent with available observations,
which indicate at most a minimal (Category 1) hurricane on these dates. A
peripheral pressure of 972 mb (21Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least
84 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Peripheral pressures
(possibly central pressures) of 962 mb (on the 13th) and 959 mb (16Z on
the 13th) suggests winds of at least 93 and 95 kt, respectively, from
the wind-pressure relationship. Ho (1989) utilized these reports and
an estimate of the RMW of 15 nmi to obtain an estimated central pressure
of 955 mb. This supports winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship. Given the small RMW for this latitude and central pressure,
winds in the best track are boosted slightly to 105 kt at landfall.
Storm tide values of 14 foot are reported in Ho (1989) for Pawley's Island.
Intensity increased after landfall on the 14th and 15th due to indications
that it became a strong extratropical storm in Canada.
1893/09 - 2006 REVISION:
12780 09/25/1893 M=21 9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
12785 09/25* 0 0 0 0*116 250 35 0*116 258 40 0*117 267 45 0*
12790 09/26*117 275 45 0*117 283 45 0*117 291 50 0*117 298 50 0*
12795 09/27*117 305 55 0*117 311 55 0*117 319 60 0*117 328 60 0*
12800 09/28*117 336 65 0*118 345 65 0*118 354 65 0*118 363 65 0*
12805 09/29*118 372 65 0*118 381 65 0*118 390 65 0*118 398 65 0*
12810 09/30*119 405 65 0*119 412 65 0*120 420 65 0*121 430 70 0*
12815 10/01*123 439 75 0*125 449 80 0*128 459 85 0*130 469 90 0*
12820 10/02*133 480 95 0*136 490 100 0*140 500 105 0*144 509 105 0*
12825 10/03*148 516 105 0*152 522 105 0*157 527 105 0*163 532 105 0*
12830 10/04*169 537 105 0*176 542 105 0*182 547 105 0*188 552 105 0*
12835 10/05*193 557 105 0*198 562 105 0*203 567 105 0*208 572 105 0*
12840 10/06*212 577 105 0*215 582 105 0*218 587 105 0*220 592 105 0*
12845 10/07*222 598 105 0*224 604 105 0*226 610 105 0*228 617 105 0*
12850 10/08*229 625 105 0*231 633 105 0*233 642 105 0*235 651 105 0*
12855 10/09*237 660 105 0*239 669 105 0*241 678 105 0*243 687 105 0*
12860 10/10*245 695 105 0*248 703 105 0*250 712 105 0*252 722 105 0*
12865 10/11*255 732 105 0*258 742 105 0*261 752 105 0*264 762 105 0*
12870 10/12*268 771 105 0*272 781 105 0*276 790 105 0*282 797 105 0*
12875 10/13*293 806 105 0*308 808 105 0*326 797 105 955*350 786 80 0*
12880 10/14*387 781 65 0*427 776 60 0E457 764 60 0E483 748 60 0*
12885 10/15E507 729 60 0E529 707 60 0E549 682 50 0E570 660 40 0*
12890 HR SC3 NC2 VA1
12890 HR SC3 NC2IVA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Virginia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Virginia's
Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
***
12350 09/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*164 817 35 0*170 826 40 0
12355 09/28*177 834 55 0*183 842 65 0*190 850 75 0*197 858 85 0
12360 09/29*203 865 85 0*210 873 80 0*217 880 80 0*224 887 80 0
12365 09/30*231 892 85 0*238 897 85 0*245 902 85 0*251 906 85 0
12370 10/01*257 908 85 0*262 910 85 0*269 910 85 0*276 909 85 0
12370 10/01*257 908 85 0*262 910 85 0*269 910 95 0*276 909 105 0
** ***
12375 10/02*284 905 85 0*291 900 85 0*299 893 80 956*305 887 75 0
12375 10/02*284 905 115 0*291 900 115 948*299 893 95 0*305 887 85 0
*** *** *** ** *** **
12380 10/03*313 878 65 0*320 867 55 0*327 855 50 0*334 839 45 0
12385 10/04*340 818 40 0*346 797 40 0*351 780 35 0*354 760 35 0
12390 10/05*353 740 35 0*352 722 35 0*350 704 35 0* 0 0 0 0
12395 HR
12395 HR LA4 MS2 AL2
*** *** ***
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ho (1989) provided central pressure
estimates for the two U.S. landfalls that this hurricane made. For landfall
in Mississippi, a central pressure of 956 mb was derived from a peripheral
pressure measurement of 970 mb (at 16Z on the 2nd) and an estimated
17 nmi RMW. Ho also indicated that there was a 20 foot storm tide reported
in Caminadaville, Louisiana and 10-12 foot storm tide in Pass Christian,
Mississippi. However, examination of the pressure measurements reveals
that the 970 mb was likely a true central pressure value, not a peripheral
observation. (However, this pressure measurement is not included above
since the timing was at 1530 UTC, not within the +/-2 hours of synoptic
time needed for inclusion in HURDAT. This value is though included in the
U.S. landfalling table.) This central pressure corresponds to 89 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since Ho's reported RMW is smaller
than what would be expected on average for this central pressure and
latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), a windspeed of 95 kt is chosen for the best
track. This places the storm as a landfalling Category 2 in Mississippi
and Alabama, though near the lower boundary of Category 3.
For landfall in Louisiana, there also appear to be concerns with Ho's (1989)
estimate of intensity. Ho used an inland decay pressure model (Ho et al.
1987) to obtain an estimate of 940 mb central pressure. (The south
Florida inland decay pressure model was utilized for this particular
hurricane, since this is more appropriate given its track over marsh-covered
south Louisiana.) Using instead the landfall value at Mississippi of
970 mb central pressure, an estimate of 948 mb at landfall in Louisiana is
obtained. This central pressure corresponds to 112 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since the Ho estimated RMW at the
Louisiana landfall (12 nmi) is smaller than what is average for this central
pressure and latitude, a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana is
estimated at 115 kt. SLOSH runs with these central pressure and RMW values
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication), however, can simulate a maximum storm
tide of only about 8 feet at Caminadaville - much smaller than supposedly
observed. As this island has a maximum height of 5 feet above mean sea
level and is completely overtopped by storm surges from strong hurricanes,
the 20 foot value is suspect. 115 kt at landfall in Louisiana makes this a
Category 4 hurricane, though it is near the upper boundary of Category 3.
The hurricane is known as the "Chenier Caminanda Hurricane" for its impacts
in Louisiana.
********************************************************************************
12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
12405 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 820 35 0*195 806 45 0
12405 10/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 820 30 0*195 806 30 0
** **
12410 10/21*210 794 50 0*225 785 50 0*240 780 45 0*256 777 45 0
12410 10/21*210 794 30 0*225 785 30 0*240 780 35 0*256 777 40 0
** ** ** **
12415 10/22*272 778 50 0*288 778 50 0*305 776 50 0*323 771 50 0
12415 10/22*272 778 45 0*288 778 50 0*305 776 50 0*323 771 50 0
**
12420 10/23*342 760 50 0*363 751 45 0*384 759 40 0*400 780 35 0
12425 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Perez (2000 and personal communication)
indicate that this system was not of tropical storm intensity until
north of Cuba. Thus intensities reduced on the 20th through the 22nd.
********************************************************************************
12430 11/05/1893 M= 6 12 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
12430 11/05/1893 M= 8 12 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* *** *
12435 11/05* 0 0 0 0*178 797 35 0*186 798 40 0*197 797 50 0
12435 11/05*267 708 35 0*268 717 35 0*270 725 40 0*272 731 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12440 11/06*208 795 50 0*220 792 45 0*233 789 45 0*247 785 45 0
12440 11/06*274 736 50 0*277 741 45 0*280 745 45 0*284 749 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12445 11/07*260 782 50 0*273 778 50 0*287 774 50 0*301 770 50 0
12445 11/07*291 753 50 0*298 755 50 0*305 757 55 0*315 759 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
12450 11/08*314 767 50 0*328 764 50 0*341 760 50 0*352 753 50 0
12450 11/08*325 759 60 0*336 757 60 0*345 753 60 0*356 746 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
12455 11/09*359 747 45 0*364 739 45 0*368 731 40 0*373 719 35 0
12455 11/09*366 736 55 0*372 727 55 0*377 713 50 0*384 691 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
12460 11/10*379 705 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
12460 11/10E391 663 45 0E396 632 45 0E400 605 40 0E404 576 40 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
(11th and 12th are new additions to HURDAT.)
12462 11/11E406 548 40 0E408 521 40 0E410 490 40 0E410 469 40 0
12464 11/12E410 449 40 0E410 426 40 0E410 405 40 0E410 379 40 0
12465 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Winds increased from the 7th to the 9th based upon wind
measurements along U.S. coast. Storm did not actually hit land as per best
track positions and track book, so "XING=0" is utilized.
********************************************************************************
1893 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) May 12-13, 1893: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 6, 1893: Damage reports in Cuba leave it uncertain if system was a
tornado or tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
12466 06/06/1894 M= 4 1 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12467 06/06*190 774 35 0*190 778 35 0*190 783 35 0*190 789 35 0
12468 06/07*191 794 35 0*192 801 35 0*193 807 35 0*194 812 35 0
12469 06/08*195 821 35 0*196 827 35 0*197 833 35 0*199 838 35 0
12469 06/09*201 844 35 0*204 850 35 0*207 855 35 0*210 860 35 0
12469 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
12470 08/05/1894 M= 4 1 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
12470 08/05/1894 M= 5 2 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * ***
12475 08/05* 0 0 0 0*264 893 35 0*270 890 40 0*275 886 40 0
12480 08/06*279 882 45 0*283 879 50 0*287 876 50 0*290 874 50 0
12480 08/06*279 882 45 0*283 879 50 0*287 876 50 0*290 875 50 0
***
12485 08/07*294 872 50 0*297 871 50 0*300 871 50 0*304 872 50 0
12485 08/07*294 874 50 0*297 874 50 0*300 875 50 0*303 876 50 0
*** *** *** *** ***
12490 08/08*308 874 45 0*312 876 40 0*316 880 35 0*318 885 30 0
12490 08/08*306 877 45 0*309 882 40 0*310 887 35 0*311 891 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(9th of August newly added to HURDAT.)
12492 08/09*312 895 30 0*313 899 25 0*315 905 25 0*317 915 25 0
12495 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 1.
********************************************************************************
12500 08/30/1894 M=11 2 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12500 08/30/1894 M=11 3 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
12505 08/30*132 348 35 0*134 360 35 0*136 375 40 0*138 387 40 0
12510 08/31*140 399 45 0*142 411 45 0*144 423 45 0*147 435 50 0
12515 09/01*149 447 50 0*152 458 55 0*158 470 55 0*165 482 60 0
12520 09/02*172 495 65 0*179 508 65 0*186 521 70 0*193 533 75 0
12525 09/03*200 545 75 0*207 555 80 0*214 564 80 0*221 571 85 0
12530 09/04*227 576 85 0*234 580 85 0*240 584 85 0*247 588 85 0
12535 09/05*254 592 85 0*261 595 85 0*268 597 85 0*276 597 85 0
12540 09/06*284 595 85 0*293 592 85 0*301 588 85 0*309 583 85 0
12540 09/06*284 595 90 0*293 592 95 0*301 588 100 0*309 583 100 0
** ** *** ***
12545 09/07*318 577 85 0*327 569 85 0*336 560 85 0*347 549 85 0
12545 09/07*318 577 100 0*327 569 100 0*336 560 100 0*347 549 100 0
*** *** *** ***
12550 09/08*362 534 85 0*380 516 85 0*400 496 85 0*423 473 80 0
12550 09/08*362 534 100 948*380 516 100 0*400 496 100 0*423 473 90 0
*** *** *** *** **
12555 09/09*450 445 80 0*480 414 75 0*513 380 70 0*540 357 70 0
12555 09/09*450 445 80 0*480 414 75 0*513 380 70 0E540 357 70 0
*
12560 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Pressure
measurement (may have been a central pressure) of 948 mb (on the 8th) suggests
winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
chosen for best track. Winds increased from the 6th to the 8th accordingly,
as hurricanes tend to reach maximum intensity at or just after recurvature.
********************************************************************************
12565 09/18/1894 M=13 3 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12565 09/18/1894 M=14 4 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** * *** *
12570 09/18*120 503 35 0*122 511 40 0*124 522 45 0*126 531 50 0
12570 09/18*134 505 35 0*134 510 40 0*135 517 45 0*136 526 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12575 09/19*128 540 55 0*131 549 65 0*133 558 70 0*135 567 80 0
12575 09/19*137 535 55 0*139 545 65 0*140 555 70 0*141 563 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12580 09/20*138 577 85 0*141 588 90 0*145 599 95 0*149 612 100 0
12580 09/20*143 575 85 0*145 586 90 0*147 597 95 0*149 611 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12585 09/21*153 627 105 0*158 642 105 0*162 655 105 0*166 667 105 0
12590 09/22*169 678 100 0*173 690 95 0*178 702 90 0*183 715 85 0
12590 09/22*170 679 100 0*176 693 95 0*183 710 90 0*188 727 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
12595 09/23*188 728 85 0*194 740 85 0*199 753 85 0*204 766 85 0
12595 09/23*194 743 80 0*199 758 85 0*205 770 70 0*209 782 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
12600 09/24*210 779 85 0*215 791 80 0*220 804 75 0*227 812 70 0
12600 09/24*214 794 70 0*218 806 70 0*225 815 65 0*229 817 60 994
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
12605 09/25*236 817 75 0*247 819 90 0*257 820 105 0*267 819 105 0
12605 09/25*234 819 65 0*240 820 70 0*250 820 80 985*263 820 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12610 09/26*276 817 95 0*286 815 80 0*295 812 70 0*305 809 70 0
12610 09/26*276 817 75 0*286 815 60 0*295 812 65 0*304 810 70 0
** ** ** *** ***
12615 09/27*314 806 75 0*324 803 75 0*332 798 80 0*338 792 80 0
12615 09/27*312 809 75 0*320 807 80 0*330 803 70 0*337 794 65 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
12620 09/28*342 786 80 0*346 781 70 0*351 774 60 0*355 767 60 0
12620 09/28*340 785 60 0*344 776 60 0*347 767 60 0*352 763 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
12625 09/29*360 761 65 0*365 756 65 0*370 750 70 0*375 745 70 0
12625 09/29*358 758 60 0*365 754 70 0*370 750 75 0*375 745 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **
12630 09/30*381 739 65 0*386 734 50 0*392 729 35 0*398 723 30 0
12630 09/30*384 739 65 0*392 732 50 0*397 725 40 0*402 715 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
(October 1st new to HURDAT.)
12632 10/01*407 700 35 0*412 676 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
12635 HR
12635 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 VA1
******** *** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 3. Peak winds of 105 kt in the eastern Caribbean are retained, since
the wind-caused damage in Puerto Rico is consistent with a strong hurricane
passing south of the island (Boose et al. 2003). 85 kt retained at landfall
in Cuba - agreeing with assessment by Perez (2000). Changes made to the track
near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000). A
central pressure of 994 mb (21Z on the 24th) suggests winds of 58 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized. Central pressure of
985 mb (11Z on the 25th) suggests winds of 71 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 80 kt used due to observed winds in Key West. A
peripheral pressure of 986 mb (07Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least
68 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best
track at 06Z and at landfall in South Carolina. A storm tide of 10' was
observed in Charleston (Partagas and Diaz 1996b). Landfall in southwest
Florida is suggested to be at a windspeed of 90 kt (with an estimated central
pressure of 975 mb) given the intensification from a 60 kt tropical storm (with
994 mb central pressure) over Havana to a 80 kt Category 1 hurricane (with
985 mb central pressure) over Key West. Analysis of historical tropical storms
and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001)
suggests that the hurricane had also impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1
hurricane conditions as it reintensified quickly as it left the Northeast
Florida coast. System regained hurricane intensity again right as it made
oceanfall from North Carolina, as shown in the sustained hurricane force winds
in Cape Henry, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001). Hurricane is known as
"San Mateo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico. Hurricane is known as "Huracan
de Sagua la Grande" for its impacts in Cuba.
********************************************************************************
12640 10/01/1894 M=12 4 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12640 10/01/1894 M=12 5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
* *** *
12645 10/01*125 791 35 0*130 795 35 0*135 798 40 0*140 802 40 0
12650 10/02*145 806 45 0*149 809 45 0*154 813 50 0*159 816 55 0
12655 10/03*163 820 60 0*167 823 60 0*172 826 65 0*177 830 70 0
12660 10/04*183 834 75 0*189 838 75 0*195 842 80 0*200 845 85 0
12665 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*223 859 95 0
12665 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*220 859 95 0
***
12670 10/06*228 862 100 0*234 865 100 0*240 867 105 0*247 869 105 0
12670 10/06*225 862 100 0*230 865 100 0*237 870 105 0*243 875 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
12675 10/07*255 870 105 0*264 870 105 0*271 870 105 0*276 869 105 0
12675 10/07*247 877 105 0*252 881 105 0*257 883 105 0*261 884 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12680 10/08*279 867 105 0*282 864 105 0*286 861 100 0*292 856 95 0
12680 10/08*266 884 105 0*271 884 105 0*277 883 105 0*287 877 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12685 10/09*300 848 90 0*310 836 80 0*322 822 75 0*339 797 70 0
12685 10/09*297 863 105 0*307 847 85 0*317 830 70 0*330 803 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
12690 10/10*355 775 65 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 60 0*420 719 55 0
12690 10/10*352 775 60 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 75 0*420 719 55 0
*** ** **
12695 10/11*448 702 55 0*476 689 50 0*500 673 45 0*520 662 40 0
12695 10/11E448 702 45 0E476 689 45 0E500 673 45 0E520 662 40 0
* ** * ** * *
12700 10/12*537 652 35 0*551 643 35 0*563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0
12700 10/12E537 652 35 0E551 643 35 0E563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
12705 HR
12705 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1
**** *** *** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 4. Peripheral pressure of 961 mb (14 UTC on the 8th) suggests winds of
at least 99 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt in
best track used here and at landfall in Florida. Peripheral pressure of 984 mb
(on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 69 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track and landfall in
New York/Rhode Island, which is also supported by wind observations at Block
Island, R.I.
1894/05 - 2006 REVISION:
13240 10/01/1894 M=12 5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
13245 10/01*125 791 35 0*130 795 35 0*135 798 40 0*140 802 40 0*
13250 10/02*145 806 45 0*149 809 45 0*154 813 50 0*159 816 55 0*
13255 10/03*163 820 60 0*167 823 60 0*172 826 65 0*177 830 70 0*
13260 10/04*183 834 75 0*189 838 75 0*195 842 80 0*200 845 85 0*
13265 10/05*206 849 90 0*212 853 90 0*217 856 95 0*220 859 95 0*
13270 10/06*225 862 100 0*230 865 100 0*237 870 105 0*243 875 105 0*
13275 10/07*247 877 105 0*252 881 105 0*257 883 105 0*261 884 105 0*
13280 10/08*266 884 105 0*271 884 105 0*277 883 105 0*287 877 105 0*
13285 10/09*297 863 105 0*307 847 85 0*317 830 70 0*330 803 60 0*
13290 10/10*352 775 60 0*374 755 65 0*394 740 75 0*420 719 55 0*
13295 10/11E448 702 45 0E476 689 45 0E500 673 45 0E520 662 40 0*
13300 10/12E537 652 35 0E551 643 35 0E563 635 35 0* 0 0 0 0*
13305 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1
13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1
**** ***
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast. Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and
James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone also
caused a Category 1 hurricane impact in Connecticut based upon the
existing track and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
12710 10/11/1894 M=10 5 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12710 10/11/1894 M=10 6 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
12715 10/11*108 577 35 0*113 583 40 0*120 590 40 0*126 597 45 0
12715 10/11*108 577 35 0*113 583 45 0*120 590 55 0*126 597 65 0
** ** **
12720 10/12*132 603 50 0*138 609 55 0*145 615 60 0*152 621 65 0
12720 10/12*132 603 75 0*138 609 85 0*145 615 85 0*149 621 85 0
** ** ** *** **
12725 10/13*159 626 70 0*166 631 75 0*173 636 80 0*180 640 85 0
12725 10/13*154 628 85 0*159 634 85 0*167 640 85 0*175 645 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
12730 10/14*187 644 85 0*194 648 85 0*201 652 85 0*208 656 85 0
12730 10/14*181 649 85 0*187 652 85 0*193 655 85 0*202 658 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12735 10/15*216 659 85 0*224 662 85 0*231 665 85 0*238 667 85 0
12735 10/15*209 660 85 0*217 662 85 0*225 665 85 0*231 665 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
12740 10/16*244 668 85 0*251 669 85 0*258 669 85 0*266 668 85 0
12740 10/16*237 666 95 0*243 666 105 0*250 667 115 0*261 667 115 931
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12745 10/17*274 666 85 0*282 663 85 0*290 657 85 0*298 650 85 0
12745 10/17*274 666 115 0*282 663 115 0*290 657 110 0*300 647 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
12750 10/18*305 641 85 0*312 631 85 0*320 620 85 0*329 608 85 0
12750 10/18*311 632 100 0*323 617 95 0*333 603 90 0*341 593 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
12755 10/19*340 595 85 0*351 582 85 0*360 570 85 0*367 563 80 0
12755 10/19*348 584 85 0*354 577 85 0*360 570 85 0*367 563 80 0
*** *** *** ***
12760 10/20*373 558 80 0*377 555 75 0*380 552 70 0*384 548 70 0
12765 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 5. Winds increased from the 11th to the 13th based upon destruction
in St. Lucia. Central pressure of 931 mb (21Z on the 16th) suggests winds of
116 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 115 kt chosen for
best track. Winds increased from the 16th to the 18th accordingly. Full
lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about
its decay after the 20th.
********************************************************************************
12770 10/21/1894 M=11 6 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12770 10/21/1894 M=11 7 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
12775 10/21* 0 0 0 0*210 603 35 0*215 610 40 0*218 617 40 0
12780 10/22*221 624 45 0*224 632 45 0*227 640 50 0*228 649 50 0
12785 10/23*229 659 55 0*232 670 60 0*235 681 65 0*241 695 65 0
12790 10/24*247 711 70 0*254 728 75 0*261 740 75 0*268 745 80 0
12790 10/24*245 706 70 0*249 718 75 0*255 730 75 0*258 735 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12795 10/25*274 746 85 0*281 744 85 0*288 741 85 0*296 737 85 0
12795 10/25*262 742 85 0*266 743 85 0*270 740 85 0*280 726 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12800 10/26*305 732 85 0*317 724 85 0*331 710 85 0*351 689 85 0
12800 10/26*290 710 85 0*300 695 85 0*310 680 85 0*329 654 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12805 10/27*378 662 85 0*403 632 85 0*421 600 85 0*433 563 85 0
12805 10/27*349 624 85 0*371 594 85 0*390 570 85 0*411 544 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12810 10/28*443 522 85 0*451 484 85 0*458 458 85 0*464 441 85 0
12810 10/28*432 515 90 0*447 487 90 0*458 458 95 0*464 441 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
12815 10/29*470 426 85 0*476 413 85 0*481 400 85 0*486 388 85 0
12815 10/29*470 426 95 955*476 413 90 0E481 400 85 0E486 388 85 0
** *** ** * *
12820 10/30*490 376 85 0*494 363 80 0*499 350 80 0*505 334 75 0
12820 10/30E490 376 85 0E494 363 80 0E499 350 80 0E505 334 75 0
* * * *
12825 10/31*513 315 70 0*521 293 65 0*530 270 65 0* 0 0 0 0
12825 10/31E513 315 70 0E521 293 65 0E530 270 65 0* 0 0 0 0
* * *
12830 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure (possible
central pressure) of 975 mb on the 28th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from
the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds kept at 85 kt in best track.
A possible central pressure of 955 mb on the 29th suggests winds of at least
93 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track. Winds are increased accordingly on the
28th and 29th.
*******************************************************************************
1894 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) August 27-31, 1894: Gale observations found, but likely was an
extratropical storm.
2) September 16-21, 1894: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 16-18, 1894: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
*******************************************************************************
12835 08/14/1895 M= 4 1 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
12835 08/14/1895 M= 4 1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
12840 08/14* 0 0 0 0*272 913 35 0*276 910 40 0*279 908 45 0
12845 08/15*283 905 45 0*286 903 50 0*289 900 50 0*292 897 50 0
12850 08/16*296 894 50 0*299 891 45 0*302 888 45 0*307 886 40 0
12855 08/17*313 884 40 0*321 882 40 0*330 881 35 0*338 879 30 0
12855 08/17*313 884 35 0*321 882 30 0*330 881 25 0*338 879 25 0
** ** ** **
12860 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced after landfall with the
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model.
********************************************************************************
12865 08/22/1895 M= 8 2 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
12865 08/22/1895 M= 9 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* *** *
12870 08/22*134 583 35 0*137 596 40 0*140 607 45 0*143 619 50 0
12875 08/23*145 631 55 0*148 644 55 0*150 658 60 0*153 672 65 0
12880 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*162 731 80 0
12880 08/24*155 687 70 0*158 702 75 0*160 717 75 0*164 733 80 0
*** ***
12885 08/25*164 745 80 0*167 758 80 0*170 772 85 0*175 789 85 0
12885 08/25*169 751 80 0*174 770 80 0*180 790 85 0*184 802 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
12890 08/26*184 809 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0
12890 08/26*188 813 85 0*194 829 85 0*202 845 85 0*209 858 85 0
*** ***
12895 08/27*215 870 85 0*221 880 85 0*226 890 85 0*230 899 85 0
12900 08/28*234 907 85 0*239 916 85 0*243 925 80 0*248 935 80 0
12900 08/28*233 905 85 0*236 914 85 0*240 923 85 0*243 931 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
12905 08/29*252 946 75 0*257 958 70 0*262 970 65 0*266 978 35 0
12905 08/29*245 939 95 0*246 947 95 0*247 955 95 0*248 963 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(30th is new to HURDAT.)
12907 08/30*249 971 95 0*250 979 65 0*251 987 40 0*252 995 30 0
12910 HR
12910 HRATX1
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are
found to be reasonable. Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane as causing
Category 1 conditions in western Cuba, which is consistent with the existing
track and intensity of Category 2 hurricane passing just offshore of the
island. Winds increased to 95 kt (Category 2) until landfall in Mexico, due
to destruction in Mexico described in Ellis (1988). Hurricane analyzed as
causing Category 1 conditions in extreme southern Texas based upon
description in Ellis.
********************************************************************************
12915 09/28/1895 M=10 3 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
12915 09/28/1895 M=10 3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
12920 09/28*193 860 35 0*196 866 35 0*199 872 35 0*203 882 35 0
12920 09/28*193 860 35 0*196 866 35 0*199 872 35 0*203 882 30 0
**
12925 09/29*207 890 35 0*212 895 35 0*216 897 40 0*221 897 40 0
12925 09/29*207 890 30 0*212 895 30 0*216 897 40 0*221 897 40 0
** **
12930 09/30*227 895 45 0*232 892 45 0*237 885 50 0*238 871 50 0
12935 10/01*238 858 50 0*238 845 50 0*239 834 50 0*240 825 50 0
12940 10/02*242 815 50 0*245 807 50 0*249 799 50 0*252 792 50 0
12945 10/03*256 786 50 0*262 780 50 0*270 772 50 0*280 762 50 0
12950 10/04*290 751 50 0*301 740 50 0*311 729 50 0*321 719 50 0
12955 10/05*330 710 50 0*340 700 50 0*350 690 50 0*362 678 50 0
12960 10/06*376 664 50 0*392 648 50 0*409 630 50 0*426 611 45 0
12965 10/07*444 590 40 0*463 568 40 0*482 544 40 0* 0 0 0 0
12970 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced on the 28th and 29th
due to passage over the Yucatan.
********************************************************************************
12975 10/02/1895 M= 6 4 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
12975 10/02/1895 M= 6 4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
12980 10/02*174 829 35 0*177 837 40 0*180 846 45 0*183 855 50 0
12980 10/02*174 829 35 0*177 837 35 0*180 846 35 0*183 855 35 0
** ** **
12985 10/03*186 863 50 0*190 872 45 0*193 880 35 0*196 888 35 0
12985 10/03*186 863 35 0*190 872 35 0*193 880 30 0*196 888 30 0
** ** ** **
12990 10/04*200 895 35 0*203 902 40 0*207 910 45 0*211 919 50 0
12990 10/04*200 895 30 0*203 902 30 0*207 910 35 0*211 919 35 0
** ** ** **
12995 10/05*214 928 50 0*218 938 50 0*222 947 50 0*226 955 50 0
12995 10/05*214 928 35 0*218 938 35 0*222 947 35 0*226 955 35 0
** ** ** **
13000 10/06*232 960 50 0*239 963 50 0*247 965 50 0*259 964 50 0
13000 10/06*232 960 35 0*239 963 35 0*247 965 35 0*259 964 35 0
** ** ** **
13005 10/07*277 956 45 0*299 944 35 0*324 926 30 0* 0 0 0 0
13005 10/07*277 956 35 0*299 944 30 0*324 926 25 0* 0 0 0 0
** ** **
13010 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). No gale force winds (or equivalent
in sea level pressure) were found for this system. Peak winds observed were
only 25-30 kt in Texas and Louisiana. Partagas and Diaz commented that
since the system was not mentioned in _Monthly Weather Review_, it must have
been a "very weak" storm. Thus winds are reduced for lifetime of storm since
available observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
13015 10/12/1895 M=15 5 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13015 10/12/1895 M=15 5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
13020 10/12*120 448 35 0*120 455 40 0*120 465 45 0*120 475 50 0
13020 10/12*120 448 35 0*120 455 35 0*120 465 40 0*120 475 40 0
** ** **
13025 10/13*120 485 55 0*120 494 60 0*120 504 65 0*121 514 70 0
13025 10/13*120 485 45 0*120 494 45 0*120 504 50 0*121 514 50 0
** ** ** **
13030 10/14*122 524 75 0*123 535 80 0*124 546 85 0*125 558 90 0
13030 10/14*122 524 50 0*123 535 50 0*124 546 50 0*125 558 50 0
** ** ** **
13035 10/15*125 570 90 0*126 583 95 0*127 596 95 0*129 610 100 0
13035 10/15*125 570 50 0*126 583 50 0*127 596 50 0*129 610 50 0
** ** ** ***
13040 10/16*131 624 100 0*133 639 105 0*135 653 105 0*136 666 105 0
13040 10/16*131 624 55 0*133 639 60 0*135 653 65 0*136 666 70 0
*** *** *** ***
13045 10/17*138 679 105 0*139 692 105 0*140 704 105 0*141 715 105 0
13045 10/17*138 679 75 0*139 692 80 0*140 704 85 0*141 715 90 0
*** *** *** ***
13050 10/18*142 726 105 0*144 737 105 0*149 747 105 0*156 757 105 0
13050 10/18*143 730 90 0*146 745 90 0*150 760 90 0*153 775 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13055 10/19*163 766 105 0*170 775 105 0*178 783 105 0*185 789 105 0
13055 10/19*157 795 90 0*161 810 90 0*165 815 90 0*171 818 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13060 10/20*193 794 105 0*200 797 105 0*208 799 105 0*215 800 100 0
13060 10/20*177 820 90 0*183 820 90 0*189 820 90 0*195 820 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13065 10/21*223 799 95 0*230 799 90 0*238 797 85 0*245 795 85 0
13065 10/21*201 820 90 0*207 817 90 0*213 813 90 0*222 807 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** ***
13070 10/22*251 791 85 0*258 787 90 0*264 782 95 0*271 775 95 0
13070 10/22*234 800 85 0*248 792 90 0*262 784 90 0*271 775 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** **
13075 10/23*278 765 100 0*285 752 100 0*292 735 100 0*300 715 105 0
13075 10/23*278 765 90 0*285 752 90 0*292 735 90 0*299 717 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
13080 10/24*309 692 105 0*318 666 105 0*327 638 105 0*339 609 105 0
13080 10/24*304 702 90 0*309 689 90 0*315 670 90 0*327 638 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13085 10/25*350 579 105 0*352 549 105 0*350 515 100 0*347 486 95 0
13085 10/25*342 595 90 0*349 549 90 0*350 515 85 0*347 486 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
13090 10/26*344 454 90 0*342 421 65 0*340 388 35 0* 0 0 0 0
13090 10/26*344 454 65 0E342 421 55 0E340 388 45 0* 0 0 0 0
** * ** * **
13095 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are
found to be reasonable. Winds reduced from the 12th to the 15th, since the
observations indicate that the system was, at most, a moderate tropical storm
going through the Lesser Antilles. Perez (2000) documents that this hurricane
made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in Cuba - winds reduced from the 16th
to the 21st accordingly. A peripheral pressure of 973 mb (at 17Z on the 21st)
suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship
- 90 kt chosen for best track in agreement with assessment of Category 2 by
Perez. Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications
suggested by Perez (2000). Winds reduced from the 22nd to the 26th since
observations indicate that the storm was only a moderate (Category 1 or 2)
hurricane in the Atlantic.
********************************************************************************
13440 10/13/1895 M= 5 6 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
13440 10/13/1895 M= 5 6 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
13445 10/13* 0 0 0 0*194 937 35 0*200 930 35 0*206 924 35 0
13450 10/14*212 918 35 0*217 911 35 0*222 904 35 0*226 897 35 0
13455 10/15*231 888 35 0*235 880 35 0*239 870 35 0*243 859 35 0
13460 10/16*248 846 35 0*252 832 35 0*256 816 35 0*264 802 30 0
13465 10/17*276 786 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
13470 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
*******************************************************************************
1895 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) September 21, 1895: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) November 1-3, 1895: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
13135 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13135 07/04/1896 M= 9 1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
13140 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 45 0
13140 07/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*209 811 35 0*218 820 40 0
**
13145 07/05*226 828 50 0*234 836 60 0*242 842 75 0*249 847 80 0
13145 07/05*226 828 45 0*234 836 45 0*242 842 55 0*249 847 65 0
** ** ** **
13150 07/06*256 852 85 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0
13150 07/06*256 852 75 0*263 856 85 0*270 860 85 0*277 862 85 0
**
13155 07/07*284 862 85 0*290 862 85 0*297 861 80 0*305 861 75 0
13155 07/07*284 865 85 0*290 866 85 0*297 867 85 0*305 864 85 0
*** *** *** ** *** **
13160 07/08*314 860 65 0*326 854 60 0*340 850 55 0*356 847 45 0
13160 07/08*316 853 60 0*324 843 45 0*333 835 35 0*345 829 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13165 07/09*373 844 40 0*390 842 40 0*406 840 35 0*421 838 35 0
13165 07/09*364 832 30 0*385 840 30 0*406 840 25 0*421 838 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
13170 07/10*436 835 30 0*451 833 30 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0
13170 07/10*436 835 25 0*451 833 25 0*467 830 25 0*483 822 25 0
** **
13175 07/11*500 808 25 0*517 788 25 0*535 765 25 0*553 741 25 0
13180 07/12*571 713 25 0*589 683 25 0*608 649 25 0* 0 0 0 0
13185 HR
13185 HRAFL2
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced from
the 4th to the 6th since there were no observations in Cuba of a strong
tropical storm or hurricane. Based upon the 72 mph sustained wind out of
the north at Pensacola reported in _Monthly Weather Review_, the Category 2
(85 kt) at landfall originally in HURDAT appears reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the
Southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
13190 08/30/1896 M=13 2 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13190 08/30/1896 M=13 2 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
13195 08/30* 0 0 0 0*140 596 35 0*145 605 50 0*149 614 65 0
13200 08/31*153 624 80 0*158 633 95 0*163 642 100 0*169 651 105 0
13200 08/31*153 624 80 0*158 633 85 0*163 642 85 0*169 651 85 0
** *** ***
13205 09/01*175 660 105 0*181 669 100 0*186 678 90 0*190 686 85 0
13205 09/01*175 660 85 0*181 669 85 0*186 678 75 0*190 686 80 0
*** *** ** **
13210 09/02*193 692 85 0*197 699 85 0*200 706 85 0*203 714 85 0
13215 09/03*206 722 85 0*209 731 90 0*212 739 95 0*215 747 95 0
13215 09/03*206 722 85 0*209 731 85 0*212 739 85 0*215 747 85 0
** ** **
13220 09/04*218 754 100 0*222 762 100 0*227 768 105 0*233 772 105 0
13220 09/04*218 754 85 0*222 762 85 0*227 768 85 0*233 772 90 0
*** *** *** ***
13225 09/05*239 773 105 0*245 773 105 0*252 772 105 0*259 770 105 0
13225 09/05*239 773 95 0*245 773 100 0*252 772 100 0*259 770 100 0
*** *** *** ***
13230 09/06*265 768 105 0*272 764 105 0*278 758 105 0*285 750 105 0
13230 09/06*265 768 100 0*272 764 100 0*278 758 100 0*285 750 100 0
*** *** *** ***
13235 09/07*291 741 105 0*298 732 105 0*304 723 105 0*313 715 105 0
13235 09/07*291 741 100 956*298 732 100 0*304 723 100 0*313 715 100 0
*** *** *** *** ***
13240 09/08*324 707 105 0*336 700 105 0*346 695 105 0*354 692 105 0
13240 09/08*324 707 100 0*336 700 100 0*346 695 100 0*354 692 100 0
*** *** *** ***
13245 09/09*362 691 105 0*370 691 105 0*378 691 105 0*386 691 105 0
13245 09/09*362 691 100 0*370 691 95 0*378 691 90 0*386 693 85 0
*** *** *** *** ***
13250 09/10*393 692 100 0*400 692 100 0*408 693 95 0*417 694 90 0
13250 09/10*393 697 80 0*400 702 75 0*410 706 70 0*420 707 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
13255 09/11*426 694 85 0*437 695 80 0*448 696 80 0*460 700 75 0
13255 09/11E430 705 50 0E439 701 45 0E448 696 40 0E457 690 40 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** * ** **** *** **
13260 HR
13260 HR RI1 MA1
*** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to be
reasonable. Boose et al. (2003) analyze the wind-caused damage for this
hurricane at landfall in Puerto Rico as only isolated Fujita-scale F1 damage,
which does not support intensity as a major hurricane landfall. Winds are
reduced accordingly on the 31st and 1st to Category 2 (85 kt) intensity. Perez
(2000 and personal communication) indicate that this hurricane produced only
tropical storm conditions over Cuba during its close trek just offshore the
coast. Thus winds are reduced somewhat on the 3rd through the 5th. A central
pressure of 956 mb at 00Z on the 7th suggests winds of 98 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is utilized in the best track.
Winds adjusted from the 5th to the 9th accordingly. Hurricane is determined
from wind observations to be a Category 1 hurricane in New England; winds
adjusted accordingly from the 9th to the 11th. Winds at landfall (Category 1)
and inland agree with assessment by Boose et al. (2001), based upon modeling
of wind-caused damages. Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi.
Hurricane is known as "San Ramon Nonato III" or "San Gil" for its impacts in
Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
13605 09/18/1896 M=11 3 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13605 09/18/1896 M=11 3 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
13610 09/18*171 551 35 0*175 565 40 0*178 580 40 0*182 593 45 0
13615 09/19*187 606 50 0*191 618 55 0*196 628 60 0*201 637 65 0
13620 09/20*206 645 70 0*211 653 75 0*216 662 80 0*221 672 85 0
13625 09/21*227 683 85 0*234 694 85 0*241 705 85 0*249 715 85 0
13630 09/22*258 724 85 0*269 733 85 0*280 740 85 0*292 741 85 0
13635 09/23*304 738 85 0*317 727 85 0*330 710 85 0*344 690 85 0
13640 09/24*360 669 85 0*375 647 85 0*389 627 85 0*402 608 85 0
13645 09/25*413 589 85 0*425 570 85 0*438 550 85 0*452 529 85 0
13650 09/26*467 505 85 0*482 479 85 0*497 450 85 0*512 419 85 0
13655 09/27*528 388 85 0*543 357 80 0*558 325 80 0*571 293 75 0
13660 09/28*582 261 70 0*592 229 70 0*600 197 65 0* 0 0 0 0
13665 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
13330 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13330 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
13335 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 40 0*167 638 45 0
13335 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 35 0*167 638 35 0
** **
13340 09/23*167 647 50 0*168 656 60 0*168 665 65 0*168 673 70 0
13340 09/23*167 647 40 0*168 656 40 0*168 665 45 0*168 673 45 0
** ** ** **
13345 09/24*169 680 80 0*169 687 85 0*170 698 90 0*171 711 95 0
13345 09/24*169 680 50 0*169 687 50 0*170 698 55 0*171 711 55 0
** ** ** **
13350 09/25*171 724 100 0*172 736 100 0*173 749 105 0*174 762 105 0
13350 09/25*171 724 60 0*172 736 60 0*173 749 65 0*174 762 65 0
*** *** *** ***
13355 09/26*177 774 105 0*180 787 105 0*185 800 105 0*191 812 105 0
13355 09/26*177 774 70 0*180 787 75 0*185 800 80 0*188 809 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
13360 09/27*199 822 105 0*207 831 105 0*216 840 105 0*225 848 105 0
13360 09/27*191 819 90 0*194 828 95 0*197 837 100 0*201 842 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13365 09/28*234 854 105 0*244 856 105 0*254 855 100 0*265 850 100 0
13365 09/28*206 849 110 0*214 853 110 0*223 855 110 0*238 853 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13370 09/29*279 841 95 0*295 832 90 0*312 824 80 0*338 808 75 0
13370 09/29*253 851 110 0*270 842 110 960*296 829 100 963*322 812 85 973
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ***
13375 09/30*369 790 65 992*410 775 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
13375 09/30*357 792 70 988E395 785 60 987E420 790 50 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** ******* *** ** ******* *** **
13380 HR
13380 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
******** *** *** *** ***
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
is to use the track analyzed by Sandrik et al. (2001) near the landfall in
the United States. Winds reduced from the 22nd until the 27th since
observations from Partagas and Diaz only support intensification to
hurricane status as it approached Cuba. Perez (2001) analyzes the impacts
of this hurricane as Category 1 in Cuba, consistent with the track chosen
as just offshore the west tip of Cuba as a major hurricane. Sandrik et al.
(2001) analyzed the landfall as a 960 mb hurricane in Florida with a 15 nmi
radius of maximum winds. This central pressure suggests 100 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. With a smaller than usual RMW
for this central pressure and latitude (22 nmi on average - Vickery et al.
2000) and a rapid forward motion (30 kt at landfall), winds are estimated at
110 kt at landfall. A 963 mb central pressure estimated via Ho's methodology
for 12Z on the 29th suggests 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt chosen due to small RMW and fast speed of motion
although the hurricane is overland. A 973 mb central pressure estimated via
Ho's methodology for 18Z on the 29th suggests winds of 83 kt for maximum
sustained winds, 85 kt is chosen for the best track for the same reasons
above. A 988 mb central pressure estimated for 00Z on the 30th suggests
winds of 65 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is
boosted to 70 kt for the same reasons above. (Note that this was
originally recorded in HURDAT as 992 mb, which was a peripheral pressure
measurement not a central pressure.) Finally, an observed central pressure
(at 04Z on the 30th) of 987 mb occurred as the storm was going extratropical.
1896/04 - 2006 REVISION:
13935 09/22/1896 M= 9 4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
13940 09/22* 0 0 0 0*167 618 35 0*167 628 35 0*167 638 35 0*
13945 09/23*167 647 40 0*168 656 40 0*168 665 45 0*168 673 45 0*
13950 09/24*169 680 50 0*169 687 50 0*170 698 55 0*171 711 55 0*
13955 09/25*171 724 60 0*172 736 60 0*173 749 65 0*174 762 65 0*
13960 09/26*177 774 70 0*180 787 75 0*185 800 80 0*188 809 85 0*
13965 09/27*191 819 90 0*194 828 95 0*197 837 100 0*201 842 105 0*
13970 09/28*206 849 110 0*214 853 110 0*223 855 110 0*238 853 110 0*
13975 09/29*253 851 110 0*270 842 110 960*296 829 100 963*322 812 85 973*
13980 09/30*357 792 70 988E395 785 60 987E420 790 50 0* 0 0 0 0*
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1INC1IVA1
********
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North
Carolina and Virginia hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland,
rather than along these states' Atlantic coast.
********************************************************************************
13385 10/07/1896 M=10 5 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13385 10/07/1896 M=10 5 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
*** *
13390 10/07*225 912 35 0*230 902 40 0*234 890 50 0*236 882 60 0
13390 10/07*225 912 35 0*230 902 40 0*234 892 45 0*236 882 50 0
*** ** **
13395 10/08*239 873 70 0*242 863 80 0*248 852 85 0*255 839 85 0
13395 10/08*239 873 50 0*242 863 50 0*248 852 50 0*255 839 50 0
** ** ** **
13400 10/09*262 825 85 0*270 811 80 0*278 800 70 0*286 791 70 0
13400 10/09*262 825 50 0*270 811 40 0*278 800 35 0*286 791 45 0
** ** ** **
13405 10/10*294 782 75 0*302 774 80 0*310 767 80 0*318 760 85 0
13405 10/10*294 782 50 0*302 774 55 0*310 767 60 0*318 760 65 0
** ** ** **
13410 10/11*327 753 85 0*335 747 85 0*343 739 85 0*351 731 85 0
13410 10/11*327 753 75 0*335 747 85 0*343 739 85 0*351 731 85 0
**
13415 10/12*358 723 85 0*366 714 85 0*373 706 85 0*380 698 85 0
13420 10/13*386 689 85 0*393 680 85 0*400 672 85 0*408 664 85 0
13420 10/13*386 689 80 0*393 680 75 0*400 672 70 0*408 664 65 0
** ** ** **
13425 10/14*416 657 85 0*424 649 85 0*432 642 85 0*440 635 85 0
13425 10/14E416 657 60 0E424 649 55 0E432 642 50 0E440 635 45 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
13430 10/15*449 629 80 0*458 622 75 0*467 615 70 0*481 600 65 0
13430 10/15E449 629 40 0E458 622 35 0E467 615 35 0E481 600 35 0
* ** * ** * ** * **
13435 10/16*502 570 55 0*528 528 45 0*557 482 40 0* 0 0 0 0
13435 10/16E502 570 35 0E528 528 35 0E557 482 35 0* 0 0 0 0
* ** * ** * **
13440 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds reduced while in Gulf of Mexico
since observations do not support hurricane status there or at landfall
in Florida. Winds reduced from the 13th until the 16th since observations
do not indicate hurricane intensity north of 41N or at landfall in Canada.
Small alteration to the track on the 7th provides a more realistic
translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
13445 10/26/1896 M=15 6 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13445 10/26/1896 M=15 6 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
13450 10/26* 0 0 0 0* 87 442 35 0* 87 450 35 0* 88 455 40 0
13455 10/27* 89 460 40 0* 90 466 45 0* 92 474 45 0* 95 483 50 0
13460 10/28* 98 492 55 0*101 501 60 0*105 510 65 0*109 519 65 0
13465 10/29*114 528 70 0*120 537 75 0*126 546 80 0*134 553 85 0
13470 10/30*142 557 85 0*151 559 85 0*161 560 85 0*172 560 85 0
13475 10/31*183 558 85 0*194 555 85 0*204 550 85 0*214 543 85 0
13480 11/01*223 536 85 0*231 529 85 0*239 523 85 0*247 517 85 0
13485 11/02*254 512 85 0*261 506 85 0*267 500 85 0*273 494 85 0
13490 11/03*279 488 85 0*285 481 85 0*291 475 85 0*297 468 85 0
13495 11/04*303 461 85 0*309 454 85 0*315 446 85 0*323 436 85 0
13500 11/05*333 424 85 0*345 411 85 0*356 403 85 0*370 393 85 0
13505 11/06*384 390 85 0*398 397 85 0*404 410 80 0*404 415 80 0
13510 11/07*401 421 80 0*396 426 75 0*390 430 75 0*385 430 75 0
13515 11/08*379 425 70 0*374 417 70 0*370 407 65 0*366 396 60 0
13520 11/09*364 383 55 0*362 367 50 0*360 350 45 0*360 339 35 0
13525 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The only observation possibly
available for this system is from Bark "Gerald C. Tobay" on Oct. 28th at
21.2N 62.5W where "it came in a whirlwind with rain, thunder and lightning
... lasted only 20 minutes" and caused substantial damage to the ship. As
Partagas and Diaz discussed, this ship was about 800 miles to the northwest
of the hurricane's position on the 28th. So either the observation is
unrelated to the hurricane or the storm was a large system with an outer
rainband (and possible embedded tornado) that impacted the ship. Without
additional data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity
estimates, no alterations are made to this hurricane.
********************************************************************************
13527 11/27/1896 M= 3 7 SNBR= 344 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13527 11/27*109 611 35 0*112 613 35 0*115 615 40 0*120 617 40 0
13527 11/28*127 618 45 0*134 619 45 0*140 620 50 0*149 622 50 0
13527 11/29*160 623 50 0*170 624 50 0*180 625 40 0*196 623 35 0
13527 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
*******************************************************************************
1896 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out
of HURDAT for the following reason:
1) August 28-29, 1896: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
13530 08/31/1897 M=11 1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13530 08/31/1897 M=11 1 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
13535 08/31* 0 0 0 0*140 240 35 0*140 250 35 0*141 261 35 0
13540 09/01*142 273 35 0*143 284 40 0*145 295 55 0*147 306 65 0
13545 09/02*150 317 70 0*153 328 75 0*156 339 75 0*160 350 80 0
13550 09/03*164 361 80 0*169 372 85 0*175 383 85 0*181 395 85 0
13555 09/04*188 408 85 0*195 422 85 0*203 435 85 0*211 448 85 0
13560 09/05*220 462 85 0*229 475 85 0*239 488 85 0*250 498 85 0
13565 09/06*262 502 85 0*275 502 85 0*286 499 85 0*296 494 85 0
13570 09/07*304 487 85 0*313 480 85 0*322 472 85 0*332 464 85 0
13575 09/08*344 455 85 0*356 443 85 0*370 425 85 0*387 402 85 0
13580 09/09*408 373 85 0*430 345 80 0*448 319 80 0*463 294 75 0
13585 09/10*477 269 65 0*489 244 55 0*499 219 50 0*511 194 50 0
13585 09/10E477 269 65 0E489 244 55 0E499 219 50 0E511 194 50 0
* * * *
13590 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 972 mb
apparently close to the eye (11 UTC on the 7th) supports at least 84 kt
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in the
best track. Extratropical stage is suggested to begin on the 10th, while
north of 45N.
********************************************************************************
13595 09/10/1897 M= 4 2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13595 09/10/1897 M= 4 2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
13600 09/10* 0 0 0 0*237 800 65 0*240 810 65 0*244 819 65 0
13600 09/10* 0 0 0 0*237 800 50 0*240 810 55 0*244 819 60 0
** ** **
13605 09/11*248 829 65 0*254 836 75 0*260 846 80 0*266 856 85 0
13605 09/11*248 829 65 0*254 836 75 0*260 846 75 0*266 856 75 0
** **
13610 09/12*272 868 85 0*278 879 85 0*284 892 80 0*289 906 75 0
13610 09/12*272 868 75 0*278 879 75 0*283 892 75 0*288 905 75 0
** ** *** ** *** ***
13615 09/13*295 920 70 0*299 936 65 0*304 952 50 0*327 965 40 0
13615 09/13*293 922 75 0*298 941 75 0*303 957 50 0*312 975 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
13620 HR
13620 HRCTX1 LA1
**** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The hurricane is
lowered to a tropical storm on the 10th, since observations in Key West
do not indicate hurricane force had yet been reached. The hurricane is
downgraded from Category 2 (85 kt) to Category 1 (75 kt) over the Gulf of
Mexico and at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, due to evidence from observed winds,
6 ft of storm tide in Sabine Pass (Partagas and Diaz 1996b) and damage in
Texas/Louisiana. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of
information about its genesis.
********************************************************************************
13625 09/20/1897 M= 6 3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
13625 09/20/1897 M= 6 3 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
13630 09/20*221 844 40 0*232 842 40 0*243 838 40 0*253 831 40 0
13630 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*243 838 40 0*253 831 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **
13635 09/21*263 825 40 0*273 819 40 0*283 814 35 0*293 808 35 0
13635 09/21*263 825 60 0*273 819 50 0*283 814 45 0*293 807 40 0
** ** ** *** **
13640 09/22*303 802 35 0*314 795 40 0*324 789 40 0*333 783 40 0
13640 09/22*303 799 45 0*314 790 50 0*324 783 55 0*333 776 60 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
13645 09/23*342 777 40 0*349 772 40 0*358 766 40 0*368 759 40 0
13645 09/23*341 769 60 0*348 762 60 0*355 753 60 0*366 746 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13650 09/24*381 751 40 0*396 740 40 0*412 728 35 0*433 706 30 0
13650 09/24*383 741 60 0*397 736 55 0*410 725 45 0*433 706 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **
13655 09/25*459 667 30 0*490 612 30 0*525 550 25 0* 0 0 0 0
13660 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Storm is boosted to a strong tropical storm at landfall
in Florida based upon description of impacts. Storm is boosted to a strong
tropical storm while passing along the Atlantic seaboard, but not enough
evidence was found to support Partagas and Diaz' suggestion to upgrade this
to a hurricane.
********************************************************************************
13661 09/25/1897 M= 5 4 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13662 09/25*196 829 35 0*198 832 35 0*200 835 35 0*203 838 35 0
13663 09/26*205 840 35 0*207 842 35 0*210 845 35 0*214 848 35 0
13664 09/27*219 851 35 0*224 853 35 0*230 855 40 0*238 856 40 0
13665 09/28*247 857 40 0*254 856 40 0*259 855 40 0*263 854 40 0
13666 09/29*266 852 40 0*268 849 40 0*270 845 40 0*272 838 35 0
13667 TS
This newly documented tropical storm is incorporated from Partagas and Diaz
(1996a) without alteration.
********************************************************************************
13665 10/09/1897 M=14 4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
13665 10/09/1897 M=14 5 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
13670 10/09* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*124 617 40 0
13675 10/10*125 626 40 0*127 638 40 0*130 649 40 0*132 661 40 0
13680 10/11*134 672 40 0*136 684 40 0*138 696 40 0*140 708 40 0
13685 10/12*141 720 40 0*142 733 40 0*144 745 40 0*146 758 40 0
13690 10/13*148 771 40 0*151 784 40 0*155 796 40 0*160 807 40 0
13695 10/14*166 815 40 0*172 823 40 0*178 829 40 0*184 835 40 0
13695 10/14*163 811 40 0*167 816 40 0*170 820 40 0*173 823 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13700 10/15*189 841 40 0*195 846 40 0*200 850 40 0*205 854 40 0
13700 10/15*176 826 40 0*178 828 40 0*180 830 40 0*183 831 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13705 10/16*210 857 40 0*214 859 40 0*219 860 40 0*225 861 40 0
13705 10/16*184 831 40 0*185 831 40 0*187 830 40 0*190 828 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
13710 10/17*231 860 40 0*236 859 40 0*241 857 40 0*245 854 40 0
13710 10/17*192 825 40 0*194 823 45 0*197 820 50 0*199 816 55 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13715 10/18*248 851 40 0*251 847 40 0*254 844 40 0*257 841 40 0
13715 10/18*201 811 60 0*203 808 65 0*206 803 70 0*212 796 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13720 10/19*260 837 40 0*263 834 40 0*266 830 35 0*277 822 35 0
13720 10/19*218 789 70 0*225 782 60 0*233 777 55 0*253 772 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13725 10/20*299 807 40 0*323 787 40 0*343 765 40 0*358 742 40 0
13725 10/20*275 767 55 0*298 765 55 0*322 763 55 0*346 758 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
13730 10/21*372 718 40 0*383 693 40 0*390 670 40 0*393 651 40 0
13730 10/21*372 744 50 0*388 719 45 0E397 690 40 0E401 663 40 0
*** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
13735 10/22*396 636 40 0*398 619 40 0*400 595 40 0*401 574 40 0
13735 10/22E399 640 40 0E398 619 40 0E400 595 40 0E401 574 40 0
**** *** * * *
13740 TS
13740 HR
**
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.
These track changes are found to be reasonable. Peripheral pressure of
993 mb (on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track which is consistent
with analysis of a Category 1 landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). Changes made
to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by
Perez (2000). Storm is thus upgraded to a hurricane and winds are
increased accordingly from the 17th until the 21st. The hurricane is known
as "Ciclon de Tunas de Zaza" due to its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).
********************************************************************************
13745 10/23/1897 M= 9 5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13745 10/23/1897 M= 9 6 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* *** *
13750 10/23* 0 0 0 0*245 773 50 0*258 769 50 0*275 761 50 0
13755 10/24*291 755 50 0*306 750 50 0*321 745 50 0*335 740 50 0
13760 10/25*347 737 50 0*359 732 55 0*370 741 55 0*367 753 55 0
13760 10/25*347 735 50 0*359 732 55 0*370 741 55 0*367 753 55 0
***
13765 10/26*359 758 50 0*350 754 45 0*348 750 40 0*345 748 40 0
13765 10/26*359 758 50 0*350 754 45 0*347 751 40 0*345 748 40 0
*** ***
13770 10/27*343 744 45 0*340 738 50 0*338 730 50 0*337 721 50 0
13775 10/28*337 712 50 0*336 702 50 0*336 692 50 0*340 681 50 0
13775 10/28*336 712 50 0*336 702 50 0*336 692 50 0*340 681 50 0
***
13780 10/29*348 668 50 0*355 657 50 0*365 647 50 0*372 639 50 0
13780 10/29*348 668 50 0*355 657 50 0E365 647 50 0E372 639 50 0
* *
13785 10/30*378 633 50 0*385 627 50 0*392 620 50 0*400 613 50 0
13785 10/30E378 633 50 0E385 627 50 0E392 620 50 0E400 613 50 0
* * * *
13790 10/31*409 606 50 0*418 598 50 0*426 590 50 0*436 574 50 0
13790 10/31E409 606 50 0E418 598 50 0E426 590 50 0E436 578 50 0
* * * * ***
13795 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Slight
adjustments to track made on the 25th, 26th, 28th and 31st to allow for more
realistic translational velocities. Extratropical stage indicated for portion
of track as it moved toward the northeast north of 36N in late October. Full
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information
about its genesis.
*******************************************************************************
1897 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out
of HURDAT for the following reason:
1) August 15, 1897: Damage reports in Nicaragua leave it uncertain if
system was a tornado or tropical storm.
*******************************************************************************
13800 08/02/1898 M= 2 1 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13800 08/02/1898 M= 2 1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
13805 08/02*268 792 35 0*274 810 70 0*280 826 65 0*289 838 65 0
13805 08/02*268 792 35 0*274 810 30 0*280 826 35 0*289 838 55 0
** ** **
13810 08/03*298 849 65 0*306 861 60 0*315 872 35 0*320 882 25 0
13810 08/03*298 849 70 0*306 861 50 0*315 872 35 0*320 882 25 0
** **
13815 HR
13815 HRAFL1
****
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. Category 1
landfall status maintained in Northwest Florida, but available observational
data (i.e., the _Monthly Weather Review_ described it as a "feeble disturbance
near Jupiter" with maximum sustained winds of 32 kt from the east on Aug.
1st) suggests that the system was only a weak tropical storm at its
first landfall in peninsular Florida.
********************************************************************************
13820 08/30/1898 M= 3 2 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
13820 08/30/1898 M= 3 2 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
13825 08/30* 0 0 0 0*293 791 35 0*301 794 65 0*309 798 80 0
13825 08/30* 0 0 0 0*293 791 35 0*301 794 65 0*309 798 75 0
**
13830 08/31*315 802 85 0*320 807 85 0*324 814 65 990*326 822 60 0
13830 08/31*315 802 75 0*320 807 75 0*324 814 60 *326 822 50 0
** ** ** *** **
13835 09/01*326 831 45 0*327 841 40 0*328 853 35 0*331 866 30 0
13840 HR
13840 HR GA1 SC1
*** ***
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S. A
peripheral pressure (incorrectly listed as a central pressure in original
version of HURDAT) of 990 mb (at 09Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at
least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen
for best track.
********************************************************************************
13841 09/03/1898 M= 4 3 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13842 09/03* 0 0 0 0*408 421 70 0*420 410 70 0*429 398 70 0
13843 09/04*439 383 70 0*449 369 70 0*460 355 70 0*468 343 70 0
13844 09/05*477 328 70 0*486 314 70 0E495 300 60 0E507 280 50 0
13845 09/06E520 253 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
13846 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
hurricane.
********************************************************************************
13845 09/05/1898 M=16 3 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
13845 09/05/1898 M=16 4 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
13850 09/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*112 269 35 0*114 290 35 0
13855 09/06*115 310 40 0*116 328 45 0*117 344 55 0*117 358 65 0
13860 09/07*117 372 70 0*118 385 75 0*119 399 80 0*119 414 80 0
13865 09/08*120 430 85 0*120 446 85 0*120 462 85 0*120 481 85 0
13865 09/08*120 430 85 0*120 446 85 0*120 462 85 0*120 477 85 0
***
13870 09/09*120 501 85 0*120 521 85 0*121 537 85 0*121 549 85 0
13870 09/09*120 491 85 0*120 503 85 0*120 515 85 0*120 526 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
13875 09/10*122 559 85 0*123 569 85 0*125 579 85 0*130 595 85 0
13875 09/10*121 541 85 0*122 556 85 0*123 570 85 0*123 580 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
13880 09/11*136 609 85 0*145 620 85 0*153 628 85 0*162 630 85 0
13880 09/11*125 589 95 0*127 598 95 0*130 607 95 0*136 615 95 965
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
13885 09/12*169 632 85 0*177 633 85 0*185 634 85 0*191 635 85 0
13885 09/12*145 622 95 0*157 628 95 0*170 633 95 0*183 635 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
13890 09/13*197 636 85 0*204 637 85 0*210 639 85 0*217 640 85 0
13890 09/13*197 636 95 0*204 637 95 0*210 639 95 0*217 640 95 0
** ** ** **
13895 09/14*223 642 85 0*229 644 85 0*236 648 85 0*239 649 85 0
13895 09/14*223 642 90 0*229 644 85 0*236 648 85 0*239 649 85 0
**
13900 09/15*243 652 85 0*247 655 85 0*250 658 85 0*254 662 85 0
13905 09/16*258 666 85 0*262 671 85 0*266 675 85 0*272 679 85 0
13910 09/17*281 685 85 0*290 690 85 0*300 693 85 0*309 691 85 0
13915 09/18*319 687 85 0*330 680 85 0*340 672 85 0*352 659 85 0
13920 09/19*366 647 85 0*382 634 80 0*400 620 75 0*422 603 65 0
13925 09/20*451 583 55 0*485 563 45 0*520 541 40 0* 0 0 0 0
13925 09/20E451 583 55 0E485 563 45 0E520 541 40 0* 0 0 0 0
* *
13930 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 3. A central pressure of 965mb (on 16Z on the 11th) suggests winds of
95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Given the estimated
motion of the hurricane and wind reports from St. Vincent, a RMW of 15 nmi is
analyzed which is close to the climatological RMW for that central pressure
and latitude (14 nmi, from Vickery et al. 2000). Thus 95 kt is chosen for
landfall in the Lesser Antilles. Winds are altered from the 8th to the 14th
accordingly.
********************************************************************************
13935 09/12/1898 M=11 4 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
13935 09/12/1898 M=11 5 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
13940 09/12* 0 0 0 0*129 791 50 0*132 795 50 0*135 797 50 0
13945 09/13*138 799 50 0*141 802 50 0*144 804 50 0*147 807 50 0
13950 09/14*149 809 50 0*152 812 50 0*154 815 50 0*156 818 50 0
13955 09/15*159 821 50 0*161 825 50 0*163 831 50 0*166 840 50 0
13960 09/16*169 851 50 0*172 863 50 0*176 875 50 0*180 887 50 0
13960 09/16*169 851 50 0*172 863 50 0*176 875 50 0*180 887 40 0
**
13965 09/17*185 900 45 0*191 913 40 0*199 924 40 0*208 932 45 0
13965 09/17*185 900 35 0*191 913 40 0*199 924 40 0*208 932 45 0
**
13970 09/18*217 936 45 0*225 938 50 0*234 939 50 0*243 939 50 0
13975 09/19*252 939 50 0*260 938 50 0*269 937 50 0*277 935 50 0
13980 09/20*284 933 50 0*291 930 50 0*298 928 50 0*305 925 45 0
13980 09/20*284 933 50 0*291 930 50 0*298 928 45 0*305 925 40 0
** **
13985 09/21*313 923 40 0*320 920 35 0*327 917 35 0*339 913 35 0
13985 09/21*313 923 35 0*320 920 35 0*327 917 30 0*339 913 30 0
** ** **
13990 09/22*358 910 35 0*380 905 35 0*399 900 35 0* 0 0 0 0
13990 09/22*358 910 30 0*380 905 25 0*399 900 25 0* 0 0 0 0
** ** **
13995 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central
America and the Southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
14055 09/20/1898 M= 9 6 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14055 09/20/1898 M= 9 6 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
14060 09/20* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*110 798 50 0*121 806 50 0
14065 09/21*131 813 50 0*140 820 50 0*148 826 50 0*154 831 50 0
14070 09/22*161 835 50 0*167 840 50 0*173 845 50 0*180 851 50 0
14075 09/23*187 857 50 0*194 863 50 0*200 869 50 0*205 875 50 0
14075 09/23*187 857 50 0*194 863 50 0*200 869 50 0*205 875 40 0
**
14080 09/24*210 881 45 0*214 886 40 0*218 892 40 0*222 897 40 0
14080 09/24*210 881 35 0*214 886 35 0*218 892 40 0*222 897 40 0
** **
14085 09/25*225 902 45 0*229 907 50 0*233 912 50 0*237 918 50 0
14090 09/26*241 924 50 0*245 931 50 0*250 937 50 0*255 942 50 0
14095 09/27*261 945 50 0*267 947 50 0*273 948 50 0*279 949 50 0
14100 09/28*286 948 45 0*293 947 40 0*300 945 35 0*309 944 30 0
14100 09/28*286 948 50 0*293 947 50 0*300 945 40 0*309 944 30 0
** ** **
14105 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America and the
Texas. 50 kt sustained winds maintained until landfall in Texas, rather
than weakening indicated in original HURDAT before reaching the coast.
********************************************************************************
14110 09/25/1898 M=12 7 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=9
14110 09/25/1898 M=12 7 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
*** *
14115 09/25*162 583 35 0*166 587 40 0*171 592 40 0*175 598 45 0
14115 09/25*162 583 35 0*166 587 40 0*171 592 40 0*177 598 45 0
***
14120 09/26*179 605 50 0*183 611 60 0*187 617 65 0*191 623 70 0
14120 09/26*184 608 50 0*191 617 60 0*197 625 65 0*205 634 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
14125 09/27*194 630 80 0*197 636 85 0*201 642 90 0*205 648 95 0
14125 09/27*213 643 65 0*219 651 70 0*225 660 75 0*232 670 80 977
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
14130 09/28*210 654 95 0*216 661 95 0*222 667 95 0*228 673 95 0
14130 09/28*237 678 85 0*244 689 90 0*250 700 95 0*254 706 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14135 09/29*234 679 95 0*241 684 95 0*247 690 95 0*254 696 95 0
14135 09/29*258 712 95 0*262 719 95 0*265 725 95 0*268 730 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14140 09/30*260 703 95 0*267 710 95 0*273 717 95 0*278 724 95 0
14140 09/30*271 735 95 0*272 739 95 0*275 745 95 0*279 752 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14145 10/01*283 732 95 0*287 741 95 0*292 751 95 0*297 763 95 0
14145 10/01*283 759 95 0*287 766 100 0*290 773 105 0*293 780 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14150 10/02*302 779 90 0*307 794 90 0*312 808 85 0*317 820 75 0
14150 10/02*296 787 115 0*299 796 115 0*304 806 115 938*311 818 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
14155 10/03*323 831 65 0*329 842 60 0*335 852 55 0*343 861 50 0
14155 10/03*319 831 65 0*327 842 45 0*335 852 35 0*343 861 30 0
*** *** ** ** **
14160 10/04*352 869 45 0*364 875 40 0*376 879 40 0*391 876 35 0
14160 10/04*352 869 30 0*364 875 30 0*376 879 30 0*391 876 30 0
** ** ** **
14165 10/05*410 862 35 0*429 838 30 0*445 808 30 0*456 770 30 0
14165 10/05*410 862 25 0*429 838 25 0*445 808 25 0*456 770 25 0
** ** ** **
14170 10/06*464 720 25 0*468 658 25 0*470 588 25 0*480 528 25 0
14175 HR
14175 HR GA4DFL2
*******
The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), was to incorporate the
findings of Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
A central pressure of 977 mb (on 18Z on the 27th) suggests winds of 81 kt
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in the best track.
Winds adjusted on the 26th to the 28th accordingly. Sandrik and Jarvinen
(1999) analyzed a 938 mb central pressure at landfall based upon SLOSH runs
with observed storm surge values (16' maximum at Brunswick, Georgia) and an
estimated RMW of 18 n.mi. 938 mb central pressure suggests winds of 112 kt
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. A slightly higher value -
115 kt - is chosen at landfall because of the slightly smaller RMW than
would be expected climatologically (Vickery et al. 2000). Inland winds
adjusted downward based upon inland decay model and analysis of observations
from Sandrik (1998).
********************************************************************************
14000 09/20/1898 M= 9 5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * * *** *
14005 09/20* 0 0 0 0*155 593 50 0*157 600 50 0*160 607 50 0
14010 09/21*164 614 50 0*167 620 50 0*170 627 50 0*173 633 50 0
14015 09/22*175 639 50 0*178 645 45 0*181 651 40 0*185 659 40 0
14020 09/23*189 669 40 0*193 678 45 0*197 686 50 0*200 692 50 0
14025 09/24*203 698 50 0*207 704 50 0*210 710 50 0*214 716 50 0
(20th through the 24th are omitted. Storm started on the 25th.)
14030 09/25*217 722 50 0*221 728 50 0*225 734 50 0*229 740 50 0
14030 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14035 09/26*234 747 50 0*239 754 50 0*244 760 50 0*250 765 50 0
14035 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14040 09/27*256 768 50 0*262 770 50 0*268 770 50 0*273 768 45 0
14040 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14045 09/28*277 764 45 0*281 758 40 0*285 750 35 0*289 740 30 0
14045 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
14050 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Track altered
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1898/08 - 2003 REVISION:
14000 09/20/1898 M= 9 5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * * *** *
14005 09/20* 0 0 0 0*155 593 50 0*157 600 50 0*160 607 50 0
14010 09/21*164 614 50 0*167 620 50 0*170 627 50 0*173 633 50 0
14015 09/22*175 639 50 0*178 645 45 0*181 651 40 0*185 659 40 0
14020 09/23*189 669 40 0*193 678 45 0*197 686 50 0*200 692 50 0
14025 09/24*203 698 50 0*207 704 50 0*210 710 50 0*214 716 50 0
(20th through the 24th are omitted. Storm started on the 25th.)
14030 09/25*217 722 50 0*221 728 50 0*225 734 50 0*229 740 50 0
14030 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14035 09/26*234 747 50 0*239 754 50 0*244 760 50 0*250 765 50 0
14035 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14040 09/27*256 768 50 0*262 770 50 0*268 770 50 0*273 768 45 0
14040 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14045 09/28*277 764 45 0*281 758 40 0*285 750 35 0*289 740 30 0
14045 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
14050 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Track altered
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.
1898/08 - 2004 REVISION:
14830 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14830 09/25/1898 M= 4 8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
*
14835 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*241 830 35 0
14835 09/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 845 30 0
*** *** **
14840 09/26*248 814 35 0*254 800 40 0*260 790 40 0*264 782 45 0
14840 09/26*210 840 30 0*217 833 30 0*225 825 30 1008*235 813 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** **
14845 09/27*268 775 50 0*272 768 50 0*276 762 50 0*279 758 45 0
14845 09/27*245 800 35 0*255 790 40 0*265 780 45 0*270 772 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
14850 09/28*281 755 45 0*283 752 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0
14850 09/28*275 764 45 0*280 757 40 0*285 750 35 0*287 748 35 0
*** *** *** ***
14855 TS
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max States
Winds Affected
8-9/26/1898 0600Z 25.1 80.8 40 FL
(Removed from listing)
The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested that additional
research be done into this tropical storm and storm 1898/8:
"1898, Storms #7 and #8: While the series of events that Chris
has gone with matches what was originally stated in the Monthly
Weather Review, the meteorology of this situation troubles me.
Storm #8 is moving northeastward on the northwest side of storm
#7 - a developing major hurricane - and by 28 September the
two systems are only 400-500 n mi apart. Would a northeastward
motion for storm #8 be reasonable under those conditions? Chris
needs to give this situation a closer look."
Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the
COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system's track and
intensity record has been substantially altered. However, that there was
a tropical cyclone that moved generally to the northeast in advance of
an intensifying hurricane was confirmed. The relevant ship and station data
are included in the attached spreadsheet.
Ship data on the 25th and early on the 26th indicated a disturbance becoming
organized in the south central Gulf of Mexico/northwestern Caribbean
Sea. A weak vortex moved across western Cuba on the 26th accompanied by
winds of less than gale force. (The 1008 mb pressure minimum recorded
in Havana may have been a central pressure measurement, which suggests
winds of 28 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. 30 kt
utilized at 12 UTC on the 26th.) Tampa's pressure readings reached a
minimum of 1011 mb at 1930 UTC on the 26th, indicating a closest point of
approach near that time. While no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were recorded at any time for this system, the combination of coastal and
ship observations do confirm that a closed circulation existed and that
it moved off to the northeast (just off of the southeast coast of Florida)
on the 27th and 28th with a gradual decrease in forward speed. The track
was adjusted for the lifetime of the system. The intensity was reduced to a
tropical depression during its trek across Cuba and ramped back up to the
original tropical storm intensity thereafter. It is possible, however, that
this system never achieved tropical storm status, as no COADS or station
data provide any direct evidence of tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
14251 10/21/1898 M= 3 10 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14252 10/21*185 858 35 0*190 856 35 0*195 853 35 0*200 850 35 0
14253 10/22*206 847 40 0*211 843 40 0*218 837 40 0*226 828 40 0
14254 10/23*235 816 35 0*242 804 40 0E250 790 35 0E263 769 35 0
14255 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 9 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 11 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
14260 10/27* 0 0 0 0*179 612 50 0*177 626 50 0*176 637 50 0
14265 10/28*175 648 50 0*174 659 50 0*174 670 50 0*174 681 50 0
14270 10/29*174 692 50 0*174 703 50 0*174 713 50 0*174 723 50 0
14275 10/30*174 732 50 0*174 741 50 0*174 749 50 0*174 757 50 0
14280 10/31*174 766 50 0*174 774 50 0*174 782 50 0*174 791 50 0
14285 11/01*175 800 50 0*176 808 50 0*177 817 50 0*177 824 50 0
14290 11/02*177 830 50 0*178 836 50 0*178 843 50 0*179 851 50 0
14295 11/03*180 859 50 0*180 868 50 0*181 878 50 0*181 889 45 0
14295 11/03*180 859 50 0*180 868 50 0*181 878 40 0*181 889 35 0
** **
14300 11/04*182 901 40 0*182 913 30 0*182 927 25 0*183 938 20 0
14300 11/04*182 901 30 0*182 913 30 0*182 927 25 0*183 938 20 0
**
14305 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Partagas
and Diaz did indicate substantial doubt that the storm did in fact exist
(since their only documentation of this system comes from Mitchell
[1924], which offers no details on the storm). However, observations
from Rivas, Nicaragua (11.4N, 85.8W) from the December 1898 _Monthly Weather
Review_ do indicate a closed circulation to the north at the time that
this tropical storm would have been by passing that location. Thus this
tropical storm will be kept in the HURDAT database. Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America. Full
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about
its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
1898 - Additional Notes - 2004 ADDITION:
1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee identified a possible new tropical
storm to add into HURDAT for 1898:
"1898 - note possible additional system. Significant rainfall
in Jamaica found in MWR. No wind data, but a pressure is given
of 28.66. (May 23-27)."
Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review and from
the COADS ship database, this system - while producing huge amounts of
rainfall in Jamaica and some reports of gusty winds - did not have a
closed circulation and thus was not a tropical cyclone. (The "28.66"
report was actually the rainfall, not pressure, that occurred in one
day at Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica on the 25th.)
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
2) September 9-11, 1898: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 5-7, 1898: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
*******************************************************************************
14306 06/26/1899 M= 2 1 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14307 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 930 35 0*278 936 35 0
14308 06/27*282 942 35 0*288 948 35 0*295 955 30 0*303 962 25 0
14309 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm. It is noted, however, that the evidence that this was
a tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity was not completely
conclusive, as no reports of gale force winds (or pressure/damage
equivalent) were obtained.
********************************************************************************
14310 07/31/1899 M= 3 1 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14310 07/28/1899 M= 6 2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* * *** *
(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT.)
14311 07/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 695 70 0*183 708 70 0
14312 07/29*196 723 50 0*205 739 40 0*213 755 40 0*220 768 40 0
14313 07/30*229 781 40 0*241 796 40 0*251 808 35 0*258 817 35 0
14315 07/31* 0 0 0 0*262 846 60 0*270 850 65 0*277 853 70 0
14315 07/31*263 823 45 0*269 830 55 0*275 835 65 0*279 838 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
14320 08/01*285 852 70 0*290 850 70 0*297 846 65 0*301 844 55 0
14320 08/01*283 841 85 0*288 843 85 0*293 845 85 0*298 848 85 979
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
14325 08/02*305 843 45 0*308 841 40 0*311 839 35 0*313 837 30 0
14325 08/02*304 852 60 0*310 856 45 0*315 860 35 0*323 865 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14330 HR
14330 HRAFL2
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable. Hurricane status is
indicated at landfall in the Dominican Republic based upon description of
damages in Partagas and Diaz (1996b). A central pressure of 979 mb (on the
1st from Barnes 1998a) suggests winds of 78 kt - 85 kt chosen for best track
because of analysis described in Partagas and Diaz (1996b) that the hurricane
had a smaller than usual size. (For a given central pressure, a hurricane
with a smaller radius of maximum winds will have stronger winds than a
larger RMW hurricane.) Assessment as Category 2 at landfall in
Florida is an upgrade from tropical storm at landfall status indicated in
Neumann et al. (1999). Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known,
due to lack of information about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
14335 08/03/1899 M=22 2 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
14335 08/03/1899 M=33 3 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** * ***
14340 08/03*118 330 35 0*120 347 35 0*121 360 35 0*123 373 35 0
14340 08/03*117 310 35 0*118 324 45 0*120 340 50 0*122 357 55 995
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
14345 08/04*125 385 35 0*128 399 40 0*130 412 45 0*132 426 50 0
14345 08/04*124 374 60 0*126 388 60 0*127 403 60 0*130 420 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14350 08/05*135 440 50 0*137 455 55 0*140 470 60 0*143 487 65 0
14350 08/05*135 440 60 0*137 455 60 0*140 470 60 0*143 487 65 0
** **
14355 08/06*146 506 70 0*148 524 75 0*151 542 80 0*154 558 80 0
14355 08/06*146 506 70 0*148 524 75 0*151 542 80 0*154 558 90 0
**
14360 08/07*157 574 85 0*159 590 85 0*162 605 90 0*165 620 90 0
14360 08/07*157 574 100 0*159 590 110 0*162 605 120 0*165 620 130 930
*** *** *** *** ***
14365 08/08*169 634 90 0*174 647 95 0*178 658 100 940*183 668 100 0
14365 08/08*169 634 130 0*174 648 125 0*180 662 120 940*186 673 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14370 08/09*187 678 100 0*192 687 100 0*196 697 100 0*199 707 105 0
14370 08/09*189 681 105 0*193 689 105 0*197 698 105 0*201 706 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14375 08/10*202 716 105 0*205 726 105 0*208 735 105 0*211 744 105 0
14375 08/10*204 714 105 0*207 722 105 0*210 730 105 0*214 737 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14380 08/11*214 751 105 0*218 758 105 0*222 764 105 0*229 772 105 0
14380 08/11*220 745 105 0*225 753 105 0*230 760 105 0*234 765 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14385 08/12*235 779 105 0*243 784 105 0*250 789 105 0*255 791 105 0
14385 08/12*238 770 105 0*242 774 105 0*245 777 105 0*251 780 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14390 08/13*260 793 105 0*265 795 105 0*270 796 105 0*276 798 105 0
14390 08/13*256 782 105 0*262 784 105 0*270 786 105 0*276 788 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
14395 08/14*283 800 105 0*290 800 105 0*297 800 105 0*303 798 105 0
14395 08/14*283 790 105 0*290 791 105 0*297 790 105 0*303 789 105 0
*** *** *** ***
14400 08/15*308 796 105 0*314 793 105 0*319 789 105 0*322 784 105 0
14400 08/15*309 787 105 0*313 784 105 0*317 780 105 0*322 775 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14405 08/16*325 778 105 0*328 774 105 0*330 770 105 0*338 762 105 0
14405 08/16*326 769 105 0*328 762 105 0*330 755 105 0*333 750 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
14410 08/17*341 758 105 0*345 755 100 0*349 755 95 0*352 758 90 968
14410 08/17*337 746 105 0*341 744 105 0*345 745 105 0*348 750 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14415 08/18*355 761 85 969*359 761 80 0*363 757 80 0*366 751 75 0
14415 08/18*351 757 105 0*357 760 90 0*363 757 80 0*364 755 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ***
14420 08/19*370 744 75 0*374 737 70 0*378 730 70 0*381 723 65 0
14420 08/19*364 753 75 0*364 750 70 0*365 747 70 0*370 740 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
14425 08/20*385 715 65 0*388 703 65 0*390 688 60 0E391 671 60 0
14425 08/20*377 729 70 0*383 719 70 0*388 707 70 0*393 690 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **
14430 08/21E392 653 55 0E391 636 55 0E390 621 55 0E389 606 50 0
14430 08/21*394 673 70 0*395 654 70 0*397 635 70 0*395 613 65 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
14435 08/22E387 591 50 0E384 575 50 0E380 557 50 0E376 538 50 0
14435 08/22E393 589 60 0E391 565 55 0E387 543 50 0E383 529 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14440 08/23E372 518 50 0E369 500 45 0E365 483 45 0E362 468 45 0
14440 08/23E379 520 50 0E373 509 45 0E367 500 45 0E360 490 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14445 08/24E359 455 45 0E357 440 40 0E357 425 40 0* 0 0 0 0
14445 08/24E354 482 45 0E347 472 40 0E343 460 40 0E342 450 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
(25th through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
14446 08/25E343 441 40 0E346 433 40 0E353 430 40 0E356 430 40 0
14447 08/26*360 432 40 0*363 433 40 0*365 435 40 0*368 437 40 0
14448 08/27*372 440 40 0*375 442 40 0*377 445 40 0*382 447 40 0
14449 08/28*387 449 40 0*394 450 40 0*400 450 40 0*403 447 40 0
14450 08/29*406 441 40 0*406 435 40 0*405 430 40 0*405 427 40 0
14451 08/30*405 423 40 0*405 419 40 0*403 415 40 0*402 412 40 0
14452 08/31*401 409 40 0*400 405 40 0*400 400 40 0*399 393 40 0
14453 09/01*399 387 40 0*399 379 40 0*400 370 40 0*399 357 40 0
14454 09/02*397 347 45 0*395 333 50 0*390 320 55 0*383 311 60 0
14455 09/03*379 305 65 0*375 296 70 0*373 287 70 0*378 275 65 0
14456 09/04E390 255 60 0E415 225 55 0E450 185 50 0E490 155 45 0
14450 HR NC3
The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) are to extend the track
through the 4th as an extratropical storm based upon available ship
observations and to reposition the hurricane slightly more offshore Florida
to account for relatively weak winds along the coast despite having a strong
hurricane offshore. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable though
large alterations to the track that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 2. Central pressure of 995 mb (18Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of
56 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 55 kt utilized in best
track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 3rd to the 5th. A central
pressure of 930 mb (on the 7th) suggests winds of 128 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt utilized in best track. Winds are
adjusted accordingly on the 6th to the 8th. A central pressure of 940 mb
(around 12Z on the 8th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt used in best track. This agrees with the
assessment of Boose et al. (2003) in their wind-caused damage estimates of
extensive Fujita-scale F3 damage from this hurricane. The 968 and 969 mb
central pressures originally listed in HURDAT are determined to be peripheral
pressures (though they do suggest winds of at least 83 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship) - 105 kt retained in best track up to landfall in
North Carolina. Landfall as a Category 3 (~105 kt) supported by peripheral
pressure and wind reports along with extensive wind and surge damage reported
in Barnes (1998b). Assessment as Category 3 retains that indicated in the
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999).
Peripheral pressure of 983 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least
70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized in best
track. The hurricane is known as "San Ciriaco" for its impact in Puerto
Rico.
********************************************************************************
14455 08/29/1899 M=11 3 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14455 08/29/1899 M=11 4 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
14460 08/29* 0 0 0 0*150 582 60 0*150 585 60 0*150 598 60 0
14460 08/29* 0 0 0 0*168 573 60 0*168 585 60 0*168 597 60 0
*** *** *** *** ***
14465 08/30*150 611 65 0*151 624 70 0*153 637 70 0*156 654 70 0
14465 08/30*168 608 65 0*168 619 70 0*167 630 70 0*166 641 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14470 08/31*159 671 70 0*164 688 70 0*169 704 70 0*172 712 70 0
14470 08/31*166 654 70 0*166 667 70 0*165 680 70 0*166 690 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14475 09/01*177 720 70 0*182 726 70 0*189 731 70 0*195 733 70 0
14475 09/01*167 700 70 0*170 710 70 0*175 720 70 0*185 722 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
14480 09/02*202 735 70 0*209 735 75 0*216 734 80 0*225 731 85 0
14480 09/02*192 721 40 0*200 719 50 0*207 717 55 0*217 712 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14485 09/03*233 728 90 0*242 724 90 0*250 720 95 0*264 712 100 0
14485 09/03*226 708 65 0*236 703 75 0*245 700 85 0*257 693 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
14490 09/04*278 703 105 0*291 693 105 0*304 683 105 0*315 671 105 0
14490 09/04*270 687 90 0*282 681 90 0*295 675 85 0*316 660 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14495 09/05*327 657 105 0*339 640 100 0E350 623 95 0E359 604 90 0
14495 09/05*333 639 75 0*345 617 65 0E355 595 60 0E361 583 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ***
14500 09/06E366 583 90 0E372 562 85 0E380 544 85 0E389 530 85 0
14500 09/06E366 571 60 0E372 558 60 0E380 544 60 0E389 530 60 0
*** ** *** ** ** **
14505 09/07E398 517 75 0E408 507 70 0E418 498 60 0E429 490 55 0
14505 09/07E398 517 60 0E408 507 60 0E418 498 60 0E429 490 55 0
** **
14510 09/08E441 482 50 0E454 476 45 0E467 471 40 0E481 470 40 0
14515 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and moderate changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Available observations
of gale force or greater winds (or equivalent in sea level pressure) are as
follows: 60 kt S at 12 UTC on Aug. 31 from a ship at 15.5N, 67W; 45 kt SW
on Aug. 31 at San Juan; 50 kt SE at 12 UTC on Sep. 3 from a ship at 25N,
67.5W; 70 kt on Sep. 3 from the ship "Kilpatrick" at 25N, 68.6W; 40 kt NE
at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 from a ship at 30N, 69W; 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC on Sep. 4
from a ship at 30N, 63.7W; "winds of hurricane force blew over Bermuda in a
12 hours storm" on Sep. 4. Winds unchanged along track through Caribbean as
available observations from ships and coastal stations are consistent with a
strong tropical storm/weak hurricane. Winds reduced while storm transited
over Hispanola from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, modified
to account for mountainous terrain. Peak winds reduced from Category 3
(105 kt) to Category 2 (90 kt), since data from ship reports and observations
in Bermuda supports a weaker hurricane. Winds reduced accordingly from the
3rd to the 7th.
********************************************************************************
14520 09/03/1899 M=13 4 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14520 09/03/1899 M=13 5 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
14525 09/03*132 384 35 0*132 402 35 0*134 420 35 0*138 440 35 0
14530 09/04*142 458 35 0*145 473 35 0*147 483 40 0*149 490 45 0
14535 09/05*150 497 50 0*151 504 55 0*153 511 60 0*155 519 65 0
14540 09/06*158 527 70 0*160 534 70 0*162 542 70 0*164 549 70 0
14545 09/07*165 554 70 0*166 560 75 0*168 568 80 0*170 577 85 0
14550 09/08*173 587 85 0*177 596 90 0*180 606 95 0*183 615 100 0
14550 09/08*172 586 85 0*173 595 90 0*175 605 95 0*180 617 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14555 09/09*187 625 100 0*192 634 105 0*198 643 105 0*206 654 105 0
14555 09/09*184 626 100 0*189 636 105 0*195 645 105 0*200 657 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14560 09/10*216 667 105 0*225 680 105 0*234 691 105 0*243 698 105 0
14560 09/10*205 668 105 0*211 677 105 0*217 687 105 0*225 694 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14565 09/11*251 701 105 0*260 701 105 0*268 699 100 0*277 694 100 0
14565 09/11*232 696 105 0*242 698 105 0*250 700 105 0*259 698 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14570 09/12*285 688 95 0*294 680 90 0*302 672 90 0*309 663 85 0
14570 09/12*269 696 105 0*278 690 105 0*287 683 105 0*298 673 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14575 09/13*315 654 85 0*323 643 85 0*333 632 85 0*348 619 85 0
14575 09/13*310 660 105 0*322 646 105 939*335 632 105 0*349 619 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14580 09/14*364 604 80 0*381 589 80 0*398 575 70 0*414 563 65 0
14580 09/14*365 605 95 0*385 588 90 0*405 570 85 0*431 551 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14585 09/15*431 552 55 0E447 541 50 0E464 532 45 0E484 522 40 0
14585 09/15*458 535 75 0E489 525 60 0E520 525 50 0E550 530 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
14590 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 4. A central pressure of 939 mb (07Z on the 13th) suggests winds of
111 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Wind reports from
Bermuda allow an estimation of 30 nmi for the RMW, which is larger than usual
(~21 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus
105 kt chosen for best track during track near Bermuda and winds are adjusted
accordingly from the 11th to the 13th. Winds increased on the 14th and 15th
based upon ship observations and damage reports in Canada. Extratropical
transition delayed, as per Partagas and Diaz' suggestion, until after landfall
in Canada.
********************************************************************************
14595 10/02/1899 M= 7 5 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14595 10/02/1899 M= 7 6 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
14600 10/02* 0 0 0 0*200 841 35 0*205 847 35 0*211 852 35 0
14600 10/02* 0 0 0 0*200 841 35 0*205 847 35 0*211 851 40 0
*** **
14605 10/03*217 856 35 0*223 860 35 0*230 862 35 0*238 863 35 0
14605 10/03*218 855 40 0*227 860 40 0*237 865 45 0*245 868 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14610 10/04*246 863 35 0*254 862 40 0*262 860 40 0*268 857 35 0
14610 10/04*255 871 50 0*265 872 50 0*273 870 50 0*278 860 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14615 10/05*273 852 35 0*280 843 40 0*290 830 40 0*305 812 40 0
14615 10/05*278 848 50 0*278 835 50 0*280 825 40 0*293 811 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14620 10/06*322 792 40 0*339 769 40 0E357 745 35 0E374 720 35 0
14620 10/06*309 796 40 0E324 783 40 0E344 763 35 0E371 727 35 0
*** *** **** *** *** *** *** ***
14625 10/07E391 695 35 0E408 669 35 0E426 642 35 0E445 614 35 0
14625 10/07E403 688 35 0E436 648 35 0E463 613 35 0E493 575 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14630 10/08E468 585 35 0E492 556 35 0E518 525 35 0E543 502 35 0
14630 10/08E522 537 35 0E550 499 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** *** *** **** *** ** **** *** **
14635 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 5. Winds increased slightly based upon ship reports and land stations
for the 2nd to the 5th.
********************************************************************************
14636 10/10/1899 M= 5 7 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14637 10/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*100 350 40 0*107 357 40 0
14638 10/11*113 363 40 0*119 369 40 0*125 375 40 0*132 382 40 0
14639 10/12*138 388 40 0*144 394 40 0*150 400 40 0*157 405 40 0
14640 10/13*163 410 40 0*169 414 40 0*175 418 40 0*183 423 40 0
14641 10/14*193 427 40 0*204 431 40 0*215 435 40 0* 0 0 0 0
14642 TS
Evidence provided in the "Special statement" section of Partagas and Diaz
(1996b) suggests strongly that a tropical storm existed in the eastern
Atlantic from at least the 10th through the 14th of October. Thus a best
track was created for this newly documented tropical storm. Based upon
two ships showing gale force winds on the 10th and 14th, respectively,
12Z positions of 12.5N 37.5W (10th) and 21.5N 43.5W (14th) were
estimated. A smooth track was created based upon these two positions.
Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of
information about its genesis and decay stages.
********************************************************************************
14640 10/23/1899 M=13 6 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
14640 10/26/1899 M=10 8 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** ** * *** *
14645 10/23* 0 0 0 0*117 803 50 0*120 804 50 0*123 805 50 0
14650 10/24*125 806 55 0*128 807 60 0*130 808 65 0*133 809 70 0
14655 10/25*135 810 70 0*138 810 65 0*140 811 65 0*142 811 70 0
(The 23rd through the 25th are deleted from the revised HURDAT.)
14660 10/26*145 812 70 0*148 813 70 0*152 813 70 0*157 814 70 0
14660 10/26*162 788 35 0*166 789 35 0*170 790 35 0*174 791 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14665 10/27*163 816 70 0*169 817 70 0*175 818 70 0*181 818 70 0
14665 10/27*178 792 40 0*182 793 40 0*185 794 45 0*188 795 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14670 10/28*187 817 70 0*193 814 70 0*199 811 70 0*205 807 70 0
14670 10/28*191 796 55 0*194 797 60 0*200 798 65 0*206 797 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
14675 10/29*213 803 70 0*221 798 70 0*229 794 70 0*243 789 70 0
14675 10/29*213 796 70 0*221 795 70 0*229 794 60 0*239 790 65 0
*** *** ** *** ***
14680 10/30*255 786 75 0*267 783 80 0*280 780 85 0*293 780 85 0
14680 10/30*255 786 75 0*267 783 85 0*280 780 95 0*293 783 95 0
** ** *** **
14685 10/31*305 783 85 0*319 788 85 0*332 789 80 0*350 784 70 0
14685 10/31*310 786 95 0*327 789 95 0*345 790 75 0*362 783 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
14690 11/01E375 773 55 0E401 758 50 0E422 739 45 0E438 717 45 0
14690 11/01E381 771 50 0E401 758 50 0E422 739 45 0E438 717 45 0
*** *** **
14695 11/02E453 689 40 0E466 654 40 0E476 612 40 0E484 559 40 0
14700 11/03E489 497 45 0E495 435 50 0E503 380 50 0E513 332 50 0
14705 11/04E524 285 45 0E536 242 40 0E550 202 40 0E578 175 40 0
14710 HR SC1 NC1
14710 HR SC2 NC2
*** ***
One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 6. After reconsideration of the available
observations, it was analyzed that the system did begin on the 26th, but
likely south of Jamaica instead of east. Track is adjusted accordingly on
the 26th through the 28th. With deletion of the 23rd through the 25th and
a new genesis point on the 26th south of Hispanola, winds are reduced from
the 26th to the 28th to reflect a reasonable intensification rate. A
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (on 05Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at
least 55 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for
best track which is consistent with available ship observations and
re-analysis work of Perez (2000) that suggests landfall in Cuba as a
Category 1 hurricane. Winds reduced slightly on the 29th after Cuban
landfall. Ho (1989) estimated a central pressure of 955 mb at landfall in the
Carolinas, based upon a peripheral pressure measurement of 979 mb (10Z on the
31st), an estimated RMW of 35 nmi, and an environmental pressure of 1012 mb.
This central pressure suggests winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship. Given the larger than climatology (~25 nmi from
Vickery et al. 2000) RMW, 95 kt chosen in the best track for landfall in the
Carolinas. Winds increased accordingly on the 30th and 31st. Landfall as a
Category 2 in the Carolinas (95 kt) is lowered from the Category 3 shown in
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999), but increased from the Category 1 in the
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the middle Atlantic states.
A storm tide of 8' was observed in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina
(Ho 1989) and 9' was observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001).
********************************************************************************
14711 11/07/1899 M= 4 9 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14712 11/07*117 783 35 0*122 779 35 0*127 775 40 0*136 772 40 0
14713 11/08*146 768 45 0*159 765 50 0*170 765 55 0*180 765 55 0
14714 11/09*189 766 45 0*198 767 45 0*207 767 35 0*225 761 35 0
14715 11/10*244 748 30 0*260 733 30 0*275 713 30 0*284 695 30 0
14716 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm - storm number 8 in Partagas and Diaz.
********************************************************************************
1899 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the third system as a new tropical storm
into HURDAT. (See storm 7, 1899.) The re-analysis team agreed to leave
the first two out of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) September 24-26, 1899: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 7-9, 1899: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
May 1-6: Historical Weather Maps indicate that a closed low with a pressure
of at least 1010mb formed on May 1st off the southern coast of Haiti. Through out
the next two days, it remained fairly stationary along the eastern coast of Cuba
and around Haiti. On the 4th, the system turned north and on the 5th it started
heading northeastward. The system then merged with a stationary front on the 6th.
No gales were found in Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review. The
maximum winds found in COADS were 20kt.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
May 1 17N 73W Tropical Depression
May 2 21N 76W Tropical Depression
May 3 19N 73W Tropical Depression
May 4 24N 71W Tropical Depression
May 5 28N 67W Tropical Depression
May 6 30N 65W Merged with front
July 19-24: Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near 8N, 30W on the
20th, but there is not enough information to show that it is a closed low. It
remains that way as it moved towards the west-southwest. The low does not appear
on the 22nd, but Historical Weather Maps indicated a trough from 10-13N and 40-45W
on the 23rd. It then became a closed low on the 24th with a pressure of at most
1010mb but no observations could be found of the system after that date.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
July 19 8N 27W ?
July 20 8N 30W ?
July 21 5N 35W ?
July 22 8N 40W ?
July 23 10N 43W ?
July 24 11N 47W Tropical Depression?
August 26-29: Historical Weather Maps indicate a low formed near Bermuda,
around 34N, 66W on August 26. The system headed south and became a closed low
with a pressure of at most 1015mb on the 27th. Then on the 28th it headed towards
the southwest until the central east coast of Florida. It remained off the coast
of Florida on the 29th with a pressure of 1005mb and by the 30th it dissipated.
The maximum winds found in COADS were 30kt and there were no gales in the Historical
Weather Maps or the Monthly Weather Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Aug 26 34N 66W Extratropical Low
Aug 27 31N 66W Tropical Depression
Aug 28 29N 77W Tropical Depression
Aug 29 30N 79W Tropical Depression
*******************************************************************************
14715 08/27/1900 M=20 1 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
14715 08/27/1900 M=20 1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
***
14720 08/27*160 435 35 0*160 448 35 0*162 458 35 0*162 470 35 0
14720 08/27*150 421 35 0*152 434 35 0*153 447 35 0*154 456 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14725 08/28*163 482 35 0*163 494 35 0*164 505 35 0*165 516 35 0
14725 08/28*156 466 35 0*158 479 35 0*160 491 35 0*161 503 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14730 08/29*165 527 35 0*166 537 35 0*167 548 40 0*168 559 40 0
14730 08/29*163 514 35 0*164 524 35 0*165 537 40 0*166 551 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14735 08/30*168 570 40 0*169 581 40 0*170 592 45 0*171 605 45 0
14735 08/30*168 566 40 0*169 580 40 0*170 593 45 0*170 606 45 0
*** *** *** *** ***
14740 08/31*172 620 45 0*174 635 45 0*175 647 45 0*176 657 45 0
14740 08/31*171 619 45 0*172 633 45 0*173 647 45 0*174 656 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14745 09/01*178 668 45 0*179 678 45 0*181 688 45 0*183 699 40 0
14745 09/01*175 664 45 0*176 674 45 0*177 683 45 0*180 692 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14750 09/02*186 709 40 0*189 720 35 0*192 730 35 0*194 740 35 0
14750 09/02*183 703 40 0*187 713 35 0*190 723 35 0*193 732 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14755 09/03*195 748 35 0*196 757 35 0*198 765 35 0*202 773 35 0
14755 09/03*195 741 35 0*197 750 35 0*200 760 35 0*203 766 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14760 09/04*206 782 35 0*210 790 35 0*215 797 35 0*220 803 40 0
14760 09/04*206 772 35 0*210 777 35 0*213 783 35 0*216 789 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
14765 09/05*225 808 50 0*230 813 55 0*235 817 60 0*240 823 80 974
14765 09/05*220 795 35 0*224 801 35 0*230 807 45 0*235 815 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
14770 09/06*246 829 85 0*251 835 90 0*255 841 95 0*258 853 100 0
14770 09/06*241 823 60 0*248 832 65 0*255 841 75 0*261 852 85 974
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** *** ***
14775 09/07*260 865 105 0*262 874 105 0*264 887 110 0*266 897 110 0
14775 09/07*265 862 95 0*268 874 105 0*270 887 115 0*272 897 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14780 09/08*269 906 115 0*273 915 115 0*278 924 115 0*284 935 115 0
14780 09/08*274 906 125 0*276 915 125 0*278 924 125 0*282 935 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14785 09/09*291 946 115 964*300 958 65 0*310 969 50 0*322 976 45 0
14785 09/09*289 947 125 936*298 959 90 0*310 969 65 0*322 976 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** **
14790 09/10*334 978 40 0*347 978 40 0*360 976 35 0*374 973 35 0
14790 09/10*334 978 45 0*347 978 40 0*360 976 35 0*374 973 30 0
** **
14795 09/11*388 965 35 0*402 951 35 0E415 924 35 0E426 886 35 0
14795 09/11*388 965 30 0*402 951 30 0E415 924 40 0E426 886 50 0
** ** ** **
14800 09/12E434 842 40 0E443 794 40 0E452 745 40 0E463 693 40 0
14800 09/12E434 842 55 0E443 794 60 0E452 745 65 0E463 693 65 0
** ** ** **
14805 09/13E475 640 45 0E486 587 45 0E497 539 45 0E506 498 45 0
14805 09/13E475 640 65 0E486 587 65 0E497 539 65 0E506 498 60 0
** ** ** **
14810 09/14E514 462 45 0E521 430 45 0E530 400 45 0E541 372 45 0
14810 09/14E514 462 55 0E521 430 50 0E530 400 45 0E541 372 45 0
** **
14815 09/15E553 346 45 0E567 322 40 0E582 300 40 0E600 280 35 0
14820 HRCTX4
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure
of 996 mb (at 23Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
The 974 mb central pressure originally listed as occurring at 18Z on the
5th actually occurred at 19Z on the 6th. This central pressure suggests
winds of 84 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt
chosen for best track. Winds adjusted on the 5th to the 7th based on
these pressure reports. Winds maintained at 35 kt during the 4th and 5th
while traversing over Cuba based upon reports of no more than minimum
gale force winds over land. The 964 mb pressure listed as a central
pressure (at 00Z on the 9th) is actually a peripheral pressure. Ho et al.
(1987) utilized this information to analyze this hurricane as a 936 mb
hurricane at landfall in Texas with a 14 nmi RMW. This value is close to
the 931 mb central pressure estimated in Jarrell et al. (1992) at landfall,
which is from an estimate by Connor (1956). A 936 mb central pressure
suggests winds of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.
Given the slightly smaller than climatological RMW (Vickery et al. 2000,
~18 nmi), maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated at 125 kt. This
is consistent with the assessment of Category 4 at landfall from Neumann
et al. (1999) in their Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 7th through the 9th. A storm tide of
20' in Galveston is reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the
central U.S. Intensities increased from the 11th to the 14th based upon
observations of strong winds during extratropical phase in the northern
United States and Canada (Partagas and Diaz 1996b).
********************************************************************************
14950 09/13/1900 M= 6 4 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14950 09/07/1900 M=13 2 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** * ***
(7th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.)
14951 09/07*145 280 35 0*147 295 40 0*150 310 45 0*152 323 50 0
14952 09/08*153 336 55 0*154 348 60 0*155 360 60 0*157 373 60 0
14953 09/09*158 386 60 0*159 398 60 0*160 410 60 0*162 423 60 0
14954 09/10*163 436 60 0*164 448 60 0*165 460 60 0*167 472 60 0
14955 09/11*168 483 60 0*169 494 60 0*170 505 60 0*172 517 60 0
14956 09/12*173 528 60 0*174 539 60 0*175 550 60 0*177 561 60 0
14955 09/13*185 549 60 0*187 559 60 0*190 570 65 0*193 579 70 0
14955 09/13*180 572 60 0*185 583 60 0*190 593 65 0*195 600 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14960 09/14*197 587 75 0*202 596 80 0*206 606 80 0*210 615 85 0
14960 09/14*200 606 75 0*205 613 80 0*210 620 80 0*214 625 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14965 09/15*215 624 85 0*221 632 85 0*227 640 85 0*234 647 85 0
14965 09/15*218 631 85 0*222 635 85 0*227 640 85 0*234 647 85 0
*** *** *** ***
14970 09/16*242 652 90 0*251 655 95 0*260 658 100 0*270 659 105 0
14970 09/16*238 650 90 0*243 653 95 0*250 655 100 0*260 657 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14975 09/17*280 657 105 0*290 652 100 0*300 645 95 0*310 635 85 0
14975 09/17*271 656 105 0*282 654 105 0*293 650 100 0*311 641 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
14980 09/18*321 620 75 0*331 601 65 0*342 580 50 0*350 560 35 0
14980 09/18*332 626 85 0*351 604 75 0*365 580 65 0*380 560 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(19th new to HURDAT.)
14982 09/19*397 533 35 0*415 498 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
14985 HR
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) is to extend the track
back to the 7th based upon ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 4. Winds are increased on the 17th and 18th to
account for observations in Bermuda on weak (west) side of hurricane.
********************************************************************************
14825 09/09/1900 M=15 2 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14825 09/08/1900 M=16 3 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** * ***
(8th not previously in HURDAT.)
14828 09/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*100 185 40 0*103 194 45 0
14830 09/09* 0 0 0 0*123 223 60 0*128 232 60 0*131 240 65 0
14830 09/09*106 203 50 0*109 212 55 0*112 221 60 0*116 230 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14835 09/10*133 248 70 0*134 255 70 0*136 263 70 0*137 270 70 0
14835 09/10*120 239 70 0*125 248 70 0*130 257 70 0*135 263 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14840 09/11*138 277 70 0*140 283 70 0*141 290 75 0*142 298 80 0
14840 09/11*140 270 70 0*145 277 70 0*150 283 75 0*155 291 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14845 09/12*144 308 85 0*147 318 85 0*150 327 85 0*158 334 85 0
14845 09/12*159 299 85 0*164 306 85 0*171 313 85 0*186 320 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14850 09/13*173 342 85 0*189 344 85 0*202 345 85 0*212 345 85 0
14850 09/13*197 326 85 0*208 330 85 0*220 335 85 0*230 339 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14855 09/14*221 344 85 0*230 343 85 0*237 341 85 0*243 340 85 0
14855 09/14*240 343 85 0*250 347 85 0*260 350 85 0*269 346 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14860 09/15*248 338 80 0*253 336 75 0*258 333 75 0*264 329 75 0
14860 09/15*281 339 80 0*290 331 75 0*297 323 75 0*300 318 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14865 09/16*268 327 75 0*270 323 75 0*274 319 75 0*276 316 75 0
14865 09/16*302 313 75 0*304 307 75 0*304 300 75 0*303 295 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14870 09/17*278 312 75 0*279 308 75 0*280 303 75 0*278 295 75 0
14870 09/17*301 290 75 0*295 288 75 0*290 290 75 0*288 295 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14875 09/18*273 294 75 0*270 300 75 0*268 312 70 0*265 323 70 0
14875 09/18*286 301 75 0*284 307 75 0*282 315 70 0*278 325 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14880 09/19*263 336 65 0*262 351 65 0*261 366 65 0*264 382 65 0
14880 09/19*272 337 65 0*267 349 65 0*265 365 65 0*266 381 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14885 09/20*270 399 65 0*275 416 60 0*280 430 50 0*284 442 45 0
14890 09/21*289 451 40 0*293 459 40 0*296 466 35 0*298 472 35 0
14895 09/22*299 477 35 0*300 483 35 0*301 489 35 0*302 495 30 0
14900 09/23*303 502 30 0*303 508 25 0*304 515 25 0*306 522 20 0
14905 HR
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to extend the track
back to the 8th based upon ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 2. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the
8th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.
********************************************************************************
14910 09/10/1900 M= 6 3 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
14910 09/11/1900 M= 5 4 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * * ***
14915 09/10* 0 0 0 0*211 831 35 0*218 837 35 0*227 851 35 0
(10th deleted from HURDAT.)
14920 09/11*235 863 35 0*243 874 40 0*251 880 40 0*259 893 45 0
14920 09/11*200 852 35 0*209 860 40 0*218 870 40 0*228 876 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14925 09/12*266 901 45 0*273 905 45 0*280 905 45 0*287 901 45 0
14925 09/12*238 882 45 0*248 887 45 0*260 893 45 0*270 897 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
14930 09/13*294 896 45 0*300 891 35 0*306 887 35 0*310 884 35 0
14930 09/13*281 898 45 0*291 895 40 0*300 890 35 0*305 886 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
14935 09/14*313 881 35 0*316 878 35 0*320 874 35 0*324 869 35 0
14935 09/14*310 883 30 0*315 878 30 0*320 874 30 0*324 869 30 0
*** *** ** *** ** ** **
14940 09/15*328 863 35 0*333 855 35 0*337 847 30 0*340 833 25 0
14940 09/15*328 863 25 0*333 855 25 0*337 847 25 0*340 833 25 0
** ** **
14945 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). This tropical storm was
originally storm 3 in Neumann et al. The track changes are found
to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (around 12Z on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 35 kt retained in best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
14990 10/04/1900 M=11 5 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
14990 10/04/1900 M=11 5 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
14995 10/04* 0 0 0 0*212 613 35 0*223 623 35 0*232 628 35 0
14995 10/04* 0 0 0 0*212 613 30 0*222 623 30 0*232 628 30 0
** *** ** **
15000 10/05*245 631 35 0*253 637 35 0*259 644 40 0*263 653 40 0
15000 10/05*242 631 30 0*251 637 30 0*259 644 30 0*263 653 30 0
*** ** *** ** ** **
15005 10/06*267 662 40 0*270 671 40 0*272 680 40 0*273 688 40 0
15005 10/06*267 662 30 0*270 671 30 0*272 680 30 0*273 688 30 0
** ** ** **
15010 10/07*273 695 40 0*273 702 45 0*274 709 45 0*275 716 45 0
15010 10/07*273 695 35 0*273 702 35 0*274 709 40 0*275 716 45 0
** ** **
15015 10/08*277 722 50 0*280 727 50 0*283 728 55 0*287 726 55 0
15015 10/08*275 724 50 0*271 729 50 0*265 730 55 0*264 721 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15020 10/09*293 721 60 0*299 715 60 0*306 708 60 0*313 701 60 0
15020 10/09*269 715 60 0*276 711 60 0*290 705 60 0*307 695 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15025 10/10*321 695 60 0*329 688 55 0E340 680 50 0E355 672 45 0
15025 10/10*334 688 60 0E364 685 55 0E385 685 50 0E398 685 45 0
*** *** **** *** *** *** *** ***
15030 10/11E376 664 40 0E397 655 40 0E415 647 40 0E428 639 40 0
15030 10/11E412 685 40 0E428 681 40 0E440 670 40 0E452 639 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15035 10/12E438 631 40 0E448 623 40 0E462 615 40 0E480 597 40 0
15035 10/12E460 606 40 0E471 584 40 0E485 565 40 0E497 549 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15040 10/13E499 564 35 0E519 527 35 0E537 500 35 0E553 482 35 0
15040 10/13E511 531 35 0E523 516 35 0E537 500 35 0E553 482 35 0
*** *** *** ***
15045 10/14E568 468 35 0E582 457 35 0E595 451 35 0* 0 0 0 0
15050 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. However, the track
change on the 11th to bring it inland as an extratropical storm over
Nova Scotia has only moderate evidence and thus is altered with some
uncertainty. Small track alterations on the 4th and 5th to allow for a
more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
15055 10/08/1900 M= 8 6 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15055 10/10/1900 M= 6 6 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
15060 10/08* 0 0 0 0*178 855 35 0*181 866 40 0*189 879 40 0
15065 10/09*196 889 35 0*203 898 35 0*210 905 35 0*216 910 35 0
(8th to 9th deleted in new HURDAT.)
15070 10/10*220 913 35 0*225 913 35 0*232 910 35 0*241 904 35 0
15070 10/10* 0 0 0 0*210 914 35 0*220 910 35 0*235 907 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15075 10/11*250 896 35 0*260 885 40 0*270 872 40 0*280 857 40 0
15075 10/11*248 902 35 0*261 894 40 0*273 885 40 0*285 866 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15080 10/12*290 840 40 0*300 824 35 0E311 808 35 0E322 793 35 0
15080 10/12*292 842 40 0*300 824 35 0E311 808 35 0E322 793 35 0
*** ***
15085 10/13E334 780 35 0E346 766 35 0E358 754 35 0E369 749 35 0
15090 10/14E380 745 35 0E392 741 35 0E403 737 35 0E419 724 30 0
15095 10/15E441 707 30 0E468 686 25 0E497 661 25 0E528 638 25 0
15100 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track changes are found to
be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
15105 10/23/1900 M= 7 7 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15105 10/24/1900 M= 6 7 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
15110 10/23* 0 0 0 0*133 602 35 0*138 612 35 0*142 621 35 0
(23rd removed from HURDAT.)
15115 10/24*146 630 35 0*151 638 35 0*157 646 35 0*163 653 35 0
15115 10/24*150 645 30 0*155 652 30 0*160 660 30 0*165 668 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15120 10/25*170 660 35 0*176 667 35 0*183 674 35 0*190 682 35 0
15120 10/25*170 676 30 0*175 685 30 0*180 695 30 0*185 705 30 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15125 10/26*196 690 35 0*203 699 35 0*210 708 35 0*216 719 40 0
15125 10/26*190 715 30 0*195 725 30 0*200 733 35 0*206 739 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15130 10/27*222 729 40 0*231 739 40 0*240 749 40 0*251 749 45 0
15130 10/27*212 744 40 0*218 748 40 0*225 750 40 0*236 748 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15135 10/28*279 742 45 0*293 729 45 0*307 712 45 0*321 697 45 0
15135 10/28*256 744 45 0*272 738 45 0*290 728 45 0*315 714 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15140 10/29*335 683 45 0*348 668 45 0*360 653 45 0E388 630 45 0
15140 10/29E348 693 45 0E380 673 45 0E415 650 45 0E450 630 45 0
**** *** **** *** **** *** ***
15145 TS
One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Track is extended back to the 24th based upon available observational
data that indicates the system existed as a tropical depression in
the Caribbean.
********************************************************************************
1900 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned four additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) June 9-13, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) June 12-17, 1900: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
system was tropical storm intensity.
3) July 25-27, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 4-5, 1900: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
January 14-19: Historical Weather Maps indicate a trough located on 37W
(between 15-30N) on January 14. There were two gales; one at 20N, 40W and
the other at 20N, 47W. Yet, all the observations had winds coming from
the E or ENE which shows that there wasn’t enough evidence to show that it
was a closed low. The trough was located at about 42W on the 15th and at
48W on the 16th. The system finally became a closed low on the 17th, at
about 22N, 50W. The closed low continued a northeast movement on the 18th
and 19th and became extratropical on the 19th as it merged with a front.
DAT LAT LONG STATUS
Jan 14 37W Trough
Jan 15 42W Trough
Jan 16 48W Trough
Jan 17 22N 50W Tropical Depression
Jan 18 23N 44W Tropical Depression
Jan 19 30N 35W Extratropical
June 9-17: This system appeared on Historical Weather Maps as a closed
low with a pressure of at most 1012mb on June 9. The system was located at
about 21N, 66W on the 10th and it may have attained tropical storm intensity
because a ship located near 23N, 65W reported 35kt SE winds and a pressure
of 1009mb. On the 11th, the system was in the vicinity of Turks Is. and
it then made a loop and headed back towards the northeast. On the 14th,
Historical Weather Maps indicates a closed low of at most 1005mb located
near 27N, 64W and from this day on it begins to move west-northwestward.
There were two other gales reported by ships on the 15th and the 16th with
winds of 40kt and 35kt, respectively. However, the pressures were 1030mb
and 1031mb which were too high to be considered as correct observations,
hence the gales were disregarded. The last evidence of a closed low was on
the 17th at 29N, 74W. The system then continued heading towards the northeast
as an extratropical storm from the 18th to the 21st of June. There were no
gales found in COADS or Monthly Weather Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
June 9 21N 65W Tropical Depression
June 10 21N 66W Tropical Storm?
June 11 21N 70W Tropical Depression
June 12 22N 67W Tropical Depression
June 13 26N 65W Tropical Depression
June 14 27N 64W Tropical Depression
June 15 27N 69W Tropical Depression
June 16 28N 70W Tropical Depression
June 17 29N 74W Tropical Depression
June 18 36N 71W Extratropical Low
June 19 36N 69W Extratropical Low
June 20 39N 61W Extratropical Low
June 21 41N 60W Extratropical Low
June 9-14: The system appears in the Historical Weather Map on
June 9 as a closed low of at most 1010mb that formed off the northern west
coast of Florida. The system remained stationary on the 10th and then
moved slightly southwest. It then moved northward and made landfall on
the 12th on the eastern coast of Louisiana. It dissipated after the 14th.
There was no information found in the Monthly Weather Review and no gales
were found in COADS or in the Historical Weather Maps.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
June 9 27N 86W Tropical Depression
June 10 28N 85W Tropical Depression
June 11 27N 87W Tropical Depression
June 12 29N 90W Tropical Depression
June 13 30N 90W Tropical Depression
June 14 33N 89W Tropical Depression
*******************************************************************************
15150 06/10/1901 M= 5 1 SNBR= 359 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15150 06/11/1901 M= 5 1 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ***
15155 06/10*171 822 35 0*179 827 35 0*187 830 35 0*195 832 35 0
(10th is removed from the revised HURDAT.)
15160 06/11*204 835 35 0*212 837 35 0*219 840 35 0*226 843 35 0
15160 06/11*193 823 25 0*200 830 25 0*207 835 30 0*214 839 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15165 06/12*233 846 35 0*240 849 35 0*247 852 35 0*254 856 35 0
15165 06/12*221 843 35 0*229 847 35 0*240 850 35 0*251 852 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15170 06/13*262 860 35 0*269 864 35 0*276 868 35 0*283 871 35 0
15170 06/13*261 852 35 0*274 850 35 0*285 847 35 0*295 846 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15175 06/14*290 874 35 0*297 877 35 0*304 880 35 0*313 883 35 0
15175 06/14*305 847 30 0*315 848 30 0*325 850 25 0*338 854 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(15th is new to HURDAT.)
15177 06/15*349 862 25 0*359 870 25 0*370 880 25 0*385 897 25 0
15180 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Winds reduced to
tropical depression status on 11th, since observations indicate that tropical
storm status was not reached until the 12th. Inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
15185 07/02/1901 M= 9 2 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15185 07/01/1901 M=10 2 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ** ***
(1st is new to HURDAT.)
15187 07/01* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 90 540 35 0* 95 550 35 0
15190 07/02* 0 0 0 0*132 575 35 0*131 590 35 0*130 607 35 0
15190 07/02*102 562 35 0*108 574 35 0*115 587 35 0*123 601 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15195 07/03*130 624 35 0*130 640 40 0*131 657 40 0*132 674 40 0
15195 07/03*132 619 35 0*142 636 40 0*153 657 40 0*159 674 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
15200 07/04*133 690 45 0*135 706 50 0*137 720 55 0*140 732 55 0
15200 07/04*163 692 45 0*166 708 50 0*170 725 55 0*174 736 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15205 07/05*142 742 60 0*145 752 60 0*149 762 60 0*154 774 60 0
15205 07/05*178 746 60 0*183 755 60 0*187 765 60 0*189 774 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15210 07/06*159 787 55 0*164 799 55 0*170 810 55 0*176 820 50 0
15210 07/06*192 783 60 0*194 793 60 0*197 803 60 0*201 810 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15215 07/07*181 829 50 0*187 838 50 0*193 846 50 0*199 854 45 0
15215 07/07*206 819 60 0*210 826 60 0*215 835 60 0*219 843 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15220 07/08*206 862 45 0*213 870 45 0*220 878 45 0*227 884 45 0
15220 07/08*222 850 60 0*226 859 60 0*230 870 60 0*235 879 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15225 07/09*235 894 45 0*243 903 45 0*251 912 40 0*260 924 40 0
15225 07/09*241 887 60 0*248 896 60 0*253 905 60 0*260 919 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
15230 07/10*269 938 40 0*279 952 40 0*289 965 35 0*300 978 30 0
15230 07/10*269 935 55 0*279 950 50 0*289 965 35 0*300 978 30 0
*** ** *** **
15235 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds boosted from the 6th to
the 10th based upon 60 kt ship observation on the 9th. A 4' storm tide was
reported in Galveston, Texas (Connor 1956).
********************************************************************************
15240 07/05/1901 M= 9 3 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
15240 07/04/1901 M=10 3 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** ***
(4th is new to HURDAT.)
15242 07/04* 95 555 30 0*102 558 30 0*110 563 30 0*118 570 30 0
15245 07/05* 0 0 0 0*136 600 35 0*141 608 35 0*146 617 35 0
15245 07/05*125 578 35 0*132 587 35 0*137 597 35 0*144 608 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15250 07/06*150 625 35 0*155 633 40 0*159 641 45 0*163 648 50 0
15250 07/06*150 619 35 0*155 630 40 0*159 641 45 0*166 651 50 0
*** *** *** ***
15255 07/07*168 655 60 0*172 661 65 0*177 668 70 0*189 680 75 0
15255 07/07*174 663 55 0*182 676 60 0*190 690 60 0*200 702 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15260 07/08*205 697 80 0*222 715 80 0*238 730 85 0*254 742 85 0
15260 07/08*213 713 60 0*228 722 60 0*245 733 60 0*264 745 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15265 07/09*269 752 85 0*285 757 85 0*300 756 85 0*314 748 85 0
15265 07/09*277 758 60 0*290 766 60 0*305 767 60 0*318 759 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15270 07/10*326 740 85 0*336 738 85 0*345 737 85 0*352 739 85 0
15270 07/10*330 751 65 0*337 742 70 0*346 738 70 0*357 738 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15275 07/11*356 741 80 0*360 750 75 0*356 762 65 0*353 764 50 0
15275 07/11*361 746 70 0*361 756 70 0*356 762 60 0*353 764 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **
15280 07/12*347 766 40 0*342 768 40 0*340 771 35 0*339 776 35 0
15285 07/13*338 781 35 0*338 788 35 0*338 795 35 0*339 802 30 0
15285 07/13*340 781 35 0*342 788 35 0*345 795 35 0*348 802 30 0
*** *** *** ***
15290 HR NC1
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Winds
are reduced from the 7th to the 11th, since observations indicate that the
system did not obtain hurricane force until about the 10th. Additionally,
there is no evidence for the system attaining more than a Category 1 hurricane
status, thus peak winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 70 kt. Landfall
as a Category 1 hurricane in the U.S. as reported in Table 6 of Neumann
et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT is retained. The
storm is known as "San Cirilo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
15295 08/04/1901 M=15 4 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
15295 08/02/1901 M=17 4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** *** *
(2nd and 3rd are new to HURDAT.)
15296 08/02*326 384 25 0*323 391 25 0*320 400 25 0*316 411 25 0
15298 08/03*311 423 25 0*305 437 25 0*300 450 25 0*293 463 25 0
15300 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*264 495 35 0*263 516 35 0
15300 08/04*286 473 30 0*277 488 30 0*270 500 30 0*263 516 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **
15305 08/05*261 535 35 0*258 553 35 0*257 569 35 0*256 583 35 0
15305 08/05*256 532 30 0*249 548 30 0*245 565 30 0*242 579 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15310 08/06*256 596 35 0*255 609 35 0*254 623 35 0*253 639 35 0
15310 08/06*239 593 30 0*237 608 30 0*237 623 30 0*239 639 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
15315 08/07*252 656 35 0*250 673 35 0*249 688 35 0*249 702 40 0
15315 08/07*242 657 30 0*246 675 30 0*250 690 30 0*253 702 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
15320 08/08*248 714 40 0*248 725 40 0*248 734 40 0*249 743 40 0
15320 08/08*255 716 30 0*255 727 30 0*255 740 30 0*254 745 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15325 08/09*250 750 40 0*250 756 40 0*252 764 40 0*253 771 40 0
15325 08/09*250 750 35 0*250 756 35 0*252 764 40 0*253 771 40 0
** **
15330 08/10*254 778 40 0*256 784 40 0*258 790 40 0*261 796 40 0
15335 08/11*264 803 40 0*267 809 35 0*269 815 35 0*270 821 40 0
15335 08/11*264 804 35 0*267 813 35 0*269 821 40 0*270 827 45 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** **
15340 08/12*272 828 45 0*273 835 55 0*274 842 65 0*274 850 70 0
15340 08/12*272 832 50 0*273 837 55 0*274 842 65 0*274 848 70 0
*** ** *** ***
15345 08/13*275 859 75 0*275 868 80 0*275 876 80 0*276 884 85 0
15345 08/13*275 854 75 0*275 860 80 0*275 867 80 0*276 876 80 0
*** *** *** *** **
15350 08/14*278 890 85 0*279 895 85 0*281 897 85 0*284 898 85 0
15350 08/14*279 887 80 0*283 893 80 0*287 897 80 0*291 898 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
15355 08/15*288 898 80 0*293 897 75 0*299 895 65 973*305 892 50 0
15355 08/15*294 895 80 0*297 892 80 0*300 890 80 0*305 887 70 973
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** ***
15360 08/16*311 890 40 0*318 889 35 0E326 892 35 0E335 895 30 0
15360 08/16*310 883 60 0*315 881 45 0*320 880 40 0*330 887 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
2
15365 08/17E344 898 30 0E354 900 30 0E363 899 25 0E371 893 25 0
15365 08/17E340 895 30 0E350 900 30 0E363 899 25 0E371 893 25 0
*** *** ***
15370 08/18E378 887 25 0E384 878 25 0E390 868 25 0E398 854 25 0
15375 HR LA2 MS2
15375 HR LA1 MS1 AL1
*** *** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Analysis of 973 mb
central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) is based upon a peripheral
pressure of 993 mb from Mobile along with an estimated 33 nmi radius of
maximum wind. (This analysis of central pressure was very similar to the
estimation in Jarrell et al. (1992) taken from Connor (1956) of 972 mb.)
A 973 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship. Given that this radius of maximum wind is
larger than climatological value (of 23 nmi for this latitude and
central pressure - Vickery et al. 2000), a maximum sustained windspeed
of 80 kt is chosen at landfall making this system a Category 1 hurricane.
This is a downgrade from the Category 2 at U.S. landfall reported in
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in
HURDAT. Winds from the 13th to the 15th adjusted accordingly. Winds
increased on the 16th based upon observed wind reports for the day. Storm
tides of 8' were observed in Port Eads, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama
(Connor 1956, Cline 1926).
********************************************************************************
15376 08/18/1901 M= 5 5 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15377 08/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*115 530 30 0*116 540 30 0
15378 08/19*117 548 30 0*119 557 30 0*120 567 35 0*121 577 35 0
15379 08/20*122 586 40 0*122 595 40 0*123 603 45 0*123 612 45 0
15380 08/21*124 622 40 0*124 633 35 0*125 645 30 0*126 658 30 0
15381 08/22*126 671 25 0*126 683 25 0*127 695 25 0*128 710 25 0
15382 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
15380 08/30/1901 M=13 5 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15380 08/29/1901 M=14 6 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** * ***
(29th new to HURDAT.)
15383 08/29* 0 0 0 0*136 224 30 0*137 240 35 0*139 259 35 0
15385 08/30*141 360 50 0*142 372 50 0*145 380 55 0*147 387 60 0
15385 08/30*141 274 40 0*142 288 40 0*143 302 45 0*144 315 45 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15390 08/31*149 395 65 0*152 404 70 0*156 414 70 0*160 426 75 0
15390 08/31*145 330 50 0*147 345 50 0*150 363 55 0*151 377 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15395 09/01*165 440 80 0*171 453 80 0*176 462 85 0*181 470 85 0
15395 09/01*154 390 60 0*157 404 60 0*163 420 65 0*168 432 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15400 09/02*185 474 85 0*190 480 85 0*195 486 85 0*200 492 85 0
15400 09/02*174 446 70 0*180 460 70 0*185 475 75 0*189 488 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15405 09/03*206 498 90 0*212 504 90 0*219 510 95 0*227 517 95 0
15405 09/03*192 501 80 0*196 514 80 0*200 527 85 0*207 542 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15410 09/04*237 526 100 0*246 535 100 0*255 543 105 0*262 550 105 0
15410 09/04*215 556 90 0*226 570 90 0*240 580 90 0*250 584 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15415 09/05*268 557 105 0*275 564 105 0*282 570 105 0*290 576 100 0
15415 09/05*261 587 90 0*271 589 90 0*280 590 90 0*288 591 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15420 09/06*298 581 95 0*307 585 90 0*315 587 85 0*323 583 85 0
15420 09/06*295 592 90 0*301 591 90 0*307 590 85 0*316 586 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15425 09/07*330 578 85 0*336 570 85 0*342 561 85 0*347 553 85 0
15425 09/07*326 578 85 0*336 570 85 0*342 561 85 0*347 553 85 0
***
15430 09/08*352 540 85 0*356 519 80 0*358 500 80 0*360 475 80 0
15430 09/08*352 540 85 0*356 520 80 0*358 500 80 0*360 475 80 0
***
15435 09/09*360 444 80 0*362 413 80 0*370 390 80 0*381 381 75 0
15435 09/09*360 444 80 0*362 413 80 0*370 390 80 0*381 374 75 0
***
15440 09/10*397 377 70 0*415 379 70 0E431 378 65 0E445 368 65 0
15440 09/10*395 357 70 0*410 338 70 0*430 320 65 0*444 309 65 0
*** *** *** *** **** *** **** ***
15445 09/11E469 325 55 0E480 290 45 0E486 250 40 0E492 200 35 0
15445 09/11E458 293 55 0E473 277 45 0E486 250 40 0E492 200 35 0
*** *** *** ***
15450 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 5. These track and intensity changes are found to be
reasonable. A 991 mb peripheral pressure on 12Z of the 8th supports
winds of at least 62 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds
maintained at 80 kt. Peak winds are reduced from 105 kt down to 90 kt, since
observations available support only a Category 1 hurricane, or Category 2
hurricane at most. Winds reduced from the 1st to the 6th accordingly.
********************************************************************************
15455 09/09/1901 M=11 6 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15455 09/09/1901 M=11 7 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
15460 09/09* 0 0 0 0*188 493 35 0*186 504 35 0*184 518 35 0
15460 09/09* 0 0 0 0*176 507 35 0*175 520 35 0*175 532 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
15465 09/10*184 532 35 0*183 546 35 0*183 560 35 0*182 574 35 0
15465 09/10*174 546 35 0*174 560 35 0*173 573 35 0*174 588 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15470 09/11*182 587 35 0*181 600 40 0*182 614 40 0*183 630 40 0
15470 09/11*175 601 35 0*176 613 40 0*178 627 45 0*181 643 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
15475 09/12*185 647 40 0*186 665 40 0*186 682 40 0*188 698 35 0
15475 09/12*184 656 50 0*185 669 50 0*186 682 50 0*187 696 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
15480 09/13*190 714 35 0*192 730 35 0*194 742 35 0*197 757 40 0
15480 09/13*188 710 35 0*189 726 35 0*190 743 45 0*191 757 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** **
15485 09/14*199 770 40 0*201 783 45 0*204 796 45 0*208 809 50 0
15485 09/14*192 770 55 0*194 783 60 0*197 795 65 0*201 806 65 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15490 09/15*214 822 50 0*221 834 50 0*228 847 50 0*234 857 50 0
15490 09/15*205 819 70 0*210 833 70 0*215 845 70 0*220 856 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15495 09/16*240 864 50 0*245 869 50 0*251 875 50 0*257 880 50 0
15495 09/16*226 865 60 0*233 873 55 0*243 880 50 0*253 885 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15500 09/17*263 883 50 0*270 885 50 0*278 887 45 0*289 882 45 0
15500 09/17*265 885 50 0*277 881 50 0*290 875 50 0*303 867 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
15505 09/18*302 873 40 0*316 850 35 0E330 812 35 0E342 770 35 0
15505 09/18*316 853 40 0*325 834 35 0*330 812 35 0*342 770 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** * *
15510 09/19E358 742 35 0E371 725 35 0E387 700 35 0E405 672 35 0
15510 09/19E358 742 40 0E371 725 45 0E387 700 50 0E405 672 50 0
** ** ** **
15515 TS
15515 HR
**
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm
to a hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et
al. (1999), originally storm number 6. This upgrade to a hurricane is
based upon the re-analysis work of Perez (2000), which analyzed the storm as
a Category 1 hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Winds are increased
accordingly on the 13th to the 16th. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (06Z
on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track. Winds adjusted accordingly on the
11th and 12th. The storm is known as "San Leoncio" or "San Vicente IV" for
its impacts in Puerto Rico.
********************************************************************************
15520 09/12/1901 M= 6 7 SNBR= 365 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15520 09/12/1901 M= 6 8 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
15525 09/12*111 281 35 0*115 285 35 0*121 289 35 0*127 291 35 0
15530 09/13*133 294 35 0*138 295 35 0*143 296 35 0*148 296 35 0
15530 09/13*133 294 40 0*138 295 40 0*143 296 45 0*148 296 45 0
** ** ** **
15535 09/14*153 296 35 0*158 294 40 0*162 292 40 0*166 291 40 0
15535 09/14*153 296 50 0*158 294 50 0*162 292 50 0*166 291 50 0
** ** ** **
15540 09/15*170 290 40 0*174 290 35 0*178 292 35 0*181 294 35 0
15540 09/15*170 290 45 0*174 290 40 0*178 292 35 0*181 294 35 0
** **
15545 09/16*184 298 35 0*186 302 35 0*189 307 35 0*191 309 35 0
15550 09/17*194 311 35 0*198 314 35 0*202 316 35 0*208 320 30 0
15555 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes to the track shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. However, ship reports
indicate that the storm was somewhat stronger than originally indicated
in HURDAT. Winds increased on the 13th to the 15th accordingly.
********************************************************************************
15560 09/21/1901 M=12 8 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15560 09/21/1901 M=12 9 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
15565 09/21*110 802 35 0*115 804 35 0*120 806 35 0*125 808 35 0
15565 09/21*137 730 35 0*138 740 35 0*140 750 35 0*142 759 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15570 09/22*130 810 35 0*135 813 35 0*140 815 35 0*146 817 35 0
15570 09/22*144 769 35 0*147 780 35 0*150 790 35 0*152 798 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15575 09/23*151 820 35 0*157 822 35 0*163 825 35 0*168 828 35 0
15575 09/23*155 806 35 0*159 813 35 0*165 820 35 0*169 823 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15580 09/24*173 831 35 0*178 834 35 0*183 837 35 0*189 840 35 0
15580 09/24*174 825 35 0*180 828 35 0*185 830 35 0*188 832 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15585 09/25*194 843 35 0*201 846 35 0*207 849 40 0*213 852 40 0
15585 09/25*192 833 35 0*196 834 35 0*200 835 40 0*203 837 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15590 09/26*220 853 40 0*228 854 45 0*238 855 45 0*250 855 45 0
15590 09/26*207 838 40 0*211 839 45 0*215 840 45 0*221 842 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15595 09/27*263 853 40 0*275 851 40 0*288 848 40 0*300 843 40 0
15595 09/27*232 845 40 0*243 848 40 0*255 850 40 0*270 849 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15600 09/28*312 839 40 0*325 835 40 0E337 830 35 0E354 823 35 0
15600 09/28*288 847 40 0*306 845 35 0E325 840 35 0E351 827 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15605 09/29E378 814 30 0E403 801 25 0E425 786 25 0E442 765 25 0
15610 09/30E457 745 25 0E470 725 25 0E480 674 25 0E482 639 30 0
15610 09/30E457 745 25 0E470 725 25 0E480 685 25 0E482 639 30 0
***
15615 10/01E482 601 30 0E483 559 35 0E485 515 35 0E490 461 40 0
15620 10/02E508 394 40 0E531 326 45 0E553 270 45 0* 0 0 0 0
15625 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Track adjusted slightly on the
30th to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
15630 10/07/1901 M= 8 9 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15630 10/05/1901 M=10 10 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ** ***
(The 5th and 6th are new to HURDAT.)
15632 10/05*120 515 35 0*122 517 35 0*125 520 35 0*127 523 35 0
15634 10/06*130 526 40 0*132 529 40 0*135 533 40 0*138 537 45 0
15635 10/07*147 508 35 0*148 520 35 0*150 531 35 0*151 542 35 0
15635 10/07*142 541 50 0*146 545 55 0*150 550 60 0*155 556 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15640 10/08*153 554 35 0*155 567 35 0*158 581 35 0*161 597 35 0
15640 10/08*162 567 60 0*169 576 60 0*175 585 55 0*184 596 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15645 10/09*165 615 35 0*172 634 35 0*178 650 35 0*185 662 35 0
15645 10/09*194 606 45 0*202 614 40 0*210 623 35 0*218 637 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15650 10/10*193 675 35 0*204 689 35 0*220 700 35 0*240 702 35 0
15650 10/10*227 655 35 0*240 670 35 0*256 685 35 0*277 690 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15655 10/11*261 689 40 0*281 670 40 0*302 651 45 0*323 638 45 0
15655 10/11E303 685 40 0E330 672 40 0E350 650 45 0E358 638 45 0
**** *** **** *** **** *** ****
15660 10/12*346 625 45 0*366 613 40 0E381 600 35 0E392 587 35 0
15660 10/12E365 625 45 0E373 613 40 0E381 600 35 0E392 587 35 0
**** ****
15665 10/13E402 570 35 0E411 556 35 0E420 541 35 0E430 516 35 0
15670 10/14E439 484 35 0E449 444 35 0E458 400 35 0* 0 0 0 0
15675 TS
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to provide a more
realistic position on the 5th. The Partagas and Diaz position on the 5th
required a motion toward the northeast, which is not supported by climatology
or available ship observations. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large
though reasonable alterations to the track and intensity from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9. Winds increased from the
7th to the 9th based upon ship reports in Partagas and Diaz.
********************************************************************************
15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 11 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15677 10/15*210 800 30 0*215 793 30 0*220 785 30 0*225 777 35 0
15678 10/16*229 767 40 0*233 758 45 0*237 750 50 0*243 737 50 0
15679 10/17*252 724 50 0*258 711 50 0*265 695 45 0*269 684 40 0
15679 10/18*273 672 40 0E276 661 40 0E280 650 40 0E284 637 40 0
15679 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
15680 10/31/1901 M= 7 10 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15680 10/30/1901 M= 8 12 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ** ***
(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
15682 10/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*193 673 30 0*205 672 30 0
15685 10/31* 0 0 0 0*217 688 35 0*225 680 35 0*235 672 35 0
15685 10/31*217 671 35 0*229 669 35 0*240 667 35 0*247 664 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15690 11/01*243 665 35 0*251 659 35 0*258 653 40 0*263 648 40 0
15690 11/01*254 661 40 0*261 657 45 0*267 653 50 0*274 649 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15695 11/02*268 644 45 0*273 639 45 0*278 634 45 0*284 628 50 0
15695 11/02*280 646 55 0*286 642 60 0*293 635 60 0*296 628 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
15700 11/03*290 622 50 0*297 616 50 0*305 610 50 0*313 604 50 0
15700 11/03*300 620 70 0*305 611 70 0*312 603 70 0*324 591 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15705 11/04*322 599 50 0*331 594 50 0*340 590 50 0*351 585 50 0
15705 11/04*340 581 65 0*356 571 60 0*368 563 55 0*374 557 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
15710 11/05*364 578 50 0*374 565 50 0*378 550 45 0*380 538 45 0
15710 11/05*379 555 50 0*383 550 50 0*385 545 45 0*383 534 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15715 11/06*381 525 40 0*381 512 40 0*381 500 35 0*383 485 30 0
15715 11/06E378 525 40 0E373 515 40 0E370 505 35 0E370 492 30 0
**** **** *** **** *** **** ***
15720 TS
15720 HR
**
The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm to a
hurricane. A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for the best track. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 10. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on
the 1st) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for the best track. Winds changed
accordingly from the 1st to the 4th based upon these measurements.
*******************************************************************************
1901 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out
of HURDAT for the following reason:
1) October 5, 1901: One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
system was tropical storm intensity.
October 4-11: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low at 10N,
19W with a pressure of at most 1010mb on October 4. On the 5th, the system
moved west-northwestward and Historical Weather Maps indicated a gale near
the storm of 35kt SSE. However, this was the only gale found that was
related to this system. From the 6th to the 11th, Historical Weather Maps
does not show this system as a closed low anymore. COADS and Monthly Weather
Review did not report any gales for this system.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Oct 4 10N 19W Tropical Depression
Oct 5 15N 29W Tropical Storm?
Oct 6 23N 25-40W ?
*******************************************************************************
15725 06/10/1902 M= 7 1 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15725 06/12/1902 M= 6 1 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
15730 06/10* 0 0 0 0*134 817 35 0*138 819 35 0*141 821 35 0
15735 06/11*144 823 35 0*150 826 35 0*158 828 35 0*168 831 35 0
(The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.)
15740 06/12*178 834 35 0*189 837 35 0*201 840 35 0*213 843 35 0
15740 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*177 840 30 0*191 836 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15745 06/13*226 845 35 0*238 847 40 0*250 848 40 0*262 848 45 0
15745 06/13*207 833 35 0*222 831 40 0*238 830 45 0*249 832 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
15750 06/14*275 847 45 0*287 845 45 0*299 841 40 0*306 838 30 0
15750 06/14*259 835 50 0*269 838 50 0*280 840 50 0*290 839 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15755 06/15*312 835 25 0*320 832 25 0*331 825 25 0*336 821 25 0
15755 06/15*300 836 45 0*310 832 40 0*320 825 35 0*330 817 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15760 06/16E344 814 25 0E352 807 25 0E360 798 25 0E370 780 25 0
15760 06/16*340 807 35 0*352 795 35 0E367 780 40 0E386 749 40 0
**** *** ** * *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
15762 06/17E419 715 35 0E450 682 35 0E475 660 30 0E494 640 30 0
15765 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Winds increased slightly from
the 13th to the 16th based upon ship and coastal observations.
********************************************************************************
15770 06/19/1902 M=10 2 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15770 06/21/1902 M= 9 2 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ** ***
15775 06/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 850 35 0*173 858 35 0
15780 06/20*175 866 40 0*177 873 40 0*181 880 40 0*183 885 35 0
(The 19th and 20th are removed from HURDAT.)
15785 06/21*185 890 35 0*187 895 35 0*189 899 35 0*192 907 35 0
15785 06/21*172 921 25 0*176 924 25 0*180 927 25 0*182 929 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15790 06/22*195 915 35 0*197 922 35 0*199 928 40 0*202 932 40 0
15790 06/22*184 930 30 0*187 932 30 0*190 935 30 0*192 937 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15795 06/23*205 935 45 0*208 938 45 0*211 942 50 0*215 946 50 0
15795 06/23*195 939 30 0*197 941 30 0*200 943 30 0*203 945 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15800 06/24*219 950 55 0*223 954 60 0*228 958 65 0*233 961 70 0
15800 06/24*205 946 30 0*207 948 30 0*210 950 35 0*215 953 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15805 06/25*238 964 70 0*243 966 70 0*248 968 70 0*253 969 70 0
15805 06/25*221 956 45 0*227 960 50 0*233 963 55 0*239 966 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15810 06/26*258 970 70 0*264 970 70 0*270 970 75 0*278 970 80 0
15810 06/26*247 968 65 0*255 969 70 0*264 970 65 0*272 971 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
15815 06/27*288 969 65 0*299 967 50 0*310 965 40 0*321 962 30 0
15815 06/27*281 972 50 0*290 973 45 0*300 974 40 0*315 972 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
15820 06/28*332 959 30 0*343 954 25 0E354 949 25 0* 0 0 0 0
15820 06/28*328 966 35 0*342 959 35 0E358 945 35 0E376 923 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 29th was not in HURDAT previously.)
15822 06/29E395 886 35 0E406 854 35 0E415 820 35 0E418 786 35 0
15825 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Despite HURDAT having 80 kt at
landfall originally and Neumann et al. (1999) showing hurricane intensity in
the track plot up to landfall in Texas, this storm was not listed in Neumann
et al.'s Table 6 or HURDAT's U.S. hurricane characterization as a U.S.
landfalling hurricane. More significantly, Connor (1956) specifically
listed this system as being "not hurricane intensity" at landfall in Texas.
For the re-analysis here, it was decided to reduce the hurricane to just
below hurricane force before landfall in Texas based upon Connor's
assessment, but still maintaining a peak intensity of 70 kt while over the
open Gulf of Mexico. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb (on the 26th) suggests
winds of at least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship at
landfall - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is a reduction from 80 kt
previously in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
15830 09/16/1902 M=10 3 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15830 09/16/1902 M=10 3 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
15835 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 82 330 35 0* 85 336 35 0* 90 342 35 0
15835 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 77 308 35 0* 80 320 35 0* 85 332 35 0
** *** ** *** ** ***
15840 09/17* 95 350 35 0* 99 360 35 0*104 375 35 0*110 394 35 0
15840 09/17* 92 345 35 0* 98 360 35 0*104 375 35 0*109 389 35 0
** *** ** *** ***
15845 09/18*116 411 40 0*123 430 40 0*129 448 40 0*134 464 45 0
15845 09/18*114 403 40 0*119 417 40 0*123 430 40 0*126 444 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15850 09/19*139 480 50 0*146 498 50 0*153 514 55 0*167 523 60 0
15850 09/19*131 461 50 0*136 477 50 0*143 493 55 0*153 509 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15855 09/20*180 528 65 0*194 530 70 0*210 530 75 0*229 526 80 0
15855 09/20*168 523 65 0*189 530 70 0*210 530 75 0*229 526 80 0
*** *** ***
15860 09/21*250 515 85 0*271 502 85 0*290 490 85 0*305 480 85 0
15860 09/21*247 517 85 0*265 505 85 0*283 495 85 0*302 484 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15865 09/22*322 469 80 0*336 460 75 0E348 448 75 0E359 422 70 0
15865 09/22*321 473 80 0*336 460 75 0E348 448 75 0E358 429 70 0
*** *** *** ***
15870 09/23E369 401 65 0E379 381 65 0E389 361 60 0E399 349 55 0
15870 09/23E368 414 65 0E378 399 65 0E387 385 60 0E395 371 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15875 09/24E407 341 55 0E416 332 50 0E426 323 50 0E439 314 45 0
15875 09/24E404 358 55 0E413 345 50 0E423 331 50 0E440 317 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15880 09/25E456 303 45 0E476 296 45 0E498 288 40 0E516 292 40 0
15880 09/25E457 304 45 0E476 296 45 0E498 288 40 0E516 292 40 0
*** ***
15885 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A
peripheral pressure of 981 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in
best track.
********************************************************************************
15890 10/03/1902 M=11 4 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
15890 10/03/1902 M=11 4 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
15895 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 930 50 0*150 930 50 0
15895 10/03*140 938 30 0*145 940 30 0*150 942 30 0*155 943 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15900 10/04*159 930 50 0*167 929 45 0*172 929 40 0*176 928 40 0
15900 10/04*160 944 30 0*165 945 30 0*170 946 30 0*175 947 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15905 10/05*179 927 40 0*182 927 45 0*184 926 50 0*186 926 55 0
15905 10/05*180 948 30 0*185 949 30 0*187 949 35 0*188 947 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15910 10/06*188 926 60 0*189 925 60 0*191 925 65 0*193 925 70 0
15910 10/06*189 944 55 0*191 940 60 0*193 937 65 0*195 933 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
15915 10/07*195 924 70 0*198 923 75 0*201 924 75 0*205 923 80 0
15915 10/07*197 929 85 0*200 925 90 970*203 920 90 0*207 915 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
15920 10/08*211 922 80 0*219 921 85 0*228 920 85 0*235 918 85 0
15920 10/08*211 911 90 0*215 908 90 0*220 905 90 0*227 902 90 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15925 10/09*243 916 85 0*251 913 85 0*260 909 80 0*269 906 70 0
15925 10/09*234 900 90 0*239 899 85 0*245 897 80 0*253 895 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15930 10/10*277 903 65 0*285 898 60 0*294 892 60 0*303 883 50 0
15930 10/10*262 891 65 0*271 888 60 0*280 885 55 0*294 878 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ***
15935 10/11E314 874 40 0E325 863 35 0E337 848 35 0E349 828 35 0
15935 10/11*310 869 40 0E325 859 35 0E337 848 35 0E349 828 35 0
**** *** ***
15940 10/12E366 799 35 0E376 780 35 0E388 728 35 0E399 691 35 0
15940 10/12E364 805 35 0E376 780 35 0E388 728 35 0E399 691 35 0
*** ***
15945 10/13E409 655 35 0E419 610 40 0E428 551 40 0* 0 0 0 0
15950 HR
One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et
al. (1999). The formation of the system in the Gulf of Tehuantepec as
found in Neumann et al. has been retained, though slightly altered in
track based upon observations collected by Partagas and Diaz. Trek across
the Mexico likely to be at tropical depression intensity. A central
pressure of 970 mb (at 09Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 89 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track.
Winds are adjusted according on the 6th through the 9th. Slight alteration
in track on the 12th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
15955 11/01/1902 M= 6 5 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15955 11/01/1902 M= 6 5 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
15960 11/01* 0 0 0 0*221 621 35 0*231 630 35 0*242 638 35 0
15960 11/01*200 673 30 0*210 683 30 0*225 673 35 0*246 663 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15965 11/02*253 640 35 0*266 642 35 0*279 642 40 0*295 637 40 0
15965 11/02*266 653 35 0*287 639 40 0*305 626 45 0*318 613 50 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15970 11/03*311 625 40 0*327 611 40 0*342 590 45 0*352 575 45 0
15970 11/03*327 603 55 0*335 592 60 0*343 580 60 0*348 572 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
15975 11/04*362 560 45 0*372 543 45 0*377 530 50 0*381 520 50 0
15975 11/04*352 565 60 0*357 557 55 0*360 550 50 0*363 538 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
15980 11/05*385 510 50 0*388 500 50 0*390 490 50 0*392 480 40 0
15980 11/05*366 528 50 0*368 519 50 0*370 510 50 0*371 498 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15985 11/06*394 470 35 0*396 460 30 0*397 450 25 0*398 439 20 0
15985 11/06*371 486 35 0*370 474 30 0*370 465 25 0*371 454 20 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
15990 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A
peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least
59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best
track. (A slightly higher wind speed could have been chosen, but given the
time of year - early November - with cooler SSTs prevailing a more
conservative value is chosen.) Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 2nd
through the 4th.
*******************************************************************************
1902 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out
of HURDAT for the following reason:
1) August 25-28, 1902: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
15995 07/19/1903 M= 8 1 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
15995 07/21/1903 M= 6 1 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
16000 07/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*165 618 35 0*172 639 35 0
16005 07/20*179 656 35 0*185 668 35 0*193 683 35 0*200 697 40 0
(The 19th and 20th are omitted from the new HURDAT.)
16010 07/21*209 710 45 0*216 720 55 0*225 732 60 0*236 742 60 0
16010 07/21*200 678 35 0*207 689 35 0*215 700 35 0*225 712 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16015 07/22*248 748 60 0*261 750 70 0*273 750 80 0*284 747 85 0
16015 07/22*237 726 35 0*249 738 35 0*265 750 40 0*276 755 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16020 07/23*295 742 90 0*305 737 90 0*316 730 90 0*324 723 90 0
16020 07/23*288 756 45 0*299 754 50 0*310 750 55 0*322 736 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16025 07/24*332 716 90 0*340 705 90 0*347 696 85 0*353 685 85 0
16025 07/24*334 716 65 0*343 701 70 0*353 685 70 0*364 669 70 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16030 07/25*358 672 80 0*364 656 75 0*370 638 70 0*378 605 70 0
16030 07/25*373 652 70 0*379 636 65 0*385 615 60 0*393 580 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16035 07/26*388 570 60 0*398 535 50 0E410 503 45 0E425 466 40 0
16035 07/26*399 547 50 0E405 514 50 0E410 485 45 0E414 457 40 0
*** *** ** **** *** *** *** ***
16040 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Partagas and Diaz'
analysis documented that this hurricane reached, at best, a Category 1
hurricane status. Thus peak winds are reduced from 90 kt to 70 kt
and winds are adjusted downward accordingly for the lifetime of this
system.
********************************************************************************
16045 08/06/1903 M=11 2 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16045 08/06/1903 M=11 2 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
16050 08/06* 0 0 0 0*125 432 50 0*125 450 50 0*127 470 50 0
16050 08/06* 0 0 0 0*118 423 50 0*120 435 50 0*123 447 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
16055 08/07*130 488 55 0*132 505 65 0*134 520 70 0*136 533 70 0
16055 08/07*126 460 55 0*131 475 65 0*135 490 70 0*137 509 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16060 08/08*138 544 70 0*139 556 70 0*141 569 70 0*143 583 75 0
16060 08/08*138 526 70 0*138 541 70 0*140 560 70 0*143 578 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16065 08/09*144 598 75 0*145 614 80 0*147 630 80 0*149 647 80 0
16065 08/09*144 598 80 0*145 614 90 970*147 630 100 0*149 647 105 0
** ** *** *** ***
16070 08/10*152 664 85 0*156 682 85 0*160 700 90 0*165 720 90 0
16070 08/10*152 664 105 0*156 682 105 0*160 700 105 0*166 720 105 0
*** *** *** ***
16075 08/11*170 741 90 0*176 762 95 0*182 780 100 0*189 796 105 0
16075 08/11*172 738 105 0*177 756 105 0*183 773 105 0*186 787 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16080 08/12*193 810 105 0*197 823 105 0*200 836 105 0*203 849 100 0
16080 08/12*190 800 105 0*194 811 105 958*197 825 105 0*201 840 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16085 08/13*206 861 95 0*208 873 90 0*210 884 90 0*211 892 85 0
16085 08/13*204 856 105 0*208 873 85 0*210 884 70 0*212 894 65 0
*** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
16090 08/14*212 900 85 0*213 909 85 0*215 914 85 0*217 923 85 0
16090 08/14*214 904 70 0*217 914 70 0*220 925 70 0*221 934 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16095 08/15*220 930 85 0*224 940 85 0*228 950 85 0*230 960 80 0
16095 08/15*223 943 70 0*226 951 70 986*230 960 70 0*231 968 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
16100 08/16*232 968 75 0*234 975 50 0*234 986 40 0*232 996 35 0
16100 08/16*230 976 70 0*228 983 50 0*225 990 40 0*220 996 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ***
16105 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A central pressure of 970 mb (0430Z on the 9th) suggests winds of 89 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track, up
from 80 kt previously. A peripheral pressure of 975 mb (0930Z on the
11th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 105 kt was observed - 105 kt used in
the best track, up from 100 kt previously. A central pressure of 958 mb
(05Z on the 12th) suggests winds of 102 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 100 kt was observed - 105 kt retained
in best track. A central pressure of 986 mb (03Z on the 15th) suggests
winds of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
used in best track, down from 85 kt. Winds adjusted accordingly from the
9th to the 16th. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized
for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico. Full lifecycle of this
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
16110 09/09/1903 M= 8 3 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
16110 09/09/1903 M= 8 3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
16115 09/09* 0 0 0 0*214 724 50 0*218 734 50 0*222 740 50 0
16120 09/10*226 747 55 0*232 753 60 0*238 760 65 0*240 765 70 0
16120 09/10*226 747 55 0*232 753 60 0*238 760 65 0*245 767 70 0
*** ***
16125 09/11*244 769 80 0*249 775 85 0*254 784 85 0*258 791 85 0
16125 09/11*251 775 75 0*255 782 75 0*257 789 75 0*259 796 75 976
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
16130 09/12*264 803 75 0*269 812 65 0*273 821 60 988*278 829 50 0
16130 09/12*262 803 70 0*267 812 60 0*273 821 55 988*277 829 50 0
*** ** *** ** ** ***
16135 09/13*281 836 55 0*285 842 60 0*289 848 65 0*295 853 70 0
16135 09/13*281 836 60 0*285 842 70 0*289 848 80 0*295 853 80 0
** ** ** **
16140 09/14*303 857 65 0*310 859 55 0*316 860 35 0*320 860 35 0
16140 09/14*303 857 80 0*310 859 60 0*316 860 45 0*320 860 35 0
** ** **
16145 09/15*324 859 35 0*327 856 35 0*330 853 35 0*333 849 35 0
16150 09/16*336 843 35 0*338 837 35 0*340 830 35 0*339 823 30 0
16150 09/16*336 843 30 0*338 837 30 0*340 830 30 0*339 823 30 0
** ** **
16155 HRCFL2AFL1
16155 HRCFL1AFL1
****
Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) where made to the track of
this hurricane. The first alteration is to bring the center of the system
to just west of Nassau near 00 UTC on the 10th, based upon wind and pressure
observations. The second major alteration is to utilize the Ho
et al. (1987) landfall position for Southeast Florida, which does better
match the possible central position from Cat Cay. Partagas and Diaz
otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A central pressure of 976 mb (11th) suggests
winds of 80 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. However, Ho
et al. estimate a large (43 nmi) RMW, so that winds are chosen to be 75 kt
which matches the observed winds in Jupiter, Florida - this is a moderate
reduction from the original HURDAT. Ho et al.'s estimate of 977 mb at
landfall in Southeast Florida was based upon a peripheral pressure of 996 mb
from Tampa. This is consistent with the measured 976 mb central pressure
from Cat Cay, Bahamas. The 75 kt at landfall in Southeast Florida makes this
hurricane a Category 1, which is downgraded from the estimate of Category 2
in Neumann et al.'s (1999) Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in
HURDAT. A storm tide of 8' was recorded at Jupiter, Florida (Barnes 1998a).
A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 22Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at
least 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. A storm tide
value of 10' was recorded at Apalachicola, Florida (Barnes 1998a). Winds
at landfall are estimated at 80 kt based upon these observations, which is
increased slightly from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT. The 80 kt at landfall
in the panhandle of Florida retains the Category 1 in Neumann et al.'s
assessment. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 13th and 14th.
Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information
about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
16160 09/12/1903 M= 6 4 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
16160 09/12/1903 M= 6 4 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
16165 09/12*225 556 60 0*233 564 60 0*242 573 70 0*251 583 70 0
16165 09/12*225 556 60 0*233 564 60 0*242 573 60 0*254 587 60 0
** *** *** **
16170 09/13*260 594 70 0*268 607 70 0*275 620 70 0*281 636 70 0
16170 09/13*265 604 60 0*274 622 60 0*280 640 60 0*284 652 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16175 09/14*286 654 70 0*292 672 70 0*297 686 70 0*303 696 70 0
16175 09/14*288 665 60 0*291 678 60 0*295 690 60 0*301 703 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16180 09/15*309 704 70 0*315 712 75 0*321 718 80 0*331 723 85 0
16180 09/15*308 715 70 0*316 726 75 0*325 733 80 0*341 740 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16185 09/16*346 728 85 0*364 733 80 0*384 739 70 0*400 747 65 0
16185 09/16*362 745 80 0*380 746 75 0*393 747 70 990*403 750 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** **
16190 09/17*410 756 55 0*419 764 45 0E430 772 40 0E448 770 30 0
16190 09/17*411 755 55 0*419 763 45 0E430 770 40 0E448 770 30 0
*** *** *** ***
16195 HR NJ1 NY1 CT1
16195 HR NJ1 DE1
*** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A
peripheral pressure of 997 mb (15Z on the 16th) suggests winds of at least
53 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best
track which is the same as the original HURDAT. 990 mb was analyzed as the
central pressure at landfall in Jarrell et al. (1992), which suggests winds
of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship. Intensity at landfall
is retained as a Category 1 at New Jersey (70 kt) - which agrees with Table 6
in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A ship
report of hurricane force winds at the Delaware Capes (from Roth and Cobb
2001) suggests that the Delaware coast also experienced Category 1
conditions. However, observations collected by Partagas and Diaz indicate
that New York and Connecticut were not likely affected by sustained
hurricane winds so that they are removed from being listed as a Category 1
at landfall. Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of
information about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
16200 09/20/1903 M= 7 5 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16200 09/19/1903 M= 8 5 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
16202 09/19*208 716 30 0*213 717 30 0*217 717 30 0*220 717 30 0
16205 09/20*219 716 35 0*225 714 35 0*230 712 35 0*234 713 35 0
16205 09/20*223 717 30 0*226 717 30 0*230 717 30 0*235 718 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16210 09/21*239 714 35 0*243 716 35 0*247 718 40 0*251 720 40 0
16210 09/21*241 720 30 0*246 722 30 0*250 725 30 0*255 727 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16215 09/22*254 722 45 0*258 724 45 0*262 726 45 0*267 728 45 0
16215 09/22*260 729 30 0*265 731 30 0*270 733 35 0*275 735 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16220 09/23*272 729 45 0*278 729 45 0*284 729 45 0*290 729 45 0
16220 09/23*279 736 40 0*285 736 40 0*290 737 45 0*300 739 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16225 09/24*297 727 50 0*303 724 50 0*310 720 50 0*318 713 50 0
16225 09/24*314 740 50 0*328 738 50 0*340 730 50 0*347 716 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16230 09/25*328 703 50 0*339 691 45 0*347 675 45 0*351 659 40 0
16230 09/25*351 704 50 0*354 690 45 0*355 675 45 0*360 653 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16235 09/26*358 637 35 0*360 611 30 0*366 582 25 0* 0 0 0 0
16235 09/26*367 627 35 0*373 601 30 0*378 575 25 0*382 556 25 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
16240 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of
1003 mb (12Z on the 24th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt retained in HURDAT.
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 25th) suggests winds of
at least 42 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt
retained in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
16245 09/26/1903 M= 5 6 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16245 09/26/1903 M= 5 6 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
16250 09/26* 0 0 0 0*229 588 40 0*233 600 40 0*236 616 40 0
16255 09/27*239 628 45 0*243 638 50 0*248 646 50 0*261 653 55 0
16255 09/27*239 628 45 0*243 638 50 0*248 646 55 0*260 653 60 0
** *** **
16260 09/28*274 654 60 0*288 652 65 0*302 647 70 0*316 637 75 0
16260 09/28*273 657 70 0*287 657 80 0*300 655 90 0*321 642 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16265 09/29*331 624 80 0*346 606 85 0*362 576 85 0*379 530 85 0
16265 09/29*341 623 95 0*360 591 95 0*375 563 90 0*394 528 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
16270 09/30*388 500 80 0E406 462 75 0E435 410 70 0* 0 0 0 0
16270 09/30*412 486 80 0E427 448 75 0E445 405 70 0E465 355 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** **
16275 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (16Z on the 28th) suggests winds of
at least 66 kt - 95 kt is chosen for the best track which is appropriate
given hurricane force winds were observed in Bermuda on the weak side of
the storm.
********************************************************************************
16280 10/01/1903 M=10 7 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16280 10/01/1903 M=10 7 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
16285 10/01*202 575 60 0*204 588 60 0*208 600 65 0*214 612 70 0
16285 10/01*170 560 60 0*177 573 60 0*185 585 60 0*194 597 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
16290 10/02*221 620 70 0*229 628 70 0*237 634 70 0*247 636 70 0
16290 10/02*203 610 65 0*215 622 70 0*230 635 70 0*243 638 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16295 10/03*259 633 70 0*271 629 70 0*281 622 75 0*290 612 75 0
16295 10/03*254 637 70 0*263 634 70 0*273 630 75 0*280 627 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16300 10/04*297 603 80 0*301 593 80 0*301 580 85 0*299 566 85 0
16300 10/04*289 622 80 0*295 616 80 0*300 607 85 0*305 591 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16305 10/05*296 552 85 0*293 538 85 0*289 525 85 0*286 510 80 0
16305 10/05*306 572 85 0*304 552 85 0*300 534 85 0*295 519 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16310 10/06*284 497 75 0*282 484 70 0*279 471 70 0*273 470 70 0
16310 10/06*289 502 75 0*281 488 70 0*270 480 70 0*268 482 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16315 10/07*268 478 70 0*269 488 70 0*272 493 70 0*279 489 70 0
16315 10/07*267 484 70 0*268 487 70 0*270 490 70 0*276 488 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16320 10/08*281 482 70 0*282 472 70 0*283 465 70 0*284 450 65 0
16320 10/08*280 482 70 0*282 472 70 0*283 462 70 0*285 450 65 0
*** *** ***
16325 10/09*285 434 65 0*286 419 60 0*288 404 50 0*293 390 45 0
16325 10/09*290 431 65 0*295 415 60 0*300 400 50 0*305 387 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16330 10/10E301 375 40 0E312 362 35 0E324 350 35 0* 0 0 0 0
16330 10/10E309 375 40 0E316 362 35 0E324 350 35 0E336 332 35 0
*** *** **** *** **
16335 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information
about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
16340 10/05/1903 M= 6 8 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16340 10/05/1903 M= 6 8 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
16345 10/05*240 688 40 0*244 691 45 0*250 695 50 0*257 695 55 0
16345 10/05*255 725 35 0*257 723 35 0*260 720 40 0*263 717 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16350 10/06*263 694 55 0*268 692 60 0*272 690 65 0*275 688 70 0
16350 10/06*266 713 40 0*269 709 40 0*272 705 40 0*275 701 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
16355 10/07*278 685 70 0*280 683 70 0*283 680 70 0*286 676 70 0
16355 10/07*278 697 40 0*281 693 40 0*285 688 40 0*290 682 45 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16360 10/08*289 671 70 0*292 666 70 0*297 661 75 0*300 660 75 0
16360 10/08*295 674 50 0*300 669 55 0*305 665 60 0*311 662 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16365 10/09*304 660 80 0*309 662 85 0*313 668 85 0*316 677 85 0
16365 10/09*317 659 60 0*323 657 60 0*330 655 60 0*337 653 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16370 10/10*319 691 85 0*322 709 75 0*330 730 70 0E344 737 70 0
16370 10/10*345 652 55 0*353 651 50 0E361 650 50 0E372 648 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
16375 HR
16375 TS
**
Major changes were made to this system from that proposed by Partagas and
Diaz (1997). Portions of track that they proposed are not reasonable.
After re-examination of available observations for this system from
the Historical Weather Map series, new track positions are proposed for
the 5th through the 8th, which are different from both Neumann et al.
(1999) as well as Partagas and Diaz. These position are only moderately
altered from those seen in Neumann et al. (Partagas and Diaz' apparent
error was in focusing upon a possible position based on one ship [at 23N,
75W] on the 6th. However, space-time continuity with data on the 7th and
8th was not consistent with what they believed occurred on the 6th.)
Positions for the 9th and 10th proposed by Partagas and Diaz are large
alterations to what appears in Neumann et al., but do look quite
reasonable and are retained as suggested. (On the 9th, a strong front
entered the Atlantic from the U.S. east coast accompanied by an
extratropical low centered near 35N, 73W. On the 10th, the
extratropical low had drifted north (37N, 73.5W) and intensified, while
the tropical storm was becoming absorbed into the extratropical system
near the warm frontal boundary on the east side of the extratropical low.)
Partagas and Diaz analyzed this tropical system as peaking as a tropical
storm, rather than as a hurricane as found in Neumann et al. and HURDAT.
Partagas and Diaz' characterization of the intensity is retained here.
Two peripheral pressures of 997 mb (both at 12Z on the 9th) suggest winds
of at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
chosen for the best track. Peak winds reduced from the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) down to a strong tropical storm (60 kt), since
available observations support a substantially weaker system. A storm
tide of 9' attributed to this system observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth
and Cobb 2001) was instead caused by the separate, strong extratropical
storm system.
********************************************************************************
16376 10/21/1903 M= 7 9 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16376 10/21* 0 0 0 0*212 720 30 0*215 725 30 0*219 729 30 0
16376 10/22*225 733 30 0*232 736 30 0*240 740 30 0*248 742 30 0
16376 10/23*256 743 30 0*263 743 30 0*270 743 35 0*279 745 40 0
16376 10/24*290 748 45 0*301 751 50 0*312 750 50 0E324 745 50 0
16376 10/25E336 731 50 0E345 715 50 0E358 695 50 0E380 669 50 0
16376 10/26E405 637 50 0E428 604 50 0E450 575 45 0E473 554 40 0
16376 10/27E491 537 40 0E511 524 40 0E530 510 35 0E552 495 35 0
16376 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 9 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 10 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
16385 11/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*197 396 35 0*201 410 35 0
16385 11/17* 0 0 0 0*190 370 35 0*195 385 35 0*199 397 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16390 11/18*205 420 35 0*211 432 35 0*219 444 35 0*228 456 35 0
16390 11/18*204 413 35 0*211 429 35 0*219 444 35 0*228 456 35 0
*** *** ***
16395 11/19*237 468 35 0*245 480 40 0*255 493 45 0*264 500 50 0
16395 11/19*237 468 35 0*245 480 40 0*255 493 45 0*264 498 50 0
***
16400 11/20*273 502 60 0*282 500 65 0*290 492 70 0*292 483 70 0
16400 11/20*273 496 60 0*282 493 65 0*290 485 70 0*292 477 70 0
*** *** *** ** ***
16405 11/21*293 473 70 0*293 462 75 0*293 454 75 0*295 447 80 0
16405 11/21*293 471 70 0*293 462 70 0*293 454 70 0*295 447 70 0
*** *** ** ** **
16410 11/22*297 441 80 0*300 436 85 0*304 432 85 0*313 429 85 0
16410 11/22*297 441 70 0*300 436 70 0*304 432 70 0*313 429 70 0
** ** ** **
16415 11/23*328 427 85 0*343 425 80 0*354 423 75 0*363 421 70 0
16415 11/23*328 427 70 0*343 425 70 0*354 423 70 0*363 421 70 0
** ** **
16420 11/24*370 419 70 0*377 417 70 0*385 414 70 0*394 409 70 0
16425 11/25*403 405 65 0*413 400 65 0*422 396 65 0E435 389 50 0
16430 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 9. Peak winds are reduced from the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) based upon available
observations that suggest that the system was, at most, a minimal
hurricane.
********************************************************************************
1903 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:
1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997)
in mid-June 1903:
"1903 Additional system #1 Block Island and Nantucket observations
suggest tropical storm force winds, although the structure of the
system is not clear. Needs further research."
Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data,
this system did cause winds of gale force both over the Atlantic and at the
coast, but it had an extratropical storm structure at that time. The system
formed near the northern Bahamas on the 9th; apparently achieved tropical
depression status on the 10th near 28N, 78W; moved to the north-northeast on
the 11th with maximum winds of 30kt; merged with a frontal boundary and
intensified on the 12th; made landfall late on the 12th in New York;
moved northward and occluded over land on the 13th; and weakened on
the 14th near Lake Erie. Peak winds from this storm were 63 kt E at
Block Island (this corrects to 52 kt after accounting for the high bias
of the anemometer and converting to a peak 1 min wind), 42 kt SE at
Nantucket, 36 kt E at Boston, 35 kt E at Portland, and a COADS ship of
35 kt SE at 37N, 70W. Lowest sea level pressure observed was 997 mb at
New York City. (All peak observations were on the 12th of June).
However, the system at the time of tropical storm force conditions had
already acquired a baroclinic structure. As an example, New York City
experienced 67 F temperature and 65 F dewpoint with a 27 kt E wind
under light rain conditions at 12 UTC on the 12th. This became 57 F
temperature, 54 F dewpoint with a 5 kt W wind under cloudy conditions
a day later. Such changes are typical of that experienced in the region.
This structure is consistent with a moderate cold frontal feature.
Thus the system was likely not a tropical storm and is not included
into HURDAT.
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned two additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
2) August 20-23, 1903: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 23-26, 1903: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
a possible storm system identified by the Committee from information
within Monthly Weather Review:
"1903 Additional system for 10-11 Sept. A possible depression
in the Gulf of Mexico. Isaac Cline states that warnings were
issued. System not noted in P+D. Needs further research."
Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data,
this system did cause heavy rains and winds up to 25 kt in the northern
Gulf of Mexico and in Louisiana and Texas. However, there was no closed
circulation with this system and it did not produce gale force winds.
Therefore, this system will not be included into HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
16435 06/11/1904 M= 4 1 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16435 06/10/1904 M= 5 1 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
16437 06/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 805 30 0*136 807 30 0
16440 06/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 793 35 0*159 792 35 0
16440 06/11*142 807 30 0*146 805 30 0*150 803 30 0*157 802 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16445 06/12*164 792 35 0*168 791 35 0*172 790 35 0*176 788 35 0
16445 06/12*162 801 35 0*168 799 40 0*173 797 45 0*177 795 50 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16455 06/13*180 786 40 0*184 783 45 0*188 780 50 0*192 778 55 0
16450 06/13*181 792 55 0*184 789 60 0*187 785 65 0*194 777 70 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16455 06/14*195 774 60 0*197 770 55 0*199 765 35 0*201 760 25 0
16455 06/14*203 768 55 0*211 760 40 0*220 753 35 0*229 746 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16460 TS
16460 HR
**
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 70 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based
upon the analysis from Perez (2000). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et
al. (1999). Winds are also boosted from the 12th and the 13th based upon
observations in Jamaica listed by Partagas and Diaz. Winds reduced on the
14th, due to earlier landfall in revised HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
16465 09/08/1904 M= 8 2 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
16465 09/08/1904 M= 8 2 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
16470 09/08*193 539 60 0*196 550 60 0*200 561 65 0*205 575 70 0
16470 09/08*162 540 50 0*167 548 50 0*173 557 50 0*181 571 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16475 09/09*210 586 70 0*214 596 70 0*218 606 70 0*223 615 70 0
16475 09/09*190 586 50 0*199 603 50 0*210 620 50 0*217 630 50 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16480 09/10*226 621 70 0*230 630 70 0*236 640 70 0*241 650 70 0
16480 09/10*225 642 50 0*234 655 50 0*240 665 50 0*247 673 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16485 09/11*245 659 70 0*249 667 70 0*254 676 75 0*259 685 75 0
16485 09/11*251 680 50 0*255 690 50 0*259 700 50 0*262 708 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16490 09/12*263 693 75 0*267 702 80 0*271 711 85 0*275 721 85 0
16490 09/12*266 716 55 0*268 723 60 0*270 730 65 0*272 738 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16495 09/13*280 732 85 0*284 742 85 0*290 753 85 0*296 760 85 0
16495 09/13*276 747 70 0*281 757 70 0*290 767 70 0*297 774 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
16500 09/14*305 770 85 0*315 780 80 0*327 790 75 0*346 792 65 0
16500 09/14*304 780 70 0*315 785 70 0*327 790 70 0*346 795 60 0
*** *** ** *** ** ** *** **
16505 09/15E365 776 65 0E391 750 65 0E420 703 65 0E459 640 55 0
16505 09/15*365 776 55 0E391 750 65 0E420 703 75 0E459 640 55 0
* ** **
16510 HR SC1
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Peak
winds reduced from Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) as a hurricane
since observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal hurricane.
Winds reduced accordingly from the 8th to the 14th. Winds are increased on
the 15th due to observations over New England in Partagas and Diaz while
during its extratropical stage. Landfall at South Carolina as a 70 kt
Category 1 agrees with assessment in the U.S. landfall categorization
in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999). It is to be noted that
this system had hurricane force winds (and produced these along the U.S.
coast) during its extratropical stage on the 15th. Full lifecycle of this
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
16515 10/12/1904 M=10 3 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
16515 10/12/1904 M=10 3 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
16520 10/12* 0 0 0 0*153 757 35 0*153 764 35 0*154 771 35 0
16525 10/13*156 777 35 0*159 782 35 0*164 787 35 0*171 791 35 0
16525 10/13*159 777 35 0*164 782 35 0*170 787 40 0*175 791 40 0
*** *** *** ** *** **
16530 10/14*179 793 35 0*186 795 35 0*193 797 40 0*199 798 40 0
16530 10/14*180 793 40 0*186 795 40 0*193 797 45 0*198 798 50 0
*** ** ** ** *** **
16535 10/15*204 799 45 0*209 799 45 0*215 800 40 0*221 799 40 0
16535 10/15*201 799 55 0*206 799 60 0*210 800 65 0*214 800 65 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
16540 10/16*228 797 40 0*235 795 45 0*242 793 55 0*248 791 65 0
16540 10/16*217 800 65 0*220 800 55 0*225 800 50 0*233 799 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16545 10/17*253 792 65 0*256 794 65 0*260 798 65 0*260 805 60 0
16545 10/17*242 799 65 0*251 801 70 0*257 807 60 0*259 809 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16550 10/18*260 809 55 0*257 814 45 0*252 816 40 0*253 809 35 0
16550 10/18*262 811 45 0*265 814 40 0*267 817 40 0*268 823 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16555 10/19*259 808 30 0*263 809 25 0*267 810 25 0*269 809 20 0
16555 10/19*267 825 35 0*266 826 35 0*263 827 35 0*259 826 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16560 10/20*271 807 20 0*273 806 20 0*275 805 20 0*277 802 20 0
16560 10/20*256 822 35 0*254 816 35 0*255 810 35 0*258 800 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16565 10/21*280 799 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
16565 10/21*261 790 25 0*265 782 20 0*270 770 20 0*274 759 20 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16570 HR
16570 HRCFL1
****
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 65 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based
upon the analysis from Perez (2000). Winds increased accordingly on the 14th
through the 16th. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least
39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best
track. A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (05Z on the 17th) suggests winds
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. Winds at landfall in southeast Florida are
estimated at 70 kt, making this a Category 1 landfall which is consistent
with the original HURDAT 6 hourly intensity estimate just before landfall
(which had 65 kt). However, Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT did not list this as a U.S. landfalling
hurricane. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on the 20th) suggests
winds of at least 43 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship -
35 kt chosen for best track since the center had already made a second
landfall by this time. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Florida.
********************************************************************************
16575 10/19/1904 M= 5 4 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16575 10/19/1904 M= 7 4 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
16580 10/19* 0 0 0 0*260 462 35 0*258 470 35 0*255 479 35 0
16580 10/19* 0 0 0 0*258 454 35 0*250 463 35 0*238 475 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
16585 10/20*250 488 35 0*247 497 35 0*245 506 35 0*244 514 35 0
16585 10/20*227 488 35 0*221 503 35 0*225 516 35 0*230 522 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16590 10/21*244 522 40 0*244 529 40 0*245 537 45 0*246 544 45 0
16590 10/21*236 523 40 0*243 522 40 0*250 520 45 0*260 522 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16595 10/22*250 550 45 0*254 555 45 0*260 560 40 0*265 564 35 0
16595 10/22*267 528 45 0*275 536 45 0*285 545 40 0*296 553 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16600 10/23*275 570 35 0*286 573 35 0*300 578 30 0* 0 0 0 0
16600 10/23*311 561 35 0*328 568 35 0*350 575 35 0*367 575 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
(24th and 25th are new to HURDAT.)
16601 10/24E392 567 35 0E417 556 35 0E445 540 35 0E473 512 35 0
16602 10/25E504 484 35 0E534 454 35 0E560 425 35 0E578 395 35 0
16605 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of
1005 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 38 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt retained in best track.
********************************************************************************
16610 10/29/1904 M= 8 5 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
16610 10/31/1904 M= 7 5 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
16615 10/29* 0 0 0 0*199 860 35 0*203 868 40 0*206 875 35 0
16620 10/30*208 881 35 0*212 889 35 0*217 896 35 0*222 901 35 0
(The 29th and 30th are deleted from HURDAT.)
16625 10/31*226 906 35 0*231 911 35 0*237 916 35 0*242 919 35 0
16625 10/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 913 35 0*204 918 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16630 11/01*246 920 35 0*251 920 40 0*257 919 40 0*262 918 45 0
16630 11/01*210 920 35 0*216 922 40 0*223 920 40 0*231 917 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16635 11/02*268 915 45 0*274 911 45 0*282 906 40 0*290 899 35 0
16635 11/02*238 914 45 0*244 911 45 0*253 907 40 0*265 898 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16640 11/03*300 891 35 0*309 879 35 0*316 864 35 0*316 843 35 0
16640 11/03*278 889 35 0*291 881 35 0*303 867 35 0*313 848 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
16645 11/04*319 828 35 0*328 806 35 0*336 786 35 0*340 765 35 0
16645 11/04*321 827 30 0*329 804 30 0E335 780 35 0E338 760 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **** ***
16650 11/05*344 745 35 0*349 724 35 0*353 703 30 0*360 685 25 0
16650 11/05E345 734 35 0E351 711 35 0E360 687 35 0E377 660 35 0
**** *** **** *** **** *** ** **** ***
(The 6th is new to HURDAT.)
16652 11/06E400 624 35 0E424 593 35 0E450 575 35 0E466 557 35 0
16655 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of
1005 mb (12Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at least 34 kt - 35 kt retained
in best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for
inland winds over the Southeast U.S.
********************************************************************************
1904 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned five additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) September 3-5, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 24-30, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 10-16, 1904: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 28-November 2, 1904: Gale force intensity, but likely
extratropical.
5) November 9-14, 1904: Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
likely was an extratropical storm.
********************************************************************************
16660 09/06/1905 M= 2 1 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16660 09/06/1905 M= 3 1 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
16665 09/06* 0 0 0 0*140 580 50 0*140 590 50 0*140 600 50 0
16665 09/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*116 585 50 0*120 598 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ***
16670 09/07*141 609 50 0*141 618 50 0*141 627 40 0*141 640 30 0
16670 09/07*125 611 50 0*130 628 50 0*135 643 40 0*139 658 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
16672 09/08*144 673 30 0*149 689 30 0*153 703 30 0*159 721 25 0
16675 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Full lifecycle
of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its
genesis stage.
********************************************************************************
17350 09/11/1905 M= 6 2 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17350 09/11/1905 M= 6 2 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
17355 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*195 510 35 0*197 521 35 0
17360 09/12*200 533 35 0*202 541 35 0*205 550 40 0*210 560 40 0
17365 09/13*214 568 40 0*218 574 45 0*221 579 50 0*223 583 50 0
17370 09/14*226 586 50 0*229 588 50 0*232 591 45 0*238 594 40 0
17375 09/15*244 597 35 0*250 600 35 0*255 603 35 0*259 606 35 0
17380 09/16*263 611 35 0*267 615 35 0*270 620 30 0*272 625 30 0
17385 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
16720 09/24/1905 M= 7 3 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
16720 09/24/1905 M= 7 3 SNBR= 412 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
16725 09/24* 0 0 0 0*177 840 35 0*182 847 35 0*186 854 35 0
16730 09/25*190 860 35 0*194 867 40 0*199 874 40 0*204 881 35 0
16735 09/26*209 888 35 0*215 897 35 0*222 905 35 0*229 909 40 0
16735 09/26*209 888 35 0*215 897 35 0*222 905 45 0*229 909 45 0
** **
16740 09/27*237 914 40 0*245 918 40 0*253 920 40 0*259 922 45 0
16740 09/27*237 914 45 0*245 918 45 0*253 920 45 0*259 922 45 0
** ** **
16745 09/28*265 924 45 0*272 926 45 0*277 927 45 0*283 928 45 0
16750 09/29*287 927 45 0*292 926 45 0*298 925 40 0*306 918 35 0
16755 09/30*317 909 35 0*330 912 35 0*341 920 35 0*348 934 30 0
16760 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressures of 1002 mb
(12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for best track. Winds are
adjusted accordingly on the 26th and 27th. Another peripheral pressure of
1002 mb (on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt - 40 kt retained for
best track at 12Z since the storm was inland by this time.
********************************************************************************
16765 10/01/1905 M=13 4 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16765 10/01/1905 M=13 4 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
16770 10/01* 0 0 0 0*107 797 60 0*110 797 60 0*111 797 60 0
16770 10/01* 0 0 0 0*110 792 30 0*110 790 30 0*111 788 30 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** **
16775 10/02*113 796 60 0*115 796 60 0*117 795 60 0*119 794 60 0
16775 10/02*113 787 30 0*115 786 30 0*117 785 30 0*119 783 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
16780 10/03*121 793 70 0*124 792 70 0*128 790 70 0*133 788 70 0
16780 10/03*121 782 35 0*124 781 35 0*127 780 35 0*132 779 35 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16785 10/04*138 786 70 0*145 782 70 0*150 779 70 0*158 773 70 0
16785 10/04*137 778 40 0*141 777 40 0*145 775 45 0*152 770 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16790 10/05*164 769 70 0*171 764 70 0*178 758 70 0*184 754 70 0
16790 10/05*158 765 50 0*163 760 50 0*170 755 55 0*181 748 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16795 10/06*190 749 70 0*196 742 70 0*202 737 70 0*211 729 70 0
16795 10/06*192 742 60 0*202 736 60 0*210 730 60 0*221 723 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16800 10/07*222 717 70 0*233 707 70 0*242 697 70 0*249 690 70 0
16800 10/07*232 717 60 0*243 711 60 0*253 705 60 0*264 696 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16805 10/08*255 684 70 0*262 677 70 0E270 670 75 0E280 660 75 0
16805 10/08*273 686 65 0*281 676 70 0*290 665 75 0*301 650 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** **** *** **** *** **
16810 10/09E290 650 80 0E300 640 80 0E310 630 85 0E320 613 85 0
16810 10/09*308 637 95 0*317 621 105 0*323 605 105 0*329 575 105 0
**** *** ** **** *** *** **** *** *** **** *** ***
16815 10/10E330 593 85 0E340 571 85 0E350 550 85 0E363 528 85 0
16815 10/10*333 548 105 0*340 522 100 0*350 500 95 0*363 486 90 0
**** *** *** * *** *** * *** *** * *** **
16820 10/11E379 502 85 0E396 479 85 0E410 460 75 0E421 450 65 0
16820 10/11*379 479 85 0E396 471 80 0E410 460 80 0E429 448 80 945
* *** *** ** ** *** *** ** ***
16825 10/12E431 448 55 0E442 449 50 0E455 452 45 0E467 458 40 0
16825 10/12E452 450 75 0E470 460 70 0E490 475 65 0E501 484 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16830 10/13E480 464 40 0E493 478 35 0E508 498 35 0E523 512 35 0
16830 10/13E510 492 45 0E521 501 35 0E530 510 35 0E540 521 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16835 HR
The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 1st
and 2nd as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best
track and to delay the extratropical stage until the 11th. Partagas and
Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999). A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on
the 4th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt - 45 kt chosen for best track.
A possible central pressure of 945 mb (20Z on the 11th) suggests winds of
100 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best
track since the hurricane had already transitioned to an extratropical storm.
However, because of the very low pressures encountered, it is likely that it
retained tropical characteristics close to the observation date. It is
concluded that this hurricane reached Category 3 hurricane status (105 kt)
before becoming extratropical. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 8th
through the 13th.
********************************************************************************
16840 10/05/1905 M= 6 5 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
16840 10/05/1905 M= 7 5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
16845 10/05* 0 0 0 0*230 889 35 0*230 895 35 0*230 899 35 0
16845 10/05* 0 0 0 0*230 889 35 0*230 895 40 0*230 899 40 0
** **
16850 10/06*231 904 35 0*233 908 35 0*236 911 35 0*240 916 35 0
16850 10/06*231 904 40 0*233 908 40 0*236 911 40 0*240 916 40 0
** ** ** **
16855 10/07*244 920 35 0*249 924 35 0*252 926 35 0*256 928 40 0
16855 10/07*244 920 40 0*249 924 40 0*252 926 40 0*256 927 40 0
** ** ** ***
16860 10/08*258 929 45 0*260 930 45 0*263 930 45 0*267 931 45 0
16860 10/08*258 927 45 0*260 926 45 0*263 925 45 0*267 924 45 0
*** *** *** ***
16865 10/09*273 930 45 0*280 927 45 0*287 920 40 0*296 913 35 0
16865 10/09*273 923 45 0*280 922 45 0*287 920 45 0*296 913 40 0
*** *** ** **
16870 10/10*307 905 35 0*320 898 30 0*335 887 25 0* 0 0 0 0
16870 10/10*307 905 35 0E320 898 30 0E335 887 25 0E347 865 25 0
* * **** *** **
(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
16872 10/11E356 843 25 0E364 824 25 0E373 800 25 0E385 777 25 0
16875 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of
1003 mb (12Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.
********************************************************************************
1905 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) August 18-20, 1905: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) August 27-30, 1905: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
3) September 27, 1905: Gale to hurricane force observations found, but
likely was an extratropical storm.
4) November 28-December 3, 1905: Gale force intensity, but likely
extratropical.
********************************************************************************
16880 06/08/1906 M= 6 1 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
16880 06/08/1906 M= 7 1 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
16885 06/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 836 35 0*204 839 35 0
16885 06/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*194 836 35 0*204 837 35 0
***
16890 06/09*214 842 35 0*222 844 35 0*229 845 35 0*234 846 35 0
16890 06/09*214 838 35 0*222 839 35 0*230 840 40 0*235 841 45 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
16895 06/10*239 847 40 0*244 847 40 0*250 848 45 0*258 849 45 0
16895 06/10*239 842 45 0*244 842 45 0*250 843 45 0*254 844 45 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ***
16900 06/11*264 850 45 0*268 851 45 0*274 852 45 0*278 853 45 0
16900 06/11*258 846 45 0*261 848 45 0*265 850 45 0*270 852 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16905 06/12*282 854 45 0*286 855 45 0*291 856 45 0*300 856 40 0
16905 06/12*275 854 45 0*280 855 45 0*287 855 45 0*296 856 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** **
16910 06/13*307 856 40 0*318 857 35 0*330 857 35 0*341 860 30 0
16910 06/13*307 856 40 0*318 857 35 0*330 857 35 0*346 865 30 0
*** ***
(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
16912 06/14E362 877 30 0E380 891 30 0E400 895 30 0E418 898 30 0
16915 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These large
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral
pressure of 1002 mb (21Z on the 9th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - winds chosen to be 45 kt
in best track and winds on the 9th and 10th are adjusted accordingly.
********************************************************************************
16920 06/14/1906 M=10 2 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
16920 06/14/1906 M=10 2 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
16925 06/14* 0 0 0 0*226 752 35 0*226 757 35 0*226 762 35 0
16925 06/14* 0 0 0 0*229 764 35 0*230 775 35 0*231 782 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
16930 06/15*226 767 35 0*227 773 40 0*227 778 40 0*228 784 45 0
16930 06/15*231 790 35 0*232 798 40 0*233 805 40 0*233 808 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16935 06/16*229 791 45 0*230 797 50 0*231 803 55 0*238 808 60 0
16935 06/16*233 811 50 0*233 813 55 0*235 815 60 0*240 815 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16940 06/17*246 810 65 0*255 809 70 0*267 804 70 0*279 795 75 0
16940 06/17*245 813 70 0*250 809 75 979*257 803 75 0*267 790 75 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ***
16945 06/18*291 785 80 0*300 772 80 0*310 761 85 0*324 744 85 0
16945 06/18*281 775 80 0*295 761 80 0*310 747 85 0*324 734 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
16950 06/19*336 728 90 0*344 714 90 0*351 701 90 0*353 695 85 0
16950 06/19*338 723 90 0*351 712 90 0*363 695 90 0*367 682 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16955 06/20*355 689 80 0*357 682 75 0*357 674 65 0*356 664 65 0
16955 06/20*366 672 80 0*363 660 75 0*360 650 65 0*357 646 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
16960 06/21*354 652 55 0*353 641 50 0*353 630 45 0*355 623 45 0
16960 06/21*354 641 55 0*351 636 50 0*350 630 45 0*352 623 45 0
*** *** *** *** ***
16965 06/22*358 616 45 0*360 608 40 0*363 600 40 0*367 590 40 0
16965 06/22*356 616 45 0*358 608 40 0*360 600 40 0*363 590 40 0
*** *** *** ***
16970 06/23*372 578 35 0*377 565 35 0*382 551 35 0E390 530 30 0
16970 06/23*365 578 35 0*368 565 35 0*370 551 35 0E373 530 30 0
*** *** *** ***
16975 HRCFL1
16975 HRBFL1CFL1
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Ho et. al. (1987)
analyzed a central pressure at landfall of 979 mb and a RMW of 26 nmi in
peninsula Florida. This central pressure suggests winds of 79 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship. Given an RMW slightly larger than what
is typical at this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), the
maximum sustained windspeed at landfall is estimated at 75 kt. Thus the
hurricane is retained as a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in the Florida
Keys and southern Florida, agreeing with Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/
U.S. hurricane categorization in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
16976 08/22/1906 M= 4 3 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16977 08/22* 0 0 0 0*287 531 30 0*290 540 30 0*294 548 30 0
16978 08/23*299 556 35 0*305 565 35 0*313 567 40 0*321 564 45 0
16979 08/24*326 558 50 0*330 551 55 0*338 541 60 0*349 528 60 0
16979 08/25*364 512 55 0E375 497 50 0E390 480 45 0E402 463 40 0
16979 TS
No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
16980 08/25/1906 M=19 3 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
16980 08/25/1906 M=19 4 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
16985 08/25*127 265 65 0*129 276 65 0*131 287 70 0*133 298 70 0
16985 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 210 35 0*140 225 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16990 08/26*135 309 70 0*137 321 70 0*139 332 70 0*139 343 70 0
16990 08/26*140 240 40 0*140 255 40 0*140 270 45 0*140 285 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
16995 08/27*140 355 70 0*140 366 70 0*140 380 70 0*141 386 70 0
16995 08/27*140 300 50 0*140 315 50 0*140 330 55 0*140 346 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17000 08/28*141 394 70 0*142 401 70 0*142 410 70 0*143 421 70 0
17000 08/28*139 362 60 0*139 378 60 0*138 395 65 0*138 412 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17005 08/29*144 432 70 0*144 442 70 0*145 453 70 0*145 465 70 0
17005 08/29*137 428 70 0*137 444 70 0*136 460 70 0*136 477 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17010 08/30*145 477 75 0*145 491 75 0*146 506 75 0*148 524 80 0
17010 08/30*136 493 75 0*135 509 75 0*135 525 75 0*137 540 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17015 08/31*151 539 80 0*154 554 80 0*158 569 85 0*160 577 85 0
17015 08/31*141 553 80 0*145 565 80 0*150 575 85 0*155 583 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17020 09/01*164 585 85 0*168 593 85 0*172 601 90 0*175 608 90 0
17020 09/01*160 590 85 0*165 600 85 0*170 607 90 0*175 614 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17025 09/02*178 613 90 0*181 619 90 0*184 625 90 0*188 633 95 0
17025 09/02*180 622 90 0*185 631 90 0*190 640 90 0*193 647 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17030 09/03*192 643 95 0*194 650 100 0*197 659 100 0*199 668 105 0
17030 09/03*196 654 95 0*198 660 100 0*200 667 100 0*203 676 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17035 09/04*202 675 105 0*206 683 110 0*211 692 110 0*215 700 110 0
17035 09/04*206 683 105 0*209 690 110 0*213 696 110 0*216 702 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17040 09/05*220 706 115 0*225 712 115 0*231 720 115 0*235 727 115 0
17040 09/05*221 708 115 0*225 714 115 0*231 720 115 0*235 727 115 0
*** *** ***
17045 09/06*239 734 115 0*244 740 115 0*250 747 115 0*259 750 110 0
17045 09/06*239 734 115 0*244 740 115 0*250 747 115 0*258 756 110 0
*** ***
17050 09/07*269 750 110 0*276 747 110 0*283 740 105 0*290 731 100 0
17050 09/07*268 764 110 0*279 766 110 0*290 760 110 0*295 748 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17055 09/08*296 722 100 0*301 714 95 0*307 704 95 0*311 693 95 0
17055 09/08*298 735 110 0*300 721 110 0*303 705 110 0*307 693 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17060 09/09*315 682 90 0*319 673 90 0*324 664 90 0*334 650 85 0
17060 09/09*313 681 105 0*319 669 105 0*325 657 105 0*336 643 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17065 09/10*344 638 85 0*357 621 85 0*378 600 80 0*398 581 80 0
17065 09/10*347 629 100 0*358 614 100 0*370 600 100 0*384 569 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17070 09/11*421 561 80 0*447 533 75 0E470 490 70 0E490 427 65 0
17070 09/11*400 528 95 950*422 488 85 0E450 450 75 0E475 404 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
17075 09/12E508 367 60 0E536 314 55 0E564 259 50 0* 0 0 0 0
17075 09/12E495 354 60 0E513 303 55 0E530 250 50 0E540 203 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** **
17080 HR
Major changes are made to the track proposed by Partagas and Diaz (1997) for
the 25th through the 30th. The track is begun on the 25th farther to
the east based upon re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series.
Track determined through the 30th based upon analysis of available
observational data along with a reasonable extrapolation of the storm in
time. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the
track and large changes (early in the hurricane's lifecycle) to the intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. A peripheral
pressure of 982 mb (07Z on the 7th) suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt retained in the best track.
A possible central pressure of 950 mb (01Z on the 11th) suggests winds of
97 kt - 95 kt chosen for the best track. Winds are adjusted upward from the
7th to the 11th accordingly.
********************************************************************************
17085 09/03/1906 M=16 4 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
17085 09/03/1906 M=16 5 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* *** *
17090 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*102 330 35 0*103 337 35 0
17095 09/04*103 342 35 0*104 349 35 0*105 357 35 0*106 366 35 0
17100 09/05*109 376 35 0*112 385 35 0*116 395 35 0*120 405 35 0
17105 09/06*124 414 40 0*128 423 40 0*132 432 45 0*137 442 45 0
17105 09/06*124 414 35 0*128 423 35 0*132 432 35 0*137 442 35 0
** ** ** **
17110 09/07*141 449 45 0*146 456 45 0*151 462 50 0*153 466 50 0
17110 09/07*141 449 40 0*146 456 40 0*151 462 40 0*153 466 40 0
** ** ** **
17115 09/08*155 471 55 0*157 475 55 0*160 480 60 0*164 487 60 0
17115 09/08*155 471 40 0*157 475 40 0*160 480 40 0*164 484 40 0
** ** ** *** **
17120 09/09*169 495 60 0*174 503 65 0*179 510 65 0*183 515 70 0
17120 09/09*169 488 45 0*175 491 45 0*180 493 45 0*184 496 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17125 09/10*187 520 70 0*190 524 70 0*195 529 70 0*201 536 75 0
17125 09/10*188 499 50 0*193 503 50 0*197 507 50 0*202 513 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17130 09/11*207 544 75 0*216 556 75 0*224 569 80 0*230 581 80 0
17130 09/11*206 521 55 0*208 530 55 0*210 540 55 0*214 553 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17135 09/12*233 593 80 0*237 606 80 0*240 619 80 0*242 626 85 0
17135 09/12*218 565 60 0*222 577 60 0*227 590 65 0*230 602 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17140 09/13*245 632 85 0*249 639 85 0*254 645 85 0*260 650 85 0
17140 09/13*232 612 70 0*236 623 70 0*243 633 75 0*253 641 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17145 09/14*265 654 85 0*271 657 90 0*280 660 90 0*289 664 90 0
17145 09/14*266 647 80 0*279 655 80 0*290 663 80 0*295 667 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17150 09/15*296 668 95 0*303 670 95 0*310 675 100 0*314 683 105 0
17150 09/15*299 671 80 0*302 675 80 0*305 680 80 0*309 685 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17155 09/16*317 692 110 0*319 701 115 0*321 711 125 0*323 722 125 0
17155 09/16*312 690 80 0*315 697 80 0*317 707 80 0*320 720 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17160 09/17*325 735 120 0*328 748 110 0*332 763 100 0*335 781 85 0
17160 09/17*320 734 80 0*321 751 80 0*323 767 80 0*329 782 80 977
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
17165 09/18*338 795 60 0*341 808 40 0*347 821 30 0*353 834 30 0
17165 09/18*335 798 60 0*343 815 40 0*350 830 30 0*355 845 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17170 HR SC3 NC3
17170 HR SC1 NC1
*** ***
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large but
reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999). This hurricane - originally storm number 4 - was listed as a
Category 3 at landfall in North and South Carolina with a central pressure
of 947 mb (Neumann et al. 1999; Jarrell et al. 1992). This was based upon
a supposed surface pressure reading of 945 mb at Cape Fear, North Carolina.
Both Ho et al. (1987) and Partagas and Diaz (1997) reject this measurement
as being erroneous since it does not correspond to nearby pressure
measurements nor do wind observations suggest that the center went over
Cape Fear. (Instead, landfall is analyzed at being near Georgetown, South
Carolina - over 60 nmi to the southwest of Cape Fear.) It is worth noting
that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time did not mention this supposed
947 mb central pressure reading, nor did Tannehill (1938). Barnes (1998b)
corroborates the damages and impacts of having a much weaker hurricane than
a 947 mb hurricane in the shipping, coastal and inland effects in the
Carolinas. The apparent source for 947 mb was Dunn and Miller (1960), which
gave the surface pressure value without any attribution. Instead, Ho et al.
(1987) analyze this hurricane as a 977 mb hurricane with a RMW of 30 nmi at
landfall in the Carolinas, which much better matches the observed wind
observations, pressure observations and damage incurred along the coast.
Such a central pressure with a near-climatological RMW (for that central
pressure and latitude) supports a wind speed of 79 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track. Such an
intensity corresponds well with the moderate wind damage incurred in South
Carolina, from newspaper archives in Charleston and Georgetown analyzed by
Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina. Without evidence for
a major hurricane at landfall in the United States, there is no support for
this hurricane ever being more than a minimal (Category 1) hurricane at its
peak. Winds are adjusted from the 13th to the 19th accordingly.
********************************************************************************
17175 09/19/1906 M=11 5 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
17175 09/19/1906 M=12 6 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** * *** *
17180 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*149 725 35 0*149 730 35 0
17180 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 770 30 0*121 775 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
17185 09/20*149 736 35 0*150 742 35 0*150 751 35 0*150 760 35 0
17185 09/20*122 779 35 0*123 783 35 0*125 787 35 0*128 792 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17190 09/21*151 771 35 0*152 781 35 0*154 791 35 0*157 799 35 0
17190 09/21*132 797 35 0*136 801 35 0*140 805 35 0*146 809 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17195 09/22*161 806 40 0*165 812 40 0*170 819 45 0*175 826 45 0
17195 09/22*152 813 40 0*158 818 40 0*163 823 45 0*169 828 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17200 09/23*180 830 50 0*185 835 50 0*193 840 55 0*200 844 60 0
17200 09/23*175 832 50 0*181 837 50 0*187 840 55 0*193 843 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17205 09/24*206 847 65 0*212 850 70 0*220 854 75 0*227 856 80 0
17205 09/24*200 846 65 0*206 848 70 0*214 851 75 0*219 852 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17210 09/25*234 859 85 0*240 861 90 0*248 863 95 0*255 865 100 0
17210 09/25*223 855 85 0*228 857 90 0*233 860 95 0*240 863 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17215 09/26*261 867 105 0*268 870 110 0*275 872 120 0*284 877 125 0
17215 09/26*247 866 105 0*255 868 105 0*263 870 105 953*273 874 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17220 09/27*292 880 125 0*298 882 120 0*306 886 115 0*312 888 60 0
17220 09/27*284 879 100 0*294 884 95 0*304 887 95 958*314 890 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
17225 09/28*324 892 50 0*336 896 40 0*347 899 40 0*357 901 35 0
17225 09/28*324 893 50 0*336 896 40 0*347 899 40 0*356 902 35 0
*** *** ***
17230 09/29*367 901 35 0*376 899 30 0E385 897 30 0* 0 0 0 0
17230 09/29*366 904 35 0*373 905 30 0E380 903 30 0E382 894 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** **
(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17232 09/30E380 884 30 0E373 875 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
17235 HR MS3 AL3
17235 HR MS2 AL2AFL2 LA1
***************
The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 19th
as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best track and
to extend the extratropical stage until 06Z on the 30th. Partagas and Diaz
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
This hurricane was formerly storm number 5 in Neumann et al. (1999).
Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane causing Category 1 hurricane
conditions in western Cuba, but did keep the center of the storm just
offshore the coast. This is in agreement with the small changes that Partagas
and Diaz introduced for the hurricane near Cuba. A central pressure of
953 mb (at 12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of 107 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt are utilized in the best track.
A pressure value of 965 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) measured by a ship in the
eye of the hurricane anchored off Scranton, MS suggests winds of 94 kt
from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Ho et al. (1987)
utilized this 965 mb observation as the hurricane's landfall central pressure
at the U.S. coastline and estimated a RMW of 43 nmi. However, Jarrell et al.
(1992) (from Connor 1956) suggested a central pressure value at U.S. landfall
of 958 mb. This value is likely closer to the actual central pressure
given that the ship's 965 mb was a "pegged" value for at least 45 minutes,
leading to the probability that the value was an underestimate of how
deep the hurricane was. 958 mb central pressure in the Gulf of Mexico
suggests maximum sustained winds of 102 kt. The RMW value of 43 nmi from
Ho et al. is much larger than what climatology for a central pressure value
of 958 mb and 30 deg N latitude calls for (22 nmi), suggesting the winds
should be moderately lower than what the standard wind-pressure relationship
calls for. 95 kt at landfall are chosen for the best track, making this a
Category 2. This is a change from that shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al.
(1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 26th and 27th. Storm tide measurements of 14' in
Galt, Florida (Barnes 1998a) and 11' in Pensacola, Florida were observed
(Cline 1926).
********************************************************************************
17240 09/22/1906 M=11 6 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17240 09/22/1906 M=11 7 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17245 09/22* 0 0 0 0*244 339 35 0*250 344 35 0*256 352 35 0
17245 09/22*303 319 50 0*296 329 50 0*290 338 50 0*283 347 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17250 09/23*261 358 35 0*265 365 35 0*269 371 40 0*270 377 40 0
17250 09/23*277 356 55 0*273 364 55 0*269 371 60 0*266 378 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17255 09/24*271 381 40 0*272 386 40 0*272 392 40 0*276 405 45 0
17255 09/24*263 385 60 0*261 392 60 0*260 400 60 0*258 407 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17260 09/25*285 430 45 0*288 439 45 0*290 449 45 0*290 461 45 0
17260 09/25*257 415 60 0*257 422 60 0*257 430 60 0*257 437 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17265 09/26*285 468 50 0*276 469 50 0*270 464 50 0*270 457 50 0
17265 09/26*260 443 60 0*264 446 60 0*270 447 60 0*275 447 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17270 09/27*271 447 50 0*274 438 50 0*278 430 50 0*284 424 50 0
17270 09/27*279 444 60 0*282 440 60 0*286 433 60 0*292 423 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17275 09/28*290 420 50 0*297 415 50 0*304 406 50 0*312 386 55 0
17275 09/28*299 410 60 0*305 397 60 0*310 385 60 0*317 370 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17280 09/29*320 365 55 0*329 343 60 0*339 322 60 0*351 302 60 0
17280 09/29*324 354 60 0*331 337 60 0*339 322 60 0*347 308 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ***
17285 09/30*365 284 60 0*381 265 55 0E398 245 50 0E409 229 45 0
17285 09/30*358 296 60 0*367 287 55 0*377 277 50 0*392 263 45 0
*** *** *** *** **** *** **** ***
17290 10/01E418 217 40 0E427 203 35 0E437 187 35 0E448 167 35 0
17290 10/01*408 244 40 0E421 225 35 0E433 205 35 0E448 180 35 0
**** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17295 10/02E461 144 30 0E474 119 30 0E488 92 30 0* 0 0 0 0
17295 10/02E465 150 30 0E485 112 30 0E500 80 30 0E515 47 30 0
**** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** **
17300 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 6. A loop which was originally described by the track of
the storm is now removed. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the
22nd) suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track. A peripheral pressure of 994 mb
(at 12Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. Winds are increased
accordingly from the 22nd through the 29th (which had 60 kt in the
original HURDAT). Lifecycle of this tropical storm is not complete as
information on the genesis is not available.
********************************************************************************
17305 10/08/1906 M= 3 7 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17305 10/08/1906 M=16 8 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** * *** * *
17310 10/08* 0 0 0 0*110 790 35 0*111 797 35 0*113 804 50 0
17310 10/08* 0 0 0 0*113 764 35 0*113 773 35 0*113 783 50 0
*** *** *** *** ***
17315 10/09*114 809 65 0*115 815 85 0*117 820 85 0*120 827 85 0
17315 10/09*113 793 65 0*113 804 75 0*115 815 85 0*117 824 95 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
17320 10/10*123 835 85 0*125 843 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
17320 10/10*121 831 105 0*126 839 80 0*130 846 70 0*132 851 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17325 HR
17330 10/11/1906 M=12 8 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
(These two lines are removed from the new HURDAT.)
17335 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*144 611 50 0*145 625 50 0
17335 10/11*134 855 60 0*137 859 55 0*140 863 50 0*144 867 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
17340 10/12*145 639 55 0*146 653 60 0*147 667 65 0*149 681 70 0
17340 10/12*147 869 40 0*151 871 40 0*155 873 50 0*158 874 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17345 10/13*150 696 70 0*152 711 70 0*154 725 70 0*156 739 70 0
17345 10/13*161 876 65 0*164 878 70 0*167 880 75 0*169 881 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
17350 10/14*158 752 75 0*160 764 75 0*162 776 75 0*164 787 80 0
17350 10/14*171 882 70 0*174 883 65 0*177 883 60 0*179 883 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17355 10/15*167 798 80 0*170 808 80 0*174 818 85 0*181 828 85 0
17355 10/15*181 882 50 0*183 881 50 0*185 880 50 0*188 878 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17360 10/16*189 838 85 0*197 845 90 0*205 847 95 0*213 846 100 0
17360 10/16*191 876 50 0*193 873 60 0*195 870 70 0*198 863 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
17365 10/17*221 842 105 0*229 836 110 0*237 826 115 0*244 818 115 0
17365 10/17*200 857 90 0*203 851 100 0*207 840 105 0*215 827 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17370 10/18*249 811 110 0*255 806 105 0*261 800 100 0*268 792 95 0
17370 10/18*226 821 105 0*239 816 105 0*253 807 105 953*266 795 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17375 10/19*276 786 90 0*283 782 85 0*291 779 80 0*300 780 80 0
17375 10/19*279 786 90 0*290 781 85 0*300 780 80 0*305 780 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
17380 10/20*306 781 75 0*311 783 70 0*318 790 65 0*312 797 50 0
17380 10/20*309 780 75 0*314 781 75 0*317 783 70 0*321 793 70 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17385 10/21*307 800 45 0*300 804 40 0*293 807 40 0*287 810 35 0
17385 10/21*317 804 60 0*307 812 50 0*295 815 40 0*290 815 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
17390 10/22*282 812 30 0*276 815 30 0*271 817 25 0*266 819 25 0
17390 10/22*283 816 30 0*273 817 30 0*260 820 25 0*249 828 25 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(The 23rd is new to HURDAT.)
17392 10/23*240 838 25 0*231 848 25 0*223 857 25 0*215 866 25 0
17395 HRCFL2
17395 HRBFL3CFL3
********
No major changes were made to the track suggested by Partagas and Diaz
(1997). They made large alterations from Neumann et al. (1999) by
combining storm numbers 7 and 8 into a single hurricane with a revised track
and intensity. These dramatic changes are found to be reasonable. The
hurricane is increased to Category 3 intensity at landfall in Nicaragua
(105 kt) based upon the reported 15' storm tide and the vast destruction in
the country. Winds are thus increased on the 9th and 10th. Perez (2000)
analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba.
Winds for the hurricane at Cuba landfall are thus lowered from 115 kt down
to 105 kt on the 17th and 18th. Perez also altered the track for this
hurricane eastward even more than provided by Partagas and Diaz such that
the hurricane went on the east side of the Isle of Pines. The track here
reflects this re-analysis. Ho et al. (1987) had analyzed a central pressure
of 967 mb and an RMW of 16 nmi for landfall in southern Florida.
However, land-based readings of pressure were as low as 953 mb in Miami.
This is taken to be the central pressure for this hurricane, which suggests
winds of 100 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. Descriptions
from Barnes (1998a) suggest a small inner core of this system with an RMW
on the order of 10-12 nmi. Such an RMW is somewhat smaller than that
expected from this central pressure and latitude (~17 nmi - Vickery et al.
2000). Thus highest winds near the time of landfall in southern Florida are
suggested to be 105 kt, making this system a major (Category 3) hurricane
for the region. A Category 3 categorization is an upgrade from the
Category 2 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT. This upgrade does, however, agree with the
assessment by Partagas and Diaz. A peripheral pressure of 987 mb (at 22Z on
the 20th) suggest winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - winds chosen to be 70 kt for best track. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 20th and 21st.
********************************************************************************
17400 10/13/1906 M= 5 9 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17400 10/14/1906 M= 4 9 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * *** *
17405 10/13* 0 0 0 0*331 609 35 0*333 616 35 0*335 623 35 0
(The 13th is omitted from HURDAT.)
17410 10/14*337 630 35 0*338 637 35 0*338 644 35 0*337 658 35 0
17410 10/14* 0 0 0 0*337 620 35 0*337 635 35 0*337 651 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ***
17415 10/15*336 671 35 0*334 684 35 0*332 697 35 0*329 710 35 0
17415 10/15*336 669 40 0*334 682 40 0*332 697 45 0*327 714 45 0
*** ** *** ** ** *** *** **
17420 10/16*326 723 35 0*322 737 35 0*318 750 35 0*313 764 35 0
17420 10/16*321 731 45 0*312 749 45 0*305 765 45 0*301 773 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17425 10/17*308 779 35 0*303 794 35 0*297 810 35 0* 0 0 0 0
17425 10/17*299 780 40 0*296 787 35 0*293 795 30 0*288 806 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
17430 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Peripheral pressures of 1003 mb (at 12Z on the 15th and 16th) suggests winds
of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt
chosen for best track. Winds increased accordingly on the 15th to the 17th.
XING set equal to "0" since landfall occurred after decay to tropical
depression status.
********************************************************************************
17435 10/16/1906 M= 5 10 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17435 10/15/1906 M= 6 10 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
17438 10/15* 0 0 0 0*210 694 35 0*217 700 35 0*227 707 35 0
17440 10/16* 0 0 0 0*263 706 35 0*266 700 35 0*269 694 35 0
17440 10/16*239 713 35 0*252 716 35 0*262 713 35 0*271 710 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17445 10/17*271 689 35 0*273 685 35 0*275 680 35 0*278 675 35 0
17445 10/17*278 704 35 0*282 698 35 0*285 693 35 0*288 685 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17450 10/18*281 670 40 0*284 666 40 0*286 660 45 0*284 645 45 0
17450 10/18*290 677 40 0*292 669 40 0*293 660 45 0*293 650 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17455 10/19*279 635 40 0*275 621 35 0*274 605 30 0*275 597 30 0
17455 10/19*293 640 40 0*293 630 40 0*293 620 35 0*293 610 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17460 10/20*276 590 30 0*277 583 25 0*278 576 25 0*280 569 25 0
17460 10/20*292 600 30 0*291 590 30 0*290 580 25 0*289 571 25 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
17465 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
17470 11/06/1906 M= 4 11 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17470 11/05/1906 M= 6 11 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
17472 11/05*185 825 30 0*190 825 30 0*195 825 35 0*199 824 40 0
17475 11/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 767 35 0*163 780 35 0
17475 11/06*203 821 45 0*207 818 50 0*210 815 55 0*213 810 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17480 11/07*175 788 35 0*188 793 35 0*200 796 35 0*212 795 35 0
17480 11/07*215 805 65 0*217 800 70 0*220 793 60 0*224 784 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17485 11/08*224 789 35 0*236 776 35 0*247 760 35 0*252 749 35 0
17485 11/08*227 776 45 0*230 766 40 0*233 757 35 0*236 748 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17490 11/09*255 740 35 0*257 731 35 0*260 720 30 0*266 706 30 0
17490 11/09*239 739 35 0*242 730 35 0*245 723 35 0*248 715 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
17492 11/10E251 705 30 0E255 695 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
17495 TS
17495 HR
**
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Perez (2000) analyzed this as
a Category 1 landfall in Cuba, agreeing with Partagas and Diaz' assessment.
Thus this tropical storm is upgraded to a hurricane in the vicinity of
central Cuba. A peripheral pressure of 997 mb (at 02Z on the 7th) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt
utilized in best track.
********************************************************************************
1906 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) September 16, 1906: Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
2) October 13, 1906: At least one gale force wind report, but unclear if
system was closed circulation.
3) October 14-15, 1906: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
September 26-Oct 1: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of
at most 1010mb at 15N, 65W on September 26. The system remained as a closed
low and moves towards the west and turns to the west-northwest starting on the
30th. It dissipated on October 1st. The max winds in COADS were of 30kt and
there were no gales found in Monthly Weather Review or the Historical Weather Maps.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Sept 26 15N 65W Tropical Depression
Sept 27 16N 68W Tropical Depression
Sept 28 16N 74W Tropical Depression
Sept 29 16N 76W Tropical Depression
Sept 30 19N 83W Tropical Depression
Oct 1 22N 85W Dissipated
********************************************************************************
17500 06/24/1907 M= 6 1 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17500 06/24/1907 M= 7 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
17505 06/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 780 35 0*161 788 35 0
17510 06/25*164 797 35 0*167 806 35 0*170 815 35 0*177 824 35 0
17515 06/26*186 834 35 0*196 843 35 0*206 853 40 0*218 862 40 0
17520 06/27*229 871 45 0*240 880 45 0*252 889 45 0*262 892 45 0
17520 06/27*229 871 45 0*240 880 45 0*252 889 45 0*262 894 45 0
***
17525 06/28*272 891 45 0*281 880 45 0*288 869 50 0*296 850 50 0
17525 06/28*270 896 45 0*276 894 45 0*283 890 50 0*293 878 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17530 06/29*304 825 45 0*310 810 40 0*322 791 35 0E349 770 30 0
17530 06/29*303 858 50 0*308 835 45 0*318 808 55 0E340 780 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17532 06/30E365 760 45 0E392 733 40 0E420 705 35 0E450 675 30 0
17535 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
These changes include shifting the landfall location in Florida westward
of its original position. Winds are increased on the 29th based upon wind
observations from Jacksonville.
********************************************************************************
17540 09/17/1907 M= 7 2 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17540 09/18/1907 M= 6 2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
17545 09/17*225 756 35 0*227 767 35 0*228 778 40 0*229 789 40 0
(The 17th is deleted from HURDAT.)
17550 09/18*230 800 40 0*232 810 40 0*234 819 40 0*236 827 45 0
17550 09/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 790 30 0*255 803 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17555 09/19*239 835 45 0*242 842 50 0*246 850 50 0*251 859 50 0
17555 09/19*259 816 30 0*263 828 35 0*267 840 35 0*271 850 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17560 09/20*256 865 50 0*261 873 45 0*267 881 45 0*272 887 40 0
17560 09/20*275 858 40 0*279 864 40 0*283 870 40 0*287 876 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
17565 09/21*278 891 40 0*284 895 40 0*290 897 40 0*297 898 35 0
17565 09/21*291 882 40 0*295 887 40 0*300 890 40 0*305 889 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17570 09/22*305 897 35 0*314 889 35 0*322 881 35 0E330 860 35 0
17570 09/22*310 888 35 0*315 884 35 0*321 876 35 0E329 863 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17575 09/23E336 848 35 0E341 835 35 0E356 802 35 0E377 773 30 0
17575 09/23E338 847 35 0E347 830 35 0E357 813 35 0E368 796 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17580 TS
The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to begin the storm on
the 18th (as a tropical depression) rather than on the 19th (as a tropical
storm) that Partagas and Diaz suggested. This is based upon the (limited)
data on the 18th that suggests that the storm had developed as a tropical
depression just east of Florida. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large
track and intensity alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. Peak winds
for this storm reached, at most, minimal tropical storm status from
available observations. Thus winds are lowered on the 19th and 20th.
********************************************************************************
17585 09/27/1907 M= 3 3 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17585 09/27/1907 M= 4 3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
17590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*223 941 35 0*233 933 35 0*243 925 35 0
17590 09/27* 0 0 0 0*223 941 35 0*233 933 35 0*245 925 35 0
***
17595 09/28*251 919 35 0*262 907 35 0*274 893 40 0*287 879 45 0
17595 09/28*257 913 35 0*270 900 35 0*283 885 40 0*296 866 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17600 09/29*301 858 40 0*315 835 35 0*332 786 35 0E352 745 30 0
17600 09/29*309 843 40 0*318 819 35 0*327 790 35 0E340 755 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17602 09/30E355 715 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
17605 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
17610 10/17/1907 M= 5 4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17610 10/17/1907 M= 4 4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17615 10/17*273 598 35 0*280 606 35 0*288 616 35 0*295 623 35 0
17615 10/17* 0 0 0 0*263 674 45 0*264 660 45 0*268 646 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17620 10/18*301 627 35 0*310 630 35 0*318 631 40 0*331 629 40 0
17620 10/18*275 632 45 0*283 618 45 0*290 605 45 0*304 594 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17625 10/19*354 622 45 0*378 602 45 0*402 571 45 0*428 535 40 0
17625 10/19*317 582 45 0*328 573 45 0*340 560 45 0E356 540 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **** ***
17630 10/20E454 498 40 0E477 467 35 0E500 439 35 0E524 421 35 0
17630 10/20E376 491 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
17635 10/21E545 414 35 0E565 409 35 0E587 400 35 0* 0 0 0 0
(The 21st is omitted from the new HURDAT.)
17640 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A peripheral pressure of
1003 mb (at 12Z on the 17th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds are chosen at 45 kt for the
best track. Winds are increased accordingly on the 17th and 18th. The full
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on
its genesis.
********************************************************************************
17641 11/06/1907 M= 7 5 SNBR= 430 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17642 11/06*315 397 35 0*308 399 35 0*300 400 35 0*295 401 35 0
17643 11/07*289 402 35 0*282 403 35 0*275 405 35 0*272 409 35 0
17643 11/08*269 414 40 0*267 419 40 0*267 425 40 0*272 435 40 0
17643 11/09*281 440 40 0*291 442 40 0*300 445 40 0*308 447 40 0
17643 11/10*318 450 40 0*326 454 40 0*335 460 40 0*341 464 40 0
17643 11/11*347 469 40 0*354 476 40 0*365 480 40 0*377 480 40 0
17643 11/12*387 473 35 0*396 467 35 0*405 460 35 0E417 450 35 0
17643 TS
No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
1907 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:
1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late March
to early April 1907:
"1907 additional system #1 This system bears re-evaluation in
light of Ana (2003). There is no doubt of 35 kt winds, but the
structure is not known."
Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS
ship database and the Historical Weather Map series, this system did produce
tropical storm and hurricane force winds as an extratropical storm system,
but the winds weakened considerably by the time the baroclinic structure
had dissipated. Numerous gale force to hurricane force winds were observed
on the 25th and 26th of March, but the storm system had a well-defined
surface baroclinic frontal feature associated with it. By late on the 27th,
the temperature contrast had dissipated (though with temperatures in the
upper 60s), but no high wind observations were present. From the 28th until
the 31st, the system drifted south but contained no gale force winds near
the center. On the 1st of April, it began moving back to the northeast
without intensification and was likely absorbed by a vigorous extratropical
storm system on the 2nd. Thus during its non-baroclinic phase (from the
27th of March until the 1st of April), it does not appear that tropical
storm intensity was maintained. Thus this system is not added into
HURDAT.
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
2) September 11-15, 1907: One gale force report, insufficient to determine
if system was of tropical storm intensity.
3) October 3-17, 1907: One gale force report, insufficient to determine
if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 30, 1907: Damage reports in Texas leave it uncertain if system
was a tornado or tropical storm.
********************************************************************************
17645 03/06/1908 M= 4 1 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17645 03/06/1908 M= 4 1 SNBR= 431 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
17650 03/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 602 50 0*227 607 55 0
17655 03/07*216 611 65 0*206 615 70 0*197 619 80 0*188 622 85 0
17660 03/08*180 625 85 0*173 628 70 0*166 631 65 0*160 634 65 0
17665 03/09*154 637 65 0*149 640 50 0*144 642 40 0*138 646 35 0
17670 HR
Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes to the track or
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The full lifecycle of this
tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.
********************************************************************************
17671 05/24/1908 M= 8 2 SNBR= 432 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17672 05/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 717 30 0*217 720 30 0
17672 05/25*224 723 30 0*233 728 30 0*240 735 30 0*247 743 30 0
17672 05/26*254 750 35 0*260 756 35 0*267 763 35 0*272 773 35 0
17672 05/27*277 781 40 0*285 791 45 0*295 795 50 0*301 795 55 0
17672 05/28*306 792 60 0*312 788 65 0*317 783 65 0*323 779 65 0
17672 05/29*328 774 65 0*334 770 65 0*340 765 65 0*348 759 65 989
17672 05/30*356 753 65 0*363 747 60 0*373 740 50 0*394 730 40 0
17672 05/31*418 717 35 0E438 703 35 0E455 690 35 0E464 683 35 0
17673 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
hurricane. A possible central pressure of 989 mb suggests winds of 64 kt
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt chosen in best
track. Despite this hurricane making landfall, no observations of
hurricane force wind were recorded on the U.S. coast and it is likely
the such winds stayed offshore.
********************************************************************************
17675 07/25/1908 M=10 2 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
17675 07/24/1908 M=11 3 SNBR= 433 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** * ***
(24th is new to HURDAT.)
17677 07/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*275 750 30 0*278 752 30 0
17680 07/25* 0 0 0 0*285 790 35 0*287 785 35 0*289 780 35 0
17680 07/25*281 755 30 0*284 759 30 0*287 763 35 0*289 766 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
17685 07/26*289 776 35 0*290 773 35 0*290 770 35 0*287 765 35 0
17685 07/26*290 769 35 0*290 772 35 0*290 775 35 0*289 778 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
17690 07/27*279 763 35 0*273 764 35 0*270 768 35 0*270 772 35 0
17690 07/27*287 780 35 0*283 783 35 0*277 785 35 0*273 783 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17695 07/28*272 775 40 0*275 778 55 0*278 780 60 0*281 781 60 0
17695 07/28*271 777 40 0*271 772 55 0*273 770 60 0*277 770 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17700 07/29*285 782 60 0*289 783 60 0*294 783 65 0*302 784 70 0
17700 07/29*280 775 60 0*282 779 60 0*285 782 60 0*294 783 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
17705 07/30*312 785 75 0*322 785 80 0*330 783 85 0*335 781 85 0
17705 07/30*304 783 65 0*314 782 70 0*325 780 70 0*331 779 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17710 07/31*339 778 85 0*343 774 85 0*348 767 75 0*354 760 70 0
17710 07/31*337 776 70 0*342 774 70 0*347 770 70 0*352 758 60 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17715 08/01*362 749 70 0*371 737 75 0*380 725 80 0*391 710 85 0
17715 08/01*356 741 60 0*361 728 60 0*365 717 60 0*372 700 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17720 08/02*403 693 85 0*416 675 85 0*430 652 85 0E445 630 75 0
17720 08/02*378 685 60 0*387 669 60 0*400 655 60 0E417 630 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17725 08/03E464 603 60 0E481 585 55 0E496 569 50 0E528 552 50 0
17725 08/03E440 606 60 0E463 585 55 0E485 565 50 0E506 543 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17730 HR NC1
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 2. These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (at 21Z on the 30th) suggests winds of at
least 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen
for best track at landfall in North Carolina. This agrees with the
assessment of Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization
in HURDAT. Winds are adjusted downward moderately accordingly from the 30th
and the 31st. There is no indication that the system regained hurricane
strength after passing back into the open Atlantic. Winds reduced
accordingly on the 1st and 2nd to a 60 kt tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0*325 722 35 0*327 728 35 0*329 732 35 0
17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ***
17745 08/31*331 737 35 0*333 741 40 0*336 748 40 0*339 750 40 0
17745 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17750 09/01*342 752 45 0*345 753 45 0*349 753 45 0*353 749 45 0
17750 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17755 09/02*357 743 40 0*362 733 40 0*367 721 35 0*374 709 25 0
17755 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0
*** *** *** *** *** **** ***
17760 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 3.
********************************************************************************
1908/04 - 2004 ADDITION:
18900 07/29/1908 M= 6 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
18901 07/29*296 940 30 0*293 935 30 0*290 930 35 0*287 925 40 0
18902 07/30*284 920 45 0*281 917 50 0*280 915 50 0*281 914 50 0
18903 07/31*283 913 50 0*286 914 50 0*290 915 50 0*293 917 50 0
18904 08/01*297 921 40 0*301 927 35 0*305 930 35 0*309 931 35 0
18905 08/02*312 929 30 0*316 925 30 0*320 920 30 0*324 915 30 0
18906 08/03*328 911 25 0*331 908 25 0*335 905 25 0*340 902 25 0
18907 TS
The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late
July 1908:
"1908 additional system #2 It is noted that Isaac Cline felt that
warnings in the Gulf were justified for this system."
Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and station data, this
system was a tropical storm and is thus added into HURDAT.
July 28: Surface trough forming over eastern Texas and Louisiana. Closed
low not yet formed.
July 29: System moves off of the U.S. Gulf coast and develops into a
tropical cyclone. Closed circulation is found from combination of coastal
stations and ship observations. Ship highlight: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at
27.5N, 91.5W at 22 UTC (COA).
July 30: HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 90W. Center from
additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to 29.0N,
91.5W. Ship highlights: 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.5N, 91.5W at 02 UTC
(COA), 50 kt SW and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 90.5W at 10 UTC (COA), 45 kt SW and
990 mb at 26.0N, 89.0W at 18 UTC (COA). Coastal station highlights:
lowest observed pressure: 1009 mb at 00 UTC at Galveston, 1009 mb at
12 UTC at New Orleans; peak winds 30 kt SE winds in New Orleans at 13
and 14 UTC.
July 31st: HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 92.5W. Center
from additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to the
coast at 29N, 91.5W. No reports of gale force winds.
August 1st: HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 31.5N, 93.5W. Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 30.5N, 93.0W. No
reports of gale force winds.
August 2nd: HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 32.5N, 91.5W. Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 32N, 92W. No reports
of gale force winds.
August 3rd: Station data suggests a closed low near 33.5N, 90.5W. No
reports of gale force winds.
August 4th: The system dissipated.
Status of system as tropical storm was confirmed by several ship wind
and pressure observations. Peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 22 UTC
on the 29th and 02 UTC on the 30th) from a ship suggests winds of at least
37 kt. 50 kt chosen for the nearest synoptic times to these pressure
readings up until landfall late on the 31st based primarily upon ship wind
observations. No reports of gale force winds (or equivalent from sea
level pressure readings) were observed over land. However, landfall likely
west of New Orleans, Louisiana in an area of quite sparse meteorological
stations. Thus it is analyzed that the system came ashore as a 50 kt
tropical storm around 2130 UTC on the 31st near 29.5N, 91.9W.
********************************************************************************
1908/05 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/04, but became 1908/05 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/05 - 2003 REVISION:
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4 4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0*325 722 35 0*327 728 35 0*329 732 35 0
17740 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ***
17745 08/31*331 737 35 0*333 741 40 0*336 748 40 0*339 750 40 0
17745 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17750 09/01*342 752 45 0*345 753 45 0*349 753 45 0*353 749 45 0
17750 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17755 09/02*357 743 40 0*362 733 40 0*367 721 35 0*374 709 25 0
17755 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0
*** *** *** *** *** **** ***
17760 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 3.
1908/05 - 2006 REVISION:
18930 08/30/1908 M= 4 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=0
18930 08/30/1908 M= 4 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* *****
18935 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*330 725 35 0*330 732 35 0*
18940 08/31*330 741 35 0*330 750 40 0*330 760 40 0*332 765 40 0*
18945 09/01*338 768 45 0*344 767 45 0*350 763 45 0*361 750 45 0*
18950 09/02*372 736 40 0*382 723 40 0*390 707 35 0E398 682 25 0*
18955 TS
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone's track taking it over the Outer Banks
of North Carolina should make it a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as a tropical
storm ("SSS=0").
********************************************************************************
1908/06 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/05, but became 1908/06 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/06 - 2003 REVISION:
17765 09/07/1908 M=13 4 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17765 09/07/1908 M=13 5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17770 09/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*154 517 40 0*159 528 40 0
17775 09/08*163 538 40 0*167 548 40 0*170 558 45 0*172 566 45 0
17780 09/09*174 573 45 0*176 580 50 0*180 595 55 0*183 605 55 0
17780 09/09*174 573 45 0*176 580 50 0*180 591 55 0*183 605 55 0
***
17785 09/10*187 630 60 0*190 650 65 0*194 668 70 0*197 679 75 0
17785 09/10*187 630 60 0*190 650 60 0*194 668 60 0*197 680 60 0
** ** *** **
17790 09/11*200 689 80 0*203 700 85 0* 06 711 85 0*211 720 90 0
17790 09/11*198 692 60 0*201 707 65 0*205 720 75 0*210 729 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17795 09/12*216 728 95 0*221 735 95 0*226 742 100 0*231 749 100 0
17795 09/12*215 737 95 0*219 743 95 0*225 750 100 0*229 755 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17800 09/13*235 754 105 0*240 759 105 0*245 761 105 0*251 759 105 0
17800 09/13*232 758 105 0*238 761 105 0*245 761 105 0*251 759 105 0
*** *** *** ***
17805 09/14*257 755 105 0*264 748 105 0*270 742 105 0*281 729 100 0
17805 09/14*257 755 105 0*262 751 105 0*267 745 105 0*275 736 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
17810 09/15*291 715 100 0*301 704 95 0*310 695 90 0*317 691 85 0
17810 09/15*284 726 100 0*291 718 95 0*300 710 90 0*308 702 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17815 09/16*323 687 85 0*329 684 80 0*338 679 80 0*351 670 75 0
17815 09/16*316 694 85 0*325 686 80 0*338 677 80 0*351 672 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17820 09/17*363 663 75 0*378 654 70 0*396 641 70 0*407 631 70 0
17820 09/17*363 668 75 0*378 660 70 0*393 650 70 0*404 639 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
17825 09/18*420 620 70 0*429 610 70 0*438 597 70 0E456 564 60 0
17825 09/18*411 629 70 0*419 618 70 0*430 600 70 0*454 570 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17830 09/19E470 535 55 0E484 514 55 0E500 483 50 0E518 450 50 0
17830 09/19E486 530 55 0E515 496 55 0E540 465 50 0E562 438 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17835 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 4. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the
15th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt retained in the best track. A peripheral pressure of
993 mb (at 12Z on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt retained in the best track.
Slight adjustment in the track on the 9th provides a more realistic
translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1908/07 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/06, but became 1908/07 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/07 - 2003 REVISION:
18655 09/16/1908 M= 3 5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18655 09/16/1908 M= 3 6 SNBR= 436 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
18660 09/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 905 40 0*251 911 40 0
18665 09/17*256 917 45 0*260 921 45 0*265 926 50 0*270 931 55 0
18670 09/18*274 934 60 0*279 938 55 0*283 938 35 0*287 934 25 0
18675 TS
Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
********************************************************************************
1908/08 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/07, but became 1908/08 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/08 - 2003 REVISION:
17865 09/21/1908 M=17 6 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17865 09/21/1908 M=17 7 SNBR= 437 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
17870 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 500 35 0*122 507 35 0
17870 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 460 35 0*127 472 35 0
*** *** *** ***
17875 09/22*124 513 35 0*126 520 35 0*128 527 35 0*130 534 35 0
17875 09/22*129 483 35 0*132 495 35 0*135 507 35 0*138 518 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17880 09/23*132 541 35 0*135 548 35 0*138 556 40 0*142 563 40 0
17880 09/23*139 530 35 0*140 542 35 0*143 553 40 0*145 563 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17885 09/24*146 570 40 0*149 578 40 0*153 584 45 0*157 592 45 0
17885 09/24*148 572 40 0*150 579 40 0*153 587 45 0*155 594 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
17890 09/25*160 600 45 0*164 609 50 0*168 618 50 0*171 627 50 0
17890 09/25*157 603 55 0*158 610 60 0*160 617 65 0*162 627 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17895 09/26*172 637 50 0*173 650 50 0*173 665 50 0*175 673 50 0
17895 09/26*164 641 70 0*165 651 70 0*165 663 70 0*165 674 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17900 09/27*176 680 50 0*178 687 50 0*181 695 45 0*184 705 40 0
17900 09/27*167 685 70 0*168 695 70 0*170 705 70 0*173 711 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17905 09/28*187 713 35 0*190 720 35 0*192 727 35 0*194 733 35 0
17905 09/28*176 716 70 0*181 722 70 0*185 727 65 0*187 731 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17910 09/29*196 738 35 0*199 744 35 0*202 750 35 0*206 753 35 0
17910 09/29*191 737 65 0*197 742 70 0*200 745 75 0*204 750 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17915 09/30*210 758 35 0*216 764 40 0*222 769 55 0*229 774 65 0
17915 09/30*210 754 70 0*214 759 75 0*220 763 80 0*225 767 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17920 10/01*235 778 70 0*248 784 70 0*258 785 70 0*268 781 75 0
17920 10/01*232 772 90 0*239 777 95 0*247 780 95 0*259 778 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17925 10/02*276 773 75 0*284 764 80 0*290 752 85 0*292 739 85 0
17925 10/02*268 765 95 0*275 746 95 0*280 730 95 0*284 721 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17930 10/03*294 726 85 0*296 712 85 0*302 698 85 0*304 713 80 0
17930 10/03*287 716 95 0*293 711 90 0*300 715 85 0*297 720 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
17935 10/04*295 727 75 0*287 716 70 0*285 702 70 0*287 693 70 0
17935 10/04*292 721 75 0*288 716 70 0*285 710 70 0*290 700 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17940 10/05*290 685 70 0*294 679 70 0*298 673 70 0*303 665 70 0
17940 10/05*297 692 70 0*301 684 70 0*305 675 70 0*308 662 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17945 10/06*308 655 70 0*314 645 70 0*320 634 65 0*325 626 55 0
17945 10/06*311 650 70 0*313 638 70 0*315 627 65 0*318 613 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17950 10/07*331 618 45 0E337 609 40 0E343 600 40 0E354 593 40 0
17950 10/07*320 600 45 0E323 587 40 0E325 575 40 0E328 561 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17955 HR
The was one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm
number 5. Partagas and Diaz did not provide evidence that the hurricane
status was retained until transitioning to an extratropical on the 7th,
though this was depicted in their track map. Thus the switch to tropical
storm status on the 6th found in Neumann et al. is kept in the best track.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track
reasonably from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas and Diaz
analysis of hurricane force through the Caribbean from the 25th to the
28th necessitated large increases to the existing HURDAT intensity
estimates. A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at 10Z on the 28th) suggests
winds of at least 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for the best track. Perez (2000) had analyzed this as a Category 2
hurricane at landfall in Cuba based upon wind and surge caused damage, which
does not seem completely reasonable because of the interaction of the system
with Hispanola. Thus Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Cuba is retained. A
peripheral pressure of 971 mb (at 15Z on the 1st) suggests winds of at least
85 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt chosen for the
best track. Winds increased accordingly from the 25th until the 3rd.
********************************************************************************
1908/09 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/08, but became 1908/09 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/09 - 2003 REVISION:
17960 10/15/1908 M= 4 7 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
17960 10/14/1908 M= 6 8 SNBR= 438 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * ***
(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
17962 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*117 785 30 0*117 788 30 0
17965 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*116 778 45 0*117 785 45 0
17965 10/15*117 792 35 0*117 796 40 0*117 800 45 0*117 803 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
17970 10/16*118 791 50 0*120 797 60 0*122 802 65 0*124 807 70 0
17970 10/16*118 807 50 0*119 811 60 0*120 815 65 0*121 818 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
17975 10/17*126 811 70 0*127 815 70 0*129 820 70 0*130 825 70 0
17975 10/17*122 821 75 0*123 824 80 0*125 827 85 0*126 830 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
17980 10/18*132 831 70 0*134 837 70 0*136 843 60 0*138 849 35 0
17980 10/18*127 834 90 0*128 837 65 0*130 840 50 0*133 843 35 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
17982 10/19*138 848 30 0*145 855 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
17985 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 7. Intensity is increased at landfall to a
Category 2 hurricane (90 kt) to match descriptions of widespread destruction
("destroying the towns of Rio Grande and Prinzapolca") in Nicaragua.
********************************************************************************
1908/10 - 2004 REVISION:
Note: Storm was originally 1908/09, but became 1908/10 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004
1908/10 - 2003 REVISION:
17990 10/21/1908 M= 3 8 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
17990 10/19/1908 M= 5 9 SNBR= 439 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * *** *
(The 19th and 20th are new to HURDAT.)
17992 10/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E350 720 35 0E343 715 35 0
17994 10/20E337 710 35 0E331 705 35 0*325 697 35 0*317 686 35 0
17995 10/21* 0 0 0 0*274 667 35 0*277 682 35 0*280 694 35 0
17995 10/21*307 673 35 0*296 663 35 0*285 660 35 0*275 676 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18000 10/22*284 707 35 0*290 721 35 0*297 735 35 0*305 750 35 0
18000 10/22*274 699 35 0*282 721 35 0*290 740 35 0*303 754 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18005 10/23*314 765 35 0*324 781 35 0*334 797 35 0*342 810 30 0
18005 10/23*314 766 35 0E324 782 35 0E334 797 35 0E342 810 30 0
*** * *** * *
18010 TS
There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm
number 8. The storm - obviously of extratropical origins from Partagas and
Diaz' analysis - is given extratropical status on the 19th and early on the
20th, until transforming to more tropical in nature late on the 20th.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable. Since the storm was determined to have transitioned back
to extratropical before landfall in South Carolina, XING was changed from
"1" to "0".
********************************************************************************
1908 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out
of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) June 2-5, 1908: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 29-30, 1908: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) August 5, 1908: One gale force report, insufficient to determine
if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 25-31, 1908: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
August 3-7: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at most
1015mb formed on August 3 at 29N, 60W. This system moved towards the northeast
then moved towards the southeast on the 5th with a pressure of at most 1000mb.
Historical Weather Maps does not show any sign of it on the 6th or 7th and there
are not many observations nearby to show where the system is actually located.
COADS had a wind max of 25kt and there were not gales found in the Monthly Weather
Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Aug 3 29N 60W Tropical Depression
Aug 4 30N 56W Tropical Depression
Aug 5 28.5N 52W Tropical Depression
September 12-15: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low of at
most 1005mb near 18.5N, 17.5W on September 12. However, there is not enough
evidence to show that it was a closed circulation. On the 13th, there was enough
information to show that it was a closed low located near 15N, 25W. There were
two gales, but one of them was too far to be part of the system (it was located
at 18.5N, 17.5W). The other gale was very near the system; it was located at
15N, 23.5W. The system then moved slightly towards the southwest on the 14th and 15th.
After the 15th, there were no observations to show that the system was still
present. COADS had a max of 35kt winds and there were no gales found in the Monthly
Weather Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Sept 12 18.5N 17.5W Tropical Depression
Sept 13 15N 25W Tropical Storm?
Sept 14 13.5N 27W Tropical Depression
Sept 15 13N 30W Tropical Depression
September 20-22: Historical Weather Maps indicate a tropical wave at
10-25N, 40W on September 20. HWM then indicates the system was a closed low
on the 21st and moved towards the west on the 22nd, still as a closed low.
There was one gale of 35kt located near the system on the 22nd at 15N, 50W.
There was no evidence to show that this system began before the 20th of September.
COADS had a max of 20kt winds and there were no gales found in the Monthly Weather
Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Sept 20 10-25W 40W Trough
Sept 21 10.5N 45.5W Tropical Depression
Sept 22 12N 50W Tropical Storm?
********************************************************************************
18011 06/15/1909 M= 5 1 SNBR= 440 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18012 06/15*106 825 30 0*108 825 30 0*110 825 35 0*112 825 35 0
18013 06/16*115 825 40 0*117 825 40 0*120 825 40 0*122 825 40 0
18014 06/17*124 825 40 0*126 825 40 0*128 825 40 0*130 825 40 0
18014 06/18*132 826 40 0*134 827 40 0*135 828 40 0*137 830 40 0
18014 06/19*138 833 40 0*139 836 35 0*140 840 30 0*140 845 25 0
18014 TS
This newly documented tropical storm comes from the "Case of Jun. 15-18,
1909" in Partagas and Diaz (1999). They had described a low pressure center
in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with two ship reports (on the 15th and
18th) of gale force winds, but had decided not to add this system as
a new storm. After reviewing the data in the June 1909 Historical Weather
Maps, it was determined that there did exist a closed circulation with
convection for five consecutive days and that the two ship reports of
gale force winds were enough evidence that it did reach tropical storm
status. Following the methodology in Partagas and Diaz (1999), positions
for 12Z on the 15th through the 19th were estimated from the Historical
Weather Maps and the remaining synoptic time positions were interpolated.
Ship observations indicate that the system likely reached only weak
tropical storm intensity.
********************************************************************************
18015 06/25/1909 M= 6 1 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
18015 06/25/1909 M= 6 2 SNBR= 441 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* *** *
18020 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 840 35 0*252 847 35 0
18020 06/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 840 35 0*255 847 35 0
***
18025 06/26*254 853 35 0*256 859 35 0*257 865 40 0*258 871 40 0
18025 06/26*259 855 35 0*263 862 35 0*267 870 40 0*267 877 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18030 06/27*259 876 45 0*259 881 45 0*260 887 50 0*260 895 50 0
18030 06/27*266 885 45 0*266 893 45 0*265 901 50 0*265 909 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18035 06/28*260 904 50 0*260 913 50 0*261 921 50 0*262 930 50 0
18035 06/28*264 917 50 0*264 925 50 0*263 933 50 0*263 941 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
18040 06/29*263 938 50 0*264 945 50 0*266 952 50 0*267 959 45 0
18040 06/29*262 949 65 0*262 957 75 0*261 965 85 0*261 973 70 972
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
18045 06/30*268 965 40 0*269 971 40 0*270 977 30 0* 0 0 0 0
18045 06/30*260 980 50 0*260 986 35 0*260 990 30 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
18050 TS
18050 HRATX2
******
Major changes near landfall in Texas are made from Partagas and Diaz (1999),
storm number 1. Based upon analysis of Ellis (1988), this storm is increased
in intensity up to a Category 2 hurricane over the western Gulf of Mexico and
at landfall in Texas and the track is altered to make landfall near
Brownsville. Ellis provides description of damaging impacts in Brownsville
and Harlington, along with a storm tide of 7' and a possible central pressure
of 972 mb. This pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen at landfall in Texas making
it a Category 2 hurricane. Thus this is a new U.S. landfalling hurricane,
previously unlisted in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Below is an analysis provided by David Roth from the _Houston Post_ and
_San Antonio Daily Express_ newspapers from the storm's aftermath (July 1-10)
(though a portion of the rainfall and flooding that occurred likely was
not the direct effect of the hurricane itself):
It rained a great deal from the cyclone...10" fell in 24 hours at
Mercedes TX. Rains swelled the Rio Grande...so much so that is was
expected to cause lowland flooding by July 3. By the 4th, flooding was
occurring along the Rio Grande and San Juan valleys. It was considered
the biggest rise in 5 years for the Rio Grande.
This cyclone set the stage for quite a flood. By the 9th, the Rio
Grande was still rising at Brownsville, and levees gave way west of the
city. Flood conditions were reaching serious proportions in Hidalgo
and Starr counties, as canals began flooding. By that time, Mercedes
was surrounded on 3 sides by water, when Llano Grande Lake overflowed.
The Arroyo Colorado and El Fuest rivers were raging torrents. Many were
forced to abandon their homes throughout the region.
The river was just beginning to fall on the 10th at Fordyce and Rio
Grande City. A number of passengers on a train stranded at Donna were
rescued by boat, and sailed two miles to the railroad tracks near
Mercedes. A large section of the Mexican settlement near Brownsville
(it does not specify) was flooded. A levee break at Ramireno caused
lowlands between there and Brownsville to be flooded.
In Mexico, by the 10th floods in the state of Vera Cruz caused the
Orizaba river to rise out of its banks, surrounding the country with 5-
6 feet of water. Thousands in damage was reported.
Railroad tracks were underwater between Laredo and Monterey on the
2nd. Trains leaving Laredo could get no farther than Lampasas.
Railroad service was "completely demoralized" in northern Mexico due to
washouts between the 1st and the 3rd. Bridges at Salinas, Morelos, and
Villaldama were washed out. Monterey lost 25 railroad bridges and over
200 km of track were washed away in its vicinity. Railroad damage in
this region of Mexico was estimated at $750,000. Rumors circulated that
Sabinas Hidalgo was "gone" after the cyclone...I could not find
anything to substantiate it though. Several km of track was reported
missing north of Zacatecas on the 8th. An additional $500,000 of
damage was incurred there.
As for winds, Brownsville reported a "hurricane from the northwest" on
the 30th, which tore down fences and trees, but did little damage to
buildings. Sounds like a gale for sure...would need to get their
observations from that time period to be certain. Winds reached "high
velocity at times" in Mercedes. At Falfurrias, the winds at times
was "alarming." Winds at Point Isabel reached 65 mph.
Several dwellings and buildings were blown down in Harlingen, Point
Isabel, Donna, San Benito, Norias, and Brazos Pass. Windmills were
leveled at Chapin, along with the Santa Anita and Mesenas ranches.
Damages listed:
McAllen $1,000
Brownsville $2,000
Vera Cruz "thousands"
San Benito $10,000
Harlingen $100,000
Mexico railroads $1,250,000
The Point Isabel storm surge was at least 5 feet when the telegraph
went out...I never saw a later report to see what its final level was.
The Washington Post reported tides over 10 feet above normal in
northeast Mexico, between the Mouth of the Rio Grande and Tampico.
********************************************************************************
18055 06/26/1909 M= 6 2 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
18055 06/26/1909 M= 9 3 SNBR= 442 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * ***
18060 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*235 746 35 0*237 751 35 0
18060 06/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 720 30 0*212 731 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
18065 06/27*240 756 35 0*243 762 35 0*247 768 35 0*252 775 35 0
18065 06/27*214 741 30 0*217 751 30 0*220 760 35 0*227 769 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
18070 06/28*258 783 35 0*263 791 40 0*268 798 45 0*273 805 40 0
18070 06/28*234 776 35 0*242 785 40 0*250 793 45 0*258 799 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
18075 06/29*278 812 35 0*282 818 35 0*287 825 35 0*292 832 35 0
18075 06/29*265 805 40 0*273 811 35 0*280 817 35 0*284 822 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18080 06/30*296 839 35 0*301 847 35 0*306 855 35 0*311 864 30 0
18080 06/30*290 829 35 0*295 834 35 0*300 840 35 0*302 843 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18085 07/01*315 876 30 0*319 890 30 0*322 904 25 0* 0 0 0 0
18085 07/01*304 845 30 0*306 846 30 0*310 847 30 0*313 846 25 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
18086 07/02*316 843 25 0*319 838 25 0*320 835 25 0*322 828 25 0
18087 07/03*324 817 25 0*324 807 30 0*323 797 30 0*320 783 30 0
18088 07/04*315 770 30 0*310 757 30 0*303 745 30 0*296 732 30 0
18090 TS
There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 2. The storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 26th rather than
dropping this date from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas and Diaz, since there
is no strong evidence that a closed circulation did not exist at that point.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
18095 07/13/1909 M=10 3 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
18095 07/13/1909 M=10 4 SNBR= 443 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
* ***
18100 07/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 605 35 0*123 620 35 0
18100 07/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 605 30 0*123 620 30 0
** **
18105 07/14*124 635 35 0*126 649 35 0*130 662 35 0*135 674 35 0
18105 07/14*124 635 30 0*126 649 30 0*130 662 30 0*135 674 30 0
** ** ** **
18110 07/15*140 686 35 0*145 698 35 0*149 710 40 0*152 724 40 0
18110 07/15*140 686 30 0*145 698 30 0*149 710 30 0*152 722 30 0
** ** ** *** **
18115 07/16*158 740 40 0*163 755 40 0*168 768 45 0*174 778 45 0
18115 07/16*155 733 30 0*158 744 30 0*160 755 30 0*162 767 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18120 07/17*180 788 45 0*186 797 50 0*192 807 50 0*200 818 55 0
18120 07/17*164 778 35 0*167 789 40 0*172 800 45 0*180 810 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18125 07/18*208 829 55 0*215 840 60 0*222 850 60 0*229 859 65 0
18125 07/18*190 820 55 0*200 830 60 0*210 840 60 0*220 850 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18130 07/19*235 868 70 0*241 875 75 0*244 882 85 0*250 888 95 0
18130 07/19*230 859 70 0*240 867 70 0*250 875 70 0*256 883 70 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18135 07/20*255 894 105 0*260 900 110 0*264 906 115 0*269 913 120 0
18135 07/20*261 889 70 0*266 897 70 0*270 906 70 0*274 915 70 985
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18140 07/21*273 919 120 0*278 927 115 0*282 935 105 0*287 945 95 982
18140 07/21*278 925 80 0*282 935 90 0*286 945 100 0*290 955 90 959
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ***
18145 07/22*293 958 65 0*296 972 30 0*302 988 25 0* 0 0 0 0
18145 07/22*293 965 65 0*296 976 30 0*302 988 25 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ***
18150 HRCTX3
There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 3. First, the storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 13th to
the 16th rather than dropping these dates from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas
and Diaz, since there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist
then. Secondly, the storm's landfall location in Texas is adjusted to better
fit the analysis by Ho et al. (1987). Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et
al. (1999). A central pressure of 985 mb (at 17Z on the 20th) suggests
winds of 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which are
utilized in the best track. Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 19th
and 20th. Ho et al. also analyzed a central pressure estimate of 959 mb and
a RMW of 19 nmi at landfall in Texas. (This was partially based upon a
peripheral pressure value of 982 mb at 2030Z on the 21st, which was mistakenly
recorded as a central pressure previously.) Jarrell et al. (1992) (based
upon Connor 1956) provided a very similar estimate of 958 mb at landfall
in Texas. The central pressure of 959 mb suggests winds of 101 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Since the RMW is very close to
the climatological RMW for this intensity and central pressure (Vickery et
al. 2000), a value of 100 kt is chosen for the best track at landfall. Winds
are adjusted accordingly on the 21st. The 959 mb/100 kt at landfall in Texas
making this a Category 3 hurricane agrees with that recorded in Table 6 of
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT. A storm
tide of 10' in Galveston and Velasco, Texas was reported by Connor (1956) and
Ellis (1988).
********************************************************************************
18155 07/27/1909 M=16 4 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18155 07/27/1909 M= 5 5 SNBR= 444 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * ***
18160 07/27* 0 0 0 0*107 516 35 0*108 522 35 0*109 528 35 0
18165 07/28*110 536 35 0*111 544 35 0*113 553 35 0*116 564 35 0
18170 07/29*119 576 35 0*121 587 35 0*124 598 35 0*126 607 35 0
18175 07/30*129 616 35 0*131 624 35 0*134 632 35 0*136 639 40 0
18180 07/31*139 647 40 0*141 653 40 0*143 658 45 0*144 662 45 0
18185 08/01*146 666 45 0*147 669 45 0*148 673 45 0*149 677 45 0
18190 08/02*151 682 45 0*152 686 45 0*153 690 45 0*154 693 45 0
18195 08/03*154 696 45 0*154 698 45 0*155 701 45 0*156 705 45 0
18200 08/04*158 709 45 0*159 713 45 0*160 718 50 0*161 723 50 0
18205 08/05*161 729 50 0*162 735 50 0*163 742 50 0*164 749 50 0
(The 27th to the 5th removed from HURDAT.)
18210 08/06*164 757 50 0*165 766 50 0*166 775 50 0*168 785 50 0
18210 08/06*166 795 30 0*173 800 30 0*180 805 30 0*188 812 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18215 08/07*171 795 50 0*175 802 50 0*179 809 50 0*183 828 50 0
18215 08/07*196 820 35 0*206 830 35 0*210 843 40 1004*209 854 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** **
18220 08/08*187 835 45 0*191 842 45 0*195 851 45 0*200 862 45 0
18220 08/08*208 865 40 0*206 876 35 0*205 885 30 0*204 893 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18225 08/09*205 875 35 0*211 888 35 0*216 903 35 0*219 915 35 0
18225 08/09*204 904 30 0*204 914 35 0*205 925 35 0*209 939 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18230 08/10*222 932 35 0*223 949 35 0*224 961 35 0*225 973 35 0
18230 08/10*215 954 35 0*223 970 35 0*230 985 30 0*237 998 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
18235 08/11*226 984 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
(The 11th is removed from HURDAT.)
18240 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 4. Partagas and Diaz recommended removing July 27th through
August 5th as no closed circulation existed during its supposed trek across
the eastern and central Caribbean Sea. These dramatic track and intensity
changes are found to be reasonable. A possible central pressure of 1004 mb
(at 12Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.
********************************************************************************
18245 08/20/1909 M= 9 5 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
18245 08/20/1909 M= 9 6 SNBR= 445 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* *** *
18250 08/20* 0 0 0 0*154 545 60 0*156 555 60 0*157 564 70 0
18250 08/20* 0 0 0 0*154 553 60 0*155 563 60 0*157 573 70 0
*** *** *** ***
18255 08/21*158 574 70 0*159 585 70 0*160 598 70 0*161 612 75 0
18255 08/21*159 582 70 0*161 594 70 0*163 605 70 0*165 619 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18260 08/22*162 626 75 0*164 641 75 0*165 655 80 0*167 670 80 0
18260 08/22*167 630 75 0*170 642 75 0*173 657 80 0*176 675 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18265 08/23*168 684 80 0*171 699 85 0*174 714 85 0*178 731 90 0
18265 08/23*179 691 80 0*183 707 70 0*188 723 65 0*199 740 75 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18270 08/24*184 751 90 0*192 772 90 0*199 791 95 0*204 808 95 0
18270 08/24*203 758 65 0*205 776 65 0*206 795 75 0*207 811 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18275 08/25*208 825 100 0*212 841 100 0*214 854 100 0*217 865 105 0
18275 08/25*208 826 95 0*209 841 100 0*210 855 100 0*211 869 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18280 08/26*220 875 105 0*223 885 105 0*228 896 105 0*232 908 105 0
18280 08/26*213 884 80 0*216 897 90 0*220 910 100 0*225 925 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18285 08/27*237 920 100 0*241 932 95 0*244 944 90 0*248 956 85 0
18285 08/27*229 940 105 0*233 955 105 0*237 967 105 0*238 973 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18290 08/28*252 967 70 0*256 979 65 0*260 990 35 0* 0 0 0 0
18290 08/28*237 979 85 0*237 983 55 0*237 987 35 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
18295 HRATX2
18295 HRATX1
****
There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 5. The analysis of Perez (2000) showed that the hurricane made
landfall near Baracoa, Cuba, rather than near Santiago de Cuba as shown in
Partagas and Diaz. Perez' Cuba landfall location is utilized here. Partagas
and Diaz made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are otherwise reasonable.
Perez also analyzed this hurricane to have made landfall as a Category 2
system, based upon wind-caused damage. However, this does not appear to be
completely reasonable given the hurricanes' interaction with Hispanola and
Category 1 at landfall in Cuba is utilized. The hurricane is maintained in
the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane up until landfall in northeast
Mexico, based upon damages incurred there. The storm had been listed as
causing Category 2 hurricane conditions in southern Texas (Table 6 in Neumann
et al. 1999/U.S. hurricane landfall characterization in HURDAT), but this is
reduced down to Category 1 hurricane impact due to observations of only
minimal hurricane conditions in Texas and due the to distance from the
hurricane center to the Texas coast. The full lifecycle of this tropical
storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.
********************************************************************************
18300 08/27/1909 M= 6 6 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
18300 08/28/1909 M= 4 7 SNBR= 446 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * * ***
18305 08/27*208 689 35 0*214 697 35 0*221 706 35 0*228 717 35 0
(The 27th is omitted from HURDAT.)
18310 08/28*234 730 35 0*239 741 35 0*244 750 40 0*248 757 40 0
18310 08/28*237 730 35 0*246 744 35 0*255 760 40 0*260 773 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18315 08/29*251 764 45 0*255 770 45 0*259 777 45 0*263 784 45 0
18315 08/29*263 785 45 0*264 796 45 0*265 805 40 0*266 809 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
18320 08/30*268 790 45 0*272 797 45 0*277 803 35 0*282 807 35 0
18320 08/30*268 812 30 0*271 815 30 0*277 817 30 0*285 813 30 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
18325 08/31*287 809 35 0*292 810 35 0*297 810 35 0*302 809 30 0
18325 08/31*295 805 35 0*304 797 35 0*310 790 35 0*315 784 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18330 09/01*307 804 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
(The 1st is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)
18335 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 6.
********************************************************************************
18340 09/10/1909 M=12 7 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
18340 09/13/1909 M=10 8 SNBR= 447 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** ** * *** *
18345 09/10* 0 0 0 0*134 563 35 0*136 579 35 0*137 595 35 0
18350 09/11*138 611 35 0*139 625 35 0*139 636 35 0*139 646 35 0
18355 09/12*139 655 35 0*139 665 35 0*139 674 35 0*139 683 35 0
(The 10th to the 12th were omitted from the revised HURDAT.)
18360 09/13*139 693 35 0*140 702 35 0*141 708 35 0*141 717 35 0
18360 09/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 710 30 0*178 725 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18365 09/14*142 723 35 0*143 729 35 0*144 738 35 0*145 742 35 0
18365 09/14*181 739 30 0*183 752 30 0*185 765 30 0*187 775 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18370 09/15*146 749 40 0*148 756 40 0*151 764 45 0*157 775 50 0
18370 09/15*189 784 35 0*191 793 40 0*193 800 45 0*195 806 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18375 09/16*167 791 55 0*178 806 60 0*187 812 65 0*194 821 70 0
18375 09/16*197 810 55 0*200 815 60 0*203 820 65 0*206 824 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18380 09/17*202 827 70 0*209 831 70 0*214 836 70 0*218 841 75 0
18380 09/17*209 829 70 0*213 833 75 0*217 837 80 0*220 842 85 976
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
18385 09/18*223 845 75 0*227 849 80 0*231 854 80 0*235 859 85 0
18385 09/18*223 845 75 0*226 849 80 0*229 854 80 0*232 859 85 0
*** *** ***
18390 09/19*240 864 95 0*244 868 110 0*255 873 115 0*262 878 120 0
18390 09/19*235 867 95 0*239 874 105 0*243 880 105 0*248 885 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18395 09/20*272 884 120 0*280 890 110 0*284 896 95 0*296 905 85 0
18395 09/20*254 890 105 0*261 895 105 0*269 901 105 0*277 907 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18400 09/21*310 910 65 990*325 917 50 0*342 918 35 0*359 912 30 0
18400 09/21*295 913 105 952*314 917 75 0*332 915 55 0*350 913 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
18402 09/22*368 911 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
18405 HR LA4
18405 HR LA3 MS2
*** ***
One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm number 7. The 13th is retained in HURDAT based
upon a re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series, which indicated
a probable closed circulation existed on that date south of Hispanola. The
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. A possible central
pressure of 976 mb (21Z on the 17th) suggests winds of 83 kt - 85 kt chosen
for best track. This agrees with the classification of the hurricane as a
Category 2 at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). Winds are adjusted accordingly
on the 17th and 18th. Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) classified
this hurricane at landfall in the United States as 931 mb central pressure
apparently based primarily upon the storm tide of 15' observed in Terrebonne
Bay, Louisiana (Cline 1926). Ho et al. (1987) on the other hand analyzed a
965 mb central pressure from a 990 mb peripheral pressure measurement and an
estimated RMW of 28 nmi. (Note that this 990 mb was mistakenly listed in
HURDAT previously as a central pressure.) Jarvinen (2001, personal
communication), however, showed with SLOSH runs that such an estimate of
central pressure and RMW could not correctly simulate the observed large
storm surge values. David Roth was able to provide descriptions (see below)
of the storm's impact in Louisiana, which corroborated altering the positions
of the hurricane consistent with Cline's analysis of making landfall farther
west than Ho's analysis and substantially faster forward motion. Jarvinen
utilized the new position estimates and iterated possible central pressure
and RMW values with SLOSH to arrive at a best fit of 952 mb and 28 nmi. This
value of central pressure falls between the estimates of Jarrell et al. and
Ho. A 952 mb central pressure suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship. Given a RMW which is moderately larger
than that expected climatologically for this central pressure and latitude
(e.g. Vickery et al. 2000) tempered by being a quick moving (18 kt) hurricane
at landfall, the maximum sustained winds at U.S. landfall are a slightly
reduced estimate of 105 kt - making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall.
A Category 3 designation at landfall in the U.S. is lower than the
Category 4 shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Arkansas. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 20th through the 22nd.
From the _New Orleans Time-Democrat_ as obtained by David Roth:
The only hurricane to destroy capital domes at both Baton Rouge, LA and
Jackson, MS.
Mobile AL....High southeast gale.
Pass Christian MS....The worst storm that ever struck this place reached its
height last night at 12 o'clock and ruin and wreckage are strewn from one end
of town to the other. The great storm in 1893 did not do so much damage and
cannot surpass this in amount of loss at the Pass and other points.
Bayou Portage MS (just north of Pass Christian)...the water rose at least
fifteen feet and spread over an area of several miles.
Donaldsonville LA...In the morning the wind blew with some velocity and a heavy
rain followed, but it was between 4 and 9 pm that the greatest damage
was done.
New Orleans LA...The wind increased in violence until 6:15 last night (the
20th) when it reached a velocity of 66 mph. An hour later the barometer began
rising, and at an early hour this morning, the disturbance had almost subsided.
Brusly Landing LA...One of the worst storms that has visited this section in
years swept over West Baton Rouge parish yesterday, doing heavy damage. The
wind started at 6 am and steadily increased until 9 pm, when it attained the
force of a hurricane. At 10 pm last night, after the winds abated...
Thibodaux LA...Worst between 4 and 6 pm the 20th.
Norwood LA...Worst between 8 and 10:30 pm, when wind veered to southwest and
lessened in force.
Wilson LA...Severe wind and rain storms between 8 and 11:30 pm.
Washington LA...Stiff NW wind blew all day....worst at night.
Zachary LA....Terrific gale from noon until midnight the 20th.
St. Francisville LA...Most severe wind and rain storm this immediate section
has known in many years came last night (20th) between 6 and 11 pm after a
stormy day.
Lutcher LA..."Terrific gale" reached maximum intensity beginning at 7:30 pm,
continuing for some time.
Lulling LA...A gale of considerable violence from the SE began to blow early on
the morning of the 20th, increasing in violence until 10 pm.
Port Hudson LA...The rain and wind which raged all yesterday (the 20th)
culminated in a hurricane, lasting from 7 to 10 pm.
Covington LA...At 11 pm last night the wind attained a velocity of 50 mph.
Plaquemines LA...Storm at its height at 8 pm.
Abbeville LA...A tropical hurricane raged from 9 am the morning of the 20th
until a late hour that night. The barometer was 28.75 and fell steadily. It
has been thirty years since this section experienced such an equinoctial storm.
********************************************************************************
18410 09/22/1909 M= 9 8 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
18410 09/24/1909 M= 6 9 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * *** *
18415 09/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*121 795 35 0*125 797 35 0
18420 09/23*130 800 35 0*136 803 35 0*144 806 35 0*153 810 35 0
(The 22nd to the 23th are omitted in the revised HURDAT.)
18425 09/24*162 816 35 0*171 821 35 0*181 823 35 0*191 828 35 0
18425 09/24*220 830 30 0*225 830 30 0*230 830 30 0*235 830 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18430 09/25*200 829 35 0*210 830 35 0*220 830 40 0*230 830 45 0
18430 09/25*241 830 30 0*247 830 30 0*253 828 30 0*258 822 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18435 09/26*241 830 45 0*252 828 40 0*262 823 40 0*272 815 35 0
18435 09/26*263 813 30 0*269 804 30 0*275 795 35 0*280 789 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
18440 09/27*281 807 35 0*289 798 35 0*295 790 35 0*300 783 35 0
18440 09/27*284 784 40 0*290 778 45 0*295 770 50 0*301 750 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
18445 09/28*304 777 35 0*308 770 40 0*312 758 40 0*318 743 45 0
18445 09/28*306 728 50 0*311 706 45 0*315 687 40 0*318 669 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
18450 09/29*322 729 45 0*327 714 35 0*331 700 35 0*334 685 35 0
18450 09/29*322 655 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18455 09/30*336 671 35 0*338 657 30 0*340 642 25 0*341 621 25 0
(The 30th is omitted in the revised HURDAT.)
18460 TS
There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 8. Perez (2000 and personal communication), in his analysis of Cuban
tropical cyclones, agrees with not calling this system a tropical storm over
Cuba, but indicated that a closed low did exist near Havana on the 24th.
Thus a track beginning early on the 24th along Neumann et al.'s track just
south of Cuba, but about a day earlier is included. However, Partagas and
Diaz were correct about the lack of a closed circulation on the 22nd and
23rd and thus these dates are removed from HURDAT. Partagas and Diaz
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). These track and intensity changes are found to be
reasonable. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) suggests
winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track. A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on
the 28th) suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.
********************************************************************************
18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 9 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 10 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** ***
18470 10/06* 0 0 0 0*112 778 50 0*121 780 60 0*123 781 65 0
18470 10/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*107 760 30 0*112 763 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18475 10/07*127 782 70 0*132 783 70 0*139 783 70 0*146 784 75 0
18475 10/07*120 768 35 0*128 772 40 0*137 777 45 0*145 782 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18480 10/08*157 786 75 0*165 790 80 0*172 798 80 0*175 805 85 0
18480 10/08*154 786 55 0*164 792 60 0*172 798 65 0*177 805 70 0
*** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
18485 10/09*180 811 90 0*184 817 95 0*190 825 95 0*194 830 100 0
18485 10/09*182 811 80 0*186 817 90 0*190 825 95 0*193 832 100 0
*** ** *** ** *** ***
18490 10/10*200 832 105 0*205 834 105 0*210 836 105 0*220 834 105 0
18490 10/10*196 838 105 0*200 842 105 0*205 844 105 0*211 845 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18495 10/11*230 830 105 0*235 825 100 0*240 818 90 957*251 804 85 0
18495 10/11*218 845 105 0*226 841 105 0*237 830 105 0*247 810 100 957
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18500 10/12*260 791 80 0*270 776 75 0*278 765 70 0*289 744 70 0
18500 10/12*260 789 90 0*275 768 80 0*290 748 70 0*303 726 60 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
18505 10/13*299 725 65 0*309 706 55 0*315 690 45 0*340 648 30 0
18505 10/13*316 700 50 0*329 675 40 0*340 650 35 0*349 629 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
18510 HRCFL3
18510 HRBFL3CFL3
****
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 9. Partagas and Diaz also suggested reasonable large changes to the
intensity on the 6th to the 8th and smaller changes elsewhere. Peripheral
pressure of 965 mb (at 15Z on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt
from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Winds are retained at 105 kt
for the 10th and 11th. This agrees with the assessment of a Category 3
impact in Cuba by Perez (2000). A central pressure reading at Knight's Key
(from Ho et al. (1987) and Barnes (1998a) of 957 mb (on the 11th) suggests
winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. Ho et al.
also analyzed a RMW of 22 nmi for this hurricane at landfall in the Florida
Keys. Since this RMW is slightly larger than that expected climatologically
for the center pressure and latitude observed, winds at landfall in the Keys
are estimated at 100 kt. This makes this system a Category 3 hurricane at
landfall in south Florida, which agrees with what is listed in Table 6 of
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 10 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 11 SNBR= 450 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
18520 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*111 810 35 0*115 808 35 0
18520 11/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*105 810 35 0*107 808 35 0
*** ***
18525 11/09*119 806 35 0*122 804 35 0*126 802 35 0*129 800 35 0
18525 11/09*109 806 35 0*111 804 35 0*113 802 35 0*116 800 35 0
*** *** *** ***
18530 11/10*133 797 35 0*136 794 40 0*139 791 40 0*141 788 45 0
18530 11/10*121 797 35 0*127 794 40 0*133 791 40 0*139 788 45 0
*** *** *** ***
18535 11/11*143 785 45 0*146 780 50 0*149 774 50 0*155 765 50 0
18535 11/11*145 785 45 0*151 780 50 0*157 774 50 0*165 767 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** **
18540 11/12*161 752 50 0*167 737 50 0*173 722 50 0*179 707 50 0
18540 11/12*174 760 60 0*182 753 65 0*190 745 70 0*196 735 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18545 11/13*185 691 50 0*191 675 45 0*196 660 45 0*201 645 40 0
18545 11/13*201 721 80 0*206 704 85 0*210 685 90 0*213 663 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18550 11/14*204 630 40 0*207 615 40 0*209 600 35 0*215 565 30 0
18550 11/14*214 640 90 0*215 615 85 0*215 590 80 0*215 565 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **
18555 TS
18555 HR
**
There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 10. First, Partagas and Diaz recommended keeping this as a tropical
storm. However, two ship reports and hurricane impacts in Hispanola, Grand
Turk and Cuba described in Partagas and Diaz all suggest that this system
reached hurricane strength, likely up to Category 2 intensity at its peak
late on the 13th and early on the 14th. Perez (2000) analyzed this system
as causing Category 1 hurricane conditions in eastern Cuba (on the weak side
of the system). Thus it is estimated that this system was a hurricane from
the 12th to the 14th with a peak intensity of 90 kt. Secondly, Perez
described a major change to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) with a
track that took the hurricane closer to Jamaica and between Cuba and
Hispanola, with the center grazing the coast of Haiti. A compromise track
between Perez and Partagas/Diaz was utilized here with Partagas/Diaz track
mainly chosen from the 8th to the 10th, Perez' track primarily used from the
11th to the 13th and Partagas/Diaz track chosen for the 14th. Complete
lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as its decay was not documented.
The hurricane is known as "San Savero" for its impacts in Hispanola.
********************************************************************************
1909 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned three additional systems considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the first system as a new tropical storm
into HURDAT. (See storm 1, 1909.) The re-analysis team agreed to leave
the first and third out of HURDAT for the following reasons:
1) June 2-4, 1909: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 16-24, 1909: Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
August 7-16: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed near
9N, 27W on August 7. Historical Weather Maps also indicate that a ship near the
storm measured 40kt winds from the SW on that same day. The system moved west and
from the 9th-13th there isn’t enough evidence on the HWM to show that a closed
low still exists. On the 14th, the closed low appeared again, yet only for this day.
Again, There are not enough observations on the 15th or 16th to show that the system
remains as a closed low. There were several 30kt winds found in COADS and no gales
found in the Monthly Weather Review.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
Aug 7 9N 27W Tropical Storm
Aug 8 10N 30W Tropical Depression
Aug 9 12N 34W ? ?
Aug 10 12N 38W ? ?
Aug 11 12N 42W ? ?
Aug 12 12N 46W ? ?
Aug 13 12N 50W ? ?
Aug 14 14N 53W Tropical Depression
Aug 15 17N 57W ? ?
Aug 16 21N 62W ? ?
********************************************************************************
18560 08/20/1910 M=12 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18560 08/23/1910 M= 7 1 SNBR= 451 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
18565 08/20* 0 0 0 0*124 592 35 0*125 604 35 0*127 616 35 0
18570 08/21*130 629 35 0*133 640 35 0*136 649 35 0*138 657 35 0
18575 08/22*140 665 35 0*142 671 35 0*146 681 35 0*149 691 35 0
(The 20th to the 22nd are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)
18580 08/23*154 702 35 0*159 714 35 0*163 725 35 0*166 735 35 0
18580 08/23* 0 0 0 0*150 620 35 0*155 637 35 0*159 654 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18585 08/24*169 745 35 0*171 754 35 0*174 763 35 0*176 771 35 0
18585 08/24*165 673 35 0*172 695 35 0*180 715 35 0*187 728 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
18590 08/25*178 778 35 0*180 785 35 0*183 792 35 0*187 801 40 0
18590 08/25*194 740 30 0*203 754 30 0*213 767 30 0*225 775 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18595 08/26*191 808 40 0*195 816 40 0*199 825 40 0*202 832 45 0
18595 08/26*239 781 30 0*256 787 30 0*275 790 30 0*284 790 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18600 08/27*205 839 45 0*208 846 45 0*211 852 50 0*215 858 50 0
18600 08/27E296 790 35 0E307 790 35 0E317 787 35 0E323 784 35 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
18605 08/28*219 863 50 0*222 869 50 0*225 876 50 0*227 883 50 0
18605 08/28E329 780 40 0E335 776 40 0E340 770 40 0E349 761 40 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
18610 08/29*229 891 50 0*231 899 50 0*233 907 50 0*235 915 50 0
18610 08/29E356 754 35 0E363 747 35 0E370 740 30 0E376 734 30 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
18615 08/30*237 924 50 0*239 932 50 0*241 939 45 0*243 948 45 0
18620 08/31*246 961 40 0*248 970 40 0*251 979 35 0*254 988 30 0
(The 30th and 31st are omitted from this storm and included as part of
storm number 450.)
18625 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms. These dramatic
changes are found to be reasonable. This system is the first of the two
separate storms.
********************************************************************************
18560 08/20/1910 M=12 1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18526 08/26/1910 M= 6 2 SNBR= 452 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** * ***
18565 08/20* 0 0 0 0*124 592 35 0*125 604 35 0*127 616 35 0
18570 08/21*130 629 35 0*133 640 35 0*136 649 35 0*138 657 35 0
18575 08/22*140 665 35 0*142 671 35 0*146 681 35 0*149 691 35 0
18580 08/23*154 702 35 0*159 714 35 0*163 725 35 0*166 735 35 0
18585 08/24*169 745 35 0*171 754 35 0*174 763 35 0*176 771 35 0
18590 08/25*178 778 35 0*180 785 35 0*183 792 35 0*187 801 40 0
(The 20th to the 25th are omitted from this storm and parts of this track
are included in storm number 445.)
18626 08/26*191 808 40 0*195 816 40 0*199 825 40 0*202 832 45 0
18626 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*267 917 30 0*267 920 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 08/27*205 839 45 0*208 846 45 0*211 852 50 0*215 858 50 0
18626 08/27*267 923 30 0*267 927 30 0*267 930 30 0*267 934 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 08/28*219 863 50 0*222 869 50 0*225 876 50 0*227 883 50 0
18626 08/28*266 938 30 0*266 942 30 0*265 945 30 0*265 948 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 08/29*229 891 50 0*231 899 50 0*233 907 50 0*235 915 50 0
18626 08/29*264 950 30 0*264 952 30 0*263 955 30 0*262 958 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 08/30*237 924 50 0*239 932 50 0*241 939 45 0*243 948 45 0
18626 08/30*262 960 35 0*261 962 35 0*260 965 40 0*259 969 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 08/31*246 961 40 0*248 970 40 0*251 979 35 0*254 988 30 0
18626 08/31*257 972 40 0*255 976 35 0*253 980 30 0*251 985 25 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18626 TS
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms. These dramatic
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. This system is
the second of the two separate storms.
********************************************************************************
18630 09/05/1910 M=11 2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
18630 09/05/1910 M=11 3 SNBR= 453 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* ***
18635 09/05* 0 0 0 0*170 570 60 0*171 595 65 0*171 606 70 0
18635 09/05* 0 0 0 0*170 583 60 0*171 595 65 0*171 606 70 0
***
18640 09/06*171 617 75 0*172 627 80 0*174 638 80 0*175 649 85 0
18645 09/07*175 660 85 0*176 671 85 0*176 682 80 0*177 694 75 0
18645 09/07*175 660 85 0*176 671 85 0*176 682 80 0*176 697 75 0
***
18650 09/08*177 706 70 0*178 719 70 0*179 731 70 0*181 742 70 0
18650 09/08*177 712 70 0*178 729 70 0*180 747 70 0*183 764 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
18655 09/09*183 754 70 0*185 765 70 0*188 776 70 0*190 788 70 0
18655 09/09*186 778 70 0*190 792 70 0*195 807 70 0*200 818 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18660 09/10*194 801 70 0*198 814 75 0*201 825 80 0*207 835 80 0
18660 09/10*205 829 70 0*209 838 75 0*213 847 80 0*217 851 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18665 09/11*213 845 85 0*220 855 85 0*225 863 85 0*232 872 85 0
18665 09/11*221 856 85 0*225 862 85 0*229 870 85 0*232 876 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18670 09/12*237 878 90 0*240 883 90 0*244 890 95 0*249 898 100 0
18670 09/12*236 883 90 0*240 889 90 0*244 895 95 0*249 903 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
18675 09/13*253 904 105 0*257 913 105 0*260 922 105 0*262 931 105 0
18675 09/13*253 912 95 0*257 918 95 0*260 925 95 0*262 934 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18680 09/14*263 941 100 0*265 952 85 0*266 961 65 0*268 973 65 0
18680 09/14*263 943 95 0*265 953 95 0*266 963 95 0*268 969 95 0
*** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
18685 09/15*269 982 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
18685 09/15*269 976 65 0*270 983 45 0*270 990 35 0*270 996 30 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18690 HRATX2
There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 2. First, hurricane intensity was maintained from the 9th through
the 12th, since Perez (2000) analyzed this system as causing hurricane
conditions in western Cuba. Perez also recommended keeping the hurricane
just offshore of western Cuba (as seen in Neumann et al.) rather than
making landfall in Cuba. Secondly, the landfall position of Partagas and
Diaz being in northeastern Mexico rather than southern Texas is discarded
in favor of the position analyzed by Connor (1956) which was shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). Partagas altered the landfall position incorrectly
based upon sparse, once-daily observations from the Historical Weather Map
series. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the
track and intensity to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Jarrell et al.
(1992) (from Connor 1956) listed this hurricane as a having a central pressure
at landfall of 965 mb, based primarily upon a description of the storm tide
entirely inundating Padre Island, Texas. (It is to be noted that Ho et al.
(1987) did not system as being a U.S. impacting hurricane in their analysis
and that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time considered the system a
strong tropical storm.) Assuming that the 965 mb central pressure is valid
(though the evidence supporting it is somewhat sparse), this would suggest a
94 kt sustained windspeed from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
- 95 kt utilized in best track. 95 kt at landfall in Texas makes this
hurricane a Category 2 in the United States, which agrees with the assessment
in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.
The 95 kt windspeed is taken as the peak intensity reached by this system and
winds are adjusted accordingly on the 12th to the 14th. Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Mexico.
Track of storm is slightly altered on the 5th to provide for a more realistic
translational velocity. The hurricane is known as "San Zacarias II" for its
impacts in Puerto Rico.
*******************************************************************************
18695 09/23/1910 M= 6 3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
18695 09/23/1910 M= 6 4 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
18700 09/23*255 594 60 0*262 600 65 0*268 606 70 0*272 611 70 0
(The 23rd is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)
18705 09/24*276 615 75 0*283 620 80 0*291 625 85 0*301 631 90 0
18705 09/24* 0 0 0 0*278 605 35 0*283 613 45 0*289 621 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18710 09/25*311 636 95 0*322 639 100 0*333 641 105 0*345 640 105 0
18710 09/25*298 628 65 0*308 634 75 0*320 637 85 0*336 634 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18715 09/26*357 635 100 0*369 629 95 0*380 620 90 0*389 611 85 0
18715 09/26*348 628 85 0*360 619 85 0*370 610 80 0*381 602 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18720 09/27*395 602 80 0*399 591 75 0E402 580 70 0E405 565 70 0
18720 09/27*391 594 70 0*401 586 65 0E410 575 60 0E413 563 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18725 09/28E406 550 70 0E407 533 70 0E408 517 70 0E406 501 65 0
18725 09/28E411 549 60 0E409 537 60 0E407 520 60 0E405 496 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
18727 09/29E408 461 50 0E410 428 45 0E415 400 40 0E421 374 35 0
18730 HR
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 3. These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable. The
peak intensity of this hurricane is reduced from 105 kt (Category 3) down to
a 85 kt (Category 2) due to available observations that suggest that the
system was substantially weaker. Another solution considered but discarded
was to reduce the peak winds for this hurricane to Category 1 intensity.
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 24th to the 28th.
*******************************************************************************
18735 10/09/1910 M=15 4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
18735 10/09/1910 M=15 5 SNBR= 455 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* *** *
18740 10/09* 0 0 0 0*112 795 50 0*113 797 50 0*113 797 50 0
18740 10/09* 0 0 0 0*112 795 30 0*113 797 30 0*113 797 30 0
** ** **
18745 10/10*114 798 50 0*116 799 50 0*118 800 55 0*121 801 55 0
18745 10/10*114 798 30 0*116 799 30 0*118 800 30 0*121 801 30 0
** ** ** **
18750 10/11*124 803 55 0*128 805 60 0*132 807 65 0*137 810 70 0
18750 10/11*124 803 35 0*128 805 35 0*132 807 40 0*138 809 45 0
** ** ** *** *** **
18755 10/12*142 813 75 0*148 815 80 0*155 818 80 0*165 821 85 0
18755 10/12*146 811 50 0*152 813 55 0*160 815 65 0*169 818 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18760 10/13*178 824 90 0*191 827 90 0*199 829 95 0*203 830 95 0
18760 10/13*177 821 85 0*186 823 90 0*195 825 95 0*204 827 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18765 10/14*207 832 100 0*210 833 105 0*215 834 105 0*219 835 105 0
18765 10/14*214 830 100 0*223 836 100 960*230 840 90 0*233 842 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18770 10/15*225 837 105 0*230 838 95 0*234 839 90 0*242 842 90 0
18770 10/15*236 844 90 0*237 847 90 0*237 850 90 0*236 852 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
18775 10/16*245 848 90 0*238 854 90 0*231 852 95 0*226 845 100 0
18775 10/16*234 853 100 0*232 854 110 0*229 855 120 0*224 854 130 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18780 10/17*227 841 100 0*231 834 105 0*236 830 105 0*245 823 105 0
18780 10/17*221 849 130 924*225 843 125 0*234 835 120 0*244 828 115 941
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18785 10/18*254 819 100 941*265 817 65 0*275 818 60 0*283 819 60 0
18785 10/18*255 822 105 0*265 820 95 955*275 819 70 0*283 819 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
18790 10/19*292 820 60 0*301 819 60 0*310 816 60 0*320 806 60 0
18790 10/19*292 819 50 0*301 819 50 0*310 816 50 0*320 806 60 0
*** ** ** **
18795 10/20*327 798 60 0*336 785 60 0*344 771 55 0*353 751 50 0
18795 10/20*327 798 60 0*336 785 60 0*344 771 55 0*353 750 50 0
***
18800 10/21*363 726 45 0E373 696 45 0E382 671 45 0E388 651 40 0
18800 10/21*360 723 45 0E366 690 45 0E370 660 45 0E370 644 40 0
18805 10/22E390 634 40 0E391 618 40 0E385 603 40 0E379 596 40 0
18805 10/22E368 632 40 0E364 618 40 0E360 610 40 0E358 601 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
18810 10/23E376 592 35 0E369 586 35 0E361 580 35 0* 0 0 0 0
18810 10/23E357 589 35 0E357 582 35 0E357 573 35 0E357 564 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
18815 HRBFL3
18815 HRBFL2
****
There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm
number 4. They recommended removing the 9th and the 10th from HURDAT, but
it was decided to keep these dates in HURDAT since observations do support
the system having a closed circulation on both days though with tropical
depression intensity. Partagas and Diaz (1999) otherwise made reasonable
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A central pressure of 960 mb (at 07Z on the 14th) suggests winds of 100 kt
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in best track at
the first Cuban landfall of this hurricane. Perez (2000) analyzed this
hurricane at its second landfall on the 17th as having a central pressure of
924 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure of 947 mb from the ship "Prince
Crown" (listed in the Partagas and Diaz report). This central pressure
suggests winds of 134 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
- 130 kt utilized in best track. A central pressure of 941 mb (at 1625Z on
the 17th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship. 120 kt chosen for 12Z and 115 kt chosen for 18Z on the
17th. Ho et al. (1987) utilized this ship measured central pressure
and an estimate of 28 nmi RMW to be conditions at landfall for this
hurricane in the Southwest Florida. However, observed storm surge for
the region does not correspond with a Category 4 (or even Category 3)
hurricane making landfall (B. Jarvinen, personal communication). Jarrell
et al. (1992), instead, listed this hurricane as making landfall with a
central pressure of 955 mb based upon a measurement in Ft. Myers, Florida.
(The pressure observation can also be found in Partagas and Diaz (1999).)
A 955 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship. With an estimated RMW (from Ho et al.)
substantially larger than expected climatologically for this central
pressure and latitude (about 19 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000), maximum
sustained winds at landfall in Southwest Florida are estimated at 95 kt.
This makes this hurricane a Category 2 hurricane (though near the Category
2-3 boundary) at landfall in the United States, which is weaker than the
Category 3 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 21Z on the
18th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt retained for best track at 18Z and 50 kt chosen for
best track at 00Z on the 19th since the hurricane was inland at that time.
A storm tide measurement of 15' in Key West, Florida was described in Barnes
(1998a). The storm is known as "El Huracan De Los Cinco Dias" for its
impact in Cuba (Partagas and Diaz 1999, Perez 2000).
*******************************************************************************
1910 - Additional Notes:
Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned one additional system considered
for inclusion into HURDAT. The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out
of HURDAT for the following reason:
1) September 13-18, 1910: Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
July 7-11: Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed low formed near 10N,
38W on July 7. This system moved towards the northeast on the 8th and then from
the 9th to the 11th, there is a low that moved south but that movement seemed
odd and does not appear to be the same system. There was no support in observations
for a closed Low from the 9th to11th. The max winds found in COADS were 25kt
and there were no gales in Monthly Weather Review or Historical Weather Maps.
DAY LAT LONG STATUS
July 7 10N 38W Tropical Depression
July 8 10N 44W Tropical Depression
********************************************************************************
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT -
2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914
****************************************************************************
By Chris Landsea, William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock.
(Special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock.)
*******************************************************************************
1911/01 - 2005 ADDITION:
19889 08/04/1911 M= 9 1 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
19889 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*310 860 20 0*311 848 20 0*
19889 08/05*312 837 20 0*313 826 20 0*315 815 25 0*317 805 25 0*
19889 08/06*318 795 25 0*319 785 25 0*320 775 25 0*320 764 25 0*
19889 08/07*320 753 30 0*320 742 30 0*320 730 30 0*320 719 30 0*
19889 08/08*320 708 30 0*320 697 30 0*320 685 30 0*323 672 30 0*
19889 08/09*328 660 35 0*334 647 35 0*340 635 35 0*346 623 35 0*
19889 08/10*352 611 40 0*358 599 45 0*365 585 50 0*374 568 50 0*
19889 08/11*384 546 50 0*395 520 45 0*410 490 40 0*425 460 35 0*
19889 08/12*440 430 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
19889 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.
August 4: A closed circulation formed over the southeast U.S., centered
near 31N, 86W. No frontal boundaries can be detected near the system and
heavy rain occurred mainly to the east and north of the center. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 5: The system moved to the east, reaching the ocean along the Georgia
border. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb surface pressure at 32N,
80.5W, though the center appears to have been farther west and south near
31.5N, 81.5W. Heavy rainfall again fell near and to the northeast of the
system. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 6: The system moved to the east with little observed change in
intensity. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 79W, though the
center appears to have been father east near 32N, 77.5W. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 7: The system moved to the east with little observed change in
intensity. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 75.5W, though the
center appears to have been farther east and north near 32N, 73W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 8: The system moved to the east and the observations indicated
some intensification. HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 67W,
though the center appears to have been farther west and north near 32N,
68.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9: The system moved toward the northeast with evidence of near gale
force winds close to the center of the system. HWM indicated a low of at
most 1015 mb at 35N, 61W, though it appears that the center was farther
west and south near 34N, 63.5W. Heavy rain was also reported at Bermuda as
this system moved eastward just to the north of the island. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed. Ship highlight: 30 kt SW
at 33.7N, 61.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 10: The system continued to move toward the northeast, along with
a few reports of gale force winds. HWM indicated a low of at most 1010 mb
at 36.5N, 58W, though it appears that the center was farther west near 36.5N,
58.5W. A stationary front was located to the northeast of the system. Ship
highlight: 45 kt N at 36.1N, 60.4W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 11: The system accelerated to the northeast and wind observations
available were weaker. HWM indicated a baroclinic low of at most 1010 mb
at 41N, 49W with a cold front extending southwest from the center and a
warm front extending east of the center. However, evidence is weak that
the cold front exists and that the warm frontal feature may not have
extended into the center of the system. No gale force winds (or implied
from pressures) were observed.
August 12: The system apparently continued to weaken and no closed
circulation center could be found. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
The system began on the 4th as a tropical depression (over land), reaching
the ocean early on the 5th, reached tropical storm intensity on the 9th,
achieved maximum intensity on the 10th, weakened on the 11th and dissipated
early on the 12th. Given that the strongest observed wind was a northerly
ship measurement of 45 kt on the 10th as the system was moving to the
northeast, an estimate of (at least) 50 kt in the strong semi-circle is
indicated.
*******************************************************************************
1911/02 - 2005 REVISION:
19890 08/09/1911 M= 6 1 SNBR= 456 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
19890 08/09/1911 M= 7 2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* * ***
(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
19893 08/08* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 825 30 0*255 826 30 0*
19895 08/09* 0 0 0 0*248 820 60 0*254 825 65 0*260 830 70 0*
19895 08/09*255 827 30 0*255 828 35 0*257 830 35 0*260 833 35 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
19900 08/10*265 833 70 0*271 838 70 0*278 843 70 0*281 848 70 0*
19900 08/10*265 836 40 0*271 839 45 0*276 843 50 0*281 848 55 0*
*** ** *** ** *** ** **
19905 08/11*286 854 70 0*290 859 70 0*295 865 70 0*300 871 70 0*
19905 08/11*286 854 60 0*290 859 65 0*295 865 70 0*300 871 70 0*
** **
19910 08/12*305 876 65 0*310 881 60 0*315 886 50 0*320 890 40 0*
19910 08/12*304 877 65 0*306 883 55 0*308 890 45 0*309 898 40 0*
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
19915 08/13*324 893 35 0*329 897 30 0*334 900 30 0*339 904 30 0*
19915 08/13*310 907 35 0*310 916 30 0*310 925 30 0*314 930 30 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
19920 08/14*344 907 25 0*350 911 20 0*355 915 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
19920 08/14*322 933 25 0*334 934 20 0*350 935 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
*** *** *** *** *** ***
19925 HRAFL1 AL1
Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 1. Evidence for these alterations comes
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tannehill
(1938), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and
Jarrell et al. (1992).
August 8: Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.5N, 82.5W from HWM. No HURDAT position/intensity on this date. No
gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9: Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.7N, 83W from HWM. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at
12 UTC at 25.4N, 82.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed, but peak observations were 27 kt and 1012 mb at 21 UTC in Key
West. "A moderate atmospheric depression was evident in the east Gulf"
(MWR).
August 10: No closed circulation indicated in HWM from available
observations. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
27.8N, 84.3W. Peak winds observed were 50 kt E at Pensacola (PEN) at 22 UTC
(likely in outer band, as gale force winds were not observed again at
Pensacola until 18 UTC on the 11th).
August 11: Closed low indicated near 27.5N, 86.5W with 1010 mb pressure at
most from HWM. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
29.5N, 86.5W. Station highlight: 70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 2248 UTC at
Pensacola (MWR). "[The storm] appeared as a distinct disturbance between
Burwood, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and Pensacola on the
morning of the 11th. The atmospheric pressure at Pensacola fell slowly from
29.95 inches [1014 mb] at 11 a. m. to 29.73 inches [1007 mb] at 5 p. m., the
lowest attained, and the 7 p. m. weather map revealed that the storm was
then central between Pensacola and Mobile ... at 5.48 p. m. a maximum [5 min
velocity] of 80 miles was registered ... total precipitation on 11th and
12th, 4.48 inches ... At Pensacola ... considerable damage was done to
property in the city and harbor ... One-third of the roof of the Monarch
pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was torn off, and also a few portions of old
roofs in the city ... About 12 barges dragged anchors and grounded, some
small launches and fishing smacks were wrecked, and some coal barges
belonging to the navy yard went ashore. In the city telegraph and telephone
lines were blown down and the street car and electric light services were
interrupted. The damage at Pensacola is conservatively estimated as
follows: To electric lines, $500; local lumber interests $500; to launches,
barges, etc., $3,000; fishing smacks, $2,500; loss of coal belonging to hay
yard, $1,100; total, $12,600. The highest wind at Mobile was 35 miles an
hour and no damage resulted at that place" (MWR). "Passed inland near
Pensacola on August 11. It was of small diameter but of considerable
intensity; the wind reached 80 miles an hour from the southeast at
Pensacola" (Tannehill). "Aug 12 1911; center crossed coast near Pensacola;
Pensacola 1 ft tide" (Connor). "Aug. 11, NW FL, Minimal" (Dunn and Miller).
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). 1911 Aug NW-FL1 (AFL1) and AL1, U.S. landfalling
minimum sea level pressure missing (Jarrell et al. 1992).
August 12: Closed low indicated near 30N, 90W with 1010 mb pressure at most
in HWM, but wind observations suggest a position somewhat farther north and
east. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 88.6W.
Station highlight: 56 kt S at 03 and 05 UTC at Pensacola (PEN). "The storm
drifted slowly westward to Louisiana and Texas on the 12th, with heavy rains
causing some washouts. Rain and high southeast winds continued at Pensacola
on the 12th" (MWR).
August 13: Possible closed low centered near 31N, 92.5W in HWM. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 90.0W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 14: Possible closed low centered near 35N, 93.5W in HWM. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 91.5W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
Track of this system is begun a day early (8th) than in HURDAT based upon HWM
data. Track is also adjusted slightly to the west on the 9th and 10th
based upon HWM/COADS data. Larger changes to the track made on the 12th
to the 14th (biggest on the 13th) again based upon synoptic data. Note
that the changes after landfall are now consistent with the description on
the system's position given in MWR. The system was substantially weaker
than originally estimated in HURDAT early in its lifetime as shown by Key
West observations on the 9th. Observational evidence for intensity
suggests that hurricane stage achieved earlier on the 11th. Winds reduced
on the 9th and 10th, accordingly. Peak observed winds of 70 kt from that
era's anemometer converts to 54 kt after accounting for their high bias
(Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 57 kt after converting from a peak
5 min wind to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). As it is unlikely
that the observed wind in Pensacola sampled the highest winds existing in
the storm, a higher intensity estimate is appropriate. The 70 kt at landfall
(Category 1) originally in HURDAT is consistent with winds somewhat higher
than seen at Pensacola and also with the resulting wind-forced damage in the
same town. Thus no change to the landfall intensity is made to HURDAT.
Landfall near the Alabama/Florida border occurred around 2300 UTC on the
11th. Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this
suggests winds of 63, 51, 44, and 38 kt for the 12th at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC.
Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the synoptic time
were 70, 56, 43 and 36 kt. (These convert to 57, 46, 36 and 30 kt,
respectively after for correction for bias and time averaging.) Inland
winds reduced slightly in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 12th based upon
these observations. (The winds in HURDAT could be reduced even more after
landfall based upon measurements, but as these were only available at
Pensacola and Mobile, higher winds likely did occur but were not measured.)
Peak observed storm tide was 1 ft at Pensacola (Connor), though it is likely
that higher values would have occurred near the Florida-Alabama border.
*******************************************************************************
1911/03 - 2005 REVISION:
19930 08/23/1911 M= 8 2 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
19930 08/23/1911 M= 9 3 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* * ***
19935 08/23* 0 0 0 0*237 668 50 0*241 674 50 0*245 680 55 0*
19935 08/23* 0 0 0 0*252 655 35 0*255 665 40 0*258 674 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
19940 08/24*250 687 65 0*254 693 70 0*258 700 70 0*262 707 75 0*
19940 08/24*261 683 45 0*263 692 50 0*265 700 55 0*267 707 60 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
19945 08/25*265 714 75 0*269 721 80 0*273 728 85 0*279 735 85 0*
19945 08/25*269 714 65 0*272 721 70 0*275 728 70 0*280 735 75 0*
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
19950 08/26*287 743 85 0*296 751 85 0*301 758 85 0*305 764 85 0*
19950 08/26*287 743 80 0*296 751 80 0*301 758 80 0*305 764 80 0*
** ** ** **
19955 08/27*308 771 85 0*311 778 85 0*315 787 85 0*317 792 80 0*
19955 08/27*308 771 80 0*311 778 80 0*315 787 85 0*318 792 85 0*
** ** *** **
19960 08/28*318 796 65 983*320 803 65 0*322 810 65 0*323 815 45 0*
19960 08/28*320 796 85 0*321 803 85 972*322 810 65 0*323 815 50 0*
*** ** *** *** ** *** **
19965 08/29*324 820 45 0*324 825 45 0*325 829 45 0*328 830 40 0*
19965 08/29*324 820 45 0*323 825 35 0*321 830 35 0*320 834 30 0*
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
19970 08/30*332 830 40 0*336 830 40 0*340 828 35 0*345 822 35 0*
19970 08/30*322 837 30 0*330 839 30 0E340 840 30 0E348 835 30 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** * *** ** **** *** **
(The 31st is new to HURDAT.)
19972 08/31E354 825 25 0E358 810 25 0E360 795 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
19975 HR GA2 SC2
19975 HR GA1 SC2
***
Minor changes from the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS
ship database, Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC,
_Monthly Weather Review_, Cline (1926), Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller
(1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
August 23: No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to south and west of system. Troughing indicated along
about 66.5W longitude. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
24.1N, 67.4W. "First observations of this storm were at about 27N
and 66W" (Tannehill). No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
August 24: No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to east, south, and west of system. Troughing indicated along
about 70W longitude. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC
at 25.8N, 70.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
August 25: Closed low indicated on HWM at 26N, 73W with 1010 mb pressure at
most, but center with additional COADS observations appears to be closer to the
original HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at
12 UTC at 27.3N, 72.8W. Peak ship observations: 45 kt ESE at 01 UTC at
29.5N, 70.5W (COA), 45 kt SE at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA), and 45 kt SSE
at 21 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA).
August 26: Closed low indicated on HWM at 26.5N, 75.5W with 1010 mb pressure
at most, but little data is available west and south of the center. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 75.8W. Peak ship
observation: 35 kt NW at 21 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA).
August 27: Closed low indicated on HWM at 31.N, 79.0W with 1010 mb pressure at
most. Cline gave positions for this system of 31.4N, 77.3W (am) and 32.1N,
78.7W (pm). HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.5N,
78.7W. Center of low shown in MWR at 12 UTC at 32N, 77.2W with 1010 mb central
pressure. Peak ship observation: 60 kt WNW, 1000 mb at 01 UTC at
30.0N, 77.0W (COA). Peak station wind: 52 kt NE at 2250 UTC at
Charleston, SC (MWR). "[At Charleston] the wind in force from the north
[during the afternoon] attaining a velocity of 46 miles an hour ... At
6.50 p. m. the velocity was 60 miles an hour" (MWR).
August 28: Closed low indicated just inland on HWM at 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb
pressure at most. Cline gave positions for this system of 32.9N, 80.3W (am)
and 32.8N, 81.8W (pm). HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC
at 32.2N, 81.0W. Center of low shown in MWR at 00 UTC at 32N 79W with 1000 mb
central pressure and at 12 UTC at 32.2N 80.5W with 983 mb central pressure.
Peak ship observation: 35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 28.2N, 78.7W (HWM). Peak
station observations: 82 kt E at 0320 UTC, 992 mb at 0350 UTC at Charleston
(MWR); 76 kt NW at 0710 UTC, 982 mb at 0810 UTC at Savannah (MWR).
"Pursuing a west-northwest course, it passed inland between Savannah and
Charleston on the 28th. There was great damage from winds and high tides
between those cities. At Charleston, the barometer fell to 29.30 inches
[992 mb] and the wind reached 106 miles an hour [estimated by observer after
instrument failure] from the northeast at 11:50 p.m. of the 27th. On the 28th,
at 3:10 a.m. the center was closest to Savannah, barometer 29.02 inches
[983 mb], wind 88 miles northwest" (Tannehill). Aug. 27-28 Ga., S.C., Major
Hurricane, 17 killed near Charleston (Dunn and Miller). Aug GA2, SC2.
No mention of MSLP (Jarrell et al.). Aug. 28, 1911 Storm direction toward
280 deg. Est MSLP 979 mb (computed from pressure profile and adjusted to the
coast). Lowest obs. Pressure 983 mb, Savannah, GA, 27 nmi RMW observed from
wind speed record at Savannah, GA, 8 kts translational speed, landfall point
32.2N 80.6W (Ho et al.). 75 kt estimated max 1 min, surface wind at landfall,
1011 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.). "The Charleston-Savannah
hurricane of August 27-29, 1911, was characterized by its relatively small
diameter but intense energy, its unusual path directly from east to west, and
its rapid loss of power after entering the coast line ... At Charleston the
lowest pressure, 29.30 inches [992 mb], occurred at 11:50 p.m., August 27, wind
southeast; at Savannah it was 29.02 inches [983 mb] at 8 a. m., August 28,
wind northwest. The diameter of the isobar of 29.30 inches [992 mb]
surrounding the storm was approximately 100 miles. The center or eye of
the storm passed a few miles north of Savannah, where for two hours, from
8.10 a. m. to 10.10 a. m., the 28th, the pressure remained lowest
and the wind decreased to only 20 miles an hour. The eye of the storm was
about 14 or 15 miles in diameter. At Savannah the wind backed from
northwest to south about 10 a. m., the 28th, and the wind again increased
suddenly in velocity, heavy rain began, and the pressure rose rapidly.
At Charleston the wind veered from northeast to east and southeast, and
the destruction of property was much greater than at Savannah because the
winds were onshore. At Charleston the damage to property is estimated
to have exceeded $1,000,000 and 17 lives were lost. The damage at
Savannah was of a minor nature though large in the aggregate ... [In
Charleston the wind velocity reached] at 8.40 p. m. [27th] 68 miles, at
9.15 p. m. 72, and at 9.45 p. m. 86. The wind shifted to east ... and
at 11.20 was blowing with a velocity of 94 miles an hour when the anemometer
ceased to properly record. After 11.20 the wind became southeast and
was estimated to have attained a velocity of 106 miles an hour. It
continued to blow steadily from the southeast all of next day (28th),
remaining above 50 miles an hour most of the forenoon ... the barometer
reached its lowest point, 29.30 inches [992 mb], at 11.50 p. m. Great damage
was done by the wind ... Tin roofs began to be blown off and hundreds of
houses were unroofed and chimneys were blown down. A great many windows and
display signs were broken. The streets were a tangle of fallen trees and
wires. Many houses were destroyed and 4 persons were killed by falling
walls and 13 were drowned ... The high tide that night reached a point
10.6 fee above mean low water, or somewhat lower than the tide of 1893.
A great deal of damage was done by water in the wholesale districts and in
other low portions of the city. The water front next day was a confused
mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs ... [In Savannah] the wind
attained a maximum (5 minute) velocity of 88 miles an hour shortly after
3 a. m. on August 28, with an extreme (1 mile) velocity of 96 miles an
hour at 3.08 a. m. during one of the terrific gusts ... The wind reached
62 miles an hour at 11.40 p. m., still blowing from the northwest with
strong gusts, and at midnight the pressure registered 29.50 inches [999 mb].
The wind attained a velocity of 66 miles an hour at 12.05 a. m. August 28,
74 miles at 1.40 a. m., 78 at 2.45 a. m., and between 3.05 and 3.10 a. m.
it reached its maximum force of 88 miles an hour from the northwest. From
3 a. m. to 6.05 a. m. the wind maintained a velocity ranging between 80
and 90 miles an hour from the northwest ... At 8 a. m. the lowest pressure,
29.02 inches [983 mb], was recorded, the wind diminished with astonishing
quickness, and from 8.10 to 10.10 a. m., the vortex of the storm passed
practically over Savannah, the wind dying down to 20 miles an hour and shifting
to south about 10 a. m. Immediately ... the velocity rapidly increased and
the rainfall became heavier. The highest velocity attained after the
passage of the center was 64 miles an hour at 11.30 a. m. and at 12.05 p. m.
... Considering the severity of the storm it is remarkable that the damage
in the city of Savannah and contiguous territory was not larger. No lives
were lost, and while the aggregate property loss was large, the damage
done was mostly of minor nature ... Small craft in the river and at
nearby resorts suffered greatly. That the storm was not more destructive
on the water front was due to the fact that the wind was westerly and
southerly and not at any time from the east. The hotel and residences on
Tybee Island were greatly damaged" (MWR).
August 29: Low centered near 32.5N, 83.5W in HWM with 1010 mb pressure at
most. A stationary front was analyzed to the north and west of the storm.
Cline gave positions for this system of 32.1N, 82.4W (am) and 31.8N, 83.7W
(pm). HURDAT listed this as a storm at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 82.9W with 45 kt
of wind. Low centered near 32.5N, 82.0W with 1004 mb central pressure at
00 UTC in MWR. Low centered near 32.8N, 83.5W with 1005 mb central pressure
at 12 UTC in MWR. Peak station observation: 52 kt S at 00 UTC at Savannah
(MWR). "The storm drifted slowly to southeastern Georgia on the
29th, with the pressure below 29.70 inches [1006 mb], and was accompanied by
exceptionally heavy rains near the coast of Georgia, where much damage was done
to crops and live stock and numerous washouts occurred on the railroads.
County roads suffered and many bridges were washed away ... [In Charleston the
wind did not fall] below 36 miles an hour until after 4. a. m. on the 29th ...
[In Savannah] the wind fell below the verifying velocity of 36 miles at
2.10 a. m." (MWR).
August 30: No closed low indicated in HWM, but a center may have been near
34.5N, 83.5W. The system is shown to be along a stationary frontal boundary.
Cline gave positions for this system at 33.5N, 94.1W (am) and 35.5N, 83.5W
(pm). HURDAT lists this as a storm at 12 UTC 34.0N, 82.8W with 35 kt of
wind. Center of system plotted near 32.0N 84.5W and with 1009 mb central
pressure at 00 UTC in MWR. Center of system is plotted near 34.0N, 84.5W
with 1011 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR. No gale force winds (or
implied from pressures) were observed.
August 31: No closed low indicated in HWM. Cline gave a position in the
morning at 36.2N, 80.2W.
Moderate adjustments to the track are made on the 23rd and 24th to better
agree with available ship observations indicating a position farther north
than originally shown. Another moderate change to the track on the 29th
and 30th was made to better match inland reports showing a position
somewhat farther west than originally indicated as well as to better
match Cline's detailed analysis after landfall. Track extended an
additional day based upon HWM and Cline analyses. Winds reduced from the
23rd to the 26th based upon available ship observations. For the
intensity at landfall (which may also in this case be the peak intensity
of the system), evidence was available from winds, pressure, storm surge
and damages. Highest observed winds were 82 kt in Charleston, with an
estimate that the maximum that they reached after the anemometer was
disabled was 92 kt. However, reducing for the high-bias of the
instrument at the time alters these to 63 kt observed and 70 kt estimated
(Fergusson and Covert 1924). Altering these to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell
et al. 1996) gives 67 kt observed and 74 kt estimated. Ho et al.'s estimated
central pressure of 979 mb suggests winds of 76 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship. However, Ho et al. did not take into account that
the hurricane's central pressure would have filled some between the time of
landfall (~0930 UTC on the 28th) and the time it made its closest approach
to Savannah (~1300 UTC). A run of the inland pressure deficit decay model
(also in Ho et al.) suggest a central pressure at the coast of 970 mb from
the Atlantic coast model (South Carolina to New England) and 974 mb from
the Florida peninsula model. As the landfall location was at the Georgia-
South Carolina border, a compromise of these two analyses was utilized to
come up with the final estimate of 972 mb at landfall at the coast. (The
983 mb observed in Savannah, originally was listed in HURDAT as a central
pressure, is replaced with this revised 972 mb value.) 972 mb central
pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.
Ho et al.'s analysis of 27 nmi RMW has been reconfirmed and is close to that
expected from climatology for this latitude of landfall and central pressure
(25 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), so no large deviation from 84 kt would be
expected. A storm tide of 10.6 feet was reported in Charleston with
moderate wind forced damage. Given that it is unlikely that Charleston
experienced the exact peak winds of the hurricane at landfall, a value
higher than that observed (and even estimated with some caution being taken)
would be reasonable. Thus 85 kt maximum 1 min winds are analyzed for this
hurricane at landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border near 0930 UTC on
the 28th. This is at the low end of a Category 2, which is what is analyzed
for conditions occurring in South Carolina. However, Georgia's impact is
reduced to Category 1 based in part on the modest winds reported in Savannah
and in part on the moderate sized RMW which would have kept the peak winds
on the front right quadrant in South Carolina and would have avoided
Georgia. Category 2 in South Carolina retains what was estimated previously
in HURDAT, Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., though Category 1 in Georgia
is a reduction by one category from those references. After landfall, a run
of the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model gave 60 kt at
28th/12 UTC, 47 kt at 18 UTC, 36 kt at 29th/00 UTC, and 30 kt at 06 UTC.
Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these times were 73, 56, 52, and
37 kt. These correct to 59, 46, 43, and 31 kt after adjusting for bias and
to 1 min peak values, which are very close to that suggested by the inland
decay model. (It should be noted that data coverage at landfall for this
system was quite good with observations available at Charleston, Savannah,
Columbia, Macon, and Augusta.) No gales were observed after 07 UTC on the
29th. Winds in HURDAT slightly increased at 18 UTC on the 28th and reduced
on the 29th and 30th, accordingly. The system is characterized on the 30th
as extratropical in its decay over land, due to being absorbed by frontal
system.
*******************************************************************************
1911/04 - 2005 REVISION:
19980 09/03/1911 M=10 3 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
19980 09/03/1911 M=10 4 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
19985 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*137 579 35 0*138 598 35 0*
19985 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 570 30 0*122 584 30 0*
*** *** ** *** *** **
19990 09/04*139 616 35 0*140 630 35 0*140 640 35 0*140 647 35 0*
19990 09/04*124 598 30 0*126 612 30 0*128 625 35 0*129 637 35 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
19995 09/05*140 653 35 0*140 658 35 0*140 667 35 0*141 672 40 0*
19995 09/05*130 648 35 0*130 659 35 0*130 670 35 0*130 680 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20000 09/06*141 680 40 0*142 688 45 0*143 696 45 0*144 705 50 0*
20000 09/06*130 690 40 0*130 700 45 0*130 710 45 0*129 718 50 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20005 09/07*146 714 50 0*147 723 55 0*147 732 55 0*146 741 60 0*
20005 09/07*128 724 50 0*127 730 55 0*125 735 55 0*123 741 60 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20010 09/08*144 751 60 0*141 761 65 0*139 770 70 0*136 777 70 0*
20010 09/08*122 747 60 0*121 753 65 0*120 760 70 0*120 768 70 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20015 09/09*134 784 75 0*131 791 80 0*130 800 85 0*130 811 85 0*
20015 09/09*121 777 75 0*122 787 80 0*123 797 85 0*124 809 85 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20020 09/10*130 823 85 0*131 834 80 0*132 846 60 0*133 857 45 0*
20020 09/10*126 822 85 0*128 834 85 0*130 846 60 0*132 857 45 0*
*** *** *** ** *** ***
20025 09/11*133 868 40 0*134 879 40 0*134 890 35 0*136 902 35 0*
20030 09/12*138 916 35 0*140 931 35 0*140 935 30 0*141 940 30 0*
20035 HR
Major changes from the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database and _Monthly Weather Review_.
September 3: Likely closed circulation near 12N, 57W. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.7N, 57.9W. No gale force winds (or
implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack,
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 64W with 1010 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 64.0W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 5: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data
on north, west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 66W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 66.7W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack,
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 69.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 69.6W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data
on west, south and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 73W with 1000 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.7N, 73.2W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 8: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data
on north and south sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a
low was indicated in HWM near 11.5N, 76W with 995 mb pressure at most. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 77.0W. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 9: Possible closed circulation near 12.5N, 80W with 990 mb pressure
at most in HWM, but there was a lack of data near the center of the storm at
HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at
13.0N, 80.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 10: No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of
data on all quadrants of the storm at the HURDAT location. Despite this
lack, a inland low over Nicaragua was indicated in HWM near 13N, 85W with
990 mb pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC
at 13.2N, 84.6W. "A cable report ... from Corinto, Nicaragua ... states that
a hurricane struck that city, causing the death of 10 and injury to 50
persons. Eight city blocks, comprising 250 houses, were razed to the ground
with an estimated loss of $2,000,000" (MWR). No gale force winds (or implied
from pressures) were observed.
September 11: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data
on north and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, an
inland low over El Salvador was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 89W with 995 mb
pressure at most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
13.4N, 89.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 12: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data
on all quadrants of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, a low
(back over water) was indicated in HWM near 14N, 95W with 1000 mb pressure at
most. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 93.5W.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 13: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data
on the east side of storm. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM
near 15N, 99.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. However, available ship
observations to the west of this position are inconsistent with a low located
there. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
The track is adjusted to the south by 100-200 km from the 3rd through the
9th. While data for most dates is sparse near the center, indications for a
more southerly track are most apparent on the 3rd and the 8th. Additionally,
these more southerly positions are for most days quite consistent with
that shown in HWM. No changes are made to the storm for the 11th and 12th.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 3rd and 4th in accordance with no gale
force winds recorded in its passage through the Lesser Antilles. The only
other change to its intensity is at 06 UTC on the 10th to maintain Category 2
intensity (85 kt) until landfall. Making few changes is primarily because
of the lack of inner core data throughout most of its history and that the
existing intensity estimates are consistent with the system becoming a
hurricane on the 8th and making landfall as a destructive hurricane in
Nicaragua on the 10th around 07 UTC. Utilizing the inland decay model of
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the following inland winds of 57, 41 and 41 kt
were obtained for 10th/12, 18, and 11th/00 UTC. These are close to existing
HURDAT values and no changes are made to the inland winds.
*******************************************************************************
1911/05 - 2005 ADDITION:
20036 09/15/1911 M= 6 5 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20037 09/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*340 550 45 0*340 550 45 0*
20038 09/16*340 550 45 0*340 551 50 0*340 555 50 0*340 563 50 0*
20039 09/17*340 573 55 0*340 587 55 0*340 600 55 0*345 610 55 0*
20039 09/18*355 618 50 0*370 626 50 0*380 635 45 0*388 645 45 0*
20039 09/19*394 657 40 0*398 667 40 0E400 675 40 0E399 678 40 0*
20039 09/20E396 676 35 0E393 673 35 0E390 670 30 0E387 667 25 0*
20039 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tucker (1995).
September 14: No data in vicinity of where system may have been.
September 15: Closed non-baroclinic system indicated. Center indicated
in HWM near 32.5N, 57.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. Gale force winds
indicated in two ship observations, though westernmost one appears
suspect as flow is away from system's center. Center suspected to be
closer to 34N, 55W due to placement with eastern observations and continuity
with better defined center on the 16th. Peak ship observation: 40 kt S at
33.9N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 16: System either remained stationary or moved slowly to the
west. Center near 34N, 55.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. No
gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed.
September 17: System moved westward and intensified. Center was near 34N,
60W in HWM with 995 mb pressure at most. At the same time a weak
extratropical system approached from the west and was located near 36N, 69W.
Winds well to the north of the system increasing due to enhanced pressure
gradient. Peak ship observations: 30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 35.2N, 59.4W at
12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt SE at 38.8N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (HWM). Tucker (1995):
"September 17th., St. Georges again suffered a freak storm, -- a local tornado
passed over the Sanatorium grounds uprooted trees, injured the bathehouse tops
and balustrades, blew blinds off the old house and unroofed the stables The
wind passed over Market Wharf shortly before 5 p.m. A general blow had been,
on account of the falling glass, anticipated at St. Georges; and all the coal
hulks and other floating property had been specially moored to withstand it."
September 18: System moved toward the northwest and apparently merged with
the decaying extratropical low, though a main stationary frontal boundary
remained to the north of the system. A trailing cold front in HWM extending
from the center of the storm appears suspect. Center was near 38N, 63W in
HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most. Numerous gale force wind reports were
observed poleward of the frontal boundary, not directly related to the
system. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 38.9N, 61.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 19: System continued to move toward the northwest and the frontal
boundary apparently reached the circulation center as gale force winds
with temperatures around 60F were observed just west and north of the center.
Center of system near 40N, 67.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.
September 20: System weakened and moved slightly to the southeast. Frontal
boundary associated with system also weakened. Center of system near
39N, 67W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.
September 21: System absorbed by stronger frontal system that moved in
from the northwest.
The system is started on the 15th as a tropical storm, reached peak intensity
on the 17th, became extratropical on the 19th and dissipated late on the 20th.
The conditions reported by Tucker likely was due to the periphery of the
storm and a rainband-induced tornado. The 999 mb peripheral pressure on the
17th suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship. 55 kt chosen for the best track at this time, which may have
been the peak intensity. The storm did exhibit some hybrid characteristics
and might, in a later era, be classified as a subtropical storm. Note that
complete lifecycle of this system is not known, as its genesis before the
15th is uncertain due to lack of data.
*******************************************************************************
1911/06 - 2005 REVISION:
20040 10/23/1911 M=10 4 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
20040 10/26/1911 M= 7 6 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
** ** * ***
(The 23rd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20045 10/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*175 702 35 0*178 719 35 0*
20050 10/24*181 735 35 0*184 748 35 0*188 759 35 0*188 767 35 0*
20055 10/25*191 775 35 0*192 781 35 0*194 787 35 0*195 792 35 0*
20060 10/26*196 797 35 0*198 801 35 0*199 805 35 0*200 808 40 0*
20060 10/26*225 755 30 0*225 770 30 0*225 785 30 0*224 799 30 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20065 10/27*201 810 40 0*203 812 40 0*204 815 45 0*205 818 45 0*
20065 10/27*223 813 30 0*222 827 35 0*220 840 40 0*217 848 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20070 10/28*207 822 45 0*208 825 45 0*210 828 45 0*212 831 45 0*
20070 10/28*214 853 40 0*212 857 40 0*210 860 40 0*208 862 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20075 10/29*214 834 45 0*216 837 40 0*219 840 40 0*223 844 35 0*
20075 10/29*206 864 40 0*205 865 40 0*205 865 40 0*208 864 35 0*
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20080 10/30*228 849 35 0*233 855 35 0*239 859 35 0*245 862 35 0*
20080 10/30*212 863 35 0*218 861 35 0*225 859 35 0*235 860 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
20085 10/31*251 863 35 0*258 864 35 0*265 863 35 0*273 859 30 0*
20085 10/31*245 861 45 0*255 861 45 0*265 860 45 0E275 850 35 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** **
20090 11/01*285 847 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20090 11/01E290 825 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
**** *** **
20095 TS
Major changes from the track and minor changes from the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records
station data, Perez (2000), and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez.
October 23: No closed circulation was apparent from HWM and COADS
observations, but there was a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT
location. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.5N, 70.2W.
"A decided pressure fall over the West Indies indicated the presence of a
disturbance in the Caribbean Sea not far from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo"
(MWR). No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 24: No closed circulation apparent from HWM and COADS observations.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 18.8N, 75.9W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 25: No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on
south side of storm at HURDAT location. HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 78.7W. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
October 26: No closed circulation was apparent in HWM, but observations
from HWM, COADS and the Cuban ship data indicate a center near 22.5N, 78.5W.
A warm front was analyzed extending from near the system's center north
through Cuba and Florida, but evidence for this feature is weak. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.9N, 80.5W. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 27: A weak circulation with 1010 mb pressure at most in the HWM
was indicated in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with an embedded stationary
front extending northeastward across Florida. Evidence for the front is
weak from available observations. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm
at 12 UTC at 20.4N, 81.5W. Observations suggest that the center was
near 22N, 84W. "The disturbance was of small diameter and moved slowly
west-northwestward, passing south of and near Habana, Cuba, early on the
morning of Friday, October 27th, and moving into the Gulf of Mexico during
the day" (MWR). Peak station observation: 40 kt SE "early morning" at
Havana (MWR).
October 28: Circulation center ill-defined, but farther west than indicated
in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
21.0N, 82.8W with 45 kt winds. A stationary front is analyzed to begin near
the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the
evidence is weak for this feature. Center likely located near 21N, 86W.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 29: Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther west
and south than indicated in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.9N, 84.0W. A stationary front is analyzed
to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast
over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature. Center likely
located near 20.5N, 86.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed near the storm.
October 30: Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther south
than indicated in HURDAT is likely. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm
at 12 UTC at 23.9N, 85.9W. Center likely located near 22.5N, 86W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 31: Circulation center near 26.5N, 86.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure
at most, close to that indicated by HURDAT. HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 86.3W. Moderate cold front analyzed to be
approaching the system from the north and west. "On Tuesday, October 31, there
were strong indications that the storm had recurved and was approaching the
northwest coast of Florida" (MWR). Ship highlight: 35 kt N at 27.2N, 87.7W at
12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 10 kt S with 1009 mb (minimum for
month) at Tampa at 18 UTC (OMR).
November 1: "By night [Oct. 31-Nov. 1] the storm center was over northern
Florida. It still retained its moderate character and passed northeastward
over the Atlantic Ocean during the [next] night with decreasing intensity"
(MWR). In partial support of this statement, 00 UTC observations showed
SW winds at Tampa and NE winds at both Pensacola and Jacksonville. However,
by 12 UTC all three stations reported N winds a substantially cooler
temperature behind the front and no remnant circulation remained.
Observations are sufficient to determine that a delay in the genesis of
this tropical storm is required. The storm is now begun as a tropical
depression on the 26th just northeast of Cuba, rather than having
genesis on the 23rd just south of Hispanola. Ship data of the "Regina"
provided by Dr. Ramon Perez were crucial in determining that the system had
developed into a tropical depression east of Cuba rather than south of
Cuba. Winds recorded by this ship were SW-SSW at 20-25 kt for 12 hours late
on the 26th and early on the 27th and minimum pressure was 1010 mb at 21Z
on the 26th (though pressure values appear to be about 4 mb too high for
this ship - a minimum of 1006 mb looks more reasonable). The system crossed
Cuba as a tropical depression moving just south of due west and it became
a tropical storm on the 27th while south of Havana. The track is
adjusted to the west on the 28th and to the south and west on the 29th to
better match ship observations and to better correspond with pressure
changes in Havana. Track moved to the south on the 30th to match
observations and continuity with the position on the 29th. These track
changes around Cuba on the 26th to the 30th are in agreement with that
suggested by Perez (2000). Winds are analyzed to have peaked around 45 kt
on the 31st. Due to being absorbed by the cold front late on the 31st and
early on the 1st, the status is changed to an extratropical cyclone at
those times.
*******************************************************************************
1911 - Additional Notes:
1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a trough present near 50W on 17
February 1911. The trough progressed westward on the 18th near 53W and
eventually became a tropical depression on the 19th near 22N, 52W (HWM).
Available observations indicate a clear circulation of 30 kt winds (HWM,COA)
with peak observations of 45 kt and 1008 mb early on the 20th. The system's
brief stint as a tropical depression ended on the 21st as it quickly
dissipated. One ship reported (somewhat suspect) gale force wind observations
of 35 and 45 kt on the 19th and early on the 20th (COA). However, without
additional pressure and/or wind observations this system is considered a
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Feb 17 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~50W
Feb 18 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~53W
Feb 19 22N 52W Tropical Depression
Feb 20 25N 49W Tropical Depression
Feb 21 --- --- Dissipated
2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
near 36N, 55W on 22 May 1911 from an existing extratropical storm. The system
then meandered around 35N, 53W over the next three days before being absorbed
by a second extratropical cyclone on the 24th. Highest winds observed
from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 23rd (HWM). Lowest pressures
observed were 1009 mb on the 23rd (HWM). Although one gale of 35 kt is
present, not enough evidence is available that the system reached tropical
storm intensity. Thus it is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps
a subtropical depression) and not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
May 19 35N 53W Extratropical
May 20 36N 49W Extratropical
May 21 37N 52W Extratropical
May 22 36N 55W Tropical Depression
May 23 32N 53W Tropical Depression
May 24 33N 53W Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 25 35N 53W Extratropical
3) A cyclone formed on the 29th of June northwest of Bermuda, moved toward
the east-northeast, reached a peak intensity of around 50 kt on the 2nd of
July, and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 3rd. Peak
observations were a ship with winds of 45 kt on the 30th and 997 mb peripheral
pressure on the 1st. While the system may have gained some tropical (or
subtropical) characteristics on the 1st and 2nd, it was judged to still
retain baroclinic features and thus is not added into HURDAT. Information
for this system was obtained from the Historical Weather Map series and the
COADS ship database.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun 29 36N 69W Extratropical
Jun 30 37N 64W Extratropical
Jul 01 39N 61W Extratropical
Jul 02 41N 56W Extratropical
Jul 03 -- -- Absorbed by larger extratropical system
4) Mr. Michael Chenoweth uncovered this information from _The Voice of
St. Lucia_ newspaper dated 7 Oct. 1911:
"Extract from The Jamaica Gleaner, undated.
Port Limon, Costa Rica, Sept. 4 [Monday]. The tail of a hurricane
struck this locality on Tuesday [29 August], doing some heavy damage
to some farms. Westfalia, a comparatively small banana farm, is said
to have lost 10,000 bunches of bananas, while others escaped
entirely."
A review of the Historical Weather Map series for the 28-30 August time
frame does suggest a tropical disturbance moved through Central America
during these dates. However, perhaps because of the lack of both
ship and station data, no closed circulation could be identified nor
were there any gale force observations. Likewise, a search of the COADS
ship database while also being somewhat sparse for observations in the
region did not provide any evidence of a closed low or gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure). Thus this system will be kept here in the
additional notes section as a possible new storm, but one needing
additional corroborative evidence to be added into HURDAT.
5) An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the Caribbean was
investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone. Information
was obtained from summaries in the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical
Weather Map series and COADS database. "On the morning of the 16th a
decided fall in barometer set in over the West Indies ... the center of
the disturbance and its intensity were not definitely known ... Some
indications disturbance south of Haiti. On the morning of the 17th ...
placing the center of the disturbance south-southwest of Jamaica. On the
18th ... indications disturbance in Caribbean Sea is west of Jamaica and
approaching Yucatan Channel. Intensity unknown. At Habana a wind
velocity of 32 miles an hour from the northeast was reported as having
occurred during the night of the 17th-18th. No further evidence of
this storm has been reported" (MWR). This system appears to be a strong
easterly wave that moved across the Caribbean without becoming a tropical
cyclone. It is possible though that it did become a tropical depression
on the 17th and/or 18th, but definite evidence for a closed circulation
does not exist. Additionally, no winds (or winds implied from pressure)
support tropical storm intensity. Thus this system is not included into
HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 16 --- --- Open wave (trough along 70W)
Sep. 17 --- --- Open wave? (trough along 75W)
Sep. 18 --- --- Open wave? (trough along 80W)
Sep. 19 --- --- Open wave (trough along 85W)
6) The Historical Weather Map series and COADS database indicate the
presence of a storm system from 16-20 October, 1911 in the North Atlantic.
This system moved eastward for 5 days at about latitude 35N. While
no frontal features could be determined during most of the storm's
lifetime, gale force winds in the were storm were primarily to be found
well away from the storm's center. This system is judged to be a large
non-tropical gale center. While the storm was non-baroclinic, it lacked
the high wind mesoscale structure required of tropical cyclones. The one
possible exception during its lifetime occurred on the 20th, when a gale
force report was found just to the south of the center. However, lack of
collaboration with additional data make this single report ambiguous for
knowing the structure of the system at that time. Thus this storm is not
included as an additional system for HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 16 38N 66W Non-tropical low
Oct. 17 34N 56W Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 18 36N 53W Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 19 35N 52W Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 20 34N 49W Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 21 --- --- Dissipated
7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate a that a
low pressure area formed near 21.5N, 71W on 11 December 1911 and appeared to be
a tropical cyclone in structure. The system was likely a tropical depression on
the 11th as indicated by MWR, "maximum winds of 36 mph [30 kt], southwest, in
the afternoon and lowest pressure of 29.68 inches [1005 mb] in the morning" for
the Turks Islands. This pressure observation implies at least 36 kt from the
southern pressure-wind relationship, unless the observation is considered a
central pressure which would in turn indicate maximum winds of ~35 kt. The
depression maintained its intensity and "moved westward, centered immediately
north of eastern Cuba" on the 12th (MWR). It is also noted to, "soon dissipate
as it moved into the Gulf as indicated by pressures and winds in Havana and
south Florida" (MWR). On the 13th, the system was weakening and by the 14th was
completely dissipated. Although this system contained one observation of gale
force, such pressures (1008 mb and higher) do not support winds of tropical
storm force from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore, this storm
is considered a tropical depression and should not be added to HURDAT.
Dec 09 19N 69W Extratropical
Dec 10 20N 68W Extratropical
Dec 11 21N 73W Tropical Depression
Dec 12 22N 77W Tropical Depression
Dec 13 32N 53W Tropical Depression - Dissipating
Dec 14 33N 53W Dissipated
*******************************************************************************
1912/01 - 2005 REVISION:
20190 06/07/1912 M=10 1 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20190 06/07/1912 M=11 1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** ***
20195 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*230 853 35 0*235 855 35 0*
20195 06/07* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*280 880 35 0*277 877 35 0*
*** *** *** ***
20200 06/08*239 858 35 0*242 860 35 0*245 863 35 0*246 866 35 0*
20200 06/08*274 874 40 0*272 871 45 0*270 870 50 0*268 873 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20205 06/09*247 869 35 0*248 873 35 0*248 876 35 0*248 879 40 0*
20205 06/09*267 878 50 0*266 884 50 0*265 890 50 0*264 895 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20210 06/10*248 883 40 0*247 886 45 0*247 890 45 0*247 894 45 0*
20210 06/10*262 900 50 0*261 905 50 0*260 910 50 0*261 912 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20215 06/11*247 899 50 0*247 903 50 0*248 908 50 0*250 914 50 0*
20215 06/11*262 913 55 0*263 914 60 0*265 915 60 0*268 917 60 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20220 06/12*255 919 50 0*261 925 45 0*269 929 45 0*277 931 45 0*
20220 06/12*272 920 60 0*276 923 60 0*280 925 60 0*285 924 60 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20225 06/13*286 929 45 0*295 921 45 0*305 908 40 0*316 888 35 0*
20225 06/13*291 920 60 0*298 915 55 0*305 908 50 0*315 895 45 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
20230 06/14*328 862 35 0*340 835 35 0*350 814 35 0*355 798 35 0*
20230 06/14*325 875 40 0E335 845 35 0E345 810 35 0E350 785 35 0*
*** *** **** *** **** *** **** ***
20235 06/15*358 784 35 0*360 769 35 0*360 752 35 0*359 734 35 0*
20235 06/15E353 770 35 1005E354 756 40 0E355 745 40 0E355 730 40 0*
**** *** ******** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
20240 06/16*358 715 35 0*355 696 35 0*351 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0*
20240 06/16*355 710 35 0*355 694 35 0*355 680 30 0*353 670 30 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
(17th is new to HURDAT.)
20242 06/17*351 661 30 0*348 653 30 0*345 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20245 TS
Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
June 5: Closed low shown in HWM at 23.5N, 92.5W with pressure 1010 mb at
most. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 23N, 92.5W (a.m.) and
24N, 94W (p.m.). However, available observations depict only an open trough.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 6: Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 92W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 25.5N, 92.8W (a.m.) and 27N, 90.2W (p.m.).
However, available observations depict only an open trough. Station
highlight: 38 kt SE wind at Pensacola (MWR).
June 7: Closed low shown in HWM at 28.5N, 88W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 87.8W with 1008 mb pressure (a.m) and 28.2N,
85W (p.m.). HURDAT first lists this system at 12 UTC as a tropical storm at
23.0N, 85.3W. the MWR track appears to be most accurate from available
observations. Ship and coastal station data do at this point indicate a
closed circulation. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
June 8: Closed low shown in HWM at 26N, 85W with pressure 1005 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27.2N, 83.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and
25.7N, 84.2W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a
position north and slightly west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 1005 mb pressure
at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 87.0W (COA), 50 kt NE wind at 14 and 18 UTC at
28.0N, 87.0W (COA).
June 9: Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 89.5W with pressure 1005 mb at
most. The MWR tracks locate it at 25.3N, 87.2W with 1000 mb pressure (a.m.)
and 25.3N, 89.2W with 1005 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 24.8N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest
a position north and west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 50 kt NE wind
at 02 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA) and 50 kt NE wind and 1003 mb pressure at
12 UTC at 27.2N, 89.8W (HWM). "On the 9th a wireless vessel report from the
middle Gulf of Mexico indicated the presence of a disturbance of moderate
intensity in that region" (MWR).
June 10: Closed low shown in HWM at 25.5N, 91W with 1010 mb pressure at
most. The MWR tracks locate it at 23.5N, 88.5W with 1007 mb pressure (a.m.)
and 25.5N, 91.2W (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at
24.7N, 89.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just
north of HWM. Ship highlight: 35 kt E wind at 06 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W
(COA); 35 kt ENE wind at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 88.3W (HWM).
June 11: Closed low shown in HWM at 26.5N, 91W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27N, 93W (a.m.) and at 26N, 94.3W (p.m.).
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 12: Closed low shown in HWM at 27.5N, 92.5W with 1000 mb pressure at
most. The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 94.2W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and
at 28.5N, 93W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 26.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest
a position just east of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 40 kt NNE wind
and 995 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 28.4N, 92.5W (HWM). "On the morning of the
12th observations from west Gulf stations indicated that the disturbance was
apparently approaching the eastern Texas or the Louisiana coast and advices
were accordingly sent to Gulf stations and vessel interests" (MWR).
June 13: Closed low has moved inland over Louisiana as shown in HWM at
31N, 91.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at
30.7N, 90.7W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33.2N, 86.8W with 1000 mb
pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 90.8W
at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 37 kt wind at New Orleans (MWR); 1000 mb
pressure at Birmingham (MWR). "By the morning of the 13th the center had
passed inland over Louisiana causing some damage by the spreading of flood
waters; no damage however was reported to shipping" (MWR).
June 14: Closed low still inland over South Carolina is shown in HWM at
35N, 80.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with a stationary front draped
across it from WNW to ESE. (However, observations do not appear to support
such a frontal analysis.) The MWR tracks locate it at 34.7N, 80.7W with
1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 35N, 75.5W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 35.0N, 81.4W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position closest to the MWR center.
Station highlight: 42 kt wind at 0215 UTC in Atlanta (MWR); 1002 mb pressure
at 00 UTC in Montgomery (OMR). "The storm, which was of moderate intensity,
passed east-northeastward to the North Carolina coast by the evening of the
14th, causing storm winds over the south Atlantic coast warnings of which
were issued on the 14th. A severe local storm was reported near
Fayetteville, N.C., during the 14th" (MWR).
June 15: Closed low back over water in the Atlantic is shown in HWM at
35N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most. The MWR tracks locate it at
34.5N, 73.7W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 36.0N, 75.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest
a position just south and east of HURDAT. Station highlight: 4 kt E and
1005 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR) - possible central pressure.
June 16: Closed low is shown in HWM at 34N, 67.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 35.1N, 67.5W at
12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position just north and west of
HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed.
June 17: An open trough is shown in HWM, but available observations
indicate a closed low near 34.5N, 64.5W. No gale force winds (or implied by
pressure) were observed.
Major adjustments to the track on the 7th through the 10th to the north
and west are justified by ship and coastal observations. Minor changes
to the track are made from the 11th through the 16th. Additional day
added to the track on the 17th based upon ship and Bermuda observations.
Intensity increased from the 8th to the 13th based upon ship observations.
995 mb pressure from HWM ship at 12 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at
least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
utilized. 60 kt tropical storm at landfall around 05 UTC on the 13th is
consistent with high winds (42 kt in Atlanta) and low pressures (1004 mb in
Charlotte) found inland along track. This wind adjusts to 35 kt after
accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to
a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests
winds of 52, 43, 35, and 27 kt for the 13th at 06, 12, 18 UTC and 14th at
00 UTC. Peak observed winds after landfall were 35 kt (after adjustment)
at 02 UTC on the 14th. This suggests a slower than usual decay. Winds of
55, 50, 45, and 40 kt, respectively, are chosen for the intensities.
Intensity increased slightly on the 15th due to coastal observations as the
system reached the ocean.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1912/02 - 2005 REVISION:
20250 07/12/1912 M= 6 2 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20250 07/12/1912 M= 6 2 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
20255 07/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*264 711 35 0*270 718 35 0*
20255 07/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*250 740 35 0*258 745 35 0*
*** *** *** ***
20260 07/13*275 724 35 0*280 731 35 0*284 738 35 0*287 745 35 0*
20260 07/13*266 750 35 0*273 755 35 0*280 760 35 0*285 764 35 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20265 07/14*291 752 35 0*294 759 35 0*297 767 35 0*300 776 40 0*
20265 07/14*289 767 35 0*293 771 35 0*297 775 35 0*300 781 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** ***
20270 07/15*304 784 40 0*309 792 40 0*313 807 45 0*313 819 45 0*
20270 07/15*304 788 40 0*309 797 40 0*313 807 45 0*313 819 40 0*
*** *** **
20275 07/16*313 831 35 0*313 843 30 0*313 855 30 0*314 865 25 0*
20275 07/16*313 831 40 0*313 843 35 0*313 855 30 0*314 865 25 0*
** **
20280 07/17*315 875 25 0*316 884 20 0*317 893 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
20285 TS
Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather
Review_, and Dunn and Miller (1960).
July 12: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 25N, 74W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.4N,
71.1W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
July 13: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 28N, 76W. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 29.8N,
79.7W with 30.08" pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical
storm at 28.4N, 73.8W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
July 14: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 29.5N, 77.5W. The MWR tracks locate it
at 28.5N, 78.5W with 30.00" pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 80.2W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.7N,
76.7W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
July 15: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 31.5N, 80.5W. The MWR tracks locate it at
31N, 81.3W with 1014 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 83W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at
31.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 43 kt SE wind at Savannah
at 16 UTC. "The following report on the storm near the Georgia
coast is taken from notes furnished by Mr. C. J. Doherty, local forecaster,
in charge at Savannah, Ga.: A decided fall in the barometer took place on
the 14th, with increasing winds. The regular p. m. reports showed an
incipient disturbance near the Georgia coast, and high winds with unusually
rough seas prevailed at Tybee Beach during the night. The morning reports
of the 15th indicated that the storm had increased slightly in intensity.
The weather was thick and threatening, with light intermittent showers which
continued during the day and night. After midnight the wind became fresh and
gusty. A verifying velocity was attained at 7.35 a. m. of 36 miles an hour,
and thereafter the wind continue high until 10 p. m., with a maximum velocity
of 49 miles from the southeast shortly after 11 a. m. on the 15th. During
the day the displayman at Tybee reported unusually wild seas, with high winds
and swell from the southeast. Northeast storm warnings were displayed from
Jacksonville to Charleston. No material damage was reported" (MWR). "On the
evening of the 14th there was an unsettled condition off the Georgia coast,
and by the morning of the 15th pressure had fallen slightly over that region,
and a maximum wind velocity of 36 miles from the east was reported from
Charleston. Storm warnings were ordered from Charleston to Jacksonville, and
special observations were called for, but no further development was noted.
Heavy rains, however, occurred over Georgia and South Carolina" (MWR). 1912
July 14-15 ; Ga., S.C.; Minimal intensity; Center near Tybee Beach (Dunn and
Miller).
July 16: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a circulation center can
be identified inland near 31.5N, 85.5W from available ship and station
reports. The MWR tracks show the system at 31.1N, 85.7W with 1013 mb
pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 87.8W with 1012 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists
the system as a tropical depression at 31.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. Station
highlight: 40 kt SE wind at Charleston at "morning" (MWR). "... and a maximum
wind velocity of 46 miles from the southeast was reported on the morning of
the 16th from Charleston. This disturbance caused showers and thunderstorms
over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States for several days following the
16th" (MWR).
July 17: No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a possible circulation
center could be seen near 31.5N, 89.5W based upon station reports. It is
possible though that the circulation has decayed to an open trough
oriented west-east. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression
at 31.7N, 89.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
A large west shift in the track was analyzed for the 12th to the 14th based
upon available ship and coastal station reports. Intensity not altered
before landfall in Georgia. Landfall around 16 UTC on the 15th with winds
of 45 kt from HURDAT originally matches observed peak winds of 43 kt from
Savannah. (This wind adjusts to 36 kt after accounting for the high bias
of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Observed 40 kt (33 kt
true) winds early on the 16th are the reason for slightly increasing the
intensity on the 16th.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1912/03 - 2005 ADDITION:
20286 09/02/1912 M= 5 3 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20287 09/02*382 725 30 0*381 725 30 0*380 725 35 0*378 725 40 0*
20288 09/03*376 725 45 0*373 725 45 0*370 725 45 0*365 728 45 0*
20289 09/04*360 732 40 0*355 735 40 0*350 740 40 0*345 747 40 0*
20289 09/05*340 754 35 0*335 762 35 0*330 770 35 0*326 780 30 0*
20289 09/06*322 792 30 0*318 807 30 0*315 825 25 0*313 845 20 0*
20289 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC.
September 2: A low forms off of the North Carolina/Virginia coast
centered at 36.5N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.
Additional COADS observations indicate the center was farther
north. Low appears to be tropical as no frontal features are apparent
in the vicinity of the storm. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE at
38.0N, 71.0W at 21 UTC (COA).
September 3: The low was located at 37N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 37.5N, 71.5W at 13 UTC
(COA) and 15 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.2N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 4: The low was located at 35N, 73.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM. Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther east. A dissipating cold front was analyzed in HWM
to be just north of the storm, which is reasonable. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day.
September 5: The low was located at 32N, 77W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM. Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther north. Peak station observation: 32 kt E and 1015 mb
at Charleston at 22 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed for this day.
September 6: The low was located inland over Georgia at 32N, 83W with
1015 mb pressure at most from HWM. Additional data indicates the center
was somewhat farther south and east. No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) was observed for this day.
September 7: The low dissipated by the 12 UTC analysis in HWM.
The system began on the 2nd as a tropical storm, quickly reached its peak
intensity of 45 kt on the 3rd, gradually weakened over the next two days
with a decay to tropical depression stage on the 5th, made landfall early
on the 6th and dissipated by late on the 6th. Individual hourly
observations from Savannah indicate that landfall occurred just
north of Savannah around 03 UTC on the 6th. Peak observed winds at
the coast were 32 kt from Charleston at 22 UTC on the 5th. These
adjust to 28 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer
of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert
1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Additionally, the lowest pressure recorded
in Savannah was 1014 mb (00 UTC on the 6th) and in Charleston was 1015 mb
(22 UTC on the 5th). Thus the system is analyzed to have made landfall
near the Georgia/South Carolina border as a 30 kt tropical depression.
*******************************************************************************
1912/04 - 2005 REVISION:
20290 09/11/1912 M= 4 3 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
20290 09/10/1912 M= 6 4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** * * ***
(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20292 09/10* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 840 30 0*290 843 35 0*
20295 09/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*290 841 60 0*288 843 60 0*
20295 09/11*290 845 40 0*290 848 45 0*290 850 50 0*289 852 55 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
20300 09/12*286 845 65 0*285 848 70 0*283 854 70 0*282 857 70 0*
20300 09/12*287 854 60 0*286 857 65 0*285 860 70 0*285 863 75 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
20305 09/13*281 862 70 0*280 867 70 0*280 872 70 0*283 876 70 0*
20305 09/13*286 867 80 0*288 871 80 0*290 875 80 0*293 878 75 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20310 09/14*292 880 70 0*304 884 65 0*318 888 50 0*350 885 30 0*
20310 09/14*297 881 70 0*301 883 65 0*308 885 50 0*318 885 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
20312 09/15*330 885 35 0*350 885 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20315 HR AL1
20315 HR AL1AFL1
****
Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_,
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
September 6-9: Beginning on the 6th of September as storm 1912/03 was inland
over Georgia, a trough of low pressure formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
This trough appears to be a separate entity to storm 1912/03 or its remnants.
The trough remained in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from the 6th through
the 9th, though it did not seem possible to close off a well-defined
center of circulation. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 10: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 84.5W with 1010 mb
pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W for both a.m.
and p.m. Available observations indicate that the center indicated in MWR
is most reasonable. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
September 11: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 28.5N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W (a.m.) and at
27N, 87W (p.m.). (The MWR tracks then keep this system stationary until the
13th p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 84.1W at
12 UTC. Available observations indicate that the center was likely west
of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
September 12: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W at both a.m.
and p.m. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W
at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was likely just
north and west of HURDAT's position. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed. "The period of 6 days from the 7th to 12th was
noteworthy for excessive rains on the west coast of Florida, Tampa, receiving
13.71 inches, Pinellas Park 15.31, and Cedar Keys 23.15 inches" (MWR). "From
the 6th to the 13th conditions were unsettled off the east Gulf coast and
reports from land stations as well as those from vessels by wireless
indicated the existence of a disturbance of slight intensity in that region.
On the afternoon of the 12th, special observations indicated that the storm
was increasing in intensity" (MWR).
September 13: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1000 mb
pressure at most. The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W (a.m.) and at
28N, 87.5W with 1002 mb pressure (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: 70 kt wind
and 982 mb pressure from the barkentine Golden Rod near 29.4W, 87.2W at
03 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 41 kt at Pensacola at 22 UTC (HWM).
Available observations suggest a position north and just west of HURDAT.
"The barkentine Golden Rod ... encountered the storm off Cape San Blas
on the night of the 12th. The squalls grew more frequent and severe and at
night he was driven along before them under bare poles, passing about 60 miles
south of Pensacola at 11 p.m., when his barometer fell to 29 inches [982 mb].
He [the captain] said the squalls were terrific and the ship remained over on
her beam ends during the height of the storm" (MWR).
September 14: A closed low is indicated in HWM near 30N, 89W with 1005 mb
pressure at most and with an ill-defined warm front to the north and west of
the system. (The frontal analysis appears suspect.) The MWR tracks have the
center at 31.5N, 88.5W with 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33N, 92.5W (p.m.)
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.
Station highlight: 64 kt SE wind at 0600 UTC and 1003 mb pressure at 0730
UTC at Pensacola (MWR); 45 kt SE wind at 0850 UTC and 995 mb pressure at
0830 UTC at Mobile (MWR). Available observations suggest a center south and
just east from HURDAT. "[At Pensacola on the 13th] fifty-three miles
from the southeast was registered at 7.18 p. m., 50 southeast at
8.14 p. m., 59 southeast at 9.21 p. m., with an extreme 62 miles;
58 southeast at 10.57 p. m., and 58 southeast at 11.56 p. m. ...
at 7 p. m., the tide was 1 foot above normal. On the 14th extremely
severe southeast squalls continued to 7 a. m., reaching 68 miles southeast
at 12.24 a. m., and 74 southeast at 2 a. m., with an extreme velocity of
86 miles at 1.58 a. m. The next squall, at 2.26 a. m., carried away the
anemometer, which had worked loose on its stand. The anemometer record was
started again at 8.26 a. m. It was the general opinion that the squall at
2 a. m. was the hardest, but the severe squalls of about 60 miles continued
to 6 a. m., south winds prevailing after 3 a. m. ... Pressure fell to 29.62
inches [1003 mb] at 2.30 a. m., then began rising rapidly, reaching 30 inches
[1016 mb] at 9 p. m. ... The tide during the night of the 13th-14th rose 2 feet
above normal high water, the waves were about 4 feet high, and the wind
carried the spray over the American National Bank Building ... Beginning at
Pensacola entrance and making a circuit of Pensacola Bay, the following damage
by the storm was observed: Fishing smack Two Boys ashore. The tracks of the
Pensacola Electric Co. were undermined for a distance of about 1,200 feet
immediately south of Bayou Grande: also about 1,000 feet on Maine Street;
their tracks were also inundated by high tide at the corner of Intendencia
Street and Ninth Avenue. Private wharves along the bay shore from Fort
Barrancas to Baylen Street were generally carried away, together with numerous
small houses for fishermens equipment. The entire beach was strewn with
timber and about 20 barges went ashore; only a few barges remained at anchor
and retained their cargoes of lumber. The British SS. Meltonian, moored along
the east side of Perdido Wharf, broke away and went aground on Rat Island...
One of them [coal barges] damaged the steamer Edna C, the quartermasters
steam yacht Page, and rammed and sank the revenue cutter Penrose. At
Jefferson Street Wharf a house-lighter sank with a cargo of naval stores.
Traffic over the L. & N. R. R. was suspended for about 18 hours on account
of the damage to the bridge by being rammed with rafts of timber. The west
end of the roof of Monarch Pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was blown off and a
portion of the southeast corner of the roof of the Gulf Beacon Inn was torn
off by the gales. The British S. S. Conniston went ashore about 75 miles
east of Pensacola. The fishing smack Isabelle went ashore about 12 miles
west of Pensacola entrance...The damage by wind throughout the city was
slight. The Western Union lines went down during the night and were out of
order until 1 p. m. of the 14th. Electric light circuits were cut off
about 1 a. m. of the 14th. Telephone lines to the navy yard were blown
down...The estimated damage by tide and waves in Pensacola is $23,500, and
by winds $1,500" (MWR). "The storm that passed inland from the Gulf on the
night of September 13-14, with its center probably not over 20 miles west of
Mobile, was much less destructive than several other storms recorded in the
meteorological history of Mobile. The short duration of the high winds, the
comparatively low accompanying tides, and the absence of heavy rainfall for
an extended period tended to lessen its disastrous effects...The tides in
Mobile River had been abnormally low, but during the east and southeast winds
rose rapidly, and reached the level of the top of the lowest wharves at about
4.30 a. m. ... A maximum rate of 32 miles and hour was attained at 2.50 a. m.,
and the highest velocity, 52 miles an hour, at 3.50 a. m. No high winds
occurred after 6 a. m. On September 14 east winds prevailed from 1.30 a. m.
to 3.15 a.m., and were followed by southeast winds changing to south at
4.45 a. m. At Pascagoula, Miss., about 35 miles southwest of Mobile, the
wind backed from northeast to southwest, and the highest wind was from the
northwest. The wind did not reach dangerous velocities at Gulfport, Miss.,
or other storm warning stations farther west...A rapid fall began after
midnight; the lowest atmospheric pressure, 29.37 inches [995 mb], occurred at
3.30 a. m., the pressure remaining almost stationary for half an hour, and
then rising steadily until 29.65 inches [1004 mb] was reached at 8 a. m. on the
14th. The loss of property in the city of Mobile from the high winds is
estimated at $8,000. A church, a very weak structure, on the corner of
Delaware and Cedar Streets, was blown down, as were also some business signs
and many fences. The wire systems also sustained considerable damage. The
loss to vessels in the bay and river is estimated at $4,000. The larger
vessels had been made fast with extra cables, and many of the smaller vessels
had ascended the river to places of safety. The principal loss to shipping
interests was a barge, valued at $2,000, which was lost in Mobile Bay, and
the steamboat National, which sank in shallow water about 3 miles up the
river. During the storm a watchman on a barge fell overboard and was drowned"
(MWR). "1912 Sep 13; Pensacola; Minimal intensity; Center moved W of Mobile...
1912 Sep 13-14; Mobile; Minor intensity; Tide 5.2 ft above MLW" (Dunn and
Miller). "Estimated lowest pressure 29.32" [993 mb]" (Connor). AL
Category 1 hurricane, no central pressure provided (Jarrell et al.).
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion
(Ho et al. 1987).
September 15: The system appears to have dissipated in HWM by 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks indicated the system was at 38.2N, 85.5W with 1010 mb pressure
(a.m.) and at 42N, 74.5W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.). (MWR Tracks also
gave a 16th a.m. position of 40.5N, 69W with 1006 mb pressure.)
Genesis of this system is begun a day early, due to evidence from HWM and
COADS data of a closed circulation. Track has minor alterations from the
11th to the 14th to better match available observations. Additional
half day added on the 15th for more realistic translational velocity at
end of track and to better match observations of the decaying system.
Intensity slightly reduced on the 11th and 12th to accommodate weak surface
observations, which is also in accordance with MWR assessment. Intensity
chosen to peak at 80 kt on the 13th over the Gulf of Mexico, rather than
70 kt originally, due to 982 mb peripheral pressure report. (This supports
winds of at least 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.)
However, landfall of this system as a weaker hurricane (winds 65 kt) as
originally found in HURDAT is supported by available wind data as well as
observations of modest wind-caused damages primarily in Pensacola. The peak
observed 5 min winds of 64 kt convert to about 53 kt after accounting for
bias of that era's anemometer (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and going to a
maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Landfall as a minimal hurricane
is also consistent with the assessment by Connor of central pressure near
993 mb. (This pressure would suggest maximum 1 min winds of 58 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Thus no changes are made to the
intensity around the time of U.S. landfall around 08 UTC on the 14th
of a 65 kt Category 1 hurricane. Category 1 conditions are the same as that
listed in HURDAT/Neumann et al., though Northwest Florida (AFL) is added
as experiencing hurricane conditions. It appears that the peak
winds for this system were likely found between Pensacola and Mobile, so that
the radius of maximum winds for this system were somewhere between 40 and
60 nmi. After landfall, a run of the inland decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria
1995) suggests winds of 50 kt, 37 kt and 29 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th
and 00 UTC on the 15th. Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these
synoptic times were: 42 kt, 41 kt, and 32 kt. Winds in HURDAT are thus
increased from 30 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, but kept at 50 kt at 12 UTC as higher
winds may have been present though not observed. Highest observed storm
tide was 2' in Pensacola from MWR.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1912/05 - 2005 REVISION:
20320 10/04/1912 M= 6 4 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20320 10/03/1912 M= 8 5 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * ***
(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
20322 10/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E285 885 30 0E286 872 30 0*
20325 10/04* 0 0 0 0*283 768 50 0*294 764 50 0*300 759 55 0*
20325 10/04E287 858 30 0E288 844 30 0E290 830 30 0E292 814 30 0*
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
20330 10/05*306 754 55 0*311 751 60 0*316 749 65 0*321 746 70 0*
20330 10/05E294 796 35 0E297 778 40 0E310 760 45 0E313 750 50 0*
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
20335 10/06*325 744 70 0*329 744 75 0*332 750 75 0*331 753 80 0*
20335 10/06*316 744 55 0*318 741 65 0*320 740 75 0*322 743 80 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
20340 10/07*327 757 80 0*323 760 80 0*321 758 80 0*320 751 80 0*
20340 10/07*324 749 80 0*323 755 80 0*321 758 80 0*320 755 80 0*
*** *** *** ***
20345 10/08*319 743 75 0*321 734 75 0*324 724 75 0*326 716 70 0*
20345 10/08*319 749 75 0*321 742 75 0*324 735 75 0*326 726 70 0*
*** *** *** ***
20350 10/09*327 708 60 0*327 699 55 0*329 690 35 0*333 677 25 0*
20350 10/09*327 717 60 0*327 708 50 0*329 700 40 0*331 695 35 0*
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20352 10/10*334 692 30 0*337 691 30 0*340 690 30 0*345 690 25 0*
20355 HR
Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
September 30-October 2: Moderate cold front pushed into the Gulf of
Mexico. While the HWM showed a closed low on the 1st and 2nd, evidence
from observations for this is inconclusive. "On September 27 a moderate
depression (Brownsville 29.92 inches [1013 mb]) appeared at the mouth of the
Rio Grande. It moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico in an east-northeast
direction without any material increase in intensity" (MWR).
October 3: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 28.5N, 88.5W
with 1012 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward
and a warm front extending eastward from the center. No gale force winds (or
implied from pressures) were observed.
October 4: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 29N, 83W with
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a
warm front extending eastward from the center. HURDAT listed this as a
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 29.4N, 76.4W. Available observations suggest
a position just east of HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed. "[The storm] crossed the Florida Peninsula on
October 4" (MWR).
October 5: HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 32N, 75W with
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and warm
fronts extending eastward from the center. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 74.9W. Available observations suggest a
center south and west of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
October 6: HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 76W with 1010 mb
pressure at most and with weakening frontal features. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.2N, 75.0W. Available observations
indicate a center south and west of HURDAT. Station highlight: 40 kt N at
Cape Hatteras (MWR). Ship highlight: 45 kt NNE wind at 12 UTC at
32.7N, 79.6W (HWM) and four other ship reports of 45 kt). "[The storm] then
followed a sharp turn to the north-northeastward with rapidly increasing
intensity attendant upon a change in direction to the northward" (MWR).
October 7: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 76W with 1005 mb
pressure at most as a non-baroclinic closed low. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 75.8W. Ship highlight: 996 mb
pressure and 50 kt E wind at 05 UTC at 32.5N, 74.5W (MWR/COA) and two other
ship reports of 50 kt. "On the evening of October 6 the storm was
central about 350 miles east of Charleston, S. C., a vessel observation in
that locality showing a barometer reading of 29.42 inches [996 mb]" (MWR).
October 8: HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 72.5W with 1005 mb
pressure at most as a closed low. A new cold front approached the storm from
the north and west and was located a couple hundred miles away. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 72.4W. Available
observations indicate a center west of HURDAT. Ship highlight: 1001 mb
pressure and 50 kt W wind at 05 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA); 1000 mb pressure
and 50 kt W wind at 09 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA). "Heavy rains and winds of
hurricane force attended the storm which continued north-northeastward with
slowly decreasing intensity" (MWR).
October 9: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 69W as a closed low with
1015 mb pressure at most and a weakening stationary front extending from near
the center off to the northeast. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
12 UTC at 32.9N, 69.0W. Available observations indicate a center west of
HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"...it was lost somewhere between the North Carolina coast and the island of
Bermuda" (MWR).
October 10: System not indicated in HWM, but available observations place
a center near 34N, 69W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
Genesis for this system is begun on the 3rd as a weak extratropical storm
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, rather than on the 4th as a tropical storm
in the Atlantic east of Florida. Available observations indicated that the
system moved eastward with little change in intensity through the 5th. This
is consistent with the assessment in the Monthly Weather Review. The storm
appears to have both attained a tropical cyclone structure and intensified
early on the 6th. Thus intensity reduced on the 4th and 5th and system
is indicated as an extratropical system in the revision for these dates.
Minor changes in the location of the system was included for most of
its lifetime, except for the 4th where translation of the system from
the west is indicated rather than formation just north of the Bahamas.
No direct observations of hurricane force winds were obtained which
would have substantiated HURDAT's listing of this system as peaking as
a Category 1 hurricane. However, the MWR indicated "winds of hurricane
force" were found on the 8th, though these could not be confirmed in either
HWM or COADS. Several 50 kt reports were found on the 7th through the 8th
and a low pressure of 996 mb on the 7th suggests winds of at least 55 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Thus maintaining this
system as a minimal hurricane would appear prudent. Enough evidence was
found on the 10th to extend the track for this system an additional day,
though it was only of tropical depression status at the time.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1912/06 - 2005 REVISION:
20360 10/11/1912 M= 7 5 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
20360 10/11/1912 M= 8 6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* * *** *
20365 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*196 807 60 0*197 817 65 0*
20365 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*185 807 35 0*189 815 35 0*
*** ** *** *** **
20370 10/12*198 826 70 0*199 836 75 0*201 845 75 0*203 854 80 0*
20370 10/12*193 823 40 0*197 831 45 0*201 840 50 0*205 850 55 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
20375 10/13*205 864 80 0*208 873 85 0*210 882 85 0*213 890 85 0*
20375 10/13*209 861 60 0*212 872 50 0*215 882 45 0*217 890 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
20380 10/14*215 897 85 0*218 903 85 0*221 910 85 0*224 918 85 0*
20380 10/14*218 897 55 0*219 903 60 0*221 910 65 0*224 918 70 0*
*** ** *** ** ** **
20385 10/15*228 926 85 0*232 933 85 0*238 941 85 0*243 949 85 0*
20385 10/15*228 926 75 0*232 933 80 0*238 941 85 0*244 949 85 0*
** ** ***
20390 10/16*250 956 80 0*255 962 80 0*262 968 75 0*268 972 70 0*
20390 10/16*251 957 85 0*258 964 85 0*265 970 85 0*271 974 85 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20395 10/17*273 976 65 0*279 980 50 0*286 982 30 0*292 969 25 0*
20395 10/17*277 976 50 0*283 977 40 0*288 978 30 0*292 977 25 0*
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
20397 10/18*295 975 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20400 HRATX1
20400 HRATX2
****
Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
October 7 to 10: A strong wave moved through the Lesser Antilles and into
the Caribbean Sea, as indicated by wind shifts, pressure drops and rainfall
amounts. Highest daily rainfall amount indicated was 1.82" for 24 hours
up to 12 UTC on the 8th in San Juan (HWM). From the _St. Kitts Daily
Express_, 8 October 1912, courtesy of Michael Chenoweth: "Yesterday was a
day of rain. Copious showers fell all day and business in nearly all
departments was at a standstill." However, a closed circulation was not
evident, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or pressure
equivalents).
October 11: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 80W with pressure
at most 1005 mb. However, observations do not completely support a closed
circulation, though data near the southerly side of the system are lacking.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.6N, 80.7W. Available
observations suggest a center between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 12: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 20N, 84W with pressure
at most 1005 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
20.1N, 84.5W. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate a center at
19.5N, 86.5W with 999 mb pressure (p.m.). Available observations suggest
that HWM is the most reasonable center. Ship highlight: 35 kt E wind at
23.5N, 82.5W at 09 UTC (COA), 999 mb pressure near 21N, 86W (MWR). "A week
later [October 12] it was off the eastern coast of Yucatan, with reported
barometer readings of 29.50 inches [999 mb]" (MWR).
October 13: HWM depicts a closed low near 21N, 87.5W with pressure at most
1005 mb. A stationary front is depicted to the north of the system in
HWM, which could have been extended westward to just south of Brownsville,
Texas. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 21.0N,
88.2W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 20.5N, 89W and pressure 998 mb
(a.m.) and 23N, 89.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a position
just north of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 23.6N, 88.3W
at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 1004 mb pressure at Merida at 12 UTC
(HWM).
October 14: HWM depicts a closed low near 22.5N, 90W with pressure at most
1005 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 22.1N,
91.0W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 24N, 91.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 94W
(p.m.). A dissipating stationary front is depicted in the HWM north of the
system, though it appears that the temperature contrast was still quite
strong and the front should have been extended to south of Brownsville,
Texas. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 15: HWM depicts a closed low near 24.5N, 94W with pressure at most
1000 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 23.8N,
94.1W. The MWR Tracks locate a center at 25N, 94W (a.m.) and 25N, 95W
(p.m.) with 1008 mb pressure. While no frontal boundary was depicted in
HWM, there does appear to be a significant front just north of the
storm. However, while data are sparse near the storm's center, the system is
likely to still be a tropical cyclone. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
October 16: HWM depicts a closed low on the coast near the border of Texas
and Mexico near 26N, 97W with pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT lists this as
a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 96.8W (just offshore). The MWR
Tracks locate a center at just offshore at 26N, 97W (a.m.) with 996 mb
pressure and inland at 27.5N, 97.5W (p.m.). The previously mentioned frontal
feature - still not depicted in HWM - is likely dissipating at this time,
though temperatures themselves are still quite cool. Station highlight:
48 kt wind and 996 mb pressure at Brownsville at "morning" (MWR).
"... at the morning observation of October 16, [Corpus Christi] reporting a
barometer reading (reduced to sea level) of 29.86 inches [1011 mb] and
[Brownsville] 29.40 inches [996 mb]. In the meantime a steady rain set in
along the entire Texas coast and the weather continue squally, with high
tides and approaching the mouth of the Rio Grande ... On Wednesday,
October 16, the storm moved inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville ...
the steamship Nicaragua ... foundered on October 16 about 100 miles southeast
of Corpus Christi. The following is an extract from the report of this
storm, made by Mr. Joseph L. Cline, local forecaster, in charge of the
Weather Bureau office at Corpus Christi: ... Northerly winds prevailed for
several days at this station, shifting to the east on October 16. the
maximum wind velocity was 30 miles from the north on the 14th and 37 miles
from the north on the 15th. On the 16th storm velocities prevailed from
12.03 a. m. to 8.18 a. m., with a maximum velocity of 51 miles from the
north at 4.10 a. m., and from 6.32 p. m. to 7.46 p. m. 110th a maximum
velocity of 40 miles from the southeast at 7.05 p. m. The wind lulled and
shifted to the southwest during the night of October 16-17. Rain fell from
4.57 a. m. to 7.14 p. m. of October 15, and from 7.52 p. m. of the 15th to
5.33 p. m. of October 16. the total amount was 3.99 inches of which
3.33 inches fell in 22 hours and 50 minutes from 4.31 p. m. of the 15th.
The barometric pressure remained above 30 inches [1016 mb] until the
afternoon of October 15, when it commenced falling and continued to fall
until the afternoon of the 16th, reaching the lowest, 29.75 inches [1007 mb]
about 5 p. m. Moderately high tides were reported on the morning of
October 16, doing several hundred dollars damage to property on Harbor
Island and nearly $1,000 damage to the municipal wharf now under
construction at this place. Considerable damage was reported from Point
Isabel near Brownsville, Tex. No other damage was reported, except the
sinking of the steamer Nicaragua in the Gulf of Mexico east of Padre
Island, or southeast of Corpus Christi, on the morning of October 16.
This boat sailed from Tampico, Mex., October 11 for Port Arthur, Tex.,
loaded with cotton and miscellaneous freight valued at $20,000. It had
length of 286 feet and a net tonnage of 310 tons and was owned by the Cia
Consolidita de Maderas, of Tampico, Mex. The crew consisted of 27 men.
Capt. E. Eschevarra and 12 members of his crew were picked up in the Gulf of
Mexico by members of the United States life-saving station at Port Aransas,
Tex., on the afternoon of October 22. They were in two lifeboats. The
captain believes that six of the crew were lost at the time the vessel
foundered and that the others may still be drifting in lifeboats somewhere
along the south Texas shore line. (Sinking of Nicaragua taken from newspaper
reports.) [End of Cline's report.] Considerable damage was caused along the
Texas coast between Rockport and Brownsville by wind and tide. Padre and
Brazos Islands were reported submerged for several hours and a number of
buildings were washed away. At Point Isabel, a fishing station about
22 miles from Brownsville, the damage to buildings and fishing boats is
estimated at $7,000. At Brownsville several windmills were wrecked, trees
were blown down, and poorly constructed buildings more or less damaged. No
loss of life was reported. The total damage, however, is insignificant when
compared with the benefits resulting from the heavy rains accompanying this
storm. About two-thirds of the entire area of Texas received a copious
supply of moisture, the amounts ranging from 1 to over 5 inches, which not
only relieved the droughty conditions existing in many localities, but also
prepared the ground for fall plowing and sowing. By far the greater portion
of the moisture soaked into the ground as evidenced by an extremely small
run-off. The heaviest rainfall occurred at Brownsville, where the total
amount from this storm measured 8.26 inches, and in a large number of
localities northward as far as Corsicana the amounts ranged from 4 to 5
inches ... the highest wind velocities reported were 55 miles an hour at
Brownsville, Tex." (MWR). "Oct 15 1912; Ft. Point (GLS) 1.8 ft; (Connor).
"1912; Oct. 15-16; Lower coast of Texas; Minimal damage; Damage $28,000 (Dunn
and Miller). "1912 October 16 Hurricane with winds of 100 mph struck central
Padre Island [estimated, not observed] ... In Brownsville, the Herald
complained that the tropical storm was not tropical enough. They wrote 'On the
contrary it was a blue norther cold wet rain of the damp chilly variety so
familiar to the people in the semi-arctic regions around San Antonio and
Austin.' At Point Isabel, a number of buildings were wrecked and several boats
were capsized. The tide rose about six feet in less than four hours and the
rain fell non-stop day and night. The oldest inhabitant said he had never
seen such a storm" (Ellis). This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.
The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was
Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987). TXA1 [South Texas Coast], no
central pressure given (Jarrell et al.).
October 17: HWM depicts a closed low inland 29.5N, 97.5W with pressure at
most 1010 mb. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at
28.6N, 98.2W (inland). The MWR Tracks locate a center inland at 28N, 98W
(a.m.) with 1010 mb pressure and at 30N, 96.5W (p.m.) with pressure 1009 mb.
Station highlight: 35 kt SE wind at Corpus Christi at 0005 UTC (MWR).
"[The storm was] decreasing rapidly in energy and breaking up on October 17
as an independent storm with general and heavy rains over the eastern
two-thirds of Texas" (MWR).
October 18-20: HWM and available observations suggest that the system
dissipated late on the 17th. HURDAT did the same. The MWR Tracks, however,
continued to track a remnant center: 33.8N, 94.5W with 1008 mb pressure on
18th a.m.; 32N, 88W with 1009 mb pressure at 18th p.m.; 31.2N, 85.5W with
1012 mb pressure at 19th a.m.; 30N, 84.2W with 1011 mb pressure at 19th p.m.;
27.7N, 84.7W (back over the Gulf) with 1011 mb pressure at 20th a.m.
Minor changes to the track from the 11th to the 13th and the 16th and 17th
are primarily based upon HWM and COA data. Track extended until 00 UTC on
the 18th to match available data and for a more realistic (slower)
translational velocity at the last point in HURDAT. Intensity is reduced
from the 11th to the 13th based on data that indicates that the system
did not reach hurricane strength until the getting back over the Gulf of
Mexico. Winds also reduced on the 13th and 14th after landfall in the Yucatan
of Mexico, which was not accounted for in the original HURDAT. No direct
measures of hurricane force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed
for this system. The peak observations were 48 kt of wind and 996 mb
pressure measured in Brownsville, Texas. (The 996 mb peripheral pressure
measurement suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship.) However, the 6' storm tide and inundation
at Padre and Brazos Islands suggests landfall of a low-end Category 2
hurricane (~85 kt) in southern coastal Texas around 1800 UTC on the 16th.
This is an increase from the Category 1 assessment at landfall by Jarrell
et al. and Neumann et al., but is the same as the 85 kt shown originally in
HURDAT. A issue arose as to whether this system was or evolved into an
extratropical storm at any point. Evidence is clear until the 14th that
it was definitely a tropical cyclone. However, the data is ambiguous on
the 15th and 16th. It was decided to retain the system as a tropical cyclone
on these dates in part because of the rise in temperature at Brownsville by
8F (56F to 64F) from 12 UTC 15th to 12 UTC 16th, even though the winds
remained out of the northwest. This suggested that both the temperature
contrast of the existed frontal feature was decaying in addition to the
arrival of a warm core system. Thus the system is retained as a tropical
cyclone throughout its lifetime. Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model, this suggests winds of 58, 44, and 35 kt for the 00, 06,
and 12 UTC on the 17th. Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of
these synoptic times were 35 kt, 32 kt, and 20 kt, respectively. It
appears that this system filled faster than what the model would suggest,
though the data coverage was (as usual) somewhat sparse near the system's
center. Winds are chosen to be 50, 40, and 30 kt, respectively. Peak
observed storm tide was 6' at Point Isabel (Ellis).
*******************************************************************************
1912/07 - 2005 REVISION:
20405 11/11/1912 M=15 6 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
20405 11/11/1912 M=11 7 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
** * ***
20410 11/11* 0 0 0 0*112 790 35 0*114 800 35 0*117 803 35 0*
20410 11/11* 0 0 0 0*112 797 35 0*114 800 35 0*117 803 35 0*
***
20415 11/12*119 805 35 0*122 807 35 0*124 807 35 0*126 806 35 0*
20415 11/12*119 805 35 0*122 807 35 0*124 807 40 0*126 806 45 0*
** **
20420 11/13*128 805 35 0*130 804 35 0*131 803 35 0*132 802 35 0*
20420 11/13*128 805 50 0*130 804 55 0*131 803 60 0*132 802 65 0*
** ** ** **
20425 11/14*132 801 35 0*132 801 40 0*133 800 40 0*135 799 45 0*
20425 11/14*132 801 70 0*132 801 70 0*133 800 70 0*134 799 70 0*
** ** ** *** **
20430 11/15*138 798 50 0*141 797 60 0*144 796 65 0*148 796 70 0*
20430 11/15*135 798 70 0*137 797 70 0*140 796 70 0*145 796 75 0*
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
20435 11/16*152 798 80 0*157 799 85 0*160 800 95 0*168 800 100 0*
20435 11/16*150 798 80 0*155 799 85 0*160 800 90 0*163 800 95 0*
*** *** ** ***
20440 11/17*165 798 105 0*168 797 115 0*170 795 120 0*173 792 125 0*
20440 11/17*165 798 100 0*168 797 100 0*171 795 100 0*174 792 100 0*
*** *** *** *** *** ***
20445 11/18*176 787 130 0*178 784 130 0*181 782 130 0*188 777 130 0*
20445 11/18*177 789 100 0*180 786 100 0*183 784 100 965*184 781 85 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20450 11/19*191 780 125 0*187 787 125 0*184 793 120 0*183 797 115 0*
20450 11/19*185 775 80 0*187 765 75 0*190 757 70 0*189 760 65 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20455 11/20*182 800 110 0*180 804 105 0*179 808 100 0*181 811 95 0*
20455 11/20*187 767 60 0*185 780 55 0*183 793 50 0*182 803 45 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
20460 11/21*185 812 85 0*192 810 85 0*200 805 75 0*209 796 75 0*
20460 11/21*181 810 40 0*180 815 35 0*180 820 30 0*180 825 25 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20465 11/22*219 785 70 0*233 773 70 0*252 762 70 0*275 751 65 0*
20470 11/23*299 744 65 0*323 738 65 0*346 729 65 0*369 714 65 0*
20475 11/24*391 690 65 0E413 658 60 0E435 620 60 0E455 575 55 0*
20480 11/25E473 518 55 0E489 451 50 0E504 375 45 0E520 300 45 0*
20485 HR
Major changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_,
Hall (1913), Mitchell (1924), Tannehill (1956), Perez (2000), and
and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal
Resena Meteorologica.
November 6-9: HWM observations show lowered pressures (by up to 4 mb)
occurred throughout the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th, but without
a closed circulation. Despite this, HWM analyzed a closed center near
14N, 67W on the 7th; 15N, 70W on the 8th; and 14N, 68W on the 9th.
A severe squall impacted Trinidad on the 9th (see details extracted from
the _Trinidad Mirror_, provided by Mike Chenoweth). It was investigated
to see whether either the HWM closed circulation and/or the squall in
Trinidad had any direct association with storm #7. However, surface
observations from HWM, COADS and newspaper accounts show no closed
circulation existed from the 6th through the 9th, though the data is sparse
away from the Lesser Antilles. While the wave that went through the
Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th may have been associated with the
tropical disturbance that later formed into a tropical storm on the 11th,
it appears unlikely that the squall that impacted Trinidad on the 9th had
any direct association with the subsequent tropical cyclone.
"There was a severe depression of the barometer here Wednesday night [6th]
but happily nothing came of this warning. We have been getting some heavy
showers of rain since Sunday." (_Dominica Guardian_, Friday, Nov. 8, 1912 -
provided by Mike Chenoweth). The Grenada Chronicle and Gazette newspaper
mentions nothing of the system (provided by Mike Chenoweth). _Trinidad
Mirror_, Monday, 11 November 1912 "HEAVY SQUALL IN THE GULF! MANY
VESSELS DAMAGED, SEVERAL SUNK, No Human Casualties
An old mariner told one of our representatives on Saturday that in
all his local experience in the Gulf, which extended over more than thirty
years, he had never known of such a sharp squall as that which occurred at
about 5 a.m. on Saturday morning. For the past week there were many
indications of bad weather; vivid sheet lightning, slight winds, and some
rains alternated, in the meantime the barometer sinking continuously. Among
local shipowners and others who had business with the sea this occasioned
at first some serious apprehension and efforts were made to put every thing
in ship shape, ready for any eventuality. Since last week, as already
stated, the barometer was exceedingly low and on Thursday last we were
informed that it was seen at its lowest (locally) for the past ten years.
Nothing untoward having occurred, however, apprehension was cast aside and
people were lulled into a sense of security and began to pursue their
wonted course. Friday night was rather gloomy and there were sharp flashes
of distant lightning from a very early hour on Saturday morning. Then at
about 5 o'clock, the lightning increased and the south-west wind began to
rise. The latter increased in violence as a slight rain began falling and
the sea began to rise. It rose in mountainous, huge, towering billows,
thundering against the wharves and jetties, sending up masses of water
topped with wavy plumes of angry spray and banging and bashing and
battering all the craft moored alongside, soon making driftwood of many of
them.The tug Edith of the Trinidad Shipping and Trading Company, which was
moored against the St. Vincent Street Jetty, seeing the great danger and
the damage that was occurring, kept up a shrill wailing with her siren in
order to arouse mariners and apprise them of the state of affairs. People
hearing the whistles all over the town, seeing the lightning and rain and
feeling the wind, began to get rather uncomfortable, and made up their
minds to experience a bad time of it, but nothing worse occurred. Several
boat and lighter owners, of course, hastened to the wharves to see what was
up, while several others did not make any stir owing to the fact that
November is not considered a hurricane month. It must be borne in mind that
though we in Trinidad have been visited with no marine misfortunes of any
appreciable magnitude within the last 50 years or so, still it is the
custom, as is the case also all over the West Indies, to look our for bad
weather from about 25 June to October 25, and we are told that in some of
the Northern Islands at the latter date, the people unite in public
thanksgiving for having passed that trying time of the year without any
mishaps. November 8, therefore was not thought to be a likely date for bad
weather and as a consequence lighters were heedlessly moored alongside the
wharves, barges were anchored near to lighters and boats and particularly
none but the most elementary precautions were observed as the lightermen
and others, left the boats on Friday night. As a result when the winds blew
and the seas rose, a scene which almost beggars description was witnessed
by those who were either on the wharves or in the snug security of the
coastal and other steamers and vessels near by or out at their moorings a
safe distance away. Boats, barges, and lighters dragged at their anchors
and strained at their moorings. They banged and cannoned against each
other, creating a fearful din and doing great damage. Spars were broken and
fell overboard, bowsprits snapped off, while others served as rams which
stove in their neighbors, making big holes into which the fierce seething
waves impetuously flowed, soon filling and finally engulfing the vessels....
....We know as a fact that a boat belonging to Messrs. J. T. Hamlyn & Sons,
which for many years has been used in going off to the lighters at their
moorings in rough weather, capsized with five men aboard, some of whom had
a very narrow escape from a watery grave. Another boat carrying four oars
with seven men aboard was then sent out to assist in rescuing the people,
but this one also got swamped. The squall began to subside about 9:30 a.m.
.... The weather moderated about 11 a.m. and at about mid-day the gulf had
practically assumed its normal condition."
[large list of losses and other details of damages done are omitted]
The same day's paper on another page carried news from San Fernando, Trinidad.
"HEAVY WEATHER IN THE GULF FLATS DAMAGED AND SUNK, GALLANT RESCUE WORK BY
SERGEANT RILEY AND HIS MEN. NO LIVES LOST. DAMAGE TO FLATS AND GOODS
ESTIMATED AT $6,000.
San Fernando woke on Saturday morning to find that much damage had
been done in the Gulf by heavy winds....
THE SQUALL
At about 5:30 a.m. on Saturday the sea was calm as usual though the
sky was a bit cloudy and the air worst [sic]. But about ten minutes or so
after a strong southwesterly wind began blowing and conditions were
immediately upset. A squall set in. Boats and lighters were tossed about
vigorously, the launch Guapo was constantly beating against the jetty...The
sea was rough and rowing difficult and dangerous, for as the boat attempted
to go forward it seemed that the angry waves would upset her. [were able to
save men on flat going down] On the way back they saw two fisherman in the
water clinging on their capsized boats. These men were also taken in and
brought to shore." [Other accounts of damages follow].
The Trinidad Mirror, Tuesday, November 12, 1912
"The squall which wrought such havoc to the gulf on Saturday morning was not
confined to Trinidad solely as the Dutch mail steamer Prins der
Nederlandern, which arrived here yesterday morning coming from Curacao via
Venezuelan posts reports that La Guayra was left on Friday evening about
half three o'clock and there was a heavy swell along the coast until about
midnight when it began to blow a gale which lasted about four hours.
Evidently the squall which struck this steamer is the same one which struck
the gulf about five o'clock, the duration being about the same length of
time, as matters began to quiet down in the gulf four hours after the start."
[Further damage reports follow concerning the storm at Port of Spain on
Saturday, and clean-up efforts]
(The above extracts from Trinidad papers provided by Mike Chenoweth.)
November 10: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 71.5W with pressure
at most 1010 mb. However, observations do not support a closed circulation,
though data near the southerly, westerly and easterly sides of the system
are lacking. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
November 11: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 75.5W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC
at 11.4N, 80.0W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed. "The first was a tropical disturbance of
which the first reported indications were violent thunderstorms on the
11th over the island of Jamaica. During the 11th and 12th radiograms
from vessels in the Caribbean Sea east of Nicaragua showed falling
pressure" (MWR).
November 12: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
12.4N, 80.7W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
November 13: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 79W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
13.1N, 80.3W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM. Ship highlight: 992 mb at 13N, 80W
(MWR). "On the 13th, through the aid of vessel radiograms, a definite
center of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of the
Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 inches" (MWR).
November 14: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1005 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
12 UTC at 13.3N, 80.0W. The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position
is likely more correct than HWM. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
November 15: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 14.4N, 79.6W. Observations suggest that the center is
likely somewhat south of the HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or
implied from pressures) were observed. "The hurricane began over the
island [Jamaica] on the 15th and continued for several days" (MWR).
November 16: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 80.0W. The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at
19.1N, 81.7W (HWM). Station highlights: 48 kt SE and 1004 mb at 19 UTC
at Woodlawn, Jamaica (HALL) ; 26 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at Negril
Point, Jamaica (HALL).
November 17: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 77W with
pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 79.5W. The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations. Ship highlight: 40 kt ENE at 12 UTC at
21.7N, 77.2W (HWM). Station highlight: 52 kt SE and 995 mb at 18 UTC
at Negril Point (HALL).
November 18: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 18.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.1N, 78.2W. The position based on observations appears
to be just north and west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlight:
70 kt ENE and 980 mb at 03 UTC at 18.2N, 78.5W (HALL). Station
highlight: 105 kt NE and 979 mb at 0703 UTC, calm and 965 mb at
11 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL). "The pressure fell steadily
until 6 a. m. of the 18th, at which hour the barometer at Negril Point
read 28.487 inches, while at Kingston at the same time the reading was
about 1 inch higher. Vessels in the path of the storm reported wind
velocities of more than 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point, the
anemometer recorded a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the northeast
at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cups were wrenched off, with
the wind still increasing. The barometer at that time read 28.90 inches,
and for 12 hours previously the wind had been blowing between 60 and 80
miles an hour from the southeast. By 10 a. m. the wind had shifted to
northwest, but was still blowing with hurricane force with a barometer
reading of 28.78 inches. From 7 a. m. of the 17th to 2 a. m. of the 18th
the average wind velocity was 66 miles an hour, while the rainfall for the
24 hours ending at 7 a. m. of the 18th was 12.79 inches. There had also
been 3.34 inches during the previous 24 hours" (MWR). "Great damage was
wrought in Jamaica. Several towns were practically wiped out by winds and
tidal waves, and the loss of approximately 100 lives was reported. At the
town of Savannah La Mar, on the south coast of the island, the tidal wave
was the highest in a century" (MWR). "The following account of the
hurricane by Rev. J. J. Williams, S. J., of Black River, Jamaica (about
40 miles southeast of Negril Point Lighthouse), is take from "America,"
December 21, 1912:
It was the night of Sunday, the 17th, however, that the real storm
commenced. The southeasterly wind, increasing in violence at every puff,
until its velocity exceeded 150 mile per hour [estimated], was
accompanied by a torrential downpour, such as passes description. During
the course of Monday morning the rains stopped for a time, while the wind
continued with unabated fury until the middle of the day, when it
suddenly sank to rest, without any noticeable change of direction.
Then succeeded a breathless calm for a few hours, that seemed to
indicate that the very vortex of the storm was passing over us. The lull
lasted for about three hours. The unnatural stillness, marred only by an
occasional drizzle, was itself portentous of approaching trouble. As there
had been no change of the wind, the knowing ones prepared for the worst.
Suddenly the low-scudding clouds swept in from the north, and a perfect
deluge of rain again swept the land. The wind did not immediate resume its
former fury; that was to come later. For the time being it moaned
dismally.
Toward the hour of sunset the sky took on a most terrible aspect. No one
recalls having ever seen anything of its kind before. The heavy yellow fog
that mystified the world subsequent to the eruption of Krakatoa some 30
years ago was nothing in comparison. It was like the judgment day. The
rain was coming in fitful gusts, when suddenly we seemed to be standing in
the midst of a blazing furnace. Around the entire horizon was a ring of
blood-red fire, shading away to a brilliant amber at the zenith. The sky,
in fact, formed one great fiery dome of reddish light that shone through the
descending rain ... The burst forth the hurricane afresh, and for two hours
or more (I have lost track of the hours that night) it raged and tore
asunder what little had passed unscathed through the previous blow.
In some places, as Savanna la Mar, the ocean swept in and carried away
the very debris. In other places, as Montego Bay, the inrushing torrents
sweeping down the gullies leaped their banks and without a moment's
warning bore out to sea row after row of houses. Despite the heroic
efforts at rescue, many were the unfortunates who found a water grave.
All along the coast vessels were wrecked upon the reefs or foundered in
the open sea. At Montego Bay along 14 sailing craft were lost, while at
Savanna la Mar more than one hulk was left high and dry in the public
market.
Meanwhile, inland the wind was playing havoc everywhere wiping out whole
plantations of bananas, obliterating files of sugar cane, laying low the
cocoanut groves, scattering like chaff the hovels of the poor, reducing to
shapeless masses of ruins the better class of dwellings, and sparing
nothing it its fury.
Practically one-third of the entire island was thus laid waste ... The
total loss on the island is estimated at 200 lives, with the destruction of
property valued at $1,000,000" (Mitchell).
November 19: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 79W with
pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.4N, 79.3W. Mitchell (1924) indicated a center near
18.5N, 77W. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 19.5N, 76W. Observations
available suggest a more eastward and northward position than that in
HURDAT, not as far as that by Perez, but close to Mitchell's estimate. Ship
highlights: 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 0330 UTC at 18.4N, 76.9W (HALL);
NE-NW winds and 1000 mb at 06 UTC at 20.0N, 75.8W at Santiago de Cuba (Cuba).
"The storm apparently recurved after reaching Jamaica" (MWR). "The storm
rapidly decreased in intensity and filled up between the island of Jamaica
and the Windward Passage" (Mitchell). "The damages in all of the province
of Oriente are not much considering, although trees were uprooted and
roofs of buildings damaged, telegraph communications were interrupted,
banana plantations were knocked over and other impacts of moderate importance
occurred" (Cuba).
November 20: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 80W with
pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.9N, 80.8W. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 20.5N,
74.0W. Observations available indicate a center east of the HURDAT
position. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"After leaving Jamaica the intensity of the storm decreased and on the
morning of the 20th, a vessel radiogram from the Windward Passage showed a
barometer reading of 29.84 inches with a moderately strong northeast wind"
(MWR). "The storm lost intensity rapidly after passing Jamaica and was
not traced beyond extreme eastern Cuba" (Tannehill). Perez (2000)
indicated a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba from this system.
November 21: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 19N, 81.5W with
pressure at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 20.0N, 80.5. Perez (2000) suggests a center near 24N, 73.5W.
Available observations suggest a weakened and disorganized center to the
south and west of the position in HURDAT. No gale force winds (or implied
from pressures) were observed.
November 22: HWM depicts a closed low centered at 25.5N, 76W with pressure
of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at
12 UTC at 25.2N, 76.2W. Perez (2000) suggest a center near 29N, 73W.
MWR Map of Lows indicates a center at 22.5N, 78W with 1013 mb pressure
(a.m.) and 27.7N, 77.7W with 1014 mb pressure (p.m.). Observations
do not indicate a closed circulation near any of the possible positions.
A cold front can be analyzed as extending from a developing extratropical
low at 28.5N, 79.5W, southward to near Miami and then over western Cuba.
Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 75.7W (HWM). "The storm
apparently continued northward a short distance to the westward of Turks
Island" (MWR).
November 23: HWM depicts a closed low centered near 34.5N, 73W with
pressure of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 34.6N, 72.9W. The MWR Map of Lows analyzed the center at
31.5N, 73.5W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and 35N, 73W with 1004 mb
pressure (p.m.). A cold front can be analyzed from the observations
extending from the low southwestward as well as a warm front going
east-northeastward from the low. Ship highlight: 50 kt NW at 01 UTC at
30.5N, 78.5W (COA). "It was next noted on the morning of the 23rd about
300 miles east of Charleston, S. C." (MWR).
November 24: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 42N, 63W with
pressure of at most 995 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 43.5N, 62.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Map of Lows indicated a center
at 39.8N, 75.5W and 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and 42N, 73.5W and 996 mb
pressure (p.m.). Ship highlight: 50 kt S and 998 mb at 04 UTC at
38.5N, 64.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 42.1N, 62.0W (HWM).
"It then continued due northward with slowly increasing energy" (MWR).
November 25: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 51N, 36W with
pressure of at most 1000 mb. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 50.4N, 37.5W. MWR Map of Lows indicated a center near 45N, 73W
with pressure 993 mb (a.m.) and 46N, 67W with pressure 998 mb (p.m.).
Ship highlight: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 47.9N, 40.0W (HWM). "By the morning
of the 25th had reached northern New York. After this time it moved
northeastward and was last noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the
26th" (MWR). [Note: apparently the analysis in the Monthly Weather Review
on the 24th to the 26th was following a secondary, extratropical low
pressure system, which was not utilized in HWM or HURDAT.]
The track is adjusted on the 11th to provide a realistic initial motion.
Small additional modifications were made on the 15th through the 18th
based upon available observations. A larger change to the track of this
hurricane was made on the 19th, which now takes the system over the
northern half of the island based upon observations in Hall (1913).
The positions of the system were similar to HURDAT on the 20th, as
the storm turned back to the west after reaching the ocean off of Jamaica.
For the 21st to the 26th, there are a variety of opinions as to what
happened to this system: 1) MWR suggested it went northward across
Cuba and the Bahamas and made landfall in New York on the 23rd before
decaying over Nova Scotia on the 26th; 2) HWM and HURDAT suggested it went
northward across Cuba and the Bahamas, but then turned to the northeast at
the latitude of the Carolinas, became extratropical, clipped Newfoundland
on the 24th and decayed over the far north Atlantic on the 25th; 3) Perez
suggested it went northeastward passing between Cuba and Hispanola, then
northward to the latitude of the Carolinas, then following the HWM/HURDAT
scenario; and, finally, 4) Tannehill and Mitchell suggested that it
decayed near extreme eastern Cuba. The MWR and HWM/HURDAT tracks are
not correct, as observations from Cuba (Perez 2000) indicate that no
tropical storm or hurricane made landfall in central Cuba, though the
system did cause a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba. However, available
ship and coastal observations indicate that the Perez track cannot be
correct either with a track through the Windward Passage. The Tannehill/
Mitchell scenario appears closest to being accurate, though available
observations indicate that the system dissipated instead on the 21st
in the western Caribbean. The system tracked in HWM and HURDAT from
the 22nd until the 25th was a separate, extratropical storm that underwent
cyclogenesis on the morning of 22nd near 28.5N, 79.5W along a well
defined frontal zone. (It is to be noted that on the 22nd the HWM had
the baroclinic low well to the southeast of its actual position.) Thus
the dates of the 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT. The
intensity of the system was boosted substantially on the 12th to the
15th, based upon MWR reports of ship observations of pressures around
992 mb. 992 mb peripheral pressure on the 13th suggests winds of at
least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen
at 18 UTC on the 13th. Thus it is estimated that the system became a
hurricane late on the 13th, rather than the 15th as originally shown
in HURDAT. The intensity at landfall in Jamaica on the 18th can be
ascertained from a central pressure reading in Negril Point of 965 mb
at 11 UTC. This suggest winds of 95 kt from the southerly pressure-wind
relationship. Winds of 105 kt were also recorded at this station, which
reduces to 84 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrumentation
of the time (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to a peak 1 min
observation (Powell et al. 1996). Detailed hourly measurement of the
winds at Negril Point allows for an estimate of a 10 nmi RMW, which is
smaller than that expected by climatology (14 nmi) for this latitude and
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus an increase over the winds
suggested by the pressure-wind relationship to 100 kt (Category 3) is
selected for winds at landfall in Jamaica, as well as the peak intensity of
the storm. (No other observations exceeded 70 kt wind or less than 983 mb
pressure for the lifetime of the system.) Winds are thus reduced
significantly from the 17th to the 19th. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb
and winds shifting from NE-NW on the 19th from a ship at Santiago de Cuba
indicates a close pass just south of Cuba. This is consistent with the
moderate impact in southeast Cuba and assessment of Category 1 conditions
by Perez (2000). Observations indicate that the system weakened to tropical
storm intensity on the 20th, decreased to a tropical depression on the 21st,
and dissipated by early on the 22nd. The impact and severity of this
hurricane, while not being as intense as originally suggested, was probably
enhanced by the extreme, prolonged rainfall on the island beginning on
the 11th up through the time of landfall of the hurricane as well as
the lengthy duration that hurricane force winds were felt at Jamaica
during landfall.
******************s************************************************************
1912 - Additional Notes:
1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
in the open Atlantic near 29N, 40W on 4 April 1912 from an existing
extratropical storm. The system moved toward the southwest for two days and
was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone on the
6th. Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 4th
(HWM). Lowest pressures observed were 1015 on the 4th (HWM). With only one
observed gale and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to
designate this a tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical
depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and will not be added to
HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Apr 03 37N 39W Extratropical
Apr 04 29N 40W Tropical Depression
Apr 05 26N 43W Tropical Depression (Dissipating)
Apr 06 --- --- Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary
2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate a baroclinic low leaving
the northeastern US to September 20 with winds of about 35 kt. It gains
intensity on the 21st by having a fall in central pressure to near 1010 mb.
On the 22nd, pressures fall to 1005 mb and gale force winds up to 40 kt are
observed. On the 23rd, the storm changes little in intensity, but the
frontal features are beginning to dissipate. On the 24th, the system
weakens, but starts to gain tropical characteristics. On the 25th, winds
reach 30 kt with a central pressure of 1006 mb. On the 26th, it has winds
of 30 kt with a central pressure of not more than 1002 mb, indicating the
possibility of a tropical storm. However, since there were no gale force
wind reports and since the system is very broad, it is uncertain whether it
had obtained tropical storm intensity. On the 27th, it loses tropical
characteristics and weakens. On the 28th, it has evolved into an
extratropical system and has the strongest winds far from the center. This
system raced across the north Atlantic with pressures below 1000 mb. On
October 1st, its forward momentum slows and pressures reach 985 mb.
Weakening occurs on the 2nd and 3rd with pressures returning to over
1000 mb. On the 4th, the remnants move over Italy and by the 5th the
system has dissipated. Thus this system was not included into HURDAT
because of the lack of confirmation of tropical storm intensity on the
days that it appeared to have tropical cyclone characteristics (24-26).
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 20 42N 66W Extratropical
Sep. 21 39N 62W Extratropical
Sep. 22 42N 58W Extratropical
Sep. 23 41N 54W Extratropical
Sep. 24 36N 52W Extratropical or Tropical Depression
Sep. 25 35N 52W Tropical Depression
Sep. 26 37N 54W Tropical Depression
Sep. 27 42N 53W Extratropical
Sep. 28 48N 48W Extratropical
Sep. 29 47N 30W Extratropical
Sep. 30 48N 22W Extratropical
Oct. 1 49N 13W Extratropical
Oct. 2 47N 7W Extratropical
Oct. 3 45N 3E Extratropical
Oct. 4 43N 12E Extratropical Dissipating
3) The Connor (1956) reference has a map of a tropical storm for 21-25 Sep.
1912, which began in the Gulf of Mexico south of Texas, made landfall in
Northwest Florida on the 23rd and reached the ocean late on the 24th off of
North Carolina. This system was also briefly mentioned in the Monthly
Weather Review (page 1305) and it was included in its Map of Low Pressure
Tracks. It is noted that the estimated central pressures listed in the
MWR Tracks peaks over water, then weakens over land - which is characteristic
of a tropical cyclone. One gale force wind report was noted (Jacksonville
on the 24th). However, after inspection of the Historical Weather Maps, the
system is clearly extratropical in structure throughout its lifetime and thus
will not be added to the HURDAT database.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 21 25N 95W Extratropical
Sep. 22 29N 91W Extratropical
Sep. 23 29N 87W Extratropical
Sep. 24 36N 74W Extratropical
Sep. 25 --- --- Extratropical Dissipating
4) Historical Weather Maps indicate that a low pressure area formed
on the 17th of October southeast of Bermuda, moved generally
northwestward until the 20th, recurved and moved toward the northeast
from the 21st until the 24th, and dissipated on the 25th southeast of
Cape Race. Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that it was a
tropical depression from the 17th until the 20th, then became
extratropical as a cold front moved from the northwest and overtook
the storm on the 21st. Peak intensity during its tropical depression
stage was 25-30 kt, though there was a single, isolated 35 kt NNW ship
report (COA) at 12 UTC on the 20th at 35.0N, 62.0W. Without
corroborating additional evidence for tropical storm intensity, this
system is not added to HURDAT but is listed here as a possible
tropical storm.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 17 29N 54W Tropical Depression
Oct. 18 26N 52W Tropical Depression
Oct. 19 30N 55W Tropical Depression
Oct. 20 34N 59W Tropical Depression
Oct. 21 38N 53W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 22 38N 51W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 23 38N 51W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 24 41N 48W Extratropical Storm
5) Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed extratropical low west of
Spain on November 4th, 1912. A pressure of 1005 is observed and maximum
winds were 30 kt. There was little change on Nov. 5th with a pressure of
1003 mb. On November 7th, it obtained some tropical characteristics with
winds of about 20 kt and it moved slowly to the south. On the 8th, winds
near the center were unknown and minimum pressure was likely below 1009 mb.
On the 9th, central pressure increased to near 1014 mb with maximum winds
of 20 kt. Winds increase on the 10th to 25 kt and the depression moved
west on November 8-10. On the 11th, it turned NE and was absorbed into a
frontal boundary. There was no evidence of gale force winds for this
system, thus it was not added as an additional system into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 4 37N 24W Extratropical
Nov. 5 34N 24W Extratropical
Nov. 6 32N 24W Extratropical
Nov. 7 30N 25W Tropical Depression
Nov. 8 29N 26W Tropical Depression
Nov. 9 30N 39W Tropical Depression
Nov. 10 30N 46W Tropical Depression
Nov. 11 32N 42W Tropical Depression Being Absorbed by Front
*****************************************************************************
1913/01 - 2005 REVISION:
20460 06/22/1913 M= 7 1 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
20460 06/21/1913 M= 9 1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** * ***
(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20462 06/21* 0 0 0 0*110 800 30 0*110 805 30 0*111 806 30 0*
20465 06/22* 0 0 0 0*110 800 60 0*118 810 65 0*124 818 70 0*
20465 06/22*112 807 30 0*113 808 35 0*115 810 40 0*121 813 45 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
20470 06/23*131 825 70 0*138 832 70 0*145 837 70 0*153 841 70 0*
20470 06/23*127 816 45 0*134 820 45 0*140 825 45 0*146 830 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20475 06/24*161 845 75 0*170 850 75 0*178 854 80 0*185 860 80 0*
20475 06/24*152 835 35 0*158 840 35 0*165 845 40 0*175 850 45 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20480 06/25*191 865 85 0*197 869 85 0*203 874 85 0*212 878 85 0*
20480 06/25*185 855 50 0*195 860 50 0*205 865 50 0*214 871 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20485 06/26*222 881 85 0*232 884 85 0*240 892 85 0*245 902 85 0*
20485 06/26*223 878 40 0*232 885 45 0*240 892 50 0*245 902 55 0*
*** *** ** ** ** **
20490 06/27*249 917 80 0*252 933 80 0*257 947 75 0*263 959 70 0*
20490 06/27*249 917 60 0*252 933 65 0*257 947 65 0*263 959 65 0*
** ** ** **
20495 06/28*270 972 65 1004*277 984 55 0*285 995 35 0*3001008 20 0*
20495 06/28*270 972 65 *277 984 45 0*285 995 35 0*2931003 30 0*
**** ** ******* **
(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
20497 06/29*3001008 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20500 HRATX1
Minor changes are made to the track and major changes to the intensity
shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC,
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and
Jarrell et al. (1992).
June 21: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near
11N, 80.5W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 22: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near
11.5N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
11.8N, 81.0W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
June 23: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near
14.0N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
14.5N, 83.7W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
June 24: Observations from HWM and COADS do not show a closed circulation,
though data to the south of the possible center are sparse. If a center
exists, it is likely near 16.5N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.8N, 85.4W. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed. "On the morning of the 24th vessel reports
indicated the presence of a disturbance in the extreme western Caribbean
Sea" (MWR).
June 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20.5N, 85.5W,
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 87.4W.
Observations suggest that the center is likely between the HWM and HURDAT
positions. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 25.5N, 90.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 24.0N, 89.2W.
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"During the following 48 hours the disturbance moved north-northwest to
about latitude 25, and longitude 89" (MWR).
June 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 24.5N, 96W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 94.7W.
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 28: Observations indicate a closed low over land near the Texas-
Mexico border at 28.5N, 99.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm
at 12 UTC at 28.5N, 99.5W. Station highlight: 43 kt SE at 08 UTC at
Corpus Christi (OMR); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at Brownsville (OMR).
"It thence moved about northwest until the evening of the 27th when it was
off the mouth of the Rio Grande with pressure at Brownsville, Tex., 29.62
inches. By morning of the 28th, it had passed inland over the Texas coast
between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, a maximum wind velocity of 52 [50]
miles from the southeast being reported on that morning at Corpus Christi. ...
The storm apparently broke up over the upper Nueces watershed after giving
copious rains in that section. The center of heaviest precipitation was at
Montell, Uvalde County, where from 2.30 p. m. June 28 to 9 a. m. June 29
the fall amounted to 20.60 inches ... Uvalde, in the same county, and less
than 30 miles southeast of Montell, reported a rainfall of 8.50 inches
from 1 p. m. June 28 to 6 a. m. June 29. These rains caused considerable
damage in that section, flooding the lowlands, washing away houses and stock,
and interrupting traffic and communication by telegraph and telephone for
several days. One person was drowned in the vicinity of Montell" (MWR).
"June 27. Lower Texas Coast. Minor. Torrential rains" (Dunn and Miller).
"Tide information - 1.4' Ft. Point, Galveston" (Connor). "1913 Jun TX,
1S [southern coast of Texas]" (Jarrell et al.). "Hurricane made landfall
on Central Padre Island near Big Shell with 100 mph winds [~85 kt] ... Storm
surge peaked at 12.7' in Galveston" (Ellis). [These storm surge and wind
wind values are erroneous as can be shown from the Weather Bureau Galveston
station Original Monthly Records: "27th - The tide was about 1.5 feet above
normal most of the day...Maximum velocity 39 mph [34 kt]". This U.S.
landfalling hurricane not mentioned. The implication is that it
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).
June 29: System appears to have dissipated over south central Texas from
HWM observations by 12 UTC, but may still have been a tropical cyclone
at 00 UTC.
Genesis for this hurricane is begun a day earlier in the southwestern
Caribbean on the 21st, based upon available observations. Minor alterations
to the track are made on the 22nd to the 26th due to ship and coastal
data. Track extended to 00 UTC on the 29th based upon observations
indicating its existence through early on the 29th as well as for a more
realistic translational velocity. Intensity reduced dramatically from the
22nd to the 25th as observations indicate that it did not reach hurricane
intensity until reaching the Gulf of Mexico. No observations of hurricane
force winds or equivalent in central pressure were ever measured for this
system. (Highest observed winds were 43 kt and lowest observed pressure
was 1003 mb.) However, due to landfall in a relatively sparsely monitored
part of Texas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, it is quite possible
that the system did obtain minimal hurricane force intensity and made
landfall in Texas as a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane around 0100 UTC at
27.1N, 97.4W. (The 1004 mb pressure in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 28th is a
peripheral pressure and is thus removed from HURDAT.) Utilizing the Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 44, 34, and
28 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC on the 28th. Peak observed winds after
landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 43, 41, and 28 kt,
respectively. These adjust to 37, 35 and 24 kt after accounting for the
high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute
wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Thus winds are
reduced from 55 to 45 kt at 06 UTC, kept at 35 at 12 UTC, and increased
from 20 to 30 kt at 18 UTC. Peak storm tide observed was 1.4' at Ft.
Point, Galveston (Connor).
*****************************************************************************
1913/02 - 2005 ADDITION:
20501 08/14/1913 M= 3 2 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20502 08/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*320 680 30 0*330 655 30 0*
20503 08/15*340 632 35 0*350 610 35 0*360 590 40 0*370 575 40 0*
20504 08/16*382 565 40 0*395 562 40 0E410 560 35 0E425 560 30 0*
20504 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.
August 13: A stationary front is depicted in HWM as extending from near
Bermuda to North Carolina, though the structure appears to be better
described as a trough with little to no surface baroclinic structure.
No closed circulation is evident, though there are winds up to 25 kt on
the south side of the trough.
August 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 71W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center. However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 32N, 68W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61.5W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center. However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 36N, 59W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSW at 33.3N, 55.3W at 12 UTC
(HWM) and 35 kt ENE at 39.3N, 58.0W (HWM).
August 16: HWM indicates a stationary front extending from near Bermuda to
north-northeastward to 39N, 60W, then extending east-northeastward to
43N, 45W. While it does appear at this time that modest frontal features
has formed by this time, a closed circulation can be identified at 41N, 56W.
Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 40.7N, 58.2W (HWM).
August 17: System has been completely absorbed into a frontal boundary
and has lost its identity.
This system formed as a tropical cyclone of tropical depression intensity
on the 14th of August west of Bermuda. It intensified to a tropical storm
on the 15th and reached a peak intensity of around 40 kt late on the
15th and early on the 16th. It transformed into an extratropical storm
system on the 16th and had dissipated south of Newfoundland by the 17th.
There is some uncertainty of the true character of this system, as on the
15th (the date of peak intensity) the storm's center is elongated SW-NE
along HWM's (supposed) frontal boundary. Another interpretation of this
system is that it could be described as a non-tropical gale with an
ill-defined center.
*******************************************************************************
1913/03 - 2005 REVISION:
20545 09/03/1913 M=10 3 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20545 08/26/1913 M=18 3 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ** ***
(The 26th of August through the 2nd of September are new to HURDAT.)
20546 08/26* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 210 30 0*126 222 30 0*
20546 08/27*127 235 35 0*127 247 35 0*127 260 40 0*127 273 45 0*
20546 08/28*127 285 45 0*127 298 45 0*127 310 45 0*127 322 45 0*
20546 08/29*128 335 45 0*129 347 45 0*130 360 45 0*130 373 45 0*
20546 08/30*130 385 45 0*131 398 45 0*132 410 45 0*132 422 45 0*
20546 08/31*133 435 45 0*134 447 45 0*135 460 45 0*136 472 45 0*
20546 09/01*137 483 45 0*138 494 45 0*140 505 45 0*142 516 45 0*
20546 09/02*144 527 45 0*147 538 45 0*150 550 45 0*155 562 45 0*
20550 09/03* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*170 596 35 0*177 602 35 0*
20550 09/03*160 574 45 0*165 584 45 0*170 596 45 0*177 602 45 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
20555 09/04*184 607 35 0*191 611 40 0*198 614 40 0*204 616 45 0*
20555 09/04*184 607 45 0*191 611 45 0*198 614 45 0*206 616 45 0*
** ** ** ***
20560 09/05*210 618 45 0*216 619 50 0*223 623 50 0*233 624 55 0*
20560 09/05*214 618 45 0*222 619 45 0*230 623 45 0*239 624 45 0*
*** *** ** *** ** *** **
20565 09/06*246 627 60 0*259 627 60 0*271 621 60 0*282 605 70 0*
20565 09/06*249 627 45 0*260 627 45 0*271 621 50 0*282 605 50 0*
*** ** *** ** ** **
20570 09/07*292 585 70 0*300 562 75 0*306 540 75 0*308 518 80 0*
20570 09/07*292 585 50 0*300 562 50 0*306 540 55 0*308 518 55 0*
** ** ** **
20575 09/08*310 496 80 0*313 474 85 0*321 456 85 0*324 454 85 0*
20575 09/08*310 496 55 0*310 474 60 0*311 460 60 0*315 454 60 0*
** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
20580 09/09*329 453 85 0*334 454 85 0*339 459 85 0*344 464 85 0*
20580 09/09*323 453 60 0*331 454 60 0*339 459 60 0*344 464 60 0*
*** ** *** ** ** **
20585 09/10*349 469 85 0*353 475 80 0*358 482 75 0*362 490 70 0*
20585 09/10*349 469 60 0*353 475 60 0*358 482 60 0*364 488 55 0*
** ** ** *** *** **
20590 09/11*365 499 70 0*368 509 70 0*370 520 70 0*371 531 65 0*
20590 09/11*371 493 55 0*378 498 55 0*385 500 55 0*394 500 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20595 09/12*371 544 60 0*369 557 45 0*360 570 35 0*350 568 30 0*
20595 09/12*404 500 45 0*416 500 40 0E430 500 35 0E445 500 30 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **** ***
20600 HR
20600 TS
**
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_.
August 26: Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near
12.5N, 21W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 12.7N, 26W.
Ship highlight: 35 kt E at 13.5N, 26.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
August 28: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 31W.
HWM and COADS observations analyze the system farther south. No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 29: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on the west and south sides. A low center was analyzed
at 13N, 36W based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.
August 30: Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13N, 41W. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 31: Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13.5N, 46W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 14.6N, 47.0W at
12 UTC (HWM).
September 1: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides. A low center was analyzed at 14N, 50.5W
based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 2: Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides. A low center was analyzed at 15N, 55W
based upon continuity. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 17N, 59.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 59.6W. No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.8N, 61.4W. HWM
and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 22.5N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 22.3N, 62.3W. Available
observations indicate a center north of HURDAT and HWM. No gale force winds
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 27.1, 62.1W. HWM and
COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 30.5N, 54W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.6N, 54.0W.
Ship highlight: 20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 55.7W (HWM).
September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 45.6W.
HWM and COADS ship observations indicate a moderate cold front passing
to the north of the storm and that the storm is somewhat south and west
of the HWM and HURDAT positions. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSE at 12 UTC at
30.3N, 44.4W (HWM).
September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 34N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 45.9W.
Ship highlight: 35 kt N at 12 UTC at 34.5N, 47.2W (HWM).
September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 36N, 48W.
A non-tropical low system is approaching the tropical cyclone from the
west. HURDAT listed the tropical cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC
at 35.8N, 48.2W. Ship highlight: Several ships with 35 kt (HWM and COA).
September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 37.5N, 58.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 52.0W.
The low shown by HWM appears to be an unrelated non-tropical low. Available
observations suggest that the tropical cyclone is closer to, but to the north
and east of, the HURDAT position. Ship highlight: 45 kt SW at 12 UTC
at 37.9N, 48.1W (COA).
September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 57W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 57.0W.
However, available observations and continuity suggest that the system near
36N, 57W is not the tropical cyclone, but is instead the unrelated
non-tropical low seen on the 11th. The tropical cyclone was identified
farther northeast near 43N, 50W and was weakening in increasingly baroclinic
surroundings. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
This tropical cyclone is begun eight days earlier than the original
HURDAT as ship observations indicate it formed off of Africa on the 26th
and became a tropical storm on the next day. Small alterations are made
on the track of this system on the 3rd through the 10th (excluding the
7th when no location changes were made). A large track change was made
for the 11th and 12th as ship observations from HWM and COADS indicate
that the system continued to move to the north rather than turning abruptly
back to the west and south. The turn to the west and south in HURDAT
originally was due to confusing the tropical cyclone with a non-tropical
low that moved toward the existing system from the west. Extensive ship
data shows that the tropical cyclone reached only tropical storm intensity
(peak of at most 60 kt on the 8th through the 10th). Intensities reduced
substantially in HURDAT from the 6th to the 11th and the system has been
downgraded from a peak of a Category 2 hurricane to a tropical storm/
borderline hurricane.
*****************************************************************************
1913/04 - 2005 REVISION:
20505 08/30/1913 M= 6 2 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
20505 08/30/1913 M= 6 4 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* ***
20510 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*300 700 40 0*303 702 45 0*
20510 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*285 725 40 0*295 726 40 0*
*** *** *** *** **
20515 08/31*306 704 50 0*308 707 60 0*313 713 65 0*314 716 70 0*
20515 08/31*302 727 45 0*308 728 45 0*313 730 50 0*317 732 50 0*
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
20520 09/01*316 720 75 0*319 725 80 0*324 730 80 0*326 735 80 0*
20520 09/01*320 734 55 0*322 737 60 0*324 740 65 0*326 742 70 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
20525 09/02*331 740 75 0*336 745 70 0*340 750 70 0*343 754 70 0*
20525 09/02*329 743 75 0*332 745 75 0*335 748 75 0*339 752 75 0*
*** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20530 09/03*346 758 70 0*348 761 70 0*349 767 60 0*350 773 50 0*
20530 09/03*343 757 75 0*346 763 75 976*349 772 55 0*352 784 40 0*
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20535 09/04*351 787 35 0*352 805 25 0*350 825 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
20535 09/04*351 798 30 0*350 815 25 0*345 835 20 0* 0 0 0 0*
*** ** *** *** *** ***
20540 HR NC1
Minor changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC,
Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al.
(1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
August 29: HWM and COADS ship data do not indicate a closed circulation
between the Bahamas and Bermuda, though several ships are reporting winds
up to 20 kt. "On August 29 there was a slight pressure fall over the
Windward Islands to the southeastward and the fall probably drifted
normally to the northwestward without attaining true cyclonic development
until assisted by the heat and moisture of the Gulf Stream during the
night of August 31 - September 1" (Monthly Weather Review).
August 30: Observations from HWM indicate a closed circulation exists
near 28.5N, 72.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
30.0N, 70.0W. There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent
in pressure).
August 31: HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front off of the
U.S. Atlantic coast, though available observations do not support any
significant frontal boundary. Available HWM and COADS observations
indicate a closed low near 31.5N, 73.0W. HURDAT lists this a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.3N, 71.3W. There were no reports of gale force
wind (or equivalent in pressure).
September 1: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 73W with
a warm frontal boundary extending from the system off to the northeast,
though available observations do not indicate a significant frontal
feature. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
32.4N, 73.0W. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 32.4N, 74.3W and 1011 mb
(a.m). Observations from HWM and COADS and the MWR location suggest a
center farther west of that in HURDAT. There were no reports of gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure). "The morning weather map of
September 1, 1913, revealed the presence of a disturbance, apparently of
very moderate force, central in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles
southeast of the coast of North Carolina in which the lowest pressure was
about 29.9 inches" (Monthly Weather Review).
September 2: HWM depicts a closed low of a most 1010 mb at 34N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.0N, 75.0W.
Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center farther south than both
the HWM and HURDAT and between the longitudes given in HWM and HURDAT.
Ship highlight: 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 74.3W (COA).
September 3: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb just inland in
North Carolina at 35N, 77W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
34.9N, 76.7W at 12 UTC. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.8N, 77.5W
with 1007 mb (a.m.) and 35.5N, 79.5W and 1007 mb (p.m). Available
observations suggests that the HURDAT and HWM centers may be more
accurate than MWR. Ship highlight: 50 kt from three ship reports
at 01, 05, and 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 64 kt SE at 11 UTC and
1003 mb at 09 UTC at Cape Hatteras (DLR). "At 8:30 p.m. [September 2nd]
the pressure was 29.98 inches, having fallen only .06 of an inch, but
from 8:30 p.m. there was a rapid decrease to 29.54 inches at 4:45 a.m.
on the 3rd; at 5 a.m. the pressure began to rise rapidly and at 5:31 a.m.
the 5 minute maximum velocity for the storm was recorded and showed a
velocity of 74 miles per hour from the southeast, with one mile at the
rate of 92 miles per hour fifteen minutes later. The wind reached its
maximum velocity by a steady hourly increase, though the wind came
in severe flaws lasting from 10 to 20 seconds and seeming reaching a
velocity of 100 miles per hour, then dropping to 50 miles per hour for
a few seconds" (Original Monthly Record, Hatteras, N.C.). "A severe
coast storm passed inland and near the station on the 3d. The barometer
began to fall about midnight, and continued falling slowly until
8:00 a.m. (reading 29.86) when there was decided drop. The pressure
continued to fall rapidly until 2:00 p.m., when the lowest reading
occurred. (The corrected barograph reading was 29.37). The wind
shifted from northeast to east at 2.10 p.m., and to southeast at
2:20 p.m., with the pressure rising as rapidly as it fell. The storm
was attend by excessive rainfall and high winds which lasted about ten
hours. During this period the wind blew, first from the northeast then
from the southeast at the rate of from 30 to 37 miles per hour.
Considerable damage resulted therefrom, especially to the telegraph and
the telephone" (Original Monthly Record, Raleigh, N.C.). "Another
noteworthy feature was the small storm that entered North Carolina
between Wilmington and Hatteras from the Atlantic Ocean on September 3,
which instead or recurving northeastward, drifted slowly westward,
passing south of Raleigh, where the pressure fell to 29.37 inches ...
The center of the disturbance moved inland between Hatteras and Beaufort,
N. C., took a westerly course, and passed south of Raleigh about 2 p.m.
on the third. The barograph trace at this station is of interest in
showing the rapidity of the fall and rise of pressure, although the
lowest pressure reached was only 29.37 inches at 2.10 ;.m. of that date
... Great damage to property and crops resulted over the eastern portion
of the State, especially in the Pamlico Sound section, owing to the high
waves from the Sound. The highest wind velocity registered was 74 miles
from the southeast at Hatteras. At Raleigh the maximum velocity was
37 miles from the northeast, at Wilmington 30 miles from the west, while
at Charlotte there was no wind of any consequence. The greatest loss of
property occurred in the vicinity of Washington and Newbern, where the
water driven by northeast to southeast gales is reported to have risen
10 feet above previous high-water marks. The bridge of the Norfolk &
Southern Railroad at Washington, a mile in length, was washed away, and
also a similar bridge at Newbern, and many other small bridges and
trestles. The loss by inundation of the lower streets, also to small
boats and fishing craft, was very heavy. Telegraph and telephone lines
were prostrated or damaged over a wide area ... In the vicinity of
Norfolk, Va., the damage by wind was not great. In the open country
telegraph and telephone poles and trees were blown down, and at Ocean
View, Newport News, and Old Point, Va., a number of small houses were
unroofed. There were no marine disasters in Hampton Roads." (Monthly
Weather Review). "Five lives were lost an property damage was estimated
at four or five million dollars" (Tannehill). "Sept. 3, N.C. Minimal
Intensity, 5 killed" (Dunn and Miller). "Sep. 3, 1913, 34.8N, 76.4W
landfall position, central pressure estimate 976 mb, radius of maximum
wind 38 nmi (Ho et al.). Maximum 1 min, surface wind estimate at the
coast 84 kt, 1016 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).
"1913, Sep. NC 1, MSLP - missing" (Jarrell et al.)
September 4: No closed low is analyzed in HWM, but available station
observations suggest a closed center can be found near 34.5N, 83.5W over
northeast Georgia. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at
35.0N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.7N, 83.0W
with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 33.5N, 88.5W with 1010 mb pressure
(p.m.). There were no winds gale force (or equivalent in pressure)
observed. "[The storm was] degenerating into a general rain area over
western North Carolina and Virginia on the 4th ... After leaving the
coast section the storm diminished rapidly in intensity and finally
spent its force before reaching the mountain region" (Monthly Weather
Review).
September 5 and 6: MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.0N, 90.5W with
1012 mb pressure (5th a.m.), 33.0N, 94.5W with 1009 mb pressure (5th p.m.),
32.5N, 93.0W with 1011 mb pressure (6th a.m.), 32.0N, 91.5W with 1009 mb
pressure (6th p.m.). However, available station data indicate that the
system dissipated over land by late on the 4th.
Small changes to the track of this hurricane are made for the lifetime
of the system, with the largest alterations made on the 30th and 31st.
The intensity is reduced moderately from the 30th until the 1st based
upon available HWM and COADS ship observations. Highest observed winds
for this hurricane were 64 kt at Cape Hatteras at 11 UTC on the 3rd,
which converts to 53 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Lowest observed pressure was 995 mb
from Raleigh (well-inland) at 18 UTC on the 3rd, though this reading was
likely somewhat north of the eye as the storm moved along toward the
west. Estimated central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) of 976 mb was
derived from this Raleigh pressure, assuming an inland decay function of
pressure after landfall. Utilizing this 976 mb as a landfall central
pressure (which looks reasonable), one would get 80 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship (the border between the two at 35N). Ho et al. also analyzed a
radius of maximum wind that was 38 nmi, which is somewhat larger than
the 28 nmi on average from climatology at that latitude and central
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at
landfall are assessed at 75 kt, which is consistent with the original
assessment of Category 1 in Neumann et al. and Jarrell et al. and is just
slightly higher than the 70 kt originally entered in HURDAT. (It is lower
than the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al., but this seems somewhat too high
given the larger RMW than usual.) Winds are adjusted upward accordingly
on the 2nd and 3rd. Landfall is analyzed to be at 34.7N, 76.5W, just
south and west of Ho et al.'s position around 07 UTC. Maximum observed
winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times after landfall at 12 and 18 UTC
on the 3rd and 00 UTC on the 4th are: 64, 40, and 29 kt. These convert
to 52, 34 and 25 kt, respectively, after adjusting for the high bias and
measurement interval. A run of the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) suggests winds at the same times of 56, 41, 32 kt. Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage after landfall, the higher values from
the inland decay model appear to be more realistic. Winds in HURDAT
reduced from 60 to 55 kt at 12 UTC, reduced from 50 to 40 kt at 18 UTC,
and reduced from 35 to 30 kt at 00 UTC.
*******************************************************************************
1913/05 - 2005 REVISION:
20605 10/06/1913 M= 6 4 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20605 10/02/1913 M=10 5 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** * *** *
(The 2nd to the 5th are new to HURDAT.)
20606 10/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0E410 710 50 0E405 705 50 0*
20607 10/03E400 700 50 0E395 695 50 0E390 690 50 0E387 682 55 0*
20608 10/04E384 672 55 0E382 665 55 0E380 660 55 0E378 659 55 0*
20609 10/05E376 661 55 0E373 665 55 0E370 670 55 0E365 676 55 0*
20610 10/06* 0 0 0 0*347 708 50 0*340 718 50 0*335 726 50 0*
20610 10/06*360 684 50 0*355 694 50 0*350 705 50 0*343 717 50 0*
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20615 10/07*331 734 50 0*328 742 50 0*326 750 50 0*326 760 50 0*
20615 10/07*336 728 50 0*330 739 50 0*326 750 55 0*326 760 55 0*
*** *** *** *** ** **
20620 10/08*326 771 50 0*326 782 45 0*328 791 45 0*330 798 45 0*
20620 10/08*326 771 60 0*328 782 65 0*330 791 65 0*332 798 45 0*
** *** ** *** ** ***
20625 10/09*332 802 40 0*335 804 35 0*337 804 35 0*340 803 35 0*
20625 10/09*334 802 40 0*336 804 35 0*338 804 35 0*340 803 35 0*
*** *** ***
20630 10/10*343 801 35 0*345 799 35 0*348 796 30 0*349 792 30 0*
20630 10/10*343 801 35 0*344 799 35 0*345 796 30 0*345 792 30 0*
*** *** ***
20635 10/11*349 788 25 0*350 784 20 0*351 779 15 0* 0 0 0 0*
20635 10/11E345 788 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
**** *** *** ** *** *** **
20640 TS
20640 HR SC1
** ***
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #4. Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather
Review_ and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the
University of South Carolina.
October 2: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located at about 41N, 71W, just offshore New England,
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending to the
southeast. Peak ship observations: 45 kt S at 41.1N, 65.0W at 12 UTC
(COA) and 993 mb at 40.5N, 73.5W at 21 UTC (COA).
October 3: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
995 mb pressure located near 39N, 69W with a cold front extending to
the southwest with a warm front extending to the northeast. (A
secondary frontal system east of the existing cold front appears
somewhat suspicious.) Peak ship observations: 45 kt W at 36.5N, 70.5W
at 13 UTC (COA) and 45 kt WSW at 36.5N, 71.5W at 17 UTC (COA) and
992 mb (three ship reports - COA).
October 4: HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located near 38W, 66W with a cold front extending to
the south and a warm front to the east. Peak ship observations:
50 kt N at 36.5N, 72.5W at 01 UTC (COA) and 50 kt N at 36.5N, 73.5W
at 05 UTC (COA) and 991 mb at 38.1N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 5: HWM indicates an occluding extratropical storm system of
at most 1005 mb pressure near 37N, 67W with a dissipating front
boundary extending to the east of the center. Peak ship observations:
50 kt ENE at 38.7N, 68.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 1002 mb at 39.4N, 60.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
October 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure
near 35N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
34.0N, 71.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates
the center at 33.5N, 72.3W with 1011 mb (a.m.) and 32.7N, 75.0W with
1009 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest the HWM position is
more accurate than HURDAT and MWR locations. The HWM analysis of no
frontal features at this time does appear realistic. Peak ship
observation: 50 kt N 37.5N, 71.5W at 05 UTC (COA).
October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 34N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.6N, 75.0W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at
33.0N, 76.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 31.8N, 77.5W with 997 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
reasonable. Peak ship observations: 45 kt NW and 1002 mb at
32.2N, 78.3W at 21 UTC (COA) and 30 kt NW and 998 mb at 30.7N, 76.0W
(COA).
October 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure
near 32.5N, 79W, almost at landfall in South Carolina. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 79.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Lows indicates the center at 31.5N, 79.5W and 1005 mb (a.m.)
and 32.8N, 80.5W and 1003 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest
that the HURDAT position is most reasonable. Peak ship observations:
60 kt W and 992 mb at 32.7N, 79.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Peak land station
observations: 32 kt at 1430 UTC and 1002 mb at 19 UTC at Charleston
(OMR). "The following details, though obtainable from the records, are
summarized here for convenience: North and northwest winds prevailed
on the 7th and continued on the 8th, being more steadily from the
northwest after 4 a.m. on the 8th, shifting to west at Noon, to
southwest at 3:30 p.m. and to south at 11 p.m. The highest velocity in
connection with this disturbance was 37 miles from the northwest at
9:30 a.m. on the 8th and velocities were greatest from 8 a.m. to Noon on
the 8th, diminishing during the afternoon but rising to higher velocity
towards Midnight, reaching a velocity of 34 miles from the south at
12:05 a.m., on the 9th and diminishing slowly thereafter. Changes in
pressure were gradual, the lowest, 29.58 inches, reduced to sea level,
occurring at 2 p.m., but if the usual diurnal oscillation be
eliminated the record would show that the pressure remained stationary
at the lowest from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., after which it rose very
gradually..." (Original Monthly Record, Charleston). "The first marked
barometric depression of October was that which entered the district
from the Atlantic Ocean near Charleston on the 8th, the pressure at
that point falling to 29.58 inches. This was a small disturbance
rapidly diminishing in force, but it was accompanied by heavy rains
over southeastern North Carolina and the adjacent portions of South
Carolina ... There were practically no damage either at Georgetown
or Charleston, or, so far as reports indicate, at any point" (Monthly
Weather Review). "Sat., Oct. 11, 1913, p. 1 No Serious Damage.
A storm of wind and rain struck Georgetown early Wednesday
morning, and for a short time the city was in the midst of what
promised to be a very serious and disastrous storm, but
fortunately for the city no great amount of damage was done.
The greatest sufferers from the blow were the Georgetown
Railway and Light Company and the Home Telephone Company.
Wires and poles were prostrated all over the city. All
connection with the outside world being cut off for a short
time, but the managers of both of these concerns bestirred
themselves and it was not long before they had adjusted
matters.
Other than a few fences and limbs of trees being blown down
there was no damage worth mentioning.
It is reported that much damage has been done to the cotton
crop in various sections of the county, but we have not been
able to get any reliable information on the subject" (Georgetown
Times). "Wed., Oct. 15, 1913, p. 1 CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE
To Crops Occasioned by the Wind and rain of Last Week.
Reports are beginning to come in from all sections of the
county respecting the high winds and heavy rains of last week.
The disturbance seems to have covered the entire county.
While there was no loss of life and no especial spot of
damage by reason of the storm, nevertheless the loss to farmers
will probably aggregate about $75,000. One of the heaviest
individual losers, so far as the information goes, was
Mr. Joseph H, Johnson. Mr. Johnson estimates that his cotton
output will be diminished by at least twelve bales.
A great deal of hay had been cut just previous to the
breaking of the storm. A considerable portion of this was
saved, but several hundred tons of it was spoiled - a total
loss. Corn, too, suffered, but not so much as would have been
the case had the storm occurred a week earlier.
All things considered, the farmers of the county are not
feeling in the least blue. They made fine crops, and feel
grateful that so large a proportion of them was saved.
Strawberries, beans and tobacco are always harvested and out of
the way before the coming of the September and October gales"
(Georgetown Times).
October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 33N, 80.5W, inland over South Carolina. HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 33.7N, 80.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Lows does not show a low for this day. Available observations
suggest that HURDAT is more reasonable in location. Peak ship
observation: 35 kt SE at 33.1N, 77.6W at 12 UTC (COA). No gales
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed over land.
October 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb pressure
near 33.5N, 79W, at the South Carolina coastline. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 34.8N, 79.6W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows
indicates the center at 34.0N, 79.5W (p.m.) and 1014 pressure, but no
center in the morning. The HURDAT position appears to be reasonable.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 11: HWM shows a strong cold front has swept through the
region, leaving no identifiable closed low. Gale force winds were
observed in Cape Henry and in ships along the upper Atlantic
coast, but these were northerly winds occurring after the frontal
passage. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center
at 35.5N, 78.2W with 1014 mb (11th a.m.), 36.8N, 76.5W with 1013 mb
(11th p.m.), 37.8N, 71.5W with 1011 mb (12th a.m.), 43.0N, 65.0W with
1011 mb (12th p.m.). (The MWR apparently latched onto a separate
frontal wave, which does not appear to directly linked to tropical
system.)
The origins of this tropical storm have been extended back four days
in time to the 2nd, beginning as an extratropical storm system off
of New England. As the system drifted south (first southeast, then
southwest), it gradually occluded and developed tropical
characteristics. By 00 UTC on the 6th, it is estimated that it
transitioned to a tropical storm. Minor track changes are made from
the 6th to the 11th to better match available observations. The
06 and 12 UTC portions of the 11th were removed from HURDAT, as the
system was absorbed by a vigorous front early on the 11th. A 998 mb
peripheral pressure on the 7th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt utilized. On the
8th, just before landfall in South Carolina, a ship reported a
60 kt WSW wind and a 992 mb pressure. This peripheral pressure
supports winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship. Because of these observations along with the moderate
damage impacts described in the newspaper articles provided by
Prof. Cary Mock, it is analyzed that this system strengthened to a
minimal (Category 1) hurricane at landfall in South Carolina. Thus the
intensity is boosted from 45 kt up to 65 kt at landfall in South
Carolina around 15 UTC on the 8th.
*****************************************************************************
1913/06 - 2005 REVISION:
20641 10/28/1913 M= 3 6 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 L
20642 10/28*180 865 35 0*190 863 40 0*200 860 45 0*210 855 55 0*
20643 10/29*215 851 65 0*218 848 65 0*220 844 55 0*222 840 40 1003*
20644 10/30*225 833 35 0E228 823 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20644 HR
This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999), but it was depicted in Tannehill (1938). Evidence for this system
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database
and and station observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the
Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica.
October 27: HWM and COADS observations indicate no closed low existed
at this point, but did suggest an open trough along 85W with a cold front
moving across the central Gulf of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.
October 28: HWM and COADS observations indicate that a closed low existed
near 20N, 86W. A weakening frontal boundary was becoming stationary in
the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Ship highlight: 35 kt NW and 1015 mb
at 17.5N, 86.7W at 11 UTC (COA).
October 29: HWM, COADS and Cuba observations indicate that a closed low was
near 22N, 84.5N over westernmost Cuba. A dissipating stationary front was
over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, while a second surge of cold air
was present over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Station highlights:
992 mb and E-NW winds at the Cape of San Antonio at 0330 UTC (Cuba);
1003 mb and SE-calm-NW winds at Remates (Guane) at 18 UTC (Cuba). "By
the date of the 29th [of October] the system had become a true cyclone
of moderate intensity according to the observation from the Cape of
San Antonio, where the barometer reached a low of 744.22 mm [992 mb] on
the night of the 28th, along with strong rain and wind of 80 mph, rolling
from east to northwest. It is not known if the rotation [of the wind]
passed by the south or north. In Remates [Guane] the minimum barometer
was 752.60 mm [1003 mb] at 2 pm. on the 29th, and the wind in that
morning rolled from the southeast to south, then went calm at 2 pm, then
the wind came from the northwest at 3pm" (Resena Meteorologica).
October 30: The secondary cold front is analyzed in HWM to go through
the Straits of Florida over to the Yucatan of Mexico. However, additional
COADS observations indicate that the front actually extended across central
Cuba down toward the Gulf of Honduras. The tropical cyclone has likely
been absorbed by the frontal boundary just north and east of Cuba. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed in connection
with the tropical cyclone.
This system is analyzed to have undergone genesis early on the 28th of
October in the Gulf of Honduras. A 992 mb peripheral pressure early on
the 29th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship and at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship. Thus 65 kt (and therefore a minimal hurricane) is chosen for
00 UTC on the 29th, which is also its peak intensity as it made landfall into
westernmost Cuba. The "80 mph" value from the observer in Cape San Antonio
while being a visual estimate and thus subject to considerable uncertainty,
also supports hurricane intensity. A 1003 mb central pressure
value at 18 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 41 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship and 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at this time. The weakening of
the system during the 29th is consistent with decay expected over land,
along with possibly enhanced shear experienced as a front was approaching
the area. The system apparently was absorbed by the strong cold frontal
boundary pushing through the region early on the 30th. The track derived
is similar to that shown in Tannehill (1938).
***************************************************************
1913 - Additional Notes:
1) May 1-9: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical
depression formed northeast of Bermuda near 35N, 60W on 5 May 1913 from an
existing extratropical storm. The system slowly moved toward the southwest
the next three days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second
extratropical cyclone late on the 7th. Highest winds observed were a single
report of 35 kt on the 5th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1003 mb on
the 5th (COA). However, with only one observation of gale force winds and
moderately low environmental pressures, not enough evidence exists to
designate this as a tropical storm. Therefore this system is considered a
tropical depression (or possibly a subtropical depression) and will not be
added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
May 01 42N 58W Extratropical
May 02 40N 60W Extratropical
May 03 39N 55W Extratropical
May 04 36N 57W Extratropical
May 05 35N 60W Tropical Depression
May 06 34N 63W Tropical Depression
May 07 36N 60W Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 08 39N 60W Dissipating
May 09 --- --- Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary
2) June 13-17: A closed circulation was apparent in the southwestern Gulf
of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche, possibly formed at the end of an old
front that dissipated a few days earlier. It drifted to the north and
west and made landfall late on the 16th in southern Texas and dissipated
on the 17th overland. It was likely to have been a tropical depression.
No gale force winds were reported with this system. One ship reported
1001, 1001, and 1002 mb on the 13th, 14th, and 15th - not consistent with
the other ships or wind reports. The pressure readings on the ship are
likely to be about 10 mb too low.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun. 13 21N 94W Tropical Depression
Jun. 14 24N 93W Tropical Depression
Jun. 15 25N 95W Tropical Depression
Jun. 16 26N 97W Tropical Depression
Jun. 17 27N 99W Tropical Depression Dissipating
3) July 20-24: A closed circulation near the Azores was apparent.
Pressures were 5-10 mb lower than in the surrounding high-pressure region.
It was apparently a tropical depression or a non-tropical low center.
However, no gales or sufficiently low pressures were found to characterize
it as a tropical storm. The low was absorbed into a frontal band on the
24th.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jul. 20 37N 25W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 21 37N 23W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 22 38N 22W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 23 38N 22W Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 24 --- --- Absorbed by Front
3) August 3-7: A low, an apparent tropical depression, formed from an old
frontal band late on the 3rd of August in the Gulf of Mexico south of
Tallahassee. On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, it appeared to be a closed
circulation of tropical nature that was drifting southwestward toward
Mexico. It dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico late on the 7th. No
gales or sufficiently low pressures were found, however, to classify it
as more than a tropical depression.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 3 --- --- Open Wave
Aug. 4 28N 86W Tropical Depression
Aug. 5 27N 88W Tropical Depression
Aug. 6 26N 90W Tropical Depression
Aug. 7 28N 89W Tropical Depression Dissipating
4) Sept 12-15: A system was mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review near
the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 12-15 of September, 1913. Storm warnings
were issued by the Weather Bureau. A review of the Historical Weather Maps
for these dates shows a vigorous cold front pushing through Texas on the
12th and 13th, cyclogenesis forming along the front late on the 13th and
14th off of Texas, then the low moving northward through Texas and
Louisiana on the 15th. The system clearly was of extratropical nature
throughout its lifetime.
5) Sept 24-28: A stationary system is mentioned in the Monthly Weather
Review off of the Texas coast. Storm warnings were also issued for this
system by the Weather Bureau. A review of the Historical Weather Maps for
this system reveals a strong cold front moving through Texas on the 24th
and 25th, cyclogenesis just off the Texas coast late on the 25th and 26th
along the front, and the low weakening into an open trough on the 27th and
28th near the Louisiana/Texas border. While the HWM does analyze a
small closed low ahead of the cold front on the morning of the 25th,
available observations do not confirm that the system had a
closed circulation - though it may have been a tropical depression
briefly before the front arrived. Thus despite the heavy rains that
accompanied the front/low (over 8" in Brownsville), the system was
baroclinic for the duration that it retained a closed circulation.
*****************************************************************************
1914/01 - REVISION:
20465 09/14/1914 M= 6 1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20465 09/15/1914 M= 5 1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * ***
(The 14th removed from HURDAT.)
20470 09/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*238 735 35 0*239 736 35 0
20475 09/15*242 739 35 0*246 742 35 0*254 748 35 0*260 755 35 0
20475 09/15*252 764 30 0*259 767 35 0*265 770 40 0*270 773 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
20480 09/16*269 763 40 0*278 772 40 0*291 782 45 0*295 793 45 0
20480 09/16*275 777 40 0*280 781 45 0*285 785 50 0*291 792 55 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20485 09/17*304 804 40 0*310 816 40 0*315 831 35 0*315 843 35 0
20485 09/17*298 801 60 0*305 812 60 0*310 825 40 0*312 839 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
20490 09/18*311 859 35 0*305 874 35 0*302 888 35 0*301 900 35 0
20490 09/18*311 854 35 0*305 870 35 0*302 888 35 0*301 906 30 0
*** *** *** **
20495 09/19*300 912 35 0*300 922 35 0*300 931 30 0* 0 0 0 0
20495 09/19*300 922 30 0*300 937 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
20500 TS
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from
NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
September 13: HWM and COADS observations indicate the presence of an
open wave near longitude 73W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 14: HWM indicates a dissipating cold front extending from
the Florida Straits off to the east-northeast. A closed low apparently
does not exist in the region, though a trough axis could be analyzed
near 76W. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 23.8N, 73.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 15: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at
27N, 74.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 25.4N, 74.8W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at
24N, 75.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26.3N, 77W with 1012 mb (p.m.).
Available observations and continuity indicate that the center was
likely just south of the HWM position, but west of all estimates. Ship
highlights: three ships with 35 kt at 12 UTC (HWM and COA).
September 16: HWM indicates a low of at most 995 mb located at
28.5N, 78.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 29.1N, 78.2W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 28.0N, 78.0W
with 1010 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 79.8W with 1008 mb (p.m.). Available
observations suggests that the HWM position is more accurate. Ship
highlight: 35 kt ENE at 32.7N, 77.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station
highlight: 34 kt NE at Charleston at 17 UTC (OMR). "The storm on the
morning of the 16th was off the eastern coast of Florida and on the
evening of that date off the southern Georgia coast" (Monthly Weather
Review).
September 17: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb inland over
Georgia at 31.5N, 83W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
31.5N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the
center was at 31.7N, 82.2W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and at 30.7N, 85.7W
with 1008 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center
was farther south than these estimates and was between the HWM and
MWR longitude positions. Ship highlight: 60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at
32.5N, 78.5W at 05 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 40 kt E Charleston
at 07 UTC (OMR). "Instead of passing northward up the coast, as is
customary with disturbances of this character, it advanced westward
over southern Georgia and continued its progress westward to the Texas
coast, where it disintegrated. This disturbance caused winds of gale
force along the south Atlantic coast, and vessel reports indicate that
it was even more severe off the Georgia coast. After reaching the land
the storm decreased in intensity and caused general rains in the south
Atlantic and Gulf States" (Monthly Weather Review).
The _New York Times_ reported in the "Weather" section on Sept. 18th
"The southern storm passed inland during Wednesday [16th] night and
Thursday [17th] night its center was over Alabama. This disturbance
has diminished greatly in intensity but during the last twenty-four
hours it caused general showers in the South Atlantic and East Gulf
States, and during Wednesday night it caused strong shifting winds
on the South Atlantic Coast". The _Miami Herald_ reported also on
the 18th: "The northeast of Wednesday [16th] raised some water
around St. Augustine, causing the tide to come in so high that it
ran over the South Street Causeway, and tons of dead grass were
washed away from the marshes about the city. No damage was done as
the boatmen had plenty of warning of the blow."
September 18: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb over just offshore
at 29N, 89W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 88.8W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at
30.3N, 89.0W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and 30.5N, 91.0W with 1010 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT and MWR locations are
more reasonable. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 19: HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW in Texas
and Louisiana. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at
30.0N, 93.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates a
center near 30.2N, 93.2W with 1011 mb (a.m.). Available observations
suggest that the HWM is correct that the tropical system had dissipated
by 12 UTC on this date.
Genesis for this system was begun a day later on the 15th at 00 UTC as
a tropical depression, as observations indicate that it was an open wave
on the 14th. The track had minor alterations for the duration of the
tropical storm's lifetime. The winds were increased on the 16th and
17th due to a 60 kt ship report near the coast as the tropical storm
was making landfall. This wind was chosen as the peak intensity for
the system as well as its landfall intensity. This boost is consistent
with modest storm surge observed along the coastline. (Wind observations
on the coast reached only 40 kt, but the tropical storm made landfall in a
sparsely monitored region between the Jacksonville and Savannah
stations.) Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 07 UTC on
the 17th near 30.6N, 81.4W. Dissipation likely occurred earlier than
that indicated in HURDAT as seen from HWM and COADS observations on
the 19th.
*****************************************************************************
1914 - Additional Notes:
1) A cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico in late September and
early October was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into
HURDAT. On the 28th of September, brisk east to northeast to north
winds covered the Gulf of Mexico after an early, vigorous cold front
passed through the region. On the 29th, a possible low center was
forming along this pre-existing frontal boundary in the northern
Gulf of Mexico. The pressure gradient was enhanced and 42 kt from
the east were observed in Mobile. On the 30th, the low was in the
northeastern Gulf just south of Pensacola and though high winds
were reported (peak of 42 kt from the east in Pensacola), the system
continued to be baroclinic in structure with a cold front off to
the southwest and a warm front off to the southeast. On October 1st,
the system went inland and weakened over southern Alabama and Mississippi.
The remnants of the system continued to cause rains in the along the
Gulf coastal states on the 2nd. While the storm clearly had gale
force winds associated with it, the system also apparently retained
its baroclinic character throughout its lifetime. Thus this
extratropical storm is not added into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 29 26N 92W Extratropical
Sep. 30 29N 88W Extratropical
Oct. 1 31N 91W Extratropical
Oct. 2 --- --- Extratropical Dissipating
2) Both Tannehill (1938) and Connor (1956) listed a second tropical
system occurring in late October in their compilations of the season.
early October. This was investigated for the possibility of
inclusion into HURDAT. On the 24th, low pressure was present
throughout the western Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean
Sea. A possible low center was forming in the extreme northwestern
Gulf of Mexico with an attached cold front extending to the south.
On the 25th, this low had consolidated somewhat and was moving
toward the east across the central Gulf of Mexico as a well-
defined extratropical storm with gale force winds on the northern
half of the system. At the same time, HWM and COADS ship
observations suggest that a separate low pressure center -
perhaps a tropical depression - had formed in the northwestern
Caribbean Sea. Lowest pressure with this possible tropical low
were down to 1004 mb, but peak winds associated with it were
only 20 kt due to the overall weak pressure gradient present.
On the 26th, the extratropical low continued moving toward the
east and its associated cold front began moving across Florida
and Cuba. It appears likely that the frontal boundary absorbed
the possible tropical depression at this date. On the 27th,
the extratropical storm center weakened to an open trough, even
though strong northerly winds were observed along the Carolina
coasts behind the associated cold front. There is no indication
of a separate tropical cyclone being present on this date. Thus
the main system 7apparently retained its extratropical character
for its lifetime, but the secondary low on the 25th was likely
a tropical depression. It is unlikely that this reached tropical
storm strength and thus is not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 24 27N 97W Extratropical
Oct. 25 26N 91W Extratropical (and)
21N 86W Tropical Depression
Oct. 26 27N 86W Extratropical (and)
--- --- Tropical Depression Absorbed into Front
Oct. 27 --- --- Extratropical Degenerated into open trough
*******************************************************************************
1915/01 - 2008 REVISION:
20685 07/31/1915 M= 6 1 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
20685 07/31/1915 M= 6 1 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
20690 07/31* 0 0 0 0*274 760 35 0*275 770 35 0*277 778 35 0*
20690 07/31* 0 0 0 0*274 765 35 0*275 775 40 0*277 784 50 0*
*** *** ** *** **
20695 08/01*279 786 35 0*281 793 35 0*284 799 40 0*287 805 40 0*
20695 08/01*279 792 55 0*281 798 60 0*284 803 65 0*287 808 65 990*
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** ***
20700 08/02*291 809 45 0*296 814 45 0*302 818 45 0*309 822 45 0*
20700 08/02*291 812 50 0*296 815 45 0*302 818 40 1003*309 821 40 0*
*** ** *** ** **** *** **
20705 08/03*318 824 40 0*329 823 40 0*340 816 30 0*354 802 30 0*
20705 08/03*318 823 40 0*329 821 40 0*340 816 35 0*354 810 35 0*
*** *** ** *** **
20710 08/04*370 787 30 0*387 772 25 0*401 758 25 0*409 745 20 0*
20710 08/04*370 795 40 0*387 777 40 0*401 758 45 0E409 743 50 0*
*** ** *** ** ** * *** **
20715 08/05*416 731 20 0*420 718 15 0*424 705 15 0* 0 0 0 0*
20715 08/05E416 731 45 0E420 718 35 0E424 705 30 0* 0 0 0 0*
* ** * ** * **
20720 TS
20720 HRDFL1
******
Landfall:
8/01/1915 1800Z 28.7N 80.8W 65kt 15nmi 990mb 1015mb DFL1
Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship
database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
July 31: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 77.0W
at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther north and
west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 1: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 29N, 81W. The
MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 28.5N, 80.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.)
and at 30N, 81.3W with 1006 mb (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 28.4N, 79.9W at 12 UTC. Observations suggest that
HWM is most accurate estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt SE and 1001 mb
from the ship Vann at 13 UTC at 28.5N 80W (MWR). "The disturbance that appeared
over central Florida on the morning of the 1st developed considerably during
the ensuing 24 hours" (MWR). "A storm of considerable energy, attended by
torrential rains over portions of the Peninsula, approached the east coast of
Florida between Titusville and Jupiter during the forenoon of August 1" (MWR).
August 2: HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 30N, 82.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 31.2N, 81.8W with 1006 mb
(a.m.) and at 32.2N, 81.8W with 1008 mb (p.m). HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Observations suggest the
center was just east of the HURDAT position. Station highlight: 47 kt S
(time unknown) and 1005 mb minimum pressure at 0905 UTC at Jacksonville
(MWR, OMR). "The winds through the Peninsula indicate a disturbance to the
southeast of Cape Canaveral...The storm center was about 25 miles west of
Jacksonville at 7 a. m. of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity at the
latter place of 54 miles, and an average hourly movement of nearly 38
miles for the preceding 12 hours...The high winds were confined, as a rule, to
the portion of the Peninsula east of the Suwanee River, while damaging rains
extended over the triangular area from Pinellas County on the west coast to
Jacksonville and Hypoluxo on the east coast, rainfall intensity being
greatest apparently at St. Petersburg, where 15.45 inches fell in 24 hours.
An electrical disturbance of great intensity was coincident with the
heavy rains. The damage was chiefly to railway tracks, bridges, highways,
and other such structures. Some buildings were blown down, but no one
was reported to have been killed. Crops on lowlands suffered severely,
and even those on high ground did not escape the consequence of heavy rains
and a prolonged soggy condition of the soil. The area of greatest damage
was over portions of Pinellas, Hillsboro, Manatee, De Soto, Polk, Palm
Beach, St. Lucie, and Brevard counties. Summarized press reports show
that the total damage was not less than $250,000" (MWR).
August 3: HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 34.5N, 81.5W
with a very weak cold front approaching the system from the west.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 34.2N, 80.8W with 1002 mb
(a.m.) and at 36.5N, 78.5W with 1005 mb (p.m.). HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34.0N, 81.6W. Station highlight: 42 kt W
at Raleigh (MWR). "During the next 24 hours [during the 3rd] moderate gales
occurred along the South Atlantic coast and storm warnings were extended
northward to Boston, the storm in the meantime having moved to southern
Virginia with somewhat increase intensity" (MWR).
August 4: HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead shows a
cold frontal boundary extending north-south from Pennsylvania to east of
the Carolinas and a second stationary front extending northwest to
southeast from the Great Lakes to well east of the Carolinas. Evidence for
the first front appears weak. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a
center at 41.5N, 78W with 1007 mb (a.m.) and at 42.2N, 73.2W with 1012 mb
(p.m.). HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 40.1N, 75.8W
at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's location is most
accurate and that the system was still a tropical cyclone. Station highlight:
55 kt SE at New York City (MWR). "Moderate to fresh gales occurred on the
New Jersey and southern New England coast during the 4th" (MWR).
August 5: HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead has a stationary
front extending from the Great Lakes to off of New Jersey, a warm frontal
boundary from there southeastward and a cold front extending to the south.
Evidence for the cold front is weak. The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a
center at 42N, 70W with 1013 mb (a.m.). HURDAT lists this as a tropical
depression at 42.4N, 70.5W. Available observations suggest that a center
was still present near the HURDAT location, but that it was being absorbed
into the stationary and warm frontal boundaries. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "But by the morning of the 5th
pressure was rising" (MWR).
Small changes to the track were introduced from the 31st of July through
the 4th of August based upon available observations. Winds are increased
on the 31st through the 2nd based upon ship and land wind and pressure
observations, as well as impact noted in Northeast Florida. Based upon
the ship Vann and Titusville's observations and the MWR account, it is
estimated that it made landfall around 18 UTC on the 1st. The peak observed
54 kt wind at Jacksonville converts to 40 kt true after adjusting for the high
wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) The observations at
Jacksonville of 1005 mb minimum pressure at 09 UTC on the 2nd and
1006 mb/35 kt SSE at 12 UTC, suggest a central pressure of around 1002 mb -
about 18 hours after landfall. Utilizing the Ho et al. inland decay
pressure model with an environmental pressure of 1015 mb gives a landfall
central pressure of 995 mb using the "Florida hurricanes (south of 29N)"
table and 975 mb using the "Atlantic hurricanes (north of Georgia-South
Carolina state line)" table. Given that this system falls closer to
the former rather than the latter, the central pressure at landfall is
estimated to be 990 mb. 990 mb suggests winds of about 63 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. The cyclone had a rather small
radius of outer closed isobar (about 165 nmi), so one might infer a small RMW
of about 15 nmi as well, which would be consistent with confined area of
impacts from winds according to MWR. Climatology for this pressure and
latitude (Vickery et al. 2001) is about 23 nmi. The smaller size is
counteracted by the slow motion of the cyclone at landfall (6 kt), so 65 kt
maximum sustained winds at landfall are utilized in the HURDAT revision.
This upgrades the cyclone to a hurricane of Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale. Such a revision does appear to be consistent with the
moderate wind caused impacts in Northeast Florida described in MWR. This
is a major increase from the 40 kt near landfall originally indicated. Winds
are increased after landfall on the 3rd through the 5th based upon numerous
gale force wind reports along the coast and just inland. The highest of which
- 55 kt at New York City on the 4th - converts to 46 kt true after adjustment.
Apparently, this system began reintensification while the center was still
over land (though close to the coast). Note that this agrees with
the assessment in _Monthly Weather Review_ of the time. It is likely,
however, that the cyclone was not independent of the baroclinic system and
may have been intensifying as somewhat of a hybrid cyclone. An extratropical
stage is indicated late on the 4th as observations suggest that it became
absorbed within a frontal boundary, rather than dissipating as a tropical
cyclone.
*****************************************************************************
1915/02 - 2008 REVISION:
20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
***
20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 252 35 0*152 261 35 0*
20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 260 30 0*140 278 30 0*
*** *** ** *** *** **
20735 08/06*152 272 35 0*152 286 35 0*153 304 35 0*154 323 35 0*
20735 08/06*141 296 35 0*141 313 35 0*142 330 35 0*142 345 35 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20740 08/07*155 348 35 0*157 371 35 0*158 390 40 0*159 405 45 0*
20740 08/07*143 360 35 0*144 375 35 0*145 390 40 0*146 405 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
20745 08/08*161 420 45 0*162 435 50 0*163 450 55 0*164 465 60 0*
20745 08/08*146 420 45 0*147 435 50 0*148 450 55 0*148 468 60 0*
*** *** *** *** ***
20750 08/09*165 480 65 0*166 495 70 0*165 510 70 0*167 529 70 0*
20750 08/09*149 487 65 0*150 506 70 0*151 525 70 0*153 542 70 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20755 08/10*167 552 75 0*166 577 75 0*165 597 75 0*165 614 80 0*
20755 08/10*155 558 75 0*157 574 75 0*159 590 75 0*161 605 80 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20760 08/11*165 631 80 0*165 647 80 0*166 663 85 0*167 679 85 0*
20760 08/11*163 619 80 0*165 634 80 0*166 650 85 0*167 668 85 0*
*** *** *** *** ***
20765 08/12*168 695 85 0*170 710 90 0*173 726 90 0*177 741 90 0*
20765 08/12*169 688 85 0*171 710 90 0*173 730 90 0*177 744 90 0*
*** *** *** *** *** ***
20770 08/13*181 755 95 0*185 769 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0*
20770 08/13*181 757 95 0*185 770 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0*
*** ***
20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 817 105 0*208 828 105 0*214 839 105 0*
20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 818 105 0*208 830 105 0*215 843 105 0*
*** *** *** ***
20780 08/15*220 849 105 0*226 859 105 0*235 870 110 0*240 881 110 0*
20780 08/15*222 856 105 0*229 866 105 0*235 875 110 0*241 884 110 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*255 903 115 0*262 911 120 0*271 924 120 0*
20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*254 901 115 0*262 911 115 0*271 924 115 0*
*** *** *** ***
20790 08/17*280 936 120 0*289 947 105 953*296 958 65 0*302 965 60 0*
20790 08/17*280 937 115 0*289 950 115 940*296 959 75 0*302 965 50 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** **
20795 08/18*307 967 55 0*312 966 50 0E317 964 45 0E322 961 40 0*
20795 08/18*306 967 40 0*310 966 40 0*313 964 35 0*317 961 35 0*
*** ** *** ** **** ** **** **
20800 08/19E327 958 40 0E331 953 35 0E336 946 30 0E343 935 30 0*
20800 08/19*323 958 30 0*329 953 30 0*336 946 30 0*343 935 30 0*
**** ** **** ** * *
20805 08/20E352 924 30 0E362 912 30 0E370 901 25 0E377 891 25 0*
20805 08/20E352 924 35 0E362 912 35 0E370 901 35 0E377 891 35 0*
** ** ** **
20810 08/21E382 881 25 0E388 871 30 0E395 860 30 0E404 845 35 0*
20810 08/21E382 881 35 0E388 871 35 0E395 860 35 0E404 845 35 0*
** ** **
20815 08/22E415 827 35 0E426 807 30 0E435 790 25 0E443 775 25 0*
20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E475 700 25 0*
20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E470 724 25 0*
*** ***
20825 HRCTX4
20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1
**** ***
Landfall:
8/17/1915 0700Z 29.2N 95.1W 115kt 25nmi 940mb 1009mb CTX4,BTX1,LA1
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC, Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller
(1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Wiggert and Jarvinen
(1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Roth (1997a,b),
Perez et al. (2000), Boose et al. (2004), and Caribbean newspaper accounts
provided by Michael Chenoweth.
August 5: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 25.2W
at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 6: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 30.4W
at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west, though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 7: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 39.0W
at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 8: HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.3N, 45.0W
at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 9: HWM shows an open trough along longitude 56W. HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 51.0W at 12 UTC. HWM and COADS
observations suggest a center farther south and west, though data are quite
sparse on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
August 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13N, 59W. HURDAT
lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 59.7W at 12 UTC.
Observations suggest a center southeast of HURDAT. Station highlight: 998 mb
and 5 kt NW at Dominica at 18 UTC (MWR). "The storm was first observed on
the morning of August 10 between the Windward Islands of Barbados and
Dominica ... a special report at 4 p.m. from Roseau, Dominica, which showed
a barometer reading of 29.46 inches, with light air from the northwest ...
The casualties resulting from the storm were of minor character east of
Santo Domingo and Haiti and were confined to small shipping. At Fort de
France, Martinique, the docks were flooded and merchandise destroyed, while
at some of the other islands of the Lesser Antilles there was some damage to
small shipping" (MWR). "Formed Aug. 2 on the Cape Verde Islands, moved due
west across the Atlantic, arrived between Guadeloupe and Dominica Aug. 10th
as a full-fledged hurricane" (Perez) Dominica Guardian, Thursday August 12,
1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth): "Tuesday Nights' Hurricane ...On
Monday morning [at 10 a.m.] the barometer had fallen to 29.80 from which
point it continued to fall gradually until at 1 o'clock p.m. when it reached
29.68...at 5 p.m. the barometer had gone down to 29.46, by which time the
wind was blowing strongly from a NNW direction, and the sea, already
boisterous, was rising heavier every minute and running a very powerful
current from the north west. Long before the signal guns were fired, at
6 p.m., it was quite clear that we were in for "a good blow," and the storm
warning message issued just immediately after, by the U.S. Weather Bureau...
As night set in the wind increased in velocity, changing its position from
NW to W and then to SW by which time the climax had been reached, that was
between 2 and 5 o'clock on Wednesday morning. The rain fell in heavy fitful
gusts during the whole night, filling up rivers and drains and flooding
the streets and roads all through. But the latter abated as the day began
to dawn, from which time also the wind, blowing from South, showed a
tendency to abate. The sea was breaking to nearly mountain height upon the
shore....Telephone and electric light poles fell in many parts of the town,
cutting off communication and placing Rouseau in complete darkness. Of
buildings, the only damage reported to us is the partial siding of
the new premises which are being put up by Mr. Ferreira near to
the Goodwell bridge for a public amusement hall.... Many old fences went
down, but the wreckage among plants was general all over town and its
environments. The large sandbox tree ... in Grandby Street was uprooted...
Other trees were also uprooted, whilst breadfruit, gomier and other trees
threw their limbs and branches in all directions...The Bath Road between
the Convent and Southern gate was nearly impassable owing to the debris from
the fallen trees. Many lime trees were also uprooted and , as in other
places, limes were scattered all under the trees, mostly all green..."
Dominica Guardian, 19 August 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) The late
gale. Further news of the bad weather reported in our last issue has come
to hand from different parts of the country. Some of the estates have
suffered severely, both from the destruction of cultivation and from the
loss of the greater part of what were promising crops, mostly of limes, but
happily a large number of estates have not been in any material way effected.
Portsmouth was heavily shaken and several houses were destroyed there. At the
Carib quarter about a dozen houses have either been wholly or partly wrecked.
The roof of the church at La Roche has been blown away and a few houses
suffered. At Vieille Case, Marigot, Wesley and other places thereabout
dwelling houses have either been blown down or suffered other damage. At
Morne Daniel a house was completely demolished....Although the weather
caused heavy damage on land it is gratifying to record that no life has been
lost, either on land or at sea. Of the vessels that were sunk....The
following telegrams relate to the effect of the gale to the neighboring
islands:
St. Vincent, 10, 1:30 p.m. -- Heavy weather here. Wind from west. Sea rough.
Raining. Schooner Muriel attempting leave port came ashore.
Trinidad, 11, 10:30 a.m. --- Heavy sea here since about 7:30 a.m. now
moderating. Strong breeze from SW. Several lighters sunk or damaged. Bar.
29.98.
Grenada, 11. -- High winds and heavy rains experienced here about 2 a.m.
Somewhat disturbed but conditions otherwise normal now.
St. Kitts, 12. -- The schooner Evangeline of Antigua, partly laden with
molasses, was driven ashore by heavy sea yesterday afternoon and destroyed.
One lighter was driven from Nevis and smashed on this coast. It is also
reported that two other lighters broke from moorings at Nevis and drifted
to sea.
St. Thomas, Aug. 12. -- Communication between Basseterre and Point-a-Pitre
interrupted and all telegraph and telephone lines down; work is being
forwarded by post.
St. Kitts, 13. -- It is reported from Nevis that the Montserrat Government
Mail Boat Southern Cross was found drifting to the windward of that Island
battened down, no one on board and undamaged. She was taken into Charlestown,
Nevis.
Kingston, Jamaica, 13. -- A hurricane was experienced here on Thursday night,
the barometer falling to 29.34. No damage to the city reported. Telegraph
land lines blown down."
Antigua Sun, August 11, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) "Last night
the wind rose almost to hurricane force. Weather reports at 10 a.m. [10 Aug.]
Barbados 29.98 wind nw; Dominica 29.77 wind north; Antigua 29.90 wind ne, in
afternoon fell to 29.78; St. Kitts 29.90 wind ne."
August 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 15.5N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.6N, 66.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17N, 67W (a.m.). Available
observations suggest a center east of HURDAT. Station highlight: 50 kt NE
and 1002 mb at San Juan at 13 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 50 kt E at
19.3N, 63.8W (COA). "On the morning of August 11 the disturbance was
apparently near and south of the island of St. Croix, at about latitude
16N., longitude 66W. At this time the barometer at San Juan, P.R., read
29.60 inches with a gale of 60 miles an hour from the northeast, indicating
a much lower pressure to the southward, and pressure was falling more
rapidly to the westward, as indicated by the observation at Santo Domingo,
Santo Domingo, and Port au Prince, Haiti" (MWR). "The hurricane passed
east-west over the Caribbean to the south of Puerto Rico, causing
mountainous seas along the south coast. Damages were mostly to coffee and
banana crops. 2 deaths (drowned at sea) at Cabo Rojo. San Juan lowest
barometer 29.77 at 8:50 a.m. [note that this is inconsistent with what
was reported in MWR], wind east at 62 mph, but winds were higher on
the south coast and the Central Cordillera. San Juan observations: winds
began to increase at noon of 10th (19mph); reached northeast 30 mph by
midnight, gusts of northeast 40 mph at 1:00 a.m. of Aug. 11th; northeast
60 mph at 3:00 a.m.; northeast 60 mph at 8:00 a.m.; southeast 19 mph at
2:00-3:00 p.m." (Perez). "August 11, F2 wind damage at 7 locations
in Puerto Rico, Storm known as 'Saint Tiburcio', Recommended keeping
HURDAT intensity and track as is" (Boose et al.)
August 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 16N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 17.3N, 72.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17.5N, 73W (a.m.). Available
observations suggest a center close to the MWR position. Station highlight:
1002 mb at Port Au Prince at 13 UTC (MWR). Ship highlight: 35 kt ESE at
21.0N, 65.0W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 12th the storm was
central a short distance south of Haiti at about latitude 17, longitude 70.
The barometer reading at Port au Prince was 29.60 inches and the highest
wind velocity was 32 miles an hour from the east. However, reports of
damage over the southern portion of the Republic indicated that a severe
gale must have occurred there with much lower pressures. On the same
morning the barometer reading at Kingston, Jamaica, was 29.68 inches, and
northerly gales were reported east of the island. The wind at Kingston was
then light northwest, and pressure was also falling to the westward and
northwestward, Songo (near Santiago), Cuba, reporting a barometer reading
of 29.80 inches, a fall of 0.16 inch in 24 hours, with light northeast winds
... Over the southwestern portion of Haiti real disaster to crops, etc.,
was reported, but, so far as is known, without loss of life" (MWR).
August 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.2N, 78.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 18.8N, 78.2W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 18.7N, 78W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is accurate.
Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM);
43 kt E at Sand Key (MWR); 994 mb at Kingston around 06 UTC (Chenoweth).
Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 22.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 20 kt N and
1002 mb at 20.6N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA). "During the night of the 12-13th
the storm center passed north of the Island of Jamaica, and at 8 a.m. of
the 13th a whole southeast gale was blowing at Kingston ... Over the Island
of Jamaica, heavy gales were reported, and the banana crop was said to have
been damaged to the extent of several millions of dollars" (MWR).
August 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 20.8N, 82.8W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 22N, 83.2W (a.m.).
Available observations place the center just west of the HURDAT
position. Station highlights: Calm (eye) at Cape San Antonio at 1930 UTC
(MWR); 48 kt E at Havana at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at Sand Key (MWR). Ship
highlight: 70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 21.1N, 80.6W (COA). Perez et al. lists
this system as a Category 3 major hurricane impact in Cuba. "On the morning
of the 14th the storm was apparently central near the Isle of Pines, Cuba,
with undiminished intensity and moving in a direction a little north of west.
During Friday night [early on the 14th] the maximum wind velocity at Habana
was 56 miles and hour from the east ... The storm center evidently passed
over Cape San Antonio, Cuba, about 2:30 p.m., August 14, as at that time a
calm prevailed, continuing with heat and mist for about one-half hour. The
lowest barometer at the Isle of Pines, Cuba, occurred at 3 a.m, august 14,
so that the rate of travel of the storm center between that place and
Cape San Antonio was about 13 miles and hour ... Over extreme western Cuba,
which was in the direct path of the storm, the damage was much more serious,
and at Cape San Antonio, on the extreme western end of the island, not a
house was left standing. The radio station, the steel tower, and the
lighthouse were blown down, and the entire meteorological equipment of the
Weather Bureau destroyed. Fourteen lives were lost. The schooner Roncador
was totally wrecked, but without loss of life, and the schooner Explorer was
dismantled ... There was only a moderate gale at Key West, but at Sand Key,
8 miles to the southwestward, there was a 60-mile southeast gale ...
The greatest marine disaster was the loss on August 13 [14], probably in the
Yucatan Channel, of the American steamship Marowigne, of the United Fruit Co.,
from Belize, British Honduras. Notwithstanding the fact that the steamer was
equipped with radio apparatus nothing was heard from her and she must have
been lost, together with her passengers and crew, numbering in all 96
persons. The vessel was valued at $400,000" (MWR).
August 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb at 22.5N, 88.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.5N, 87.0N
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 24N, 87.2W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the hurricane was west of the HURDAT
position. Station highlight: 20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
Meridian (HWM). Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1000 mb at 19 UTC at
27.0N, 86.0W (MWR); 60 kt NE and 992 mb at 11 UTC at 25.0N, 87.6W (COA).
"On the morning of the 15th the storm was apparently central in the
south-central Gulf of Mexico moving in a more northwesterly direction
than before. The barometer at all Gulf stations was falling. A radio
report taken at 2 p.m. on the SS Antilles, at latitude 27, longitude 86,
showed a barometer reading of 29.54 inches with wind velocity 74 miles an
hour from the east ... The schooner Lydia M. Deering, from Sabine, Tex., for
Boston, was lost several miles south of Mobile, and the captain and two
members of the crew perished. The schooner Dora Allison, from Progreso,
Mexico, for Mobile, was wrecked in the Gulf, but her crew was saved. The
fishing smack Nettie Franklin, of Pensacola, was wrecked in the northwest
Gulf and two of her crew were lost" (MWR).
August 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb at 26.5N, 93.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 major hurricane at 26.2N, 91.1W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 26.2N, 91.7W (a.m.)
and 28.2N, 94W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the location
of HURDAT is most accurate. Station highlights: N winds and 988 mb at
23 UTC at Velasco (CLINE/MWR); 57 kt NE and 992 mb at 22 UTC at
Galveston (OMR). "...another radio report taken at 8 p.m. on the same
date [early on the 16th], at about latitude 26.5, longitude 87.5 showed a
barometer of 29.48 inches, with wind velocity of 64 miles and hour from the
east. On Monday morning, August 16, the storm center was apparently
approaching the east Texas coast.At this time the barometer at Galveston
read 29.62 inches with maximum wind velocity of 34 miles and hour from the
northeast. The conditions continued to intensify, and by noon the barometer
at Galveston had fallen to 29.48 inches with maximum wind velocity of 56
miles and hour from the northeast. The tide was rising slowly and the sea
was excessively rough" (MWR).
August 17: HWM analyzes a closed low just inland over Texas with at most
990 mb pressure at 30N, 96W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1
hurricane at 29.6N, 95.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the
system at 29.2N, 95.8W with 973 mb (a.m.) and at 30.5N, 97.2W with 994 mb
(p.m.). Available observations suggest that the location of HURDAT
is most accurate. Station highlights: 70 kt NE and 955 mb at 1125 UTC
at Houston (MWR/OMR); NW wind and 953 mb at 07 UTC at Velasco (Cline/MWR);
80 kt E and 971 mb at 09 UTC at Galveston (Cline/OMR). "At 8 p.m. Monday,
August 16, the barometer at Galveston read 29.10 inches with maximum wind
velocity of 72 miles an hour from the northeast, and heavy rain was falling.
The storm passed into the interior during the night of August 16-17, and
at 2:45 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at Galveston read 28.63 inches,
with maximum wind velocity of 93 miles and hour from the east at 2:37 a.m.
At 5:30 a.m. of the 17th the barometer at Houston read 28.20 inches, with a
maximum wind velocity of 80 miles and hour (estimated) from the northeast.
Hourly barometer readings were also made by E.F. Roeller at Velasco, Tex.,
about 40 miles southwest of Galveston and about 14 miles southwest of San
Luis Pass, where the storm center first reached the coast... It shows that
the lowest pressure, 28.06 inches, occurred at 1 a.m. August 17, at which
time the wind backed At 8 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at
Galveston read 29.12 inches, with the wind blowing 52 miles and hour from
the northeast, while at Houston the reading was 28.72 inches, with a wind
of 80 miles an hour (estimated) from the southeast. Torrential rains had
fallen at both places and were extending into the interior of east Texas.
The storm then recurved to the northward, with high winds over the
interior of east Texas, reaching a maximum of 60 miles an hour from the
north at San Antonio during the day ... the actual storm center passed
much closer to Houston than to Galveston, and, according to the wind
directions (NE., E., SE., and S.), a little to the southward and westward
of both stations. As nearly as can be determined the storm center reached
the coast of Texas near San Luis Pass, at the end of West Bay, about 26 miles
southwest of Galveston, at about 1 a.m., September [sic] 17, shortly after
which its slow recurve to the northward and northeastward began. The
extreme western point of the path was reached between 2:20 and 2:40 a.m.,
very near and presumably a little to the westward of Sandy Point, Tex. It
was next definitely located at about 4:50 a.m. southwest of and very close
to Houston, Tex., with a movement slightly east of north. These deductions
are based upon special reports received, mainly, after the passage of the
storm, and the center is assumed to have been where the lull, or calm, that
accompanies the shift in wind direction occurred as the storm center passed.
At a point about 5 miles northeast of Sandy Point the calm lasted from 2:20
until 2:40 a.m. ... A measurement by the United States Engineers at Twentieth
and Strand makes the highest point [in Galveston] reached 11.965 feet above
mean low tide. It appears to be the universal opinion that the water was
somewhat higher than in 1900 ... The greatest loss of life and property
occurred in the vicinity of Galveston, and from thence northward and
westward for a considerable distance. The total loss of life was 275, to
which the city of Galveston contributed 11; Galveston Island, 42; and the
dredges Houston and San Bernard and the tug Helen Hendersson, 69...
It has been estimated that the damage from this storm to crops, buildings,
railroads, shipping live stock, and other property will aggregate close to
$50,000,000, but these figures are probably much too large. Of the total
amount approximately $6,000,000 occurred at Galveston. In the city of
Houston the damage amounted to about $1,000,000, mainly to buildings,
railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines, and nearly every building shared
in the damage. Crops in fully one-half the State of Texas suffered severely.
Nearly all open cotton was blown away, and much cotton, late corn and rice
was flattened by the wind and rain" (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Texas:
Aug. 16-17, Upper Coast, Extreme Intensity, 275 killed, $50,000,000
damage ... Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama:
Aug. 17, Louisiana, Minor Intensity, Center remained offshore" (Dunn and
Miller). "TX-N 4, MSLP 945 mb" (Jarrell et al.). "Environmental
pressure 1008 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds [converted to 1 min]
100 kt" (Schwerdt et al.) "948 mb central pressure, 29 nmi RMW,
landfall point 29.0N, 95.2W" (Ho et al.) "August 15-17, 1915: A hurricane
made landfall just west of Galveston. Gales howled throughout Cameron and
Vermilion Parishes and as far east as Mobile. Produced tides of 11 feet at
Cameron (called Leesburg at the time), 10 feet at Grand Cheniere, and
9.5 feet at Marsh Island; Grand Isle reported water 6 feet deep across the
city. The lightkeeper at the Sabine Pass lighthouse had to turn the lens by
hand, as vibrations caused by the wave action put the clockwork out of
order. At Sabine Bank, 17 miles offshore the Mouth of the Sabine, damage was
noted ... . A storm surge of 15.3 feet above mean low gulf was noted at
Virginia Point. " (Roth). "Aug. 17 1915, Center crossed coast: 35 miles
SW Galveston. Estimated lowest pressure 27.90 inches, Tide info -
Galveston 12.8', GLS seawall 15.5', Sabine 11.0', Vermillion Bay 9.5'"
(Connor). SLOSH runs for this system were generated using a delta-P
of 55 mb at landfall (~954 mb central pressure), RMW of 35 statute miles
(30 nmi) and landfall of the eye center about 8 miles southwest of
San Luis Pass (landfall near 29.1N, 95.1W) before 1 a.m. on August 17th
(Wiggert and Jarvinen).
August 18: HWM analyzes a closed low over northeast Texas with a cold
front extending west and a stationary front extending east-northeast of
the system. However, the evidence for frontal boundaries is somewhat weak
at this point. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered at 31.5N, 97W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an
extratropical storm at 31.7N, 96.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows
lists it at 32N, 97W and 999 mb (a.m.) and at 32.8N, 96W and 1000 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a position just south of HURDAT is most
reasonable. Station highlights: 42 kt N at 04 UTC at Dallas (OMR);
16 kt SE and 995 mb at 01 UTC at Palestine (OMR). "On the morning of
August 18 the storm was central over the northern portion of east Texas,
with a barometer reading of 29.50 inches at Forth Worth and Dallas, with
northeast gales of 44 to 48 miles an hour with heavy rains" (MWR).
August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low at the border of Texas and Oklahoma
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of
the center. However, again the evidence that frontal boundaries are actually
present is weak. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered near 33.5N, 96W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 33.6N, 96.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this
system at 33.5N, 95W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 93.7W with 999 mb
(p.m.). Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
accurate. Station highlights: 10 kt NE and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Fort
Worth (OMR).
August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low over southeast Missouri with a
cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
southeast. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered near 37N, 90W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 37N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
36.8N, 90.5W and 996 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 88W and 996 mb (p.m.). Available
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station
highlights: 35 kt SW at Memphis (MWR); 35 kt W at Nashville (MWR);
35 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at St. Louis (HWM).
August 21: HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over Indiana with frontal
boundaries extending to the east and south of the center. The center has
at most a 1000 mb pressure and is centered near 39.5N and 86W in HWM.
HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 39.5N, 85.8W with 1000 mb (a.m.)
and at 41.3N, 83W with 999 mb (p.m.). Station highlights: 10 SSE and
1002 mb at 12 UTC at Dayton.
August 22: HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over the border of New
York and Pennsylvania with frontal boundaries extending east and south of
the center. The closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered
at 43N, 79W in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at
43.5N, 79W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
43.2N, 79.7W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and at 45.7N, 75.8W with 1002 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is the most accurate center.
Station highlights: 10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit (HWM).
August 23: HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over southwest Quebec
with frontal boundaries extending to the southeast of the center. The
closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered near 48N, 74W
in HWM. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 46.2N, 73.4W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 47.2N, 73.3W with
1006 mb (a.m.) and at 48.5N, 69.7W with 1007 mb (p.m.). Available
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 24: HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over northern Quebec
with an occluded frontal boundary to its east. The closed low has at most
1000 mb pressure and is centered near 53N, 70W. However, no observations
are available to substantiate the system's existence at this date.
Track is adjusted significantly to the southwest on the 6th to the 9th,
based on available observations and continuity. Remaining track changes
are relatively minor. Last position revised to provide a more realistic
translational velocity and to better account for available observations.
Extratropical transition is delayed 36 hours from that originally shown in
HURDAT as no significant frontal boundaries became apparent in the cyclone
until early on the 20th. Intensity slightly reduced on the 5th to begin
system as tropical depression based upon ship and Cape Verde Island
observations. Measurement of 998 mb from Dominica at 18 UTC on the 10th
was considered for the possibility to be a central pressure, but newspaper
accounts from the _Dominican Guardian_ clearly show that it would not have
been the lowest pressure measured at that location. Impacts described for
Dominica and other islands in the Lesser Antilles match minimal hurricane
intensity in HURDAT. High seas and wind impacts reported at Puerto Rico on the
11th are consistent with a Category 2 hurricane passing to the south, so this
intensity is retained. The system passed just over the western tip of Cuba,
causing Category 3 hurricane conditions according to Perez et al. Thus
intensities are retained unchanged on the 15th. No ship went through the inner
core of the hurricane during its transit of the Gulf of Mexico.
The hurricane made landfall in Texas early on the 17th. Peak observed
winds at landfall were from Galveston, Texas with 80 kt 5 min wind, which
converts to 65 kt 1 min wind after adjusting for the high bias of the
4 cup Robinson anemometer and converting to 1 min peak wind (Fergusson and
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). However, the hurricane made landfall
well to the southwest of Galveston, so these are likely not the peak winds
in the system. At landfall, minimum pressures observed were 953 mb with
a windshift from N to NW at Velasco, Texas at 07 UTC on the 17th and 955 mb
with 70 kt NE wind (shifting to SE) at Houston, Texas at 1125 UTC. The
center of the hurricane passed between both cities without either observing
the central pressure. Ho et al. analyzed a landfall point of 29.0N, 95.2W,
an RMW of 29 nmi and an estimate of the central pressure of 948 mb (using
the Schloemer equation). However, MWR analyzed a landfall position farther
from Velasco at San Luis Pass at 29.1N, 95.1W. Given that it is likely
that Velasco was inside the RMW, but not in the eye, a central pressure lower
than 948 mb appears more reasonable. Another line of evidence of a deeper
central is from the 955 mb observed in Houston accompanied by
70 kt wind. Application of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model
suggests a pressure of 936 mb due to the four hours of filling over land.
Given that Houston's location is close to Galveston Bay, perhaps the amount
of weakening is overestimated (and thus the 936 mb too high). However,
the 955 mb in Houston was not a central pressure value, but taken in
the eyewall. These estimates are all substantially stronger than the 954 mb
central pressure obtained in Wiggert and Jarvinen. The 940 mb central
pressure estimate is accepted at landfall, which is slightly deeper than
that given in in Jarrell et al. (apparently obtained from Connor's estimate).
940 mb central pressure at landfall suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The 25 nmi RMW is slightly larger than
that expected by climatology (19 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure,
which would suggest a reduction from this 119 kt value. The new northern
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. (2006) suggests
115 kt for a 940 mb central pressure. Thus the estimated maximum sustained
winds at landfall are 115 kt, which is a slight reduction from the 120 kt
originally contained in HURDAT at 00 UTC but higher than the 105 kt at 06 UTC.
Given the uncertainty, this system could have been a high end Category 3
hurricane at landfall. Keeping Category 4 retains the analyzed Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale status as given in HURDAT and Neumann et al. for this system.
Peak observed winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times):
70 kt at Houston at 12 UTC/17th, 53 kt at Galveston at 18 UTC/17th, and 40 kt
at Dallas at 00 UTC/18th. These convert to 57, 44, and 34 kt, respectively,
after adjustment. A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model
suggests winds of 74, 51, and 39 kt, respectively. As wind observations are
fairly sparse in this area and this was a larger than usual hurricane, winds
are chosen to be close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model: at 12 UTC winds
are thus increased from 65 kt in HURDAT to 75 kt, reduced at 18 UTC from
60 kt to 50 kt, and reduced from 55 kt to 40 kt at 00 UTC/18th. The
central Texas coast and Louisiana are added as experiencing Category 1
conditions from an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al.
1915/02 - 2008 SECOND REVISION:
20725 08/05/1915 M=19 2 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
20730 08/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*140 260 30 0*140 278 30 0*
20735 08/06*141 296 35 0*141 313 35 0*142 330 35 0*142 345 35 0*
20740 08/07*143 360 35 0*144 375 35 0*145 390 40 0*146 405 40 0*
20745 08/08*146 420 45 0*147 435 50 0*148 450 55 0*148 468 60 0*
20750 08/09*149 487 65 0*150 506 70 0*151 525 70 0*153 542 70 0*
20750 08/09*149 488 65 0*150 508 70 0*151 525 70 0*151 540 70 0*
*** ***
20755 08/10*155 558 75 0*157 574 75 0*159 590 75 0*161 605 80 0*
20755 08/10*152 555 75 0*152 570 75 0*153 585 75 0*153 597 80 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20760 08/11*163 619 80 0*165 634 80 0*166 650 85 0*167 668 85 0*
20760 08/11*154 606 80 0*155 615 80 0*157 627 85 0*160 644 85 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20765 08/12*169 688 85 0*171 710 90 0*173 730 90 0*177 744 90 0*
20765 08/12*163 664 85 0*166 684 90 0*170 704 90 0*174 724 90 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20770 08/13*181 757 95 0*185 770 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0*
20770 08/13*178 744 95 0*183 764 95 0*188 782 100 0*193 794 100 0*
*** *** *** ***
20775 08/14*198 806 100 0*203 818 105 0*208 830 105 0*215 843 105 0*
20780 08/15*222 856 105 0*229 866 105 0*235 875 110 0*241 884 110 0*
20785 08/16*247 892 115 0*254 901 115 0*262 911 115 0*271 924 115 0*
20790 08/17*280 937 115 0*289 950 115 940*296 959 75 0*302 965 50 0*
20795 08/18*306 967 40 0*310 966 40 0*313 964 35 0*317 961 35 0*
20800 08/19*323 958 30 0*329 953 30 0*336 946 30 0*343 935 30 0*
20805 08/20E352 924 35 0E362 912 35 0E370 901 35 0E377 891 35 0*
20810 08/21E382 881 35 0E388 871 35 0E395 860 35 0E404 845 35 0*
20815 08/22E415 827 35 0E426 807 30 0E435 790 25 0E443 775 25 0*
20820 08/23E450 761 25 0E456 747 25 0E462 734 25 0E470 724 25 0*
20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1
Positions adjusted from late on the 9th through early on the 12th to better account
for observations indicating a close pass over Dominca early on the 11th.
(Description and observations are provided in the metadata for the first 2008 revision.)
*****************************************************************************
1915/03 - 2008 REVISION:
20830 08/28/1915 M=15 3 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20830 08/27/1915 M=16 3 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
(27th is new to HURDAT.)
20832 08/27* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*180 445 40 0*190 458 40 0
20835 08/28*220 470 60 0*229 485 65 0*239 503 70 0*244 507 70 0
20835 08/28*200 471 45 0*210 483 45 0*220 495 50 0*230 504 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20840 08/29*249 514 75 0*254 521 75 0*259 529 80 0*264 537 80 0
20840 08/29*240 512 55 0*250 520 55 0*259 529 60 0*267 537 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
20845 08/30*269 546 85 0*273 555 85 0*278 563 90 0*282 571 90 0
20845 08/30*274 546 65 0*281 555 65 0*287 563 70 0*293 571 70 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
20850 08/31*286 578 90 0*290 585 95 0*294 590 95 0*298 594 95 0
20850 08/31*299 578 75 0*305 585 75 0*310 590 80 0*313 594 80 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
20855 09/01*302 598 95 0*305 602 100 0*307 606 100 0*312 610 100 0
20855 09/01*314 598 85 0*315 602 85 0*315 606 90 0*315 610 95 0
*** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20860 09/02*315 613 100 0*318 616 105 0*320 620 105 0*323 626 105 0
20860 09/02*316 615 100 0*318 620 105 0*320 625 105 0*323 632 105 0
*** *** *** *** ***
20865 09/03*325 635 105 0*327 643 105 0*327 649 105 0*325 652 105 0
20865 09/03*325 642 105 0*327 649 105 0*327 653 105 0*325 654 105 0
*** *** *** ***
20870 09/04*322 653 105 0*318 652 105 0*315 648 105 0*313 645 105 0
20875 09/05*312 643 105 0*309 641 105 0*307 640 105 0*305 641 105 0
20875 09/05*312 643 105 0*309 641 105 0*307 640 105 0*305 640 105 0
***
20880 09/06*304 643 100 0*303 645 100 0*302 648 95 0*302 651 95 0
20880 09/06*304 640 100 0*303 640 100 0*302 640 95 0*302 643 95 0
*** *** *** ***
20885 09/07*303 655 90 0*305 658 90 0*308 661 90 0*312 663 90 0
20885 09/07*302 649 90 0*303 659 90 0*305 665 90 0*310 667 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20890 09/08*317 665 90 0*322 666 85 0*325 667 85 0*332 667 85 0
20890 09/08*315 666 90 0*320 665 85 0*325 664 85 0*330 663 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20895 09/09*337 665 85 0*342 662 80 0*348 657 80 0*355 651 75 0
20895 09/09*336 662 85 0*342 660 80 0*348 657 80 0*355 651 75 0
*** *** ***
20900 09/10*364 642 70 0*375 631 65 0*387 619 60 0E410 581 55 0
20900 09/10*363 642 70 0*371 631 65 0*380 619 60 0E390 590 55 0
*** *** *** *** ***
20905 09/11E427 560 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
20905 09/11E400 560 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
***
20910 HR
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995),
and observations provided for Bermuda by Mark Guishard.
August 27: HWM analyzed an open trough along 42W. Available observations
and continuity with the 28th suggest a closed low near 18N, 44.5W. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 49W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.9N, 50.3W at
12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was between these
two estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 53W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 25.9N, 52.9W at
12 UTC. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's position is more
accurate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 23N, 56W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.8N, 56.3W at
12 UTC. Available observations and continuity with the 31st suggest a
position north of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 58W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.4N, 59W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position north of HURDAT. Ship highlight:
50 kt VAR and 993 mb at 32.1N, 58.2W at 12 UTC (COA). "Without the aid of
mail reports from vessels on the western Atlantic, the geographic
position of the origin of this disturbance cannot be definitely determined,
but there is some evidence that it was present during the last days of
August to the east-northeastward of the Lesser Antilles, whence it, in all
probability, moved northwestward to the vicinity of Bermuda" (MWR).
September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31.5N, 59W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 60.6W at
12 UTC. Available observations suggest a position at HWM's latitude and
HURDAT's longitude. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNW and 1018 mb at 24.9N, 66.2W
at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 1st of the month the 8 a.m. cablegram from
Hamilton, Bermuda, showed a pressure of 29.91 inches, the wind north and
26 miles an hour, and the weather cloudy. During the 1st, pressure fell
steadily at Hamilton" (MWR).
September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 32.5N, 63W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32N, 62W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the position was between these two
estimates. Ship highlights: W wind and 990 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC
(MWR); 50 kt NW and 1016 mb at 28.8N, 68.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station
highlight: 30 kt NW and 998 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "...at 8 a.m.
of the 2n the pressure was 29.46 inches, the wind northwest, 36 miles,
and raining. The pressure continued to fall" (MWR). [From the 'Royal
Gazette' of 7 Sep.] "...The rain cam on Thursday [2 Sep] accompanied by
violent gusts of wind" (Tucker).
September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 32N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.7N, 64.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 33.3N, 65.5W and 988 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position south of the HURDAT estimate.
Ship highlight: 70 kt S and 984 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR).
Station highlights: 40 kt NE at Cape Henry at 00 UTC (MWR); 25 kt S and
988 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "...and at 8 p.m. on the 2n, the
barometer reported was 29.18 inches with the wind northwest, 24 miles, and
raining ... The highest winds were off the Virginia Capes, Cape Henry
reported a maximum velocity of 48 miles from the northeast at 8 p.m. of
the 2d" (MWR). "The Hurricane of 1915 commenced early on Sept. 3rd after
very sultry weather - calm sea and very rosy sunsets. Its full force was
experienced from the N.E. to E. and continued for 4 days. A considerable
amount of damage was caused to buildings, especially Commissioners House
which was partially unroofed ... Continuing through Thursday, it culminated
on Friday [3 Sep], by 12 o'clock that night had reached a tremendous
velocity ... Many of the fisherman round Coney Island find their boats
are total wrecks through the storm ... The damage occasioned at St. George's
is considerable, both on land and water. The dredgers 'King George' and
'Queen Mary' were both blown ashore ... The tugboat 'Powerful' dragged
all over the harbor and finally went ashore between Market Wharf and
Orinance Island ... Many smaller craft were damaged. The St. George Hotel
was unslated. The entire north side of the roof of a very long house on
Water Street, occupied by Mr. Hodsel and family, was taken off and they had
to make a rapid move ... The Cathedral suffered pretty badly" (Tucker).
September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb at 30.5N, 65W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.5N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31.8N, 65.3W and 992 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT's estimate. Ship
highlight: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 and 03 UTC (MWR).
Station highlight: 987 mb at 00 UTC and 40 kt NE and 997 mb at 12 UTC
at Bermuda (BER, HWM). "This disturbance remained central in the region of
Bermudas until the 8th and much of this time the wind blew a gale from nearly
all points of the compass" (MWR). "During the night of Sept. 4th at 2 a.m.
the drydock, which it had been impossible to sink owing to two small vessels
being in it at the time, broke adrift and damaged itself considerably against
the wall by the Bascule Bridge" (Tucker).
September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 30.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 64W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31N, 64.3W and 1003 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is the most accurate.
Ship highlights: 996 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and
1001 mb at 32.6N, 62.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 60.5W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlight: 30 kt NE and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 29.7N, 64.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM estimate.
Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 31.2N, 60W at 12 UTC (COA); 1001 mb and
W wind at 35.8N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 29.5N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.8N, 66.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 30.5N, 66.2W and 1005 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that a position just west of the MWR
Tracks of Lows estimate is most accurate. Ship highlights: 999 mb and
ESE wind at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at 31N, 63.3W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlight: 35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC
(HWM). "The gale got lively again on Monday [6 Sep] night and Tuesday
[7 Sep] morning ... and the most dramatic result was wreck on the South
Shore ... The doomed ship struck on September 7th, oppressed by high winds
and seas still continuing from the hurricane just passed" (Tucker).
September 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 66.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 32N, 67W and 999 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center was west of the HURDAT
estimate. Ship highlights: 997 mb and SE-SSE-S-SW wind at 32.2N, 64.9W
at 02-06-18-21 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E at 35.9N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 9: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 35N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.8N, 65.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 35N, 65.3W and 1010 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 38.4N, 63W at 12 UTC (COA);
35 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.5N, 64.6W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 9th the
storm recurved west and north of Bermuda" (MWR).
September 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 38.5N, 63W,
with a cold front advancing from the northwest of the system. HURDAT lists
this system as a tropical storm at 38.7N, 61.9N at 12 UTC. Available
observations suggest that the center was south of the HURDAT estimate.
Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1017 mb at 33.8N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA);
15 kt N and 1000 mb at 38.2N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 11: HWM analyzed a large extratropical system and associated
cold front had absorbed the tropical cyclone and that the latter no longer
existed as a separate entity by 12 UTC.
The genesis of this system is begun a day earlier on the 27th of August,
primarily on the basis of a north wind from a lone ship likely west of
the tropical cyclone's center. Track changes are largest on the 28th and
late on the 10th/early on the 11th with both dates having positions south
of HURDAT. While the peak intensity of this cyclone is uncertain, as
no ship or station made observations in the eye, it is likely that
it was near the Category 3 (105 kt) given in HURDAT as it made its closest
approach to Bermuda. A 984 mb peripheral pressure reading from a ship near
Bermuda on the 3rd (the Kilbride) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Bermuda's lowest pressure
reading (twice daily) was 987 mb at 00 UTC on the 4th, suggsting 67 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Bermuda suffered widespread,
moderate wind and wave/surge damages, consistent with what one would expect
from about 12 hours of impact from a nearby Category 3 hurricane. A latter
peripheral pressure of 1000 mb on the 10th suggests winds of at least 49 kt
from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt retained. Extratropical
transition late on the 10th and early on the 11th as shown in HURDAT is not
changed.
1915/04 - 2006 REVISION:
21225 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
21230 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 788 55 0*158 788 55 0*
21235 09/01*164 789 60 0*170 791 65 0*176 796 70 0*182 803 70 0*
21240 09/02*189 811 75 0*197 819 75 0*205 826 80 0*214 832 80 0*
21245 09/03*225 837 85 0*236 842 85 0*248 848 85 0*260 851 85 0*
21250 09/04*274 853 80 0*287 854 80 0*302 854 75 0*318 853 65 1003*
21255 09/05*335 850 45 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0*
21260 09/06*398 846 20 0*411 847 20 0*424 849 15 0* 0 0 0 0*
21265 HRAFL1
21265 HRAFL1IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
*****************************************************************************
1915/04 - 2008 REVISION:
20915 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
20915 08/31/1915 M= 7 4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
20920 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*153 788 55 0*158 788 55 0
20920 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*150 795 30 0*160 800 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
20925 09/01*164 789 60 0*170 791 65 0*176 796 70 0*182 803 70 0
20925 09/01*170 804 40 0*180 808 45 0*190 810 50 0*193 811 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20930 09/02*189 811 75 0*197 819 75 0*205 826 80 0*214 832 80 0
20930 09/02*196 812 60 0*200 813 65 0*205 815 75 0*211 821 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
20935 09/03*225 837 85 0*236 842 85 0*248 848 85 0*260 851 85 0
20935 09/03*217 828 85 0*226 836 80 0*240 840 80 0*256 844 80 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
20940 09/04*274 853 80 0*287 854 80 0*302 854 75 0*318 853 65 1003
20940 09/04*272 848 80 0*287 852 80 0*302 854 70 982*318 853 50 1003
*** *** *** ** *** **
20945 09/05*335 850 45 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0
20945 09/05*335 850 35 0*353 847 30 0*369 846 30 0*384 846 25 0
**
20950 09/06*398 846 20 0*411 847 20 0*424 849 15 0* 0 0 0 0
20950 09/06*398 846 25 0*411 847 25 0*424 849 25 0*435 852 20 0
** ** ** *** *** **
20955 HRAFL1IGA1
20955 HRAFL1
****
Landfall:
9/4/1915 1100Z 30.0N 85.4W 80kt 25nmi 982mb 1012mb AFL1
Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown
in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather
Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and
Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and
Perez et al. (2000).
August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 79.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 78.8W at 12 UTC.
However, available observations suggest that no closed circulation exists
yet for this system and it is to be removed from HURDAT on this date.
September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 18.5N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.6N, 79.6W at
12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system is northwest of
the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.5N, 82.6W. The
MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.2N, 82W (a.m.). A position northeast
of the MWR Tracks estimate appears most reasonable. Station highlight:
1000 mb at Isle of Pines at 21 UTC (MWR). "This storm apparently
originated south of Cuba and passed northward near Isle of Pines ...
The minimum barometer at the Isle of Pines was 29.52 inches at 5 p.m.,
to which it had fallen from 29.72 at noon." (MWR).
September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 24N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 25.3N, 84.7W (a.m.). Available
observations suggest a center to the southeast of HURDAT. Ship highlights:
25 kt SW and 985 mb at 24.3N, 84W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N and 995 mb at
24.8N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 45 kt SE and 1004 mb
at Havana at 04 UTC (MWR). "A report from the Cuban Meteorological Service
states that the barometer at Pinar del Rio on the 2d at 7:30 p.m. was
29.74 inches, wind northeast, 20 miles; and at 10:30 p.m., the barometer
was 29.70, wind northwest, 26 miles. The wind having backed from northeast
to north-northwest, it may be inferred that the center of the hurricane
passed to the east of the city. Comparing these observations with those at
Habana, where the minimum pressure, 29.66 inches, was observed at 11:45 p.m.
of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity of 50 miles from the southeast at
the same hour, it follows that the center of the disturbance passed in the
vicinity of San Cristobal, in Pinar del Rio, and passed to the Gulf near
La Mulata" (MWR). "Category 2 hurricane in Cuba. Track is shifted to east
of the Isle of Youth and landfall near 22.7N, 82.7W" (Perez). "Key West
report - No casualties or damage at or in the vicinity of this station.
Lowest barometer 29.76 inches about 3 a.m. of the 3d. Tampa report - In
this vicinity very high tides were reported, some of the highest of record.
At St. Petersburg, Fla., the tide exceeded by 4 feet 10 inches, the
previous high record. Damage from wind and tide is confined to that
portion of the coast north of Manatee. At Passa Grille the sea wall was
considerably damaged by the extremely high seas. An aneroid barometer
(recently compared) at Passa Grille showed a reading of 29.60 inches,
0.18 inch lower than at Tampa. The official in charge at Tampa remarks:
This means a gradient of 0.18 inch in 25 miles. The tide was the highest
of record at Manatee. At Clearwater there was not much wind but the
highest tides in years" (MWR).
September 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 29.5N, 85.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.2N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 30.5N, 85.3W with 993 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is an accurate estimate. Ship
highlight: 35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 24.2N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (COA). Station
highlights: 993 mb and SW wind at Apalachicola at 1140 UTC (MWR); 996 mb
at St. Andrews (Panama City) at 12 UTC (MWR). "Tropical cyclones in Florida:
1915 Sept. 4, Apalachicola, Minimal Intensity, Some loss of life" (Dunn and
Miller). Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their U.S. hurricane
listing, implying that the system had a central pressure greater than 981 mb
which was their maximum criterion. "Jacksonville report - The tide was
unusually high at all Gulf stations, unprecedented some reports indicate..
At Apalachicola the wind was highest, 60 to 70 miles an hour, from the
east-southeast between 4 and 7 a.m. of the 4th, veering to southwest.
The loss of timber on turpentine farms will be about 10 to 15 per cent or
more. The damage to buildings, small boats, and other exposed property,
including telegraph and telephone wires will approximate $25,000. The tide
was highest about 5 a.m., having risen 4 feet above normal within about an
hour.From 4 a.m. to 7 a.m. the wind blew from 50 to 60 miles an hour, and
for 30 or 40 minutes it was 70 miles.The lowest barometer reading was
29.32 inches at 6:40 a.m. At Carrabelle the tide was 7 feet above normal.
No lives were lost, but fences, telephone poles and smokestacks were blown
down, piers were washed away, several barges and small boats were blown
ashore into the marshes and left high and dry after the storm. The highest
wind velocity of 60 to 70 miles an hour (estimated) occurred about 7 a.m.
Some roofs were blown off and several fishing vessels went ashore.
Pensacola report - The tide was not unusually high. The highest wind
velocity was 33 miles an hour from the north at 11:08 a.m. of the 4th. The
lowest pressure was 29.80 inches at 10 a.m. of the 4th. There was no damage.
At St. Andrew the lowest barometer reading of 29.40 inches occurred at
7:45 a.m. On the morning of the 4th the wind had backed to north, and by
5 a.m. began to increase in velocity and was coming in gusts of 50 to
60 miles an hour. A little before 7 a.m. the wind shifted to northwest and
possibly for a moment blew 80 miles an hour. It was then that the most
damage was done in the way of uprooting and twisting off of trees" (MWR).
"The category 1 hurricane that made landfall near the mouth of the
Apalachicola River on September 4, 1915, was not a significant storm in
Florida history. Much like a category 1 storm that struck Pensacola in
August 1911, its impact on the coast was minor when compared to the great
storms of the past. Its arrival was nevertheless unwelcome to the people
of the Apalachicola region, who endured winds of 70 mph and damages that
totaled $100,000. Numerous boats and wharfs were wrecked, including
several vessels from the sponge fleet. In all, twenty-one deaths were
attributed to the modest hurricane" (Barnes). "Sep 4 1915, Estimate
Lowest Central Pressure during Lifetime (and also at landfall) 982 mb,
Tide Information - Carrabelle 7', Apalachicola 4'" (Connor)
September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 37N, 85W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 36.9N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 36.7N, 83.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.
Station highlights: 35 kt SE at Atlanta at 02 UTC (OMR).
September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 42.5N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 42.4N, 84.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 44.2N, 84.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 7: The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 46.2N, 82W with
1009 mb (a.m.). However, HWM showed no closed low and available observations
suggest that the system had dissipated. "After crossing the coast line this
disturbance decreased in intensity as it passed northward to Lake Huron and
lost its identity by the evening of the 7th" (MWR).
No change in genesis date, though weaker intensity is indicated from
the 31st through the 2nd based upon available observations that hurricane
intensity was not reached until the 2nd. Minor changes to the track
are introduced from the 31st until the 4th. The tropical cyclone
is retained as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall in Cuba, which was
confirmed by the analysis by Perez though with a position farther east
(taking the center on the east side of the Isle of Pines, rather than on
the west side of the island as originally in HURDAT). A peripheral
pressure of 985 mb at 08 UTC on the 3rd suggest winds of 71 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 80 kt chosen for HURDAT.
The hurricane made landfall early on the 4th in the Florida panhandle.
While no high winds were explicitly measured at landfall in Florida,
estimates of about 70 kt were reported at St. Andrews (Panama City) on
the weak side of the storm. Two peripheral pressures of 993 mb
(1140 UTC at Apalachicola) and 996 mb (12 UTC at St. Andrews [Panama
City]) are the basis for the estimated central pressures of 982 mb
from Connor and 988 mb from Jarrell. Given the impacts of surge
and wind-caused damages and the estimate of hurricane force winds
on the weak side of the system, it is estimated that the 982 mb central
pressure at landfall around 11 UTC is most accurate. 982 mb pressure
suggest winds of 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.
As the hurricane was moving quite fast (~16 kt) toward the north at landfall,
winds at landfall are estimated to be 80 kt. This confirms the Neumann
et al. analysis of Category 1 hurricane making landfall in northwest
Florida. After landfall, a run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model
suggests winds of 68 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th, 48 kt at 18 UTC, 35 kt at
00 UTC on the 5th and 27 kt at 06 UTC. Highest observed winds within
2 hours of these synoptic times are the following: 35 kt (but with estimates
of up to 70 kt), no data, 35 kt, and no data. Thus winds are chosen for
HURDAT to be 70 kt, 50 kt, 35 kt, and 30 kt. A central pressure of 1003 mb
was listed in HURDAT on 18 UTC on the 4th, about 7 hours after landfall.
While no confirmation of this value could be found, it does appear to be
reasonable and is thus retained in HURDAT. With the reduction of the winds
at 18 UTC on the 4th from 65 to 50 kt, the inland Georgia Category 1
hurricane designation has been removed. Winds were increased slightly
on the 6th due to available observed station winds. The lifetime of the
tropical cyclone was extended an additional 6 hr due to the still moderately
well defined vortex at 12 UTC on the 6th, the previously last position in
HURDAT.
*****************************************************************************
1915/05 - 2008 REVISION:
20956 09/19/1915 M= 5 5 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
20957 09/19* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 635 30 0*267 634 30 0*
20958 09/20*279 633 35 0*292 630 35 0*305 625 40 0*319 615 40 0*
20959 09/21*334 595 45 0*348 560 45 0*360 530 45 0*370 510 45 0*
20959 09/22*373 495 45 0*374 485 50 0*375 480 50 0*376 475 50 0*
20959 09/23E377 468 40 0E378 460 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
20959 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.
September 18: A surface trough is evident near the longitude of 63W between
20 and 25N from HWM and COADS data. A closed circulation might be present,
but observations are sparse near the possible center. No gale force winds
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 19: HWM analyzes a closed circulation with at most 1012.5 mb
pressure at 25.5N, 63.5W. Available observations suggest that this is a
reasonable center. No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were
observed.
September 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
30N, 62W. Available observations suggest the center is slightly north
and west of this location. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1006 mb at
12 UTC at 29.8N, 63.4W (HWM/COA).
September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
33.5N, 59W. A warm front is depicted north of this location. Available
observations suggest that the center is actually substantially east-northeast
of HWM's location, closer to 36N, 53W. Ship highlights: 35 kt N and
1007 mb at 08 UTC at 35.2N, 56W (COA).
September 22: HWM depicts a large extratropical low centered just north
of Nova Scotia with a cold front extending southwest of the center and
a warm front extending southeast of the center. However, additional
observations from COADS indicates a center to be present near 37.5N, 48W.
The structure appears to still be a tropical cyclone, rather than
extratropical as no well-defined frontal boundary is yet present. Ship
highlights: 45 kt W at 12 UTC at 33.3N, 48W (COA); 45 kt WSW at 12 UTC
at 35.5N, 47.7W (COA).
September 23: HWM depicts a large extratropical storm centered north of
Newfoundland with frontal features extending south and east of the center.
A closed low from the tropical system is no longer present, but HWM and
COADS data suggest that the remnants may be near 38N, 45W as it was
absorbed into the front from the extratropical low.
Genesis of this new tropical storm occurs on the 19th with the appearance of
a closed, non-frontal circulation. A 1006 mb peripheral pressure on
the 20th suggests winds of at least 36 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT. A second ship reported 35 kt
N winds and 1007 mb pressure early on the 21st - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT.
Two ships reported 45 kt on the 22nd - 50 kt selected for HURDAT, which may
be the peak intensity for this system. The tropical storm was likely to have
been absorbed within the warm frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23nd
near 38N, 45N.
*****************************************************************************
1915/06 - 2008 REVISION:
20960 09/22/1915 M=10 5 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
20960 09/21/1915 M=11 6 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** ** * *** *
(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20962 09/21* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*123 610 35 0*128 615 40 0
20965 09/22* 0 0 0 0*146 621 60 0*147 634 65 0*147 646 70 0
20965 09/22*132 621 45 0*135 628 50 0*138 636 55 0*140 646 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
20970 09/23*148 658 70 0*148 672 70 0*148 684 75 0*149 698 75 0
20970 09/23*141 658 65 0*142 669 70 0*143 680 75 0*143 690 75 0
*** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20975 09/24*150 709 80 0*151 720 80 0*153 732 85 0*155 744 85 0
20975 09/24*144 700 80 0*145 710 85 0*145 720 95 0*146 731 105 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
20980 09/25*158 757 85 0*161 769 85 0*165 783 90 0*169 792 90 0
20980 09/25*148 742 115 0*150 753 120 0*153 765 125 0*156 777 125 931
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20985 09/26*173 801 90 0*178 809 90 0*183 817 95 0*188 825 95 0
20985 09/26*159 788 125 0*162 799 125 0*166 810 125 0*173 819 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20990 09/27*194 832 95 0*200 839 95 0*207 846 95 0*215 853 95 0
20990 09/27*184 828 125 0*196 837 125 0*207 846 125 0*215 853 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
20995 09/28*223 859 95 0*231 866 100 0*238 872 100 0*249 878 100 0
20995 09/28*223 859 125 0*231 866 125 0*238 872 125 0*247 878 125 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21000 09/29*259 885 105 0*268 891 110 0*278 897 115 935*288 901 85 0
21000 09/29*257 885 120 0*268 892 120 935*279 898 115 0*290 903 110 944
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21005 09/30*299 901 60 952*311 898 60 0E323 893 50 0E337 884 40 0
21005 09/30*301 902 70 949*312 900 60 0E323 893 50 0E336 884 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ***
21010 10/01E352 868 35 0E369 848 35 0E387 824 35 0E405 798 35 0
21010 10/01E350 868 35 0E365 848 35 0E382 824 35 0E402 798 35 0
*** *** *** ***
21015 HR LA4
21015 HR LA3 MS2
*** ***
Landfall:
9/29/1915 1800Z 29.1N 90.3W 110kt 20 and 55 nmi 944mb LA3,MS2
Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC,
Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979),
Sullivan (1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al.
(2000), and Caribbean newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth.
September 21: HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. However,
examination of observations suggest a weak closed low was found near
12.3N, 61.0W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
September 22: HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. HURDAT lists
this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. Available
observations are ambiguous about whether a closed circulation exists or
not. A position just southwest of the original HURDAT is chosen for continuity
with the 21st. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
However, newspaper accounts from Antigua are suggestive that tropical storm
force conditions were occurring on this date. "...the forecasters on duty...
detected the first signs of the formation of another hurricane, although he
had no reports from that immediate region. This storm began to manifest its
presence by the changed wind directions, by the clouds and the peculiar
movements" (MWR). Antigua Sun, Thursday, September 23, 1915 (provided by
Michael Chenoweth) "Very high winds prevailed here yesterday which were
responsible for a few incidents. A sailing boat ... capsized off Keeling
Point...six men were rescued. All the droghers, etc. in the harbor had to
put out extra anchors. Fences were blown down in several places. The sea
was exceedingly rough so that the shipping of produce to the steamer and
other craft had to be suspended."
September 23: HWM analyzed a weak trough along 72W. HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.8N, 68.4W at 12 UTC. Available
observations and continuity with the next two days suggest a position
just east and south of HURDAT's estimate. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 24: HWM analyzed a weak trough along 77W. HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.3N, 73.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations and continuity with the 25th suggest a position east and
south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt E and 1013 mb at
19.6N, 69.2W at 11 UTC (COA/HWM).
September 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 14N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 78.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT
estimates. Ship highlight: 931 mb at 15.5N, 77.3W, S.S. Almirante (Connor);
25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 15.6N, 77.5W at 05 UTC (COA). "Latitude 15.50N and
longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante, Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60"
(Connor).
September 26: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 16N, 80W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.3N, 81.7W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT
estimates. Ship highlight: 25 kt W and 994 mb at 16.9N, 82.4W at 23 UTC
(COA).
September 27: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.5N, 84W (a.m.). The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable given available observations. Ship
highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 20.6N, 86.5W at 23 UTC (COA);
50 kt E and 997 mb at 23.2N, 85.8W at 23 UTC (COA).
September 28: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 22.5N, 89.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.8N, 87.2N at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 23.5N, 87.2W (a.m.). The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable. Ship highlight: 60 kt SE and 993 mb at
23.3N, 86W at 12 UTC (COA). Hurricane is listed as causing tropical storm
impact in western Cuba as the eye passed well offshore (Perez et al.)
September 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 91W. HWM
indicated a stationary front existed to the northeast of the hurricane (but
without much evidence) and a moderate cold front was advancing toward the
system from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4
hurricane at 27.8N, 89.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center
at 27.8N, 90W (a.m.). A position very close to the HURDAT estimate appears
most reasonable. Ship highlights: 935 mb at 27.0N, 89.3W (Ho); 70 kt SE
and 997 mb at 27.5N, 88W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 40 kt SE
and 952 mb at New Orleans at 2350 UTC (MWR); 952 mb at Tulane University
at 2330-0000 (30th) UTC; 106 kt at Burrwood at 2145 UTC (MWR). "The New
Orleans hurricane was equal to and possibly surpassed in intensity the one
that occurred at Galveston in August. At New Orleans the lowest pressure,
reduced to sea level, standard gravity, etc., was 28.11 inches, which is
the lowest reading ever recorded at a Weather Bureau station, and the extreme
wind velocity was approximately 130 miles an hour from the east. ...
"From midnight to 2:45 a.m. of the 29th; the wind was blowing steadily from
the northeast with a velocity of from 17 to 18 miles per hour. From 2:45
to 8 a.m. the prevailing direction was east, oscillating occasionally
between northeast and southeast; when the wind changed from northeast to
east the velocity increased to 25 miles per hour, and a maximum velocity of
34 miles per hour occurred for a period of five minutes at 3:50 a.m.
At 8 a.m. the wind backed to northeast and continued from that direction
until 1:10 p.m.; from 1:10 p.m. to 4:15 p.m. the prevailing direction was
east, oscillating at frequent intervals to the southeast; from 4:15 p.m. to
5:20 p.m. the prevailing direction was southeast, but there were intervals
of three to five minutes with the direction from the east. From 5:20 p.m. to
6:30 p.m. the wind was steady from the southeast. The wind shifted from
southeast to south at 6:35 p.m. and to southwest at 6:45 p.m., continuing
from that direction during the night. The velocity now subsided rapidly,
falling below 30 mis./hr. during the hour ending at 9 p.m.; however,
maximum velocities of 32 to 36 miles were recorded in each hour from 11 p.m.
of the 29th to 3 a.m. of the 30th. The wind velocity was 50 mis./hr. or
higher for four hours and 60 or above for two hours, the maximum velocity,
86 mis./hr., was 20 miles in excess of the highest velocity, 66 miles,
previously recorded at New Orleans. The wind attained the greatest velocity
when it shifted from east to southeast...The wind, when at its height, was
not steady but came in rapid succession of gusts of a few seconds duration,
which may be likened to pulsations. The extreme velocity of 130 miles per
hour, from the southeast, occurred at 4:58 p.m., while the maximum velocity
for five minutes, 86 miles per hour, occurred from 5:11 to 5:16 p.m. The
velocity in the pulsating gusts of a few seconds duration was, at times,
undoubtedly much greater than the extreme velocity for a whole single mile...
The wind velocity 50 miles distant from the center was evidently much
greater than it was at New Orleans. At Burrwood, La., 100 miles south of
New Orleans and located at the mouth of the southwest pass of the Mississippi
delta, unprecedented high winds for this section of the country were
recorded and the velocity exceeded any winds previously recorded on the
Gulf coast. In fact, this was the most intense hurricane known to th the
recorded history of this part of the country. [The automatic record of the
anemometer at Burrwood is unusually perfect and distinct, notably so when
one considers the abnormally high winds it records; much credit is due
G. E. Henderson, the observer, for having maintained his instrument in such
perfect condition and for securing such a record.]...The pressure and wind
records at New Orleans, Burrwood, and Morgan City, La., Bay St. Louis, Miss.,
and other places, especially the fact that the barometer remained nearly
stationary at Burrwood from 9:45 a.m., the time of the occurrence of the
lowest barometer, until the time of the occurrence of the lowest barometer,
until 2 p.m. of the 29th, more than four hours, taken along with the wind
reports from surrounding stations, indicates that the storm center struck the
Louisiana coast about halfway between the mouth of the Mississippi River and
Atchafalaya Bay, the center being then about 50 miles west of Burrwood and
recurving slowly toward the northeast. The slight change in pressure
conditions at Mobile and Pensacola from 8 p.m. of the 28th to 8 a.m. of
the 29th also shows that the storm recurved over southeastern Louisiana, and
was probably moving toward the northwest up to the time that its northern
segment struck the marshes of southeastern Louisiana. The storm center
passed near and east of La Rose and Lockport on Bayou Lafourche, where the
wind backed suddenly without an intermediate direction from northeast to
northwest during the afternoon of the 29th. At Thibodaux, in the
northwestern part of Lafourche Parish, the wind backed more gradually from
northeast to northwest and west. The prevailing wind at New Orleans being
northeast from 8 a.m. until 1 p.m., five hours, east from 1 p.m. until
4 p.m., three hours, southeast from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m., three hours, then
southerly the remainder of the day, indicates that the storm curved to the
northeastward around New Orleans ... The lowest pressure at Morgan City, La.,
67 miles west of New Orleans, was 29.05 inches and lowest at Bay St. Luis,
Miss., 50 miles east of New Orleans, was 29.12 inches. The gradient between
Bay St. Louis and New Orleans, when applied from Morgan City eastward to the
path of the center of the hurricane, would bring the 28.11 inches isobar on
the west side of the center to within about 25 miles of the local office,
Weather Bureau, New Orleans. This would place the center of the hurricane
about 12 miles to the west of the New Orleans office. This is also in
harmony with the reports of changes in wind direction at the sugar
experiment station and Loyal University, just 7 miles west of the local
office, Weather Bureau, where the wind was reported by two trained
independent observers, 1 mile apart, as shifting from northeast to
southeast without any intermediate direction. Further, a complete calm,
with the wind shifting from northeast to southeast without any intermediate
direction was reported by Mr. C. E. Heckathorn, observer, Weather Bureau,
as occurring at his residence from 5:30 to 6 p.m., 1 mile farther west than
the above stations, indicates that eastern limit of the imaginary center, or
calm area of the hurricane, passed about 8 miles west of the local office,
Weather Bureau, and that the diameter of the comparatively calm area was
about 8 miles. The barometer reading at New Orleans probably represented as
low a barometer as occurred at any point, even in the center of the
hurricane. At Tulane University the barometer at 20 feet altitude was
28.10 inches for 30 minutes and another barometer nearby read 28.09 at
5:42 p.m. ... . The tide continued to rise as the hurricane advanced and
during the afternoon of the 29th covered all low lying lands south of
New Orleans and in places the tide was reported to be as much as 15 to
20 feet above sea level. It was undoubtedly the highest tide of record in
this section. At the junction of Harveys Canal with the Mississippi River,
just above New Orleans, and 100 miles from the Gulf, the tide was 6 feet
in the river. Swells rolled up the river during the hurricane 10 to 12 feet
above the high tide. The water was carried into Lake Ponchartrain by the
storm, overflowed the protection levees, and flooded a large area in the
western part of New Orleans. Over that portion of the city lying between
the Old Basin Canal and Broadway and from Claiborne Avenue out to
Lake Ponchartrain, the water driven in by the storm ranged from 1 to 8 feet
in depth. After the passage of the storm center the tide receded rapidly,
except in New Orleans where the water had to be removed by the drainage
system and remained for three or four days. ... The damage to property and
the loss of human life were remarkably small when the intensity of the
hurricane is taken into consideration. In New Orleans several buildings
were totally destroyed and nearly every building suffered injury to some
extent, amounting in some cases to several thousand dollars. For small
steamers, or tugs, were sunk in the harbor and several steamers broke from
their moorings and were blown ashore. A great many small craft which had
sought refuge in the bays and bayous were blown ashore and left by the tide
on dry land; several coal barges loaded with coal were sunk. The
destruction of buildings was very great in the country surrounding
New Orleans. At Leeville on the lower Lafourche, of the 100 houses in
the village, only one was left standing, but no one was killed. At
Golden Meadow and from that point to Cut Off, 100 houses were demolished,
but no lives reported lost. At several places on the Mississippi River
below New Orleans and on Lake Ponchartrain 90 per cent of the buildings
were completely destroyed. I have checked the deaths closely and 275 will
cover the entire loss of life resulting from this unprecedented hurricane.
The damage done by the hurricane on the middle Gulf coast will probably
exceed $13,000,000, and approximately may be distributed as follows: In
the city of New Orleans the damage has been heavy. The damage to municipal
property has been appraised at nearly $500,000. As late as October 13,
more than two weeks after the hurricane, the Dealers and Contractors
Exchange stated that a survey of the city indicated that 25,000 houses were
then in a leaky condition as a result of the hurricane. The total damage to
property in New Orleans may be safely estimated as at least ten times the
amount of damage suffered by the public buildings belonging to the
municipality, and on this basis the damage to property in New Orleans is
placed at about $5,000,000; to shipping and coal interests on the river,
$1,750,000; in the country outside of New Orleans, to buildings, railroads,
small craft, crops, and telegraph and telephone systems about $6,500,000"
(MWR). "The barometer at Tulane University remained stationary from 5.30 p.m.
to 6.00 p.m. at 28.10 inches. Three other observers in the immediate
vicinity of Tulane University reported almost a dead calm during this
period" (Cline). "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama -
Sept. 29-30 Louisiana Extreme intensity, 275 killed, damage $13,000,000"
(Dunn and Miller). Estimated lifetime minimum central pressure (and that
at landfall) - 931 mb [latitude 15.50N and longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante,
Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60], Tide Information - West end of
Lake Ponchartrain 13', Mobile 7.2', SE of New Orleans 15-20', Biloxi 9',
Bay St. Louis 11.8', Pensacola 4', Timbalier Light 8.4', Gulfport 9.6' "
(Connor). "1915 Sep LA 4, MSLP 931 mb" (Jarrell et al.).
"Sept. 29, 1915, 932 mb central pressure at landfall at 29.2N, 90.0W,
based upon 935 mb pressure from HMS Hermione (experienced some eye effects
at an unknown distance from the point of minimum pressure), 26 nmi RMW"
(Ho et al.). "1007 mb environmental pressure, 110 kt estimated 1 min maximum
surface winds" (Schwerdt et al.)
September 30: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 31.5N, 90.5W
with a cold front extending from its center to the south and southwest and
a warm front extending to the east. HURDAT lists the system as an
extratropical storm at 32.3N, 89.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
lists the center at 33N, 89.7W with 993 mb (a.m.). The HURDAT estimate
appears to be most reasonable. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 948 mb on
the Mississippi River 3 nmi NE of New Orleans at 0040 UTC. Station
highlights: 74 kt SE and 953 mb at New Orleans at 00 UTC (MWR).
October 1: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 38N, 82W with
a cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
east-southeast. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at
38.7N, 82.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at
39N, 82.5W with 1004 mb (a.m.). A position between the HURDAT and HWM
estimates appears most reasonable. Station highlight: 15 NNW and
1004 mb at Louisville at 12 UTC (HWM).
October 2: The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 43.2N, 78.3W
with 1008 mb (a.m.). However, analysis of the HWM suggests that the
system that originally was the hurricane dissipated. HURDAT likewise
also had dissipated the system as of 18 UTC on the 1st.
Genesis of this hurricane is indicated to be a day earlier, based upon
observations in the Lesser Antilles on the 21st. The intensity was reduced
slightly on the 22nd and 23rd based upon available observations which suggest
a more gradual intensification rather than formation as a 60 kt tropical storm
becoming a hurricane six hours later. The minor to moderate track changes were
made with the system somewhat to the south and west of the existing
HURDAT from the 23rd to the 27th. The 931 mb central pressure provided
by Connor in the central Caribbean - likely late on the 25th - indicates
that the intensity estimates were too low from the 24th through the 28th.
931 mb suggests winds of 126 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship -
125 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 90 kt previously. Given that the next
inner core measurement had 935 mb central pressure early on the 29th, it
is likely that the hurricane stayed extremely strong from the 25th
through the 29th and the intensity is revised accordingly. A 935 mb central
pressure around 06 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 124 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) northern
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 119 kt. 120 kt
is thus chosen for HURDAT. This value 935 mb was incorrectly listed
originally as a 12 UTC measurement.
The hurricane made landfall in Louisiana on the 29th. In Louisiana, the
highest winds observed were at Burrwood with a peak 5 min wind of 106 kt at
2145 UTC on the 29th. This converts (after adjusting for the high bias of this
era's anemometer and switching to a peak 1 min wind - Fergusson and Covert
1924 and Powell et al. 1996) to 87 kt true. Lowest observed pressure was
952 mb both at the Weather Bureau's New Orleans office (at 2350 UTC on
the 29th) and at Tulane University (at 2330-0000 [30th] UTC). While the
Weather Bureau did not drop below gale force during the minimum pressure,
Cline indicates that the Tulane observation was in the eye. Comparison
of Tulane's aneroid barometer readings with the Weather Bureau's calibrated
mercurial barometer seven miles away reveals that the Tulane barometer
was reading about three millibars too high before the hurricane's inner
core approached New Orleans. Thus Tulane's corrected pressure and thus
central pressure should have been about 949 mb around 00 UTC on the 30th
at its closest approach to New Orleans after being over land (swamp) for
5 to 5 1/2 hours. Thus the 952 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at that
time is replaced with 949 mb. (There was also an observation from a ship
on the Mississippi of 948 mb pressure. But given that it was farther from
the center of the hurricane than the New Orleans' office, it is likely that
its measurements were a few to several millibars too low.) Landfall in
Louisiana is analyzed to be around 1830 UTC at 29.1N, 90.3W, quite close to
the estimated positions from Cline and Ho et al., and just slightly earlier
in time than that inferred from HURDAT originally (but at the same
location). Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model (using the
Florida peninsula curve), one would arrive at a central pressure at landfall
of 939 mb. However, given the swampy nature of the land in south central
Louisiana, a lesser decay by half may be more appropriate: 944 mb at
landfall. This value is substantially higher than that utilized by Ho et
al. (932 mb) and that by Connor and Jarrell et al. (931 mb). (The 931 mb
central pressure at landfall used in Jarrell et al., originated from
Connor's work. Connor in turn based it upon a reported ship reading in
the central Caribbean four days before landfall. However, Connor's report
referred to the "Estimate Lowest" pressure during the lifetime of the
hurricane and not necessarily that at U.S. landfall, though in some cases in
Connor this is the case.) 944 mb suggests winds of 116 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 26 nmi for
this system at landfall. However, examination of the New Orleans observations
suggests a slightly smaller RMW of about 20 nmi as well as an outer RMW
likely associated with a concentric eyewall at about 55 nmi. This hurricane's
RMW of 20 nmi is close to that expected from climatology for this latitude and
central pressure (19 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), suggesting no large
alteration from this overall pressure-wind relationship is needed. The new
Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships for weakening cyclones north
of 25N suggests winds of 106 kt for 944 mb. The analyzed maximum sustained
surface winds at landfall are between these two estimates (116 kt and 106 kt)
- 110 kt. This makes this cyclone a high-end Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale, which is a reduction from that given in Neumann et al. and
provided in HURDAT. (It is suggested that the hurricane was weakening from
its peak of 935 mb & 120 kt earlier on the 29th as it moved to the coast.)
Peak observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times)
were: 75 kt, 55 kt, 55 kt, and 48 kt, for 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC on the
30th. These adjust to 61 kt, 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt, respectively.
Application of the Kaplan-DeMaria (1995) inland decay model gives 66 kt,
49 kt, 36 kt, and 28 kt, respectively. It is likely that the large size from
the concentric eye structure and movement over swampy land allowed for
the system retaining stronger winds than the Kaplan-DeMaria model would
suggest. Winds in HURDAT are increased from 60 to 70 kt at 00 UTC and
retained at the remaining times. The Mississippi coast is added as
experiencing Category 2 conditions from a combination of a concentric
eyewall structure with the outer wind maximum affecting Mississippi and
the impact described in Sullivan (1986).
*****************************************************************************
1915 - Additional Notes:
1) April 29-May 2: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical
depression formed north of Hispanola on 29 April 1915. The system moved
toward the north-northeast for the next three days and was absorbed by an
extratropical cyclone on 2 May. Highest winds observed from ship reports were
20 kt on the 29th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1006 mb on the 29th
(HWM). Such pressures do support winds of 34 kt from the southern pressure-
wind relationship. However, with no explicit observed gale force winds and
moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this a
tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical depression and will
not be added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Apr 28 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~72W
Apr 29 23N 73W Tropical Depression
Apr 30 28N 70W Tropical Depression
May 01 33N 65W Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 02 --- --- Absorbed by Extratropical Storm
2) September 16-21: The Monthly Weather Review reported: "From the 16th to
the 18th there were indications of a disturbance of minor character near the
extreme western end of Cuba and in the central Gulf, and shipping interests
were advised accordingly. The storm, however, did not advance northward."
Available data from Historical Weather Maps, MWR and COADS suggests that
the system became a tropical depression on the 17th moved across the
Gulf of Mexico, made landfall near the Texas-Mexico border late on the
20th and dissipated on the 21st. Lowest observed pressures were 1007 mb
on the 18th (HWM and COADS) and highest observed winds were 30 kt on the
17th (COADS). The system may have reached tropical storm intensity over
the Gulf of Mexico though without observational evidence this system is
analyzed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 16 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~83W
Sep 17 23N 85W Tropical Depression
Sep 18 23N 89W Tropical Depression
Sep 19 24N 91W Tropical Depression
Sep 20 25N 95W Tropical Depression
Sep 21 26N 99W Tropical Depression - dissipating
3) October 6-10: Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate that
a tropical depression (possibly a tropical storm) formed in the tropical
North Atlantic on the 6th, moved westward and impacted the Leeward
Islands on the 8th and 9th, and turned toward the northwest and
dissipated on the 10th. Highest observed winds were 20 kt on the 9th.
Lowest observed pressure was 1005 mb and 10 kt WSW wind on the 6th
(COADS). This peripheral pressure value suggests winds of at least 36 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. (Two other low pressures -
1003 and 1005 mb - were observed from a British ship "KAD.", which appear
to be at least 6 mb too low.) Without further confirmation of tropical
storm intensity, this system will be kept as a tropical depression and
not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 6 13N 47W Tropical Depression
Oct 7 14N 53W Tropical Depression
Oct 8 15N 58W Tropical Depression
Oct 9 17N 60W Tropical Depression
Oct 10 22N 62W Tropical Depression - dissipating
4) October 20-23: Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicated that
a tropical depression formed south of Bermuda on the 20th, moved to the
northeast over the next two days, turned to the north and was absorbed by
a large extratropical storm on the 23rd. (A tropical cyclone status is
analyzed for the 20th-22nd because of the warm, isothermal airmass that
surrounded the system on these dates, despite the frontal analyses shown
in HWM.) No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed
during its tropical cyclone stage. It is possible that this reached
tropical storm intensity, but barring such observations this system is
assessed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 20 29N 63W Tropical Depression
Oct 21 33N 56W Tropical Depression
Oct 22 35N 54W Tropical Depression
Oct 23 41N 53W Absorbed by Extratropical Storm
5) October 28-31: The Monthly Weather Review reported: "A general
depression of moderate character covered the Caribbean Sea and the West
Indies on the 28th and 29th and extended into southern Florida and the
adjacent Gulf and ocean. No definite center of disturbance was located,
however, and by the 31st pressure was rising generally, though slowly."
Available observations from Historical Weather Maps and COADS agrees with
this assessment and suggests that this system was not a tropical cyclone.
************************************************************************
1916/01 - 2008 REVISION:
21011 05/13/1916 M= 6 1 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
21012 05/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 800 25 0*224 804 30 0
21013 05/14*238 807 30 0*251 810 35 1006*262 813 40 0*272 816 40 1004
21014 05/15*278 819 40 0*283 821 35 0*290 822 35 0*299 819 35 0
21015 05/16*310 814 35 0*322 806 35 0*335 795 35 0*352 781 35 0
21016 05/17E371 764 40 0E390 745 45 0E410 725 50 990E430 710 50 0
21017 05/18E450 705 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21018 TS
Landfall:
5/14/1916 0600Z 25.1N 81.0W 35kt FL
This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship database,
and observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena
Meteorologica.
May 13: Historical Weather Map depicts a sharp trough along 80W, with
a decaying stationary frontal boundary to the north of the trough over
Florida. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 21.5N 80W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"On the morning of the 10th there was evidences of an approach of a
disturbance toward Cuba. It did not appear to be of serious character" (MWR).
"[A] perturbation was location on the morning of the 13th between western
Jamaica and Grand Cayman moving northward. This system produced
torrential rainfall in Camaguey" (Resena Meteorologica).
May 14: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N 81W.
No frontal features are analyzed in the area and no significant baroclinic
zones are noted. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 25N 82W
with 1007 mb pressure at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1006 mb and NE 4 kt at
08 UTC at Key West (OMR); 1005 mb and NE 11 kt at 20 UTC at Tampa (OMR);
"Fresh Gale" between 00 UTC and 12 UTC/14th at Titusville (OMR); 39 kt
between 12 UTC/14th and 00 UTC/15th at Jacksonville (OMR). "...the evening
of the 13th, when it was approaching the southern Florida coast...On the
following morning (the 14th) with steadily falling although not ver low,
pressure over Florida, with increasing easterly winds...During the day
moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida coast and fresh to strong
winds on the Georgia and southern Carolina coasts" (MWR). "On the 14th,
the disturbance was over south Florida" (Resena Meteorologica).
May 15: HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N 82W.
No frontal features are analyzed in its vicinity. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a closed low of 1008 mb near 28N 82W at 12 UTC. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The disturbance
continued to move slowly up the coast with steadily falling pressure and
some rain but without strong winds" (MWR).
May 16: HWM no longer depicts a closed low, but does show the intersection
of a cold and warm front over the Carolinas. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
a 1006 mb low centered near 34N 79.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE
and 1002 mb at 23 UTC at 37.4N 74.2W (COA). "On the morning of the 16th it
was central over eastern South Carolina" (MWR).
May 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N 73W,
with a stationary front extending north of the low and warm/cold frontal
boundaries extending southeast and south from the low. The MWR Tracks of
Lows analyzs a 994 mb low centered near 41.5N 73W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 45 kt NW in New York City (MWR); 25 kt SE and 996 mb at
12 UTC at Nantucket (HWM). Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1003 mb at
07 UTC at 36.0N 70.8W (COA); 20 kt W and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 40.4N 71.8W
(COA). "The storm had now increased considerably in energy, and on the
morning of the 17th was central in southern New England with lowest barometer
reading of 29.32 inches, and moderate gales had occurred from northern
New Jersey to Cape Cod" (MWR).
May 18: HWM analyzed an elongated NW-SE low of at most 1000 mb centered near
48N 74W, with a stationary front extending northwest along the low axis and
warm/cold frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest from
the low. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed (last position shown) a 998 mb
low near 45.5N 70W. Station highlights: 20 kt NE and 999 mb at 12 UTC
at Quebec (HWM). "By the evening of the 17th strong gales had occurred
on the coast from New York to Maine, the storm center at that time being
at the western Main coast (29.28). After this time there was some
interference on the part of the western storm...and a consequent rapid
diminution in energy, although pressure continued comparatively low
until the night of the 19th" (MWR).
The genesis of this new tropical storm is begun around 12 UTC on
the 13th just south of Cuba as a tropical depression. This is agreement
with the Cuban meteorological journal and with Ramon Perez' assessment. As
the system moved north-northwestward during the 14th it developed a large area
of cyclonic circulation - perhaps indicative of a subtropical cyclone
(though that classification is not utilized until the satellite era).
Four pieces of evidence suggest that this system reached gale force intensity
before evolving into an extratropical low: 1) Near-gale force winds were
directly measured in Jacksonville, with the 39 kt observed converting (after
adjusting for the high bias of the instrument of the era - Fergusson and
Covert 1924 - and adjusting to a 1 min wind - Powell et al. 1996) to 33 kt
1 min true; 2) Visual estimates of "Fresh Gale" at the USWB Titusville
office (no anemometer available), which correponds to 34-40 kt; 3)
Description in the MWR of "moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida
coast"; 4) Central pressure value of 1004 mb at 20 UTC inferred from
observations in Tampa, suggesting winds of about 37 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Thus it is estimated that it reached
tropical storm intensity at 06 UTC on the 14th as it was making landfall over
south Florida. Despite the center going over land, the cyclone stayed about
the same intensity or perhaps even deepened slightly on the 14th. A central
pressure of 1006 mb from the Key West USWB office was measured
at 08 UTC on the 14th and a central pressure of about 1004 mb could
be inferred from observations from the Tampa USWB office at 20 UTC on
the 14th. The system weakened slightly on the 15th as the cyclone
continued northward through Florida. By the 16th, the cyclone was
over the Carolinas and was beginning to transform into an extratropial
low by interacting with a pre-existing frontal boundary. It is estimated
that the cyclone became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 17th. The
cyclone re-intensified as an extratropical low and impacted the upper
Atlantic and New England coasts of the United States with numerous
gales. A ship at 12 UTC on the 17th observed 992 mb and 20 kt of wind,
suggesting about a central pressure of 990 mb right before the center
went over New England. The cyclone then was absorbed by a larger
extratropical low early on the 18th.
************************************************************************
1916/02 - 2008 REVISION:
21020 06/29/1916 M=12 1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
21020 06/28/1916 M=13 2 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** ** * ***
(The 28th is new to HURDAT.)
21025 06/28* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 795 25 0*125 798 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
21025 06/29* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 809 35 0*125 811 35 0
21025 06/29*125 801 25 0*125 805 25 0*127 809 25 0*130 813 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21030 06/30*129 814 35 0*133 816 35 0*138 818 35 0*143 822 40 0
21030 06/30*135 817 30 0*140 821 30 0*145 825 30 0*150 828 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21035 07/01*148 825 40 0*154 829 45 0*161 833 50 0*166 837 55 0
21035 07/01*155 830 30 0*160 831 30 0*165 833 30 0*169 837 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21040 07/02*170 839 55 0*175 841 60 0*180 844 65 0*185 846 70 0
21040 07/02*172 841 35 0*176 846 35 0*180 850 40 0*185 852 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21045 07/03*189 848 70 0*194 850 75 0*200 853 80 0*209 856 85 0
21045 07/03*189 853 50 0*194 855 55 0*200 857 60 0*207 860 65 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21050 07/04*219 860 90 0*231 864 95 0*241 867 95 0*253 870 100 0
21050 07/04*215 864 70 0*224 867 75 0*235 870 80 0*248 872 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
21055 07/05*264 874 100 0*275 877 105 0*285 880 105 0*296 884 105 0
21055 07/05*263 873 90 0*276 875 95 0*288 877 100 0*299 880 105 950
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21060 07/06*305 890 90 979*313 895 60 0*321 900 50 0*327 901 40 0
21060 07/06*308 886 80 0*317 894 55 0*324 900 45 994*328 901 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ***
21065 07/07*332 902 40 0*335 902 40 0*337 901 40 0*339 894 40 0
21065 07/07*331 902 40 0*334 902 40 0*337 901 40 0*338 894 40 0
*** *** ***
21070 07/08*337 885 40 0*336 876 30 0*338 869 30 0*339 866 30 0
21070 07/08*337 885 40 0*335 876 40 0*332 869 35 0*332 866 35 0
*** ** *** ** *** **
21075 07/09*340 864 25 0*342 862 25 0*345 860 20 0*348 859 20 0
21075 07/09*334 864 30 0*337 862 30 0*340 860 25 0*343 859 25 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
21080 07/10*351 858 20 0*354 857 20 0*358 856 20 0*362 858 20 0
21080 07/10*346 858 20 0*348 857 20 0*350 856 20 0*352 855 20 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21085 HR MS3 AL3
21085 HR MS3 AL2AFL2
*******
Landfall:
7/5/1916 2100Z 30.4N 88.4W 105kt 18nmi 950 mb MS3,AL2,AFL2
Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1. Evidence for these alterations
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), Dunn
and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et
al. (1992).
June 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the western Caribbean.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.5N, 79.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 29: HWM indicates an open wave near of 11N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a
tropical storm at 12N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggest a center near 12.7N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 83.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 83.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the
track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 17.3N, 84.3W at 18 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.1N, 83.3W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The first
definite indications of this disturbance were noted on the morning of July 1
at Swan Island , when after a day or two of unsettled weather the barometer
had fallen to 29.78 inches [1009 mb]" (MWR).
July 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. MWR
notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 18.2N, 84.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18N, 85W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the
morning of the 2d it was clearly evident that the disturbance was well defined
with a northward movement" (MWR).
July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 85.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicate the center near 20N, 85W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 20.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 20N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 21.5N, 84.7W at ~18 UTC (MWR). "One the morning of
the 3d the storm center was estimated to be about latitude 20N., longitude
85W., but the absence of radio reports prevented a more precise location Thus
far the storm was apparently of not much intensity The United States Coast
Guard cutter Itasca had encountered a severe disturbance on the afternoon of
July 3 about 25 miles south of Cape San Antonio with a whole gale [35 kt] from
the east" (MWR).
July 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24N, 87.3W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.1N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 87W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track
of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 23.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 23.5N, 87W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W at 04 UTC (MWR); 55 kt
E and 999 mb at 23N, 86W at ~06 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W
at 06 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt (no direction) at Havana at 16 UTC
(MWR); 50 kt and 1006 mb at Burwood, Louisiana at 19 UTC (MWR). "The storm
passed through the Yucatan Channel during the early night of the 3d and
apparently had attained only moderate intensity until just before that
channel was reached, after which there was a marked increase in its activity"
(MWR).
July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 88W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1001 mb with a center near 28N, 89W at 8 a.m.
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 28.7N, 88W at 12 UTC.
MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 28.8N, 88.5W at
12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near
28.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 29.7N, 90.1W
at 12 UTC (COA); 5 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22.7N, 95.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Station
highlights: 90 kt SE at Pensacola at 30N, 87.6W at 1832 UTC (MWR); 961 mb
(peripheral pressure) at Fort Morgan at 20 UTC (MWR); 93 kt E at Mobile
at 20 UTC (OMR). Tide information: Mobile 11.6', Biloxi 4.0', Pensacola
5.0', and Fort Morgan 6.3'. Estimated Lowest: 948 mb ("28.00") (Connor).
"On the morning of the 5th the storm center had moved across the Gulf with
unusual rapidity and was near to and approaching the middle Gulf coast, and
apparently somewhere between Mobile Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi
River" (MWR).
July 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most
1005 mb near 32.5N, 90W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 90W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with
a center near 33.5N, 90W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests
a center near 32N, 90W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf
Storm" to be near 33N, 90W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggest a center near 32.4N, 90W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 85 kt
SE and 984 mb at Pensacola at 00 UTC (OMR); 987 mb at Pass Christian,
Mississippi at 0030 UTC (MWR); 994 mb with a N wind at Jackson, Mississippi
at 12 UTC (OMR). "Unfortunately, several lives were lost along the middle Gulf
coast, mainly persons in small boats. Marine casualties were of a minor
character but the aggregate losses amounted to several millions of dollars,
distributed principally between the cities of Pensacola and Mobile and the
agricultural sections of southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama.
The high tides were responsible for the major portion of the coast damage.
At Mobile the tide was somewhat more than 2 feet above the previous highest
tide of 9.87 feet above mean tide in September, 1906, and the entire business
district was inundated. At Pensacola the tide was 5 feet above normal high
tide, or 3 « feet lower than the highest reached during the storm of
September, 1906" (MWR).
July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 89.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 89.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 33.5N, 89.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.7N, 89.7W at 18 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT analysis of
33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 38 kt S at Pensacola at 14 UTC
(OMR); 1003 mb with a SW wind at Jackson 00 UTC (OMR). "After the morning of
the 6th the storm hovered over Mississippi and Alabama for three days with
steadily decreasing intensity, but with torrential rains that caused great
floods and enormous damage to growing crops After the storm center passed
inland torrential rains set in over the east Gulf State, and western Georgia
and continued in the form of heavy showers for about a week. These rains of
course caused enormous losses of staple crops and caused great floods in the
rivers of eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and western Georgia" (MWR).
July 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 87W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical depression at 33.8N, 86.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes
the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.3N, 87W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.2N, 86.9W
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 45 kt SW at Pensacola at 12 UTC (MWR); 10 kt S
and 1006 mb at Birmingham at 12 UTC (OMR).
July 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 85.5W with a
weakening cold front north of the low. HURDAT listed this as a tropical
depression at 34.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests
a center near 34.5N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf
Storm" to be near 34.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggest a center near 34N, 86W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1004 mb at
Birmingham at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb at Montgomery at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb and
a W wind at Florence, Alabama at 12 UTC (OMR).
July 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 85W with no
significant frontal boundaries in the vicinity. HURDAT listed this as a
tropical depression at 35.8N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 36N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the
"Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 36.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 10 kt W and 1006 mb at Montgomery at 00 UTC (OMR).
Genesis for storm 1 began at 12 UTC on June 28th, 24 hours earlier than
previous HURDAT, in the southwest Caribbean Sea based upon HWM and COADS
observations. Intensity at first occurrence is determined as a tropical
depression rather than a tropical storm. The system progressed on a general
northwest to north-northwest track until landfall in extreme southeast
Mississippi on the 5th. Available observations suggest the system intensified
slower than first indicated by HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures
were observed until July 3rd, when the storm began to pass through the Yucatan
Channel. A 35 kt wind was observed southwest of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the
afternoon of the 3rd (MWR). 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less
than previous HURDAT. On the 4th the hurricane emerged in the Gulf of Mexico
as a Category 1 hurricane. Highest observed winds on the 4th were 55 kt. 80 kt
is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 4th, down 15 kt from original HURDAT.
It is unknown as to whether the hurricane reached peak intensity over
the open Gulf of Mexico or at landfall on the Mississippi coast, due to
the lack of inner core observations before landfall.
The hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at 20 UTC on the 5th.
Lowest pressure at landfall was 961 mb (peripheral pressure) observed at Fort
Morgan, Alabama around 20 UTC. Highest observed winds were 93 kt from
Mobile around 20 UTC. This wind reduces to 76 kt true after accounting for the
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Connor (1956) estimated the
lowest sea level pressure for this hurricane to be 28.00 [948 mb], based
primarily upon data at landfall in the U.S. Dunn and Miller (1960) note
the occurrence as a major hurricane for Florida, Mississippi and Alabama. Ho
et al (1987) noted this hurricane as possessing a 950 mb central pressure,
26 nmi radius of maximum winds (RMW), 25 kt forward speed, and a landfall
point of 30.4N, 88.3W. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested a 94 kt maximum 1 min
surface wind and environmental pressure of 1007 mb. Jarrell et al (1992)
suggests a Category 3 hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama and a central
pressure of 948 mb (no doubt originally from Connor). Ho's estimate of
26 nmi for the RMW may be somewhat too large, given the discussion of
the hurricane's impact in Monthly Weather Review. An RMW of 15-20 nmi
is utilized here, which is close to the climatology for this latitude and
central pressure (20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000). A rather tight RMW also
suggests that the hurricane may not have weakened substantially before
landfall. 950 mb implies winds of 110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship. The new north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from
Brown et al. (2006) suggests slightly less at 105 kt, which is retained for
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 5th and is estimated to have occurred at landfall
around 21 UTC. The 950 mb central pressure at landfall is also added to HURDAT
for 18 UTC on the 5th. Application of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind
model gives Category 2 wind impact in both Alabama and northwest Florida and
only tropical storm conditions in Louisiana.
After landfall the system meandered over Mississippi and Alabama from the 6th
through the 9th. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following:
00 UTC 6th 85 kt (69 kt true), 06 UTC 70 kt (57 kt true), 12 UTC 50 kt
(42 kt true), and 18 UTC 42 kt (35 kt true). Application of the Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 79, 56, 41, and 32 kt, accordingly.
Winds for revised HURDAT are reduced from 90 down to 80 kt at 00 UTC on the
6th and maintained at 60 kt at 06 UTC. A possible central pressure
observation on the 6th of 994 mb at 12 UTC in Jackson, Mississippi implies
winds of 56 kt. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC as the storm was well
inland, a 5 kt reduction to original HURDAT. Pensacola observed 38 kt (33 kt
true) winds on the 7th, thus HURDAT is maintained at 40 kt. The system
continued to produce gale force winds at Pensacola on the 8th and Birmingham
observed pressures around 1006 mb. 35 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher
than previous HURDAT. Moderately low pressures were found in Alabama as the
system finally weakened to a tropical depression on the 9th.
*****************************************************************************
1916/03 - 2008 REVISION:
21090 07/10/1916 M=13 2 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
21090 07/10/1916 M=13 3 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* *** *
21095 07/10* 0 0 0 0*120 521 35 0*121 532 35 0*124 544 35 0
21095 07/10* 0 0 0 0*115 521 30 0*115 532 30 0*116 544 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** **
21100 07/11*126 556 35 0*128 567 35 0*130 578 35 0*136 587 35 0
21100 07/11*117 556 30 0*118 567 30 0*120 578 30 0*124 588 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21105 07/12*145 598 35 0*153 608 35 0*160 617 35 0*165 626 35 0
21105 07/12*130 598 35 0*137 608 35 0*145 617 35 0*154 627 35 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21110 07/13*173 635 35 0*179 643 40 0*184 651 45 0*188 657 45 0
21110 07/13*164 638 35 0*175 650 40 0*184 660 45 0*191 667 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21115 07/14*191 661 50 0*194 666 50 0*198 672 55 0*203 675 60 0
21115 07/14*197 672 50 0*203 676 50 0*208 680 55 0*213 683 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21120 07/15*208 679 65 0*212 683 70 0*217 687 75 0*222 690 75 0
21120 07/15*217 685 65 0*221 686 70 0*225 687 75 0*229 688 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21125 07/16*227 694 80 0*231 697 85 0*238 700 90 0*243 704 90 0
21125 07/16*232 690 80 0*235 692 85 0*238 695 90 0*240 700 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21130 07/17*247 707 95 0*253 711 95 0*260 715 100 0*268 719 100 0
21130 07/17*242 705 90 0*246 710 90 0*253 715 90 0*261 719 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
21135 07/18*276 723 105 0*283 726 105 0*291 728 105 0*300 731 105 0
21135 07/18*270 722 90 0*280 725 85 0*291 728 85 0*302 730 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21140 07/19*309 732 100 0*318 733 100 0*328 733 95 0*338 732 95 0
21140 07/19*312 732 80 0*322 733 75 980*332 733 75 0*341 731 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
21145 07/20*347 731 90 0*356 730 90 0*366 728 90 0*376 725 85 0
21145 07/20*349 729 75 0*357 727 75 0*366 725 75 0*376 723 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21150 07/21*388 720 85 0*399 714 80 0*411 709 75 0*425 701 65 0
21150 07/21*388 721 70 0*399 718 65 0*411 714 60 993*430 704 45 1001
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ** ****
21155 07/22*447 687 55 0*469 662 45 0E485 626 35 0E510 555 30 0
21155 07/22*447 684 40 0*469 655 35 0E485 617 30 0E510 565 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** ***
21160 HR MA1
21160 HR
****
Landfall:
7/21/1916 1300Z 41.4N 71.2W 60kt MA
Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database,
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960),
Roth and Cobb (2001), Boose et al. (2001), and observations provided by
Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica.
July 10: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 11.5N, 53.2W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 11N, 57.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.0N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 14N, 61.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 14.8N, 61.2W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 61.7W
at 12 UTC. Station highlight: 35 kt NE at San Juan (MWR). "The first
indication of this disturbance was a marked fall in pressure over
the Windward Islands during the 24 hours ending at 8 a. m. of July 12.
Light southeast winds were blowing from St. Kitts to Port of Spain, with
an average pressure of 29.90 inches, while at San Juan, P. R., the barometer
read 29.96 inches with a fresh northeast wind" (MWR).
July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 65W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 17.8N, 65W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near
18.4N, 66W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. "During the five succeeding days this storm center moved slowly
northwestward and apparently of but moderate intensity" (MWR).
July 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 67.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 67.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 19.5N, 67.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 19.5N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM, COADS and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near
20.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1021 mb at 27.1N, 67.0W
at 12 UTC (COA).
July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 68.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.7N, 68.7W at 12 UTC. The
MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 21N, 69W at 8 a.m. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 20.6N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest
a center near 22.5N 68.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1015 mb at
25.9N, 66.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1016 mb at 24.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC
(COA).
July 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 70W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 21.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologicasuggest a center
near 23.8N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at
21.8N, 67.4W at 16 UTC (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 25.3N, 66.2W at
16 UTC (COA).
July 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 24N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.0N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 25N, 72W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart analyzes a center near 24N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 25.3N, 71.5W at
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 67.5W at 08 UTC
(COA); 35 kt N and 995 mb at 24.3N, 74.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and
1012 mb at 24.9N, 66.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 17th it was
central at approximately 23N, 73W with a northward tendency" (MWR).
July 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 30N, 73W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 29N, 74W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS agree with the HURDAT analysis of 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 31.6N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE
and 1008 mb at 31.2N, 71.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1000 mb at
31.0N, 73.0W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The evening of the 18th, the storm center was
about at 30N, 74W with a northward movement" (MWR).
July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 33.5N, 75W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 33.4N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 33.2N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
70 kt ESE and 991 mb at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 980 mb (central
pressure) at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt SW at 32.3N, 73.0W at
12 UTC (COA). "When the ship the S.S. Ausable intercepted the hurricane around
06 UTC, the wind continued east-southeasterly until the ship was in the center
of the hurricane, when the barometer read 28.94 inches [980 mb]" (MWR).
July 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 36.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.6N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 37N, 74.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 37N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 36.6N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
35 kt W and 997 mb at 34.3N, 74.1W at 01 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at
35.1N, 74.1W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlights: 42 kt at Norfolk (Roth and Cobb). "On the morning of
the 20th the storm was apparently central at 37N, 74W with a tendency toward a
slight recurve to the northeastward" (MWR).
July 21: HWM indicates an approaching cold frontal from the west while the
system retained a closed low of 995 mb near of 41N, 72W. HURDAT listed this
as a Category 1 hurricane at 41.1N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicate the center near 41.5N, 72W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM
and COADS suggests a center near 41.1N, 71.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
20 kt E and 998 mb at 41.5N, 71.3W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights:
40 kt E at Block Island at 09 UTC (OMR); 20 kt N and 995 mb (peripheral
pressure) at Block Island at 12 UTC (OMR); 43 kt SW at Nantucket at 15 UTC
(OMR); 11 kt N and 1001 mb (central pressure) at Portland at 20 UTC (OMR).
"On the morning of the 21st the storm was central south of and very near
the New England coast, the barometer reading this day of 29.38 inches [995 mb]
at Block Island, R.I striking the southern New England coast with diminished
intensity" (MWR).
July 22: HWM analyzed a frontal boundary paralleling the U.S. northeast
coastline and the Canadian maritime provinces. HURDAT listed this as an
extratropical storm at 48.5N, 62.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate
the center near 47.5N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS
suggest a center near 48.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt W and
1003 mb at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Portland
at 00 UTC (OMR); 10 kt SW and 1006 mb at Boston, Massachusetts at 00 UTC
(OMR). "The storm continued northeastward with diminishing intensity and
without strong winds north of Massachusetts. By the morning of the 22nd this
storm had passed into Newfoundland" (MWR).
Genesis for this hurricane is retained at 06 UTC on July 10th. The storm's
intensity is initially analyzed as a tropical depression rather than a tropical
storm. A rather weak vortex for the first few days of its existence is
supported by MWR's assertion that the system had its origins over the central
Lesser Antilles around the 12th. The storm originated southeast of Barbados on
the 10th and progressed on a general west-northwest to northwest track through
the eastern Caribbean Sea. 35 kt NE winds in San Juan on the 12th indicate
that the cyclone was of tropical storm intensity while passing through
the northeast Caribbean. No changes made to the intensity from the 12th
to the 16th. Its becoming a hurricane on the 15th is retained, as a few
ship observations indicated quite strong winds not in the core of the
cyclone on that date. A peripheral pressure of 995 mb was observed on
the 17th, implying winds of at least 56 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt less than previous
HURDAT. Peak wind observations on the 18th were 55 kt. 85 kt is chosen for
HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than originally. The hurricane's peak intensity
is analyzed to be 90 kt from the 16th to the 18th (down from 105 kt
previously on the 18th), though few inner core observations were available.
A central pressure of 980 mb was observed on the 19th at 06 UTC, implying
winds of 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is
chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 19th, a 25 kt downgrade. On the 20th, a
peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed around 00 UTC, implying winds of at
least 53 kt from the northern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships.
For continuity, 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 12 UTC, 15 kt less than
previously.
The cyclone made landfall near the border of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
at 41.4N, 71.2W around 12 UTC on July 21st. Peak observations at landfall
were 43 kt SW winds at Nantucket at 14 UTC on the 21st and 995 mb at Block
Island at 11-12 UTC. The low pressure at Block Island was accompanied by
20 kt N winds making it a peripheral pressure. The central pressure at
landfall was likely around 993 mb, which would imply winds of 59 kt from the
northern pressure-wind relationship (central pressure also added to HURDAT).
Boose et al. analyzed the radius of maximum winds (RMW) to be around 27 nmi,
moderately smaller than climatology of 36 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000).
Environmental pressures at landfall were quite low around 1007 mb outer
closed isobar as a moderately strong cold front was approaching the
storm during the landfall. Thus given the storm's moderately small RMW but
in a low environmental pressure, 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the
21st, a 15 kt downgrade. This reduces the intensity at landfall to tropical
storm strength and removes the Category 1 hurricane impact for Massachusetts
from HURDAT. This agrees with the rather minimal impacts that this system
caused at landfall, the weak winds observed and also Dunn and Millers'
characterization of the system's intensity at landfall in the Rhode Island
and Cape Cod area as Minor (meaning less than hurricane intensity). A
downgrade to tropical storm intensity at landfall also is in agreement with
the recommendations by Boose et al. and E. Boose personal communication, based
upon the observed wind impact on structures in New England. The system
weakened rapidly as it raced off towards the northern latitudes on the 21st
and 22nd. Portland observed a pressure of 1001 mb and winds of 11 kt N at
20 UTC on the 21st, which may have been a central pressure (and is added into
HURDAT). 1001 mb central pressure suggests winds of 47 kt from the northern
pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the
21st. The system transitioned to an extratropical storm by 12 UTC. Overall,
the storm is analyzed to be significantly weaker than original HURDAT;
however, the system did attain Category 1 hurricane intensity from the 17th
to the 21st.
*****************************************************************************
1916/04 - 2008 REVISION:
21165 07/11/1916 M= 5 3 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
21165 07/11/1916 M= 5 4 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
* *** *
21170 07/11* 0 0 0 0*253 724 40 0*256 735 40 0*261 743 45 0
21170 07/11* 0 0 0 0*259 712 40 0*265 720 40 0*271 728 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
21175 07/12*265 750 50 0*270 757 60 0*277 763 60 0*284 768 70 0
21175 07/12*277 736 50 0*282 744 60 0*287 752 60 0*292 760 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21180 07/13*290 772 75 0*296 776 80 0*302 779 85 0*309 782 85 0
21180 07/13*297 769 75 0*302 777 80 0*307 784 90 0*313 789 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ***
21185 07/14*316 786 85 0*324 790 75 0*330 797 60 983*336 803 55 0
21185 07/14*320 792 100 0*326 794 95 960*332 797 70 0*337 802 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
21190 07/15*343 813 50 0*348 820 45 0*352 830 30 0* 0 0 0 0
21190 07/15*342 809 50 0*346 818 45 0*350 827 35 0*354 836 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
21195 HR SC1
21195 HR SC2
***
Landfall:
7/14/1916 0800Z 32.9N 79.5W 95kt 20nmi 960mb 1013mb SC2
Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and newspaper accounts
provided by Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Glenn.
July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27N, 72W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 25.6N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 26.5N, 72W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 995 mb near 29.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26.3N, 76W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 28.7N, 75.2W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 28.4N, 74.7W at 12 UTC
(COA); 35 kt NE and 1016 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston at
16 UTC (MWR). "On July 12 a vessel radio report from about 27N, 72.5W gave the
first notice of this disturbance" (MWR).
July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 960 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 78W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 30.7N, 78.4W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1011 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston
at 12 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 971 mb at 31.7N, 78.9W at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt
ENE and 961 mb at 31.8N, 78.9W at 1930 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt N
at Savannah at 18 UTC (OMR); 45 kt NE at Charleston at 18 UTC (MWR); 56 kt at
Charleston at 21 UTC (OMR). "The U.S.S. Hector reported a barometer reading
(aneroid) of 28.37 inches [961 mb] which, upon subsequent comparison of the
instrument, is thought to be reasonably accurate" (MWR).
July 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb just inland over South Carolina
near 33N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 79.7W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate a low pressure of 996 mb near
33.5N, 80W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center
near 33N, 80W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest
a center near 33.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 971 mb at
31.8N, 78.8W at 00 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SE and 976 mb at 31.9N, 78.8W at 02 UTC
(MWR); 70 kt S and 985 mb at 32N, 78.8W at 04 UTC (MWR). Station highlights:
987 mb at Georgetown, South Carolina, at 07 UTC (MWR); 55 kt NW and 983 mb
at Charleston at 08 UTC (OMR); 997 mb at Columbia at 2045 UTC (OMR). "This
storm passed inland over or very near Charleston about 4 a.m. of the 14th,
with a lowest barometer reading of 29.02 inches [983 mb] ... It was of
unusual severity, though its path of destructiveness was comparatively
narrow ... The material damage locally was not great. Most houses suffered
minor damage to roofs and consequent water damage. Some signs were blown
down and a few valuable plate-glass windows were broken. No large vessels
suffered material injury, though a number of small boats were sunk at their
wharves, and a few of them were crushed, though most of them suffered only
minor damage One of the most lamentable results of the storm from a community
point of view was the damage to shade trees, the soaking rain and the
shifting winds combining to uproot many of them. There were two lives lost
in Charleston and vicinity The damage south of Charleston to North Edisto
River seems to have been confined almost wholly to crop injury. To the
northward the destruction was much greater. Large tracks of cultivated land
in McClellanville section were inundated Friday morning, causing a total
loss of crops. Water stood 4 or 5 feet deep in the town and left a heavy
deposit of sea sledge covering dead animals and fowls. The tide is said to
have been higher than in 1893 or 1911 The crop damage from about 15 to
20 miles northeast of Charleston on to McClellanville and the Santee River is
estimated by the competent to judge at from 75 to 90 per cent. Almost all
the trees in McClellanville were uprooted. Numerous houses were blown down,
but they were of flimsy construction. Loss of live stock was rather heavy
from wrecking of barns, and some hogs and other small animals were drowned.
Notwithstanding the great material damage there was no loss of human life.
In Georgetown the damage was apparently little worse than stores on the water
front ... North of Georgetown the storm was less severe, though the tide was
very high at Pawleys Island and Murrels Inlet. No damage of consequence
occurred there, however, or at Myrtle Beach, farther up the coast. The
hurricane is believed to have been one of the most severe that has visited
this coast since the Weather Bureau was established, but its destructive
effects were confined to unusually narrow limits. This is due partly at
least to the fact that its course was practically normal to the coast line.
Its center is thought to have passed inland over Bulls Bay, about 25 miles
northeast of Charleston and some 10 miles southwest of McClellanville It is
practically impossible at this time to estimate with any degree of accuracy
the total losses occasioned by the hurricane It will certainly run high into
the millions if the floods which resulted from the storms inland progress be
taken into account" (MWR).
From the _Georgetown Times_, July 22, 1916 - provided by Prof. Cary Mock:
"SUMMER COLONY ON PAWLEY'S ISLAND LEAVE THE BEACH IN STORM - Bridges
Overflowed But Note Enough to Block Passage - Vivid Description by our
Correspondent of the Terrible Experiences of the People During the Hurricane,
Although No Serious Results Followed
Pawley's Island and the immediate vicinity got a full share of the
hurricane Thursday night and Friday [probably the previous week]. This storm
will go down in history as second only to the storm of '93, when so many
memorable tragedies took place ... The northeast wind set in before Wednesday.
Before morning it had become a stiff gale ... Before dark [on Thursday] the
causeway connecting island and mainland was submerged, the water reaching
almost to the boards on the bridges dashing in waves waist high over the
lower parts of the roadway ... In the eastern part of the island the surf
had washed away the sand hills ... The hurricane raged and shrieked, snapping
off trees and rocking the houses ... But at about 4 o'clock [Friday morning]
the wind began to change, shifting to east, then to southeast, and the
immediate danger began to pass ... No loss of life is reported and but little
damage to property. The hardest of the loss falls where it will hurt most,
though - on the Negroes, whose crops are ruined and fences down, and these
will suffer greatly. Along the beach the sand hills are cut as if sliced
off with a giant knife ... Fishing boats are washed high on the big sandhills
and steps carried to the end of the island."
Charleston News and Courier, July 14th 1916 -
"Late trains from Tybee tonight came over tracks which were covered with
water nearly a foot deep for a stretch of several miles...Time and tide
for week High, July 14th, 6:36 a.m... Smother of spume off Battery ---
Tide was running high. The wind blowing as high as sixty-two miles an hour at
one time, made the seas heavy. Wave after wave dashed against the wall, its
spume being thrown high into the air. The water rushed over the wall and
into roadways and streets. The high wall along South Battery was being
continually washed as wave after wave dashed over the Battery wall."
Charleston News and Courier, July 15th 1916 -
"Storm Heavy at Florence - Florence, July 14th: The tropical storm, which
so suddenly swept in on the Southeast Atlantic coast early last evening
struck this section shortly before midnight last night, and grew in intensity
as the night passed, until today it is sweeping the Pee-Dee section with
hurricane proportions."
Charleston News and Courier, July 16th 1916 -
"Florence Bridges are Washed Away - Florence, July 15th: Never in the history
of this section has there ever fallen such a quantity of rain as fell
yesterday and last night. The United States weather bureau at this place
gives the official figures for the thirty-six hours as 14.25 inches of rain,
an unprecedented record...The Weather - The Southeastern storm has caused
torrential rains over a large part of South Carolina and portions of North
Carolina. It has lost a great portion of its energy and is now central on the
North Carolina-Tennessee boundary."
Charleston News and Courier, July 17th 1916 -
"Georgetown Felt Storm Severely - Whilst at the wharf in Georgetown the
glass fell to 29.30. Between 3 and 5 oclock Friday morning the wind blew more
than seventy-five miles an hour. The tide was high between 7 and 8 oclock that
morning, and the wharf front was completely submerged...It is probably quite
as bad as if not worse than the floods which occurred in the upper part of
the State in August of 1908 and it has covered a wider area."
Charleston News and Courier, July 18th 1916 -
"Georgetown, July 17th - The hurricane that struck Georgetown Thursday night,
beginning at about 10 oclock and lasting until Friday afternoon, has left in
its wake a scene of devastation attesting the violence of the wind which is
said, by old mariners, to have reached 85 to 100 miles an hour at 4 a.m.
Friday...McClellanville, July 17th - McClellanville has just been visited
by the biggest storm since 1893. The tide overflowed all yards on the
waterfront several feet deep."
Charleston News and Courier, July 20th 1916 -
"No other storm in the memory of men now living in that section approached in
destructiveness the furious hurricane that swept McClellanville Thursday
night and Friday morning. No other storm save possibly the great hurricane of
1822 wrought such havoc among the crops of all that section or did such
terrific damage to the timber. Conservative estimates made by men who have
spent much time on the water fix the velocity of the wind from Friday morning
at from ninety-eight to 110 miles an hour. This wind blew steadily from the
southeast and it banked up the incoming tide...McClellanville, July 19th -
All contend that this hurricane was more violent than that of 1893, and the
destruction greater."
Charleston News and Courier, July 22nd 1916 -
"On Pawley's Island - On Pawley's Island the storm was not so severe as in
the city. The wind blew a hurricane for hours and tides as high as the storm
of 1893 were swept into the inlet behind the island."
July 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb inland over Alabama near
34N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 35.2N, 83W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 35.2N, 82W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 82.7W at
12 UTC. Station highlights: 47 kt E and 1008 mb at Charlotte at 00 UTC (OMR);
49 kt at Charlotte at 03 UTC (OMR); 52 kt E at Charlotte at 04 UTC (OMR). "On
the morning of the 15th the remnants of the storm were lost in the mountains
of western North Carolina" (MWR).
Genesis for storm number 3 is retained at 06 UTC on July 11th as a minimal
tropical storm in the western Atlantic Ocean. The system originated just
northeast of the Bahamas and progressed on a northwestward track throughout
its lifetime. Gale force winds were first observed on the 12th as a ship
recorded 35 kt winds. 60 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th
because of the hurricane intensity reports on the following day. The storm
deepened rapidly on the 12th and 13th. A peripheral pressure of 961 mb was
observed late on the 13th, implying winds of at least 94 kt from the
subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC,
a 15 kt upgrade from original HURDAT.
The hurricane made landfall near Bulls Bay, South Carolina, around 08 UTC on
the 14th. A central pressure value of 983 mb was included originally in
HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 14th. This pressure reading was likely that of
Charleston at 08 UTC on the 14th, which as it was accompanied by 55 kt NW
wind indicates that it was a peripheral pressure measurement, not
a central pressure. Thus 983 mb is removed from HURDAT. It is of note
that Ho et al. did not analyze this US landfalling hurricane - implying
that it was of central pressure higher than 982 mb (possibly because
of this 983 mb observation). Dunn and Miller list this as a minimal
(Category 1 or 2) hurricane causing severe flooding in South Carolina.
Jarrell et al. analyzed a 980 mb central pressure at landfall. However,
because of the 961 mb peripheral pressure/hurricane force wind readings twelve
hours before landfall and the 983 mb/55 kt wind readings from Charleston,
a substantially lower central pressure is estimated for landfall: 960 mb.
This pressure suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship. The system is described as small in area (which could increase
the pressure gradient and winds), but was also moving slowly at landfall
(which would decrease the winds on the strong semicircle), so 95 kt is chosen
for HURDAT at 06 UTC and also at landfall a couple hours later. This is a
20 kt increase from the original HURDAT and it does upgrade the system from a
Category 1 to Category 2 (borderline Category 3) hurricane strike for South
Carolina. This intensity is consistent with the moderate impacts documented
in the newspaper accounts, though it is possible that the hurricane was
slightly stronger. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 12
UTC 14th - 60 kt (ship), 18 UTC - 45 kt (ship), 00 UTC 15th - 47kt, 06 UTC -
52 kt. These last two values reduce down to 40 and 43 kt, respectively, after
for correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and
Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.)
Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of
72, 51, 35, and 24 kt, accordingly. Winds for HURDAT after landfall were
analyzed to be 70 kt (10 kt increase), 55 kt (no change), 50 kt (no change),
and 45 kt (no change), respectively. "This is the first July storm of record
that passed northwestward from the region of the Bahamas and struck the south
Atlantic [U.S.] coast" (MWR).
*****************************************************************************
1916/05 - 2008 REVISION:
21011 08/04/1916 M= 3 5 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21012 08/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 940 35 0*240 945 35 0
21013 08/05*241 950 40 0*242 955 40 0*243 960 45 0*244 965 45 0
21014 08/06*246 971 50 0*248 977 50 0*250 985 35 0*252 995 25 0
21018 TS
This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, and the COADS ship database.
August 4: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24N 94W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 5: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico. Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24.3N 96W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 6: The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest in
the region. Station highlights: 26 kt E and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at
Brownsville (OMR); 38 kt SE at 07 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR).
"A small disturbance was central off of the mouth
of the Rio Grande Valley at 8 p. m. on August 5th, and northeast
storm warnings were ordered for the Texas coast stations at
8:30 p. m. The storm moved westward into Mexico and its passage
was attended by storm winds on the Texas coast."
This new cyclone was difficult to analyze because of both the
lack of ship observations in the Western Gulf of Mexico and because
of having no station data over Mexico due to the Mexican
Revolution. However, the available station observations from
both Brownsville (twice daily) and Corpus Christi (hourly)
clearly indicate that a well-organized tropical low pressure system
made landfall south of the U.S.-Mexico border around 06 UTC
on the 6th. Highest observed winds were 38 kt at Corpus Christi
early on the 6th, which reduces to 32 kt true after accounting for the
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Unfortunately,
Brownsville's twice daily observations missed the highest winds/
lowest pressures as the system made its closest approach just
south of the town. However, the Monthly Weather Review writeup
clearly indicates that "storm winds" (about 50 kt) occurred
along the Texas coast. It is estimated that the cyclone formed
on the 4th and moved west-northwestward making landfall early
on the 6th just south of the U.S.-Mexico border as a 50 kt
tropical storm. It is quite possible given the absence of
information from Mexico that the system was stronger, perhaps
even hurricane intensity. Dissipation is estimated to have
occurred over northeast Mexico late on the 6th.
*****************************************************************************
1916/06 - 2008 REVISION:
21200 08/12/1916 M= 8 4 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
21200 08/12/1916 M= 9 6 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
* * ***
21205 08/12* 0 0 0 0*140 550 60 0*140 564 60 0*140 579 70 0
21205 08/12* 0 0 0 0*134 550 35 0*135 564 40 0*136 578 40 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
21210 08/13*141 594 75 0*142 610 75 0*143 625 80 0*143 641 80 0
21210 08/13*138 592 45 0*139 606 45 0*140 620 50 0*141 636 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21215 08/14*145 657 85 0*147 674 85 0*150 690 85 0*153 704 85 0
21215 08/14*142 653 55 0*143 669 60 0*145 685 60 0*147 700 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21220 08/15*156 715 85 0*161 728 85 0*165 740 90 0*173 756 90 0
21220 08/15*150 713 65 0*154 726 65 0*160 740 70 0*168 756 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21225 08/16*180 771 95 0*187 790 95 0*194 807 95 0*199 823 100 0
21225 08/16*178 773 75 0*189 790 75 0*198 807 80 0*205 824 85 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ***
21230 08/17*204 838 100 0*209 854 105 0*218 871 105 0*225 887 105 0
21230 08/17*210 841 90 0*215 858 95 0*220 876 105 0*228 894 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21235 08/18*231 902 110 0*240 920 110 0*253 947 110 948*262 964 100 0
21235 08/18*237 912 115 0*246 930 115 0*255 947 115 0*264 963 115 932
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21240 08/19*271 980 65 0*279 996 50 0*2911009 35 0*3121014 30 0
21240 08/19*272 978 90 940*281 993 60 0*2911007 40 0*3011017 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** ** *** ***
(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21242 08/20*3121025 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21245 HRATX3
21245 HRATX4
****
Landfall:
8/18/1916 2200Z 27.0N 97.4W 115kt 25nmi 932mb 1012mb ATX4
Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956),
Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al (1979), Ho et al (1987),
Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
August 12: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 13N, 56W. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 14N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart
suggests a center near 14N, 56.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM
and COADS suggest a center near 13.5N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt
NE and 1015 mb at 15.8N, 56.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "... first observed on
the morning of the 12th in the vicinity of Barbados" (MWR).
August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. The
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 14.5N, 62W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 62W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 68W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15N, 69W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.5N, 74W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 74W at
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 17.9N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA);
30 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18.9N, 76W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at
19.5N, 76W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Jamaica
at 12 UTC (HWM). MWR notes the storm "passed westward a short distance south
of Jamaica on the 15th and into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Yucatan
Channel on the night of the 16th."
August 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of 990 mb near 19N, 81W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 19.4N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.8N, 81W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 19.8N, 80.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 998 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt
WSW and 1000 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 23 UTC (COA).
August 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 22N, 88.5W just north of
the Yucatan of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at
21.8N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near
22N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near
22.3N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest
a center near 22N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at
25.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 21.7N, 89.7W at 23 UTC
(COA).
August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 950 mb near 25.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.3N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicate the center near 26N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 25.5N, 94W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 25.5N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Brownsville at 12 UTC (OMR); 984 mb at
Corpus Christi at 2315 UTC (MWR); 53 kt at Corpus Christi at 20 UTC (OMR).
"It was approaching the south Texas coast on the morning of the 18th, and
passed inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville the afternoon and
evening of the 18th" (MWR).
August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28.5N, 101W inland over
northeast Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 100.9W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 102W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.1N, 100.7W
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 948 mb (likely a peripheral pressure) at
Kingsville, Texas, at 0115 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE and 1003 mb at San Antonio at
06 UTC (OMR); 971 mb (peripheral pressure) at Del Rio, Texas, at 1130 UTC
(MWR); 51 kt SE at Del Rio, Texas, at 11 UTC (OMR). "At the office of
the Santa Gertrudis ranch at Kingsville, 14 miles north of Riviera,
the aneroid barometer was carefully watched by Mr. J.B. Wright,
the manager of the ranch, and he took the lowest reading of 28.00 [948 mb]
inches at 8:15 p.m. [0115 UTC on the 19th] ... Six lives were lost by
the foundering of the coastwise steamer Pilot Boy off Port Aransas,
Tex.; three additional lives were lost by drowning along the coast near Corpus
Christi, Tex., and six at various interior points, as a result of hurricane
winds in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Newspaper reports place the damage
sustained in southwest Texas at $1,800,000. The damage, while largely
confined to coast regions, was more or less general over a wide area. In
the interior, crops were badly damaged by wind and rain and windmills, fences,
and barns were blown down. The cities of Bishop, Kingsville, and Corpus
Christi being the largest sufferers. In Corpus Christi it was the water front
that sustained the heaviest damage. All the wharves and most of the buildings
on the wharves were destroyed, even the solid timber head of the municipal
wharf was unfloored, taking down the storm-warning display tower. Hardly a
property in Corpus Christi escaped without damage of some kind, and vegetation
where not destroyed suffered heavily ... there can be no question but
that the storm was a fully developed hurricane with a central pressure at
least 1 inch lower [950 mb] than that observed at Corpus Christi [984 mb].
The relatively low property losses along the coast must be ascribed to
the rapidity with which the storm advanced and passed. Because of this
rapidity of movement its chance of creating a big tidal wave were greatly
diminished. Also it must be borne in mind that the whole length of the Texas
coast is protected by sand islands stretching from the mouth of the
Rio Grande to Galveston, with few inlets and sparsely settled After passing
inland a short distance south of Corpus Christi, the cyclone continued to move
in a west-northwest direction, reaching Del Rio, Tex., at about 7:30 a. m.
local mean time August 19, with a minimum pressure of 28.69 inches [971 mb].
Since it passed Corpus Christi, 200 miles distant, 12 hours earlier, we may
assign it a movement of about 17 miles per hour. The recovery of the pressure
after the passage of the center of the storm was extremely rapid The next
observing station in the path of the storm is El Paso, Tex., distant about
300 miles. The barograph at that and other stations in that vicinity do not
show any trace of the storm in question; we must therefore consider that it
dissipated over southwest Texas during the daylight hours of the 19th" (MWR).
August 20: HWM shows an open trough along the Texas-New Mexico border. Thus
it is analyzed that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM,COADS, and OMR suggest a center near 31.2N, 102.5W at
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 06 UTC on August 12th as a tropical storm
just west of the Lesser Antilles. Peak observed winds on the 12th were noted
as 35 kt. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than previous
HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were again observed until late on
the 15th, when the system was centered near Jamaica. A gradual increase in
intensity is maintained for the storm during the 13th through the 16th,
although substantially weaker than original HURDAT based upon available
observations from HWM and COADS. The hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico
through the Yucatan Channel during the morning of the 17th. Peak observed
winds on the 17th were only 35 kt but available data near the center were
scarce on this date. 105 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. On
the 18th, the hurricane quickly traveled across the Gulf of Mexico before
making landfall on the 18th.
Landfall is estimated to have occurred near Baffin Bay, Texas, around
22 UTC on August 18th near 27.0N 97.4W . Dunn and Miller classified this
hurricane for the lower coast of Texas as Extreme (Category 4 or 5).
The closest Weather Bureau anemometer in Corpus Christi was destroyed
by the winds before the peak of the hurricane, but the observer there estimated
a peak "maximum" wind (5 min) of 90 mph [78 kt] and a peak "extreme" wind
(1 min) of 96 mph [83 kt]. (Of course, visual estimates of hurricane force
winds are not reliable.) Schwerdt et al. analyzed the hurricane to have 103 kt
estimated maximum sustained surface winds at landfall (converted to 1 min) and
with a 1010 mb environmental pressure. Ho et al listed the hurricane on August
18th as possessing 948 mb central pressure at landfall, 25 nmi radius of
maximum winds (RMW), and a landfall point of 26.8N, 97.4W. Connor analyzed
the lowest central pressure for the lifetime of this system (in this case at
landfall in Texas) of "28.00 inches [948 mb] or less". Jarrell et al. utilized
the Connor and Ho et al. central pressure estimates in their assessment of
a 948 mb Category 3 hurricane for southern Texas. However, the 948 mb
measurement came from Kingsville, Tx. - an inland location - and from
the description in Monthly Weather Review was not likely to be a central
pressure value. (Riviera, 14 miles south of Kingsville, experienced winds
out of the north, then east, then south as the hurricane passed just to
the south of that location.) It is estimated that the central pressure
at its closest approach to Kingsville was around 940 mb. An application
of the Ho et al. pressure-decay model using an hour and a half transit
over land indicates a central pressure at landfall of about 932 mb. This
landfall pressure suggests winds of 127 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship. The new (Brown et al. 2006) pressure-wind relationship
for north of 25N suggests winds of 122 kt for 932 mb. A series of SLOSH
runs were undertaken to better ascertain the intensity of the hurricane.
Given the revised track and a 932 mb central pressure, a SLOSH run with
a 25 nmi RMW has the best fit to observed storm surge values. Given an RMW
(25 nmi) that is larger than climatology of 16 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000),
this suggests a decrease in the hurricane's wind intensity versus
the pressure-wind relationship of 122 kt. Thus intensity at landfall is
estimated at 115 kt, a 15 kt increase from original HURDAT. This revision
upgrades the impact for south Texas from a Category 3 to a Category 4
at landfall. MWR notes the hurricane as, severe and moderate to large in
extent, which is consistent with the SLOSH modeling run conducted. The
revised landfall location in Texas is near 27.0N, 97.4W, somewhat north of
the Ho et al and HURDAT estimates.
On the 19th and 20th the hurricane quickly diminished in intensity as it
continued on its west-northwest progression over Texas. Peak observed winds
after landfall were the following: 00 UTC 19th - less than gale force
(Corpus Christi's anemometer was disabled after 22 UTC), 06 UTC - 45 kt,
12 UTC - 50 kt, 18 UTC - less than gale force. These second two values
reduce down to 38 and 42 kt, respectively, after for correcting for the high
bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting
from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.) Application of the Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 91, 62, 41, and 35 kt, accordingly.
The 940 mb estimated central pressure inland at 0115 UTC on the 19th suggests
winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship, 115 kt
from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship, and 110 kt from
the weakening Brown et al. north of 25N relationship. Winds after landfall
are chosen to be 90 kt (increased by 25 kt), 60 kt (increased by 10 kt),
40 kt (increased by 5 kt), and 30 kt (no change), respectively, because of
the sparse data coverage after landfall. The system is extended an
additional six hours to a position as a decaying tropical depression on
00 UTC on the 20th. Dunn and Miller listed this as an extreme hurricane
for the lower Texas coast on August 18th with 20 fatalities and $1.8 million
in damage. Storm surge associated with the passage of this hurricane were
noted by Ellis and Conner as 9.2 feet in Corpus Christi, 4 feet in Galveston,
and 2.4 feet in Fort Point. Intensity for this system was overestimated by
15-20 kt early on and underestimated by 15 kt at landfall in Texas. August 8th
through the 11th were analyzed to determine if the system could have
originated closer to Africa but due to the limited amount of available ship
observations the current genesis position is maintained at 06 UTC on the 12th.
*****************************************************************************
1916/07 - 2008 REVISION:
21250 08/21/1916 M= 5 5 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21250 08/21/1916 M= 6 7 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * *** *
21255 08/21* 0 0 0 0*180 610 55 0*180 625 65 0*181 632 75 0
21255 08/21* 0 0 0 0*160 603 55 0*165 615 65 0*170 627 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
21260 08/22*182 641 85 988*182 653 80 0*182 665 70 0*185 680 65 0
21260 08/22*174 639 85 0*178 652 95 0*182 665 75 0*186 680 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** ** ***
21265 08/23*188 697 60 0*192 712 55 0*195 729 45 0*200 746 45 0
21265 08/23*190 697 60 0*195 714 55 0*200 729 45 0*207 741 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
21270 08/24*210 763 40 0*217 776 40 0*225 785 35 0*232 790 35 0
21270 08/24*215 752 40 0*222 762 40 0*230 772 35 0*237 782 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21275 08/25*238 793 35 0*245 796 30 0*252 798 30 0*261 798 30 0
21275 08/25*244 792 40 0*252 801 40 0*260 805 40 0*269 807 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 26th is new to HURDAT.)
21277 08/26*279 808 30 0*290 808 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21280 HR
Landfall:
8/22/1916 1000Z 18.0N 65.9W 95kt PR2
8/25/1916 0800Z 25.6N 80.3W 40kt FL
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly
Records, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), Perez et al. ( 2000), and
Boose et al. (2004).
August 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.0N, 62.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 61.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 68W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 18N, 68W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT
analysis of 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at
20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC
(COA). Station highlights: 80 kt at San Juan at ~12 UTC (MWR); 997 mb at San
Juan at 11 UTC (Perez). . "Hurricane of comparatively small diameter passed
over Porto Rico this forenoon, vortex entering the island at about Naguabo and
leaving between Arecibo and Isabelia. Wind velocity at San Juan 90 miles per
hour for about 45 minutes. Highest 10-minute period about 92 miles per hour.
Much damage was done throughout the island, a million dollars being a
conservative estimate of the money loss. Area of destruction was probably
45 or 50 miles wide and time or passing about two and a quarter hours" (MWR).
August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 74W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 72.9W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 78W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23N, 77.2W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23N, 77W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E
and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA). "The center of the storm did not
approach any of the meteorological stations in the Bahamas or Cuba" (MWR).
August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 79W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical depression at 25.2N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 24.5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 80.5W
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1008 mb at 0430 UTC and 35 kt S at 17 UTC
at Miami (OMR). MWR notes the location on of the system as, "a feeble
disturbance east of the Florida peninsula on the 25th and 26th."
August 26: HWM indicates an open wave near 30N, 75W. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29N, 80W at 06 UTC. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Storm 5 originated as a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea at 06 UTC
on August 21st though it is possible that the system began east of the Lesser
Antilles but observations are sparse. The system progressed west-northwestward
on the 21st and 22nd as it neared the Greater Antilles. On the 22nd the
hurricane made landfall at Naguabo, Puerto Rico around 10 UTC (Perez). Peak
observed winds on the 22nd were 80 kt around 12 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico
(MWR). This converts to 69 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) as well as converting from a peak
10 min to a peak 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996). Boose et al. analyzed peak
structural damage as F2, which roughly corresponds to Category 2 hurricane
intensity. Boose et al. also suggest boosting the landfall intensity to 95 kt
to best take into account the spatial distribution and the peak of the
structural damage observed. Thus, a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane is chosen for
HURDAT at 06 UTC, up 15kt from original HURDAT. The hurricane decreased in
intensity late on the 22nd after the storm made landfall in Hispanola. No gale
force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd and thus HURDAT is
maintained at 45 kt at 12 UTC as data coverage was sparse hear Hispanola. The
storm paralleled Cuba's northern coastline on the 24th and began to turn north
just northeast of Santa Clara, Cuba, late in the day. The alteration in
track to keeping the cyclone just offshore of Cuba is in agreement with
Perez et al. (2000). No gale force winds or low pressures were found on
the 24th and therefore the original HURDAT is maintained at 35 kt at 12 UTC
on the 24th. The storm tracked over the Florida peninsula, rather than just
east of the coast as evidenced by the observed 35 kt (29 kt 1 min true)
southerly winds in Miami. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 25th,
10 kt higher than original HURDAT. Storm 7 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th,
12 hours later than that in HURDAT originally.
*****************************************************************************
1916/08 - 2008 REVISION:
21285 08/27/1916 M= 7 6 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21285 08/27/1916 M= 7 8 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
21290 08/27* 0 0 0 0*140 463 60 0*140 485 60 0*143 512 65 0
21290 08/27* 0 0 0 0*140 476 60 0*140 493 60 0*143 512 65 0
*** ***
21295 08/28*147 535 65 0*151 560 70 0*153 585 75 0*154 605 75 0
21295 08/28*147 532 65 0*151 552 70 0*153 572 70 0*154 594 70 0
*** *** *** ** *** **
21300 08/29*155 628 80 989*156 651 85 0*156 676 85 0*157 692 85 0
21300 08/29*155 616 70 986*156 638 70 0*156 660 70 0*157 681 70 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21305 08/30*159 713 85 0*160 731 85 0*162 751 85 0*166 767 85 0
21305 08/30*159 702 70 0*160 722 65 0*162 742 60 0*166 762 55 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
21310 08/31*168 782 85 0*170 796 85 0*174 810 80 0*177 820 80 0
21310 08/31*168 782 50 0*170 801 45 0*174 820 40 0*177 832 40 0
** *** ** *** ** *** **
21315 09/01*180 832 75 0*181 841 75 0*182 853 70 0*182 864 70 0
21315 09/01*180 843 40 0*181 854 45 0*182 865 50 0*181 876 50 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21320 09/02*181 876 65 0*179 893 55 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0
21320 09/02*179 887 40 0*175 898 35 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** **
21325 HR
Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, and
Tannehill (1952).
August 23-26: The HWM and COADS data were examined on the possibility
of extending the track farther east. While observations on the 23rd and
24th near the Cape Verde Islands that a closed low existed, these were
not conclusive. No ship data were available on the 25th and 26th. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 27: HWM analyzed no significant features east of the Lesser Antilles
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14N, 48.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 49.3W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"The exact origin of the disturbance is unknown, but was undoubtedly some
distance to the east of the island of Dominica" (MWR).
August 28: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 13N, 58W. HURDAT listed this
as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.1N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.3N, 57.2W at 12 UTC.
Station highlights: 986 mb (possible central pressure) at Roseau, Dominica,
at 2330 UTC (MWR). "An intense storm passed over Dominica during the
afternoon and evening of the 28th. The hurricane advanced over the island
with but little warning; a number of lives were lost and much property was
destroyed on the northern and eastern sides It was evidently of small
diameter and great intensity while passing over Dominica" (MWR).
August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 66W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.6N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 66W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.6N, 66W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 74.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.2N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. The
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.5N, 72.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.2N, 74.2W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It
moved thence westward and passed immediately north of the island of Jamaica,
with greatly decreased intensity" (MWR).
August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 81.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17.4N, 82W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 86W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.7N, 85.2W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18.2N, 86.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"...to a position to the northwest of Swam Island, in which vicinity it lost
intensity" (MWR).
September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 91W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 94W.
However, available observations do not support this analysis and it appears
that the system had dissipated by this date.
Genesis for this cyclone is unchanged from HURDAT, though it is possible
that the system passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands on the 23rd.
(It is noted that Tannehill began the hurricane near 13N, 28W on the 22nd.)
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed until it made landfall in
Dominica late on the 28th. However, given the sparse data available, no
changes were made to the intensity on the 27th and early on the 28th.
A possible central pressure of 986 mb at Dominica was observed at 2330 UTC
(28th) which implies winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship. (986 mb replaced 989 mb in HURDAT for the 00 UTC 29th entry.)
70 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 29th, 10 kt less than previous HURDAT.
The storm was centered southeast of Jamaica on the 30th. This intensity
(Category 1 hurricane at 70 kt) appears to have been the maximum intensity
for the system's lifetime. MWR notes the storm's intensity on the 30th as,
"greatly decreased intensity". No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed on the 30th. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, down from 85 kt,
in agreement with MWR's assessment of the intensity trend of the system.
Barometric pressure increased at Swan Island despite the system's approach to
the island on the 31st, indicating the storm continued to weaken.
Based upon available observations, 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the
31st, a 40 kt decrease from original HURDAT. On September 1st the storm passed
north of Swan Island before making its second landfall near the Belize/Mexico
border around 2100 UTC on the 1st. No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed on the 1st despite fair data coverage, suggesting the storm was
weaker than originally suggested in HURDAT. The system is analyzed to have
made landfall in Central America as a 50 kt tropical storm, weaker than the
65 kt Category 1 hurricane originally in HURDAT. The system appears to have
dissipated over land by 18 UTC on the 2nd.
*****************************************************************************
1916/09 - 2008 REVISION:
21330 09/04/1916 M= 3 7 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
21330 09/04/1916 M= 4 9 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * ***
21335 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*242 748 35 0*259 758 35 0
21335 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*242 755 35 0*259 765 35 0
*** ***
21340 09/05*275 767 35 0*290 773 35 0*305 779 35 0*319 783 35 0
21340 09/05*275 774 40 0*290 781 40 0*305 785 45 0*317 786 45 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21345 09/06*333 783 35 0*347 782 35 0*360 781 25 0* 0 0 0 0
21345 09/06*328 785 45 0*339 783 45 0*350 781 35 0*359 777 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21347 09/07*365 770 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21350 TS
Landfall:
9/06/1916 09Z 33.9N 78.3W 45kt NC
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 7. Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly
Weather Review.
September 4: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 23N, 76W. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate
the center near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS
suggests a center near 24.2N, 75.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31N, 79W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1017 mb at 31.7N, 76W at 22 UTC (COA).
September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 78W over
North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 36N, 78.1W at
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 78W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 78.1W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 7: HWM indicates the system to have dissipated before 12 UTC near the
North Carolina/Virginia border. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near
39N, 75W at 8 a.m. However, available observations from HWM and COADS
agree with the HURDAT in that the cyclone had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis is retained for storm 9 at 12 UTC on September 4th as a tropical storm
just northeast of the central Bahamas. The storm progressed north-northwestward
and eventually north before striking the southeast tip of North Carolina early
on the 6th. Gale force winds of 35 kt were first observed by a ship on the 5th
as the storm neared the U.S. East Coast. Given the distance of the ship
report from the center and the high pressure accompanying 35 kt report,
it is estimate that the intensity was somewhat higher - 45 kt. This likely
was the peak intensity for the cyclone. Storm 9 made landfall in southeast
North Carolina early on the 6th. No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed by coastal stations for the duration of the storm. The system made
landfall around 06 UTC on the 6th as a 45 kt tropical storm, which is 10 kt
higher in intensity from that originally shown in HURDAT. The lifetime of
the storm was extended 12 hours from original HURDAT to account for weakening
and eventual dissipation on the 7th around 00 UTC.
*****************************************************************************
1916/10 - 2008 REVISION:
21395 09/14/1916 M= 8 9 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21395 09/13/1916 M=10 10 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ** ***
(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
21400 09/13* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 560 30 0*207 572 30 0
21400 09/14* 0 0 0 0*211 597 35 0*213 607 35 0*214 616 35 0
21400 09/14*208 584 30 0*209 596 35 0*210 607 35 0*211 616 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ***
21405 09/15*215 623 35 0*218 630 40 0*224 637 40 0*231 637 45 0
21405 09/15*212 625 35 0*213 634 40 0*215 640 40 0*220 641 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
21410 09/16*236 635 45 0*241 633 50 0*248 630 55 0*260 626 55 0
21410 09/16*227 639 40 0*237 635 40 0*248 630 40 0*260 625 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
21415 09/17*272 620 60 0*285 611 60 0*297 598 65 0*309 589 70 0
21415 09/17*272 620 45 0*285 615 50 0*297 610 55 0*307 601 60 0
** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21420 09/18*321 580 75 0*331 571 80 0*342 559 85 0*351 546 90 0
21420 09/18*317 589 65 0*327 574 70 0*337 559 75 0*346 546 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21425 09/19*359 532 90 0*365 519 85 0*370 505 80 0*376 491 70 0
21425 09/19*354 532 75 0*362 519 75 0*370 505 70 0*376 490 70 0
*** ** *** ** ** ***
21430 09/20*380 477 70 0*383 464 70 0*386 450 65 0*388 437 65 0
21430 09/20*380 475 70 0*383 460 65 0*386 445 65 0*387 431 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** **
21435 09/21*390 424 55 0*391 412 45 0*392 400 35 0*392 370 25 0
21435 09/21*387 418 50 0*387 406 40 0*387 395 35 0*387 385 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
21437 09/22E387 375 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21440 HR
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm 9. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.
September 13: HWM analyzed an open wave well northeast of the Lesser Antilles
Islands. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near
20.5N, 56W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 14: HWM indicates an open wave north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21N, 60.7W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 21N, 64W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21.5N, 64W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24.5N, 63W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.3N, 60W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.7N, 59.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.7N, 61W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N, 56W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 34.2N, 55.9W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.7N, 55.9W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 31.2N, 54.3W at 12 UTC
(COA).
September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36.5N, 51.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 50.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 18N, 85W at 12 UTC. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39N, 45W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.6N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.6N, 44.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 37.4N, 42.4W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38.5N, 39.5W
with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm 39.2N, 38.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggests a center near 38.7N, 39.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 22: HWM indicates that the system has been absorbed by a cold front
by 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near
38.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
Genesis is begun for storm number 10 at 12 UTC on September 13th as a tropical
depression, 18 hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. Storm 10 is kept as
attaining tropical storm intensity on the 14th as the system traversed on a
westward course north of the Lesser Antilles Islands though sparse
observations make this somewhat uncertain. The system recurved on the 15th and
16th taking a northeastward path well southeast of Bermuda. The system is
analyzed as having slightly weaker intensity from the 16th through the
20th based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Highest
observations with this system were only 45 kt, but these were taken at
significant distance from the center of the cyclone - suggesting that
hurricane force winds may have occurred near the center. Peak analyzed
intensity is estimated to be 75 kt on the 18th and 19th, down from
the 90 kt originally analyzed in HURDAT. The storm continued on an eastward
progression as it began to weaken on the 21st and 22nd. The storm
transitioned to extratropical status as it was absorbed by a frontal boundary
at 00 UTC on the 22nd and dissipated quickly thereafter.
*****************************************************************************
1916/11 - 2008 REVISION:
21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 10 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 11 SNBR= 493 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
21450 09/17* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 455 35 0*135 467 35 0
21455 09/18*140 477 40 0*145 488 45 0*150 500 50 0*155 513 50 0
21460 09/19*160 525 60 0*165 538 65 0*170 550 75 0*173 563 80 0
21460 09/19*161 525 55 0*168 538 55 0*175 550 60 0*181 563 65 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
21465 09/20*175 575 85 0*177 588 90 0*180 600 95 0*187 608 95 0
21465 09/20*187 577 70 0*193 592 75 0*200 607 80 0*207 621 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21470 09/21*194 617 95 0*202 624 100 0*210 632 100 0*221 642 105 0
21470 09/21*213 634 85 0*219 646 85 0*225 655 90 0*232 662 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21475 09/22*233 653 105 0*245 665 105 0*258 675 105 0*271 682 105 0
21475 09/22*240 667 95 0*249 671 100 0*258 675 105 0*268 677 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21480 09/23*284 685 100 0*297 685 100 0*309 682 95 0*325 670 95 0
21480 09/23*279 678 105 0*291 678 105 0*305 675 105 0*320 670 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21485 09/24*339 652 90 0*354 638 90 0*369 623 85 0*395 605 85 0
21485 09/24*337 655 100 0*355 638 95 0*375 617 85 0*395 595 75 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
21490 09/25E430 578 80 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21490 09/25E420 570 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** **
21495 HR
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm
number 10 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review,
Tucker (1995), and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.
September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS are quite sparse. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.3N, 50W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near the HURDAT position. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 18N, 55W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17N, 55W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 17.5N, 55W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 20N, 61W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18N, 60W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 61.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 60.7W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 20N, 61.7W at 12 UTC (COA).
MWR noted this storm as, "originating near Antigua, whence it
passed northwestward as far as can be ascertained from a limited number of
vessel reports and recurved to the west of Bermuda".
September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23N, 65.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 21.8N, 65.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 22.5N, 65.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 25.2N, 57.2W at 12 UTC
(COA).
September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975 mb near 25.8N, 67W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC.
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26N, 67W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25N, 66.5W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 30N, 67W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.9N, 68.2W at 12 UTC.
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 30.5N, 67W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 31N, 69.5W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 67.5W at 12 UTC.
Station highlights: 50 kt SE at Bermuda at 18 UTC (Tucker); 60 kt SE at
Bermuda at 20 UTC (Tucker); 70 kt SSE at Bermuda at 2045-2300 UTC (Tucker);
73 kt at Bermuda (Tucker). "A really terrible hurricane struck Bermuda on
this date, with raging winds of 84 mph, and greater losses occasioned than in
that of 1899" (Tucker).
September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 61W with
a cold frontal boundary approaching the system from the northwest. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.9N, 62.3W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 981 mb at 37.4N, 61.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt NW
at 36.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 42N, 53.7W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlight: 40 kt SW and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC
(BER).
September 25: HWM analyzed the system as being absorbed by an extratropical
storm. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 43N, 57.8W at 00 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42N, 57W at
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"It was of only moderate extent and slight to moderate intensity" (MWR).
Genesis for storm 11, originally 10, is retained at 12 UTC on September 17th
as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles, though there is little data
available near the system until the 19th. September 13th through 16th were
analyzed to determine if the system could have originated closer to Africa
but due to the limited amount of available ship observations the current
genesis position is maintained at 12 UTC on the 17th. Storm 11 progressed
on a west-northwestward track from the 17th through the 19th, before
recurving towards Bermuda on the 22nd and 23rd. The first gale force wind of
60 kt was observed on the 20th. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on
the 20th, 15 kt less than original HURDAT. The hurricane passed very close
by Bermuda late on the 23rd. Peak observations with this hurricane were 73 kt
in Bermuda as the storm passed close-by on the 23rd. (These winds reduce
down to 59 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument
of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924
and Powell et al. 1996]). Bermuda experienced south-southeasterly hurricane
force winds and greater losses than the Hurricane of 1899 (Tucker, 1982).
The cyclone is maintained as a major hurricane until passing north of
Bermuda's latitude - a boost from 95 kt to 105 kt at 12 UTC on the 23rd.
Peak intensity of this cyclone is maintained as a 105 kt Category 3
hurricane on the 22nd and 23rd (originally the peak was indicated on the
21st and 22nd). Gale force winds were not observed by ship again until
the 24th where two different ships measured 35 kt and 70 kt winds,
respectively. One ship also had a low pressure of 981 mb, implying winds of
at least 72 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is
retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th. The system began to weaken on
the 24th due to an approaching cold front. Storm 11 began extratropical
transition late on the 24th and available observations indicate the storm
to have dissipated at 06 UTC on the 25th as it was absorbed into a
larger extratropical storm.
*****************************************************************************
1916/12 - 2008 REVISION:
21500 10/02/1916 M= 3 11 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21500 10/02/1916 M= 4 12 SNBR= 494 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ** *** *
21505 10/02* 0 0 0 0*265 722 40 0*271 729 40 0*276 735 40 0
21505 10/02* 0 0 0 0*265 746 40 0*271 750 40 0*278 754 40 0
*** *** *** ***
21510 10/03*282 742 40 0*286 748 40 0*291 755 40 0*296 762 40 0
21510 10/03*286 758 45 0*294 762 45 0*300 765 50 0*305 768 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21515 10/04*302 770 40 0*307 778 40 0*313 787 40 0*318 801 30 0
21515 10/04*310 772 50 0*314 777 50 0*317 784 50 1000*316 801 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **
(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
21517 10/05*314 830 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21520 TS
Landfall:
10/4 21 UTC 31.5N 81.4W 50 kt GA
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm
number 11 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this comes
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Records station data, and Monthly Weather Review.
October 2: HWM analyzed a stationary front extending east-northeast from
the southern Bahamas to south of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 27.1N 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows does not indicate
this system on this date suggesting that it was not yet have a closed
circulation. Available observations from HWM and COADS and continuity from
the 3rd suggest that the center may have been near 27N 75W. Ship highlights:
35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 23 UTC at 33.9N 77.0W (COA).
October 3: HWM indicated an extratropical storm centered near 28N 73W though
the significant temperature gradient existed well to the north and west of
the system. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.1N 75.5W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb near 29N 75W
at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center roughly
near 30N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 33.3N 77.7W at
12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1016 mb at 33.6N, 75.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt
and 1006 mb at 30.9N 79.7W at 23 UTC (COA). "On the evening of October 2,
when radio reports indicated the presence of a disturbance about 200 miles
off the Georgia or south Carolina coast...More complete reports on
the following morning indicated that center of the storm was off the Florida
coast, farther south than had been first stated" (MWR).
October 4: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 31N, 78W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 31.3N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1003 mb centered near 32,5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a substantial temperature
gradient was associated with this system, around a center near 32N, 78.5W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1003 mb at 32.2N, 78.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 32.2N 78.8W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 33.9N, 74.2W at
17 UTC (COA); 35 kt and 1020 mb at 35.1N, 74.2W at 23 UTC (COA). Station
highlights: 35 kt NE at 17 UTC and 23 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18 UTC at
Savannah (OMR); 34 kt NE at 13 UTC and 29 kt N and 1007 mb at 0940 UTC at
Charleston (OMR); "At 8 p. m. October 3, there were some evidences of
a further increase in the storm intensity...Up to this time strong northeast
gales had been reported off the South Atlantic coast, and during
the 4th moderate northeast gales occurred on the South Carolina and
Georgia coast" (MWR).
October 5: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the area where
the system may have been. "By 8 p.m. of the 4th the storm had passed inland
to northern Florida with greatly diminished energy" (MWR).
Genesis for this cyclone is not changed, except for its first position
being substantially farther west. The cyclone likely had its origins along
a pre-existing stationary frontal boundary. While the HWM analyzed the cyclone
as being a frontal wave throughout its lifetime, most of the temperature
gradient associated with the system was west and north of the center. However,
the cyclone - especially on the 3rd - showed an elongated SW-NE center and
pressure field with strongest winds well away from the center. The system
was somewhat more symmetric on the 4th before landfall along a westward track.
A possible central pressure of 1000 mb at 12 UTC on the 4th suggests
winds of 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt
is analyzed for the winds at this time, which is also supported by
a ship report of 45 kt at 17 UTC. The cyclone made landfall around 21 UTC
on the 4th at 31.4N 81.4W, just south of Savannah. Peak observed winds at
landfall were 35 kt at Savannah, which converts to 29 kt true after adjusting
for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to
1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)
An extension of the track of this cyclone by six hours to 00 UTC on the 5th
was based upon observations of a closed circulation still existing at
this time. Thus while this cyclone exhibited some hybrid characteristics,
since the first official subtropical storm designations in HURDAT are in
the late 1960s (at the advent of geostationary satellite coverage), this
system is retained as a tropical storm.
*****************************************************************************
1916/13 - 2008 REVISION:
21525 10/06/1916 M=10 12 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21525 10/06/1916 M=10 13 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ***
21530 10/06* 0 0 0 0*115 583 35 0*121 589 35 0*123 594 35 0
21530 10/06* 0 0 0 0*117 592 30 0*121 595 30 0*125 598 30 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21535 10/07*125 599 35 0*128 604 35 0*130 610 35 0*134 617 35 0
21535 10/07*129 602 30 0*132 606 30 0*135 610 35 0*137 615 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
21540 10/08*137 623 35 0*142 628 40 0*148 634 45 0*154 638 45 0
21540 10/08*139 620 45 0*142 625 50 0*145 630 55 0*150 633 60 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21545 10/09*159 640 50 0*164 643 55 0*171 645 60 0*180 648 85 970
21545 10/09*155 636 65 0*160 639 75 0*165 642 85 0*173 644 95 963
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
21550 10/10*190 649 90 0*199 649 90 0*209 647 85 0*219 643 85 0
21550 10/10*184 645 95 0*197 646 95 0*209 647 95 0*219 647 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
21555 10/11*227 640 85 0*238 636 90 0*248 630 90 0*257 625 95 0
21555 10/11*229 647 95 0*239 646 95 0*248 645 100 0*256 642 100 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ***
21560 10/12*264 621 95 0*271 617 100 0*279 610 105 0*285 600 105 0
21560 10/12*263 638 100 0*271 633 100 0*279 625 105 0*289 612 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21565 10/13*291 580 100 0*299 562 90 0*308 550 80 0*321 531 75 0
21565 10/13*300 592 100 0*312 571 90 0*325 550 80 0*343 528 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21570 10/14*335 516 65 0*361 488 60 0*392 460 55 0*417 435 50 0
21570 10/14E368 506 65 0E396 483 60 0E425 460 55 0E455 435 50 0
**** *** **** *** **** ****
21575 10/15*444 411 45 0E471 386 45 0E500 356 40 0* 0 0 0 0
21575 10/15E485 411 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**** **** *** ** **** *** **
21580 HR
Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 12. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, and Monthly Weather Review.
October 6: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 58.9W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.1N, 59.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 63W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggest a center near 14.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13.5N, 61W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On
the afternoon of the 7th there were some indications of a disturbance near
and slightly west of Martinique" (MWR).
October 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 64.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16N, 63.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 63W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.5N, 66W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.1N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 64W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 64W at
12 UTC. Station highlights: 963 mb (likely central pressure) at St. Croix
at 23 UTC (MWR); 991 mb at St. Thomas at 22 UTC (MWR); 996 mb at Tortola,
Virgin Islands, at 2330 UTC (MWR). "The lowest reading at St. Croix was
28.45 inches [963 mb] during the night of the 9th-10th. The disturbance
evidently passed nearly over and a little to the south of St. Thomas" (MWR).
October 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21N, 66.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 20.5N, 67W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20.9N, 64.7W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 15.2N, 63W at 12 UTC
(HWM). Station highlights: 975 mb at Tortola, Virgin Islands, at 0050 UTC
(MWR); 991 mb at St.Thomas at 04 UTC (MWR). "By the morning of the 10th
the storm had recurved slightly and had passed to the northeast of Puerto
Rico" (MWR).
October 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23.5N, 66W with
a decaying stationary front to the northwest of the system. HURDAT listed this
as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 24.8N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
45 kt SSW at 24.7N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt SW and 966 mb at 25.3N, 63.2W
at 20 UTC (MWR).
October 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 27N, 60W with
a cold frontal boundary well north of the system. HURDAT listed this as
a Category 3 hurricane at 27.9N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane
chart suggests a center near 27.3N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 27.9N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 30.6N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA). "The ship
Bellas reported a severe hurricane with southeast to southwest gales on
October 12 in latitude 27.6N, 62.3W" (MWR).
October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 55W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.8N, 55W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 32.5N, 55W
at 12 UTC though data are somewhat sparse. No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.
October 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 41N, 47W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.2N, 46W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42.5N, 46W at 12 UTC.
Observations also indicate that the system had transformed into an
extratropical cyclone with significant temperature gradients occurring near
the system's center. Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 42.7N, 47.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
October 15: HWM indicates the system has been absorbed by a very large
extratropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical cyclone at
44.4N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests
a center near 48.5N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1021 mb
at 52.1N, 31W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 49.1N, 40.1W at
12 UTC (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 52.7N, 37W at 12 UTC (COA).
Genesis for storm 13, originally 12, is retained at 06 UTC on October 6th.
The system originated a short distance southeast of Barbados and progressed on
a northwestward track from the 7th to the 9th through the northeastern
Caribbean Sea before recurving well south of Bermuda by October 12th. Gale
force winds or low pressures were not observed as the storm traversed
the southern Lesser Antilles and development into a tropical storm is delayed
until the 7th. The system made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands late on
the 9th apparently much increased in intensity as a likely central pressure
of 963 mb was observed at 23 UTC at St. Croix. 963 mb implies winds of at
97 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT
at 18 UTC on the 9th, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. It is possible that
the cyclone was of major hurricane intensity during its passage through
the Virgin Islands. On the 10th the cyclone progressed on a northward track
through the Virgin Islands. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb was observed on
the 11th as the hurricane began to recurve, implying winds of at least 94 and
89 kt, respectively, from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind
relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th, 5 kt higher
than previous HURDAT. MWR noted that a ship observed a 'severe hurricane'
(90 kt) on October 12th. 105 kt is retained in HURDAT for late on the 12th.
The hurricane continued northeastward on the 13th, 14th, and 15th as
the system began to weaken and transition to extratropical storm status.
Available observations indicate the hurricane transitioned to an extratropical
storm by 00 UTC on the 14th. The system had a last position at 00 UTC on
the 15th, 12 hours later than original HURDAT, as it was absorbed by a very
large extratropical storm.
MWR noted the hurricane as, "of small area and of great intensity" (MWR). Peak
intensity with storm 13 is 105 kt on the 12th, the same as that originally in
HURDAT, maintaining the previous Category 3 hurricane classification.
September 30th through October 5th were analyzed to determine if the storm's
origin could have occurred closer to the African coast. Unfortunately, due to
sparse data coverage a center position cannot be defined before the original
HURDAT genesis of 06 UTC on October 6th.
*****************************************************************************
1916/14 - 2008 REVISION:
21585 10/12/1916 M= 8 13 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
21585 10/09/1916 M= 11 14 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
** ** ** ***
(The 9th, 10th, and 11th are new to HURDAT.)
21586 10/09* 0 0 0*185 756 25 0*180 760 25 0*176 764 25 0
21587 10/10*172 768 30 0*168 772 30 0*165 775 30 0*163 778 30 0
21588 10/11*161 780 30 0*160 782 30 0*160 785 30 0*161 788 30 0
21590 10/12* 0 0 0*154 747 60 0*155 756 60 0*156 765 60 0
21590 10/12*163 790 35 0*164 792 40 0*165 795 45 0*165 797 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21595 10/13*157 774 70 0*158 783 75 0*160 792 85 0*162 804 90 0
21595 10/13*165 799 55 0*165 801 60 0*165 805 65 0*165 811 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21600 10/14*165 813 90 0*167 822 95 0*170 831 95 0*173 841 95 0
21600 10/14*165 818 85 0*167 827 95 0*170 836 95 0*173 845 95 0
*** ** *** *** ***
21605 10/15*177 851 95 0*181 862 90 0*186 872 85 0*191 882 85 0
21605 10/15*177 854 95 0*181 863 95 0*186 872 95 0*191 882 65 0
*** *** ** ** **
21610 10/16*197 890 85 0*203 897 90 0*210 905 95 0*217 907 100 0
21610 10/16*197 890 50 0*203 899 40 0*210 905 40 0*217 907 50 0
** *** ** ** ***
21615 10/17*225 908 100 0*235 901 105 0*240 894 105 0*252 889 105 0
21615 10/17*224 908 60 0*232 906 70 0*240 903 80 0*252 897 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21620 10/18*265 885 105 0*279 881 105 0*296 875 100 974*316 871 65 0
21620 10/18*265 890 90 0*279 882 95 0*296 875 95 970*316 872 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
21625 10/19*339 874 55 0*366 876 50 0E395 860 45 0* 0 0 0 0
21625 10/19*339 876 45 0*362 882 30 0E385 890 25 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21630 HRAL2AFL2
Landfall:
10/18/1916 1400Z 30.4N 87.4W 95kt 19nmi 970mb 1010mb AL2,AFL2
Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 14,
originally 13, shown in Neumann et al (1999). Evidence for these alterations
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database,
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and
Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al.
(1992), and Barnes (1998).
October 9: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 17.5N, 66W
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest
a center near 18N, 76W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
October 10: HWM indicates a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 21N, 67W
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest
a center near 16.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
October 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16N, 78.5W.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 78.5W at
12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM).
"On the morning of the 11th the first evidences of distinct cyclonic
circulation with a center apparently a short distance south of Jamaica" (MWR).
October 12: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb in the
western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 75.6W
at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 77W
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near
16.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt N and 1006 mb at Kingston at
12 UTC (HWM).
October 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.7N, 79.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 79.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.4N, 80W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 80.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 20.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC
(COA).
October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 17N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.7N, 82.7W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 83.6W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18.8N, 84.9W at 12 UTC
(HWM); 40 kt NE and 1009 mb at 20N, 85.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 45 kt NE and
1007 mb at 20.2N, 85.7W at 14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 70 kt N and
980 mb at Swan Island at 1530 UTC (MWR). "During the succeeding 24 hours (on
the 24th) the storm appeared to greatly increase in intensity and at
11:30 a.m. passed very close to Swan Island , the barometer reading 28.94
inches [980 mb] with hurricane force from the north ... The observer at
Swan Island reported that the wind blew at the rate of at least 100 miles
an hour at times and with hurricane force from 8 a. m. of the 14th until
3 a. m. of the 15th" (MWR).
October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 19N, 87.5W close to the
Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at
18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center
near 17.2N, 86W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest
a center near 18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 996 mb
at 20.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt ESE and 997 mb at 20.3N, 86.8W at
14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1007 mb at Swan Island at
12 UTC (MWR).
October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 21N, 90.5W just
offshore of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a center near 22N, 88.7W at 8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart
suggests a center near 19.6N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 16th the
storm center was apparently crossing the northern Yucatan Peninsula, moving
northwestward or northward" (MWR).
October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of 995 mb near 24N, 90.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with a center near 25.5N, 89W at
8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.5N, 90.5W
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near
24N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 27.2N, 88.8W
at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 23.5N, 92W at 12 UTC (HWM).
October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 88W just
offshore from Alabama and the panhandle of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 3 hurricane at 29.6N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a low pressure of 968 mb with a center near 27N, 89W at 1 a.m. The
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.3N, 87.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.6N, 87.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 981 mb near 27N, 89W at 05 UTC (MWR);
30 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 93.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at
26.6N, 85.8W at 16 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 100 kt E and 989 mb at
Mobile at 1235 UTC (MWR); 100 kt SE at Pensacola at 1412 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE
and 974 mb (a peripheral pressure) at Pensacola at 1430 UTC (MWR);). "The
center passed almost directly over the city of Pensacola, Florida, at
10:30 a.m., when the barometer read 28.76 inches [974 mb] with a wind of
48 miles an hour from the southeast. After the lull attending the passage of
the storms center the wind again increased from the west. After 11 a.m.
the wind subsided to less than a gale (MWR). Pensacola experienced both the
easterly and westerly gales of this hurricane, and a distinct lull in the
wind when the center of the storm passed" (Pensacola OMR).
October 19: HWM analyzed the low as merged with an approaching frontal system
near southern Illinois (~38.5N, ~89W). HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical
storm at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure
of 1002 mb with a center near 39N, 87.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 89W at 12 UTC. Station highlights:
5 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Fort Wayne, Indiana, at 12 UTC (HWM); 5 kt S and
1004 mb at Nashville at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Chicago at
12 UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 19th the storm was central over Indiana,
with a lowest reported pressure of 29.58 inches [1002 mb]" (MWR).
Genesis is begun for storm 14, originally storm 13, on October 9th at 06 UTC
as a 25 kt tropical depression southeast of Jamaica, approximately three days
earlier than previously in HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed on the 9th through the 11th as the system progressed slowly
southwestward towards the western Caribbean Sea. On the 12th a peripheral
pressure of 1006 mb was observed at Jamaica, implying winds of at least 34 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at
12 UTC, 15 kt less than previous HURDAT. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed on
the 13th. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 13th, 20 kt less than
originally in HURDAT. On the 14th the hurricane passed very close to Swan
Island. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with hurricane force winds was
observed at Swan Island, implying winds of at least 78 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship. The observer also estimated 85 kt winds at
their peak in Swan Island, though this is visual estimate. 95 kt is retained
for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 14th. The hurricane progressed west-northwestward
from the 12th through the 15th before making landfall just north of
the Belize/Mexico border. The storm's intensity at landfall is estimated to
be 95 kt based upon the earlier observations from Swan Island and because of
the sparse data coverage near the storm at landfall in Central America. The
original HURDAT intensity estimates had the hurricane unrealistically
intensifying (from 85 to 90 kt) after landfall while being well inland over
Yucatan. Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland wind decay model was utilized to
provide a more realistic wind intensity value: 67 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th,
50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, and 40 kt at 06 UTC on the 16th. Winds for
HURDAT are chosen at 65, 50, and 40 kt, which are reductions of 20, 35 and
50 kt, respectively, from the original HURDAT. The storm emerged in the
lower Gulf of Mexico around 12 UTC on the 16th. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at
12 UTC on the 16th, a 55 kt downgrade from original HURDAT, which again was
primarily due to not accounting for any weakening over land. On the 17th,
the storm began to recurve towards the central Gulf region. A peak wind of
35 kt was observed by ship on the 17th, however available data near the storm
was sparse on this date. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th,
a 25 kt downgrade from previous HURDAT.
The hurricane's northward motion increased on the 17th and 18th before
making landfall near Pensacola, Florida, on the 18th. Pensacola observed a
pressure of 974 mb and winds of 40 kt SE at 1430 UTC. Connor analyzed
a central pressure of 28.70 [972 mb], which is what was utilized in Jarrell
et al as well. Ho et al. instead perhaps erroneously accepted the 974 mb
as a central pressure and also analyzed the radius of maximum winds to be
19 nmi., slightly smaller than climatology of 23 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000).
Ho et al. also suggested a landfall point of 30.3N, 87.5W and a forward speed
of 21 kt at landfall. While observed 5 min winds of 100 kt were recorded
both in Mobile and Pensacola, these convert to 84 kt true after adjusting for
the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min
conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) A central
pressure of 970 mb is estimated for the hurricane at landfall in the U.S.
Thi implies winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship suggests 84 kt from 972 mb. Schwerdt et al. suggested an
environmental pressure of 1011 mb and an equivalent 1 min 10 m wind at
landfall of 84 kt. Given a fast moving system along with smaller than
climatology RMW suggests a significant boost in the intensity at landfall over
the pressure-wind relationship. An increase over the pressure-wind
relationship would also be consistent with the observed 84 kt true wind at both
Pensacola and Mobile. Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 14 UTC on the 18th.
This makes the hurricane a Category 2 (borderline 3) at landfall which agrees
with the original HURDAT and Neumann et al. assessment for northwest Florida
and Alabama (AL2 AFL2), but is lower than the winds in HURDAT of 100 kt
(Category 3). Peak intensity with this hurricane was found to be 95 kt on
the 18th just before and at landfall, 10 kt less original HURDAT. Dunn and
Miller (1960) indicate a Major hurricane in Florida (Pensacola), though as
a Minimal hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama. After reanalysis, it appears
that the center made landfall near 30.4N, 87.4W around 1400 UTC. Peak observed
winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times): 35 kt at two
ships at 18 UTC/18th, 35 kt at a ship at 00 UTC/19th, and below gale force at
06 UTC/19th. (This is because the anemometers at Pensacola and Mobile were
disabled during the peak of the hurricane.) A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria
inland wind decay model suggests winds of 67, 45, and 30 kt, respectively. As
wind observations were fairly sparse, winds are chosen to be close to
the Kaplan and DeMaria model: at 18 UTC winds are kept at 65 kt in HURDAT,
reduced at 00 UTC from 55 kt to 45 kt, and reduced from 50 kt to 30 kt at
06 UTC. Storm surge is noted by Connor, OMR, and MWR as four feet above
normal in Mobile and three feet above normal in Pensacola. The hurricane
diminished rapidly after landfall and merged with a low near the Great Lakes
by 12 UTC on the 19th. Damage estimates associated with the passage of this
storm were approximately $100,000, mainly in Florida and Alabama (Barnes).
*****************************************************************************
1916/15 - 2008 REVISION:
21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 14 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 15 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** *** * *
21640 11/11*127 750 35 0*128 763 35 0*129 772 35 0*130 783 35 0
21640 11/11*123 755 30 0*124 765 30 0*125 775 30 0*126 785 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21645 11/12*131 791 35 0*133 798 35 0*136 807 40 0*140 817 40 0
21645 11/12*127 795 35 0*128 805 35 0*130 815 40 0*136 825 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
21650 11/13*147 827 45 0*159 838 45 0*173 847 50 0*180 853 50 0
21650 11/13*146 834 40 0*157 841 35 0*168 847 45 1002*177 852 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** **** *** ***
21655 11/14*186 856 55 0*193 857 60 0*200 857 60 0*208 857 60 0
21655 11/14*186 856 55 0*193 859 60 0*200 860 60 0*208 860 60 0
*** *** ***
21660 11/15*216 855 70 0*223 851 70 0*231 845 70 0*245 820 70 0
21660 11/15*216 860 60 0*223 859 60 0E231 857 55 0E242 832 55 1006
*** ** *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** ****
21665 11/16*256 795 60 0E270 770 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21665 11/16E255 802 50 0E270 770 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
**** *** ** **
21670 HRBFL1
21670 TS
******
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 14. Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly
Records, Monthly Weather Review and Perez et al. (2000).
November 11: HWM analyzed an open wave near the west central Caribbean. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 12.9N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 12.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 82.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.6N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 12N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13N, 81.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 14.2N, 81.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). "The
disturbance originated in approximately 12N, 81W" (MWR).
November 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 86W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.5N, 85W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16.8N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 22N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station
highlights: 5 kt E wind and 1002 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (OMR).
November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 86W with
a cold front advancing from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a
center near 19.3N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS
suggests a center near 19.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and
1005 mb at 16.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SE and
1004 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (HWM). "This disturbance was evidently of
marked intensity in the lower latitudes, for according to press reports
considerable damage was caused to property along the coast of Spanish
Honduras and in Yucatan" (MWR).
November 15: HWM analyzed an asymmetric closed low of at most 1010 mb near
25N, 82W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the system. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.1N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.2N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows suggests a closed low of 1002 mb near 24N, 83.7W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.1N, 85.7W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1002 mb at 21.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlights: 62 kt N at Sand Key, Florida (MWR); 57 kt at
Havana (MWR); 1006 mb (central pressure) and 10 kt SE at Key West at 20 UTC
(OMR); 45 kt N at Key West at 21 and 22 UTC (OMR). MWR notes the system as,
"advanced rapidly east-northeastward over extreme southern Florida during the
15th".
November 16: HWM indicates a frontal system situated across the eastern Bahamas,
stretching from southwest to northeast. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 27N, 77W at 06 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows suggests a center near
39.7N, 60W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a
center near 27N, 77W at 06 UTC, but that it likely had dissipated by 12 UTC. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis is retained for storm 15 at 00 UTC on November 11th, but as a tropical
depression rather than a tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea. The
system likely became a tropical storm on the 12th as a low pressure of 1004 mb
was observed, implying winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th. The tropical
storm progressed northeastward clipping the eastern tip of Honduras before
tracking just west of Swan Island on the 13th. A likely central pressure on
the 13th was observed at Swan Island as 1002 mb, implying winds of 43 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt (down from 50 kt) is chosen for
HURDAT on the 13th at 12 UTC. The storm tracked nearly due north on the 14th
and passed through the Yucatan channel on the 15th. HWM indicates the system
became elongated northeast to southwest with an asymmetric wind field by 12 UTC
on the 15th. Available observations suggest the system transitioned to
an extratropical storm by 12 UTC on the 15th, 18 hours earlier than originally
suggested in HURDAT. A central pressure of 1006 mb was observed 21 UTC on the
15th at Key West implying winds of 32 kt and 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
and southern pressure-wind relationships. However, peak observed winds
(corrected to a peak 1 min wind - [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et
al. 1996]) with this system are 51 kt at Sand Key and 46 kt at Havana, which
occurred primarily in association with the cyclone after it had already
transformed into an extratropical system on the 15th. 55 kt at 21 UTC on
the 15th is analyzed for the intensity of the now extratropical system, down
from 70 kt.
The system has been downgraded from a Category 1 hurricane on the 15th to a
tropical storm before the extratropical transition. This is also consistent
with the Cuban analysis of a tropical storm impact in western Cuba, not
a hurricane (Perez et al. 2000). Neumann et al. listed storm 15
(originally 14) to be a Category 1 hurricane in southwest Florida, w
hile Schwerdt et al and Ho et al did not list the system indicating
that the storm had a central pressure of at least 982 mb. Dunn and
Miller (1960) listed this as a "minimal" system that affected the Straits of
Florida. Available observations indicate the system acquired peak intensity of
60 kt on the 15th before transitioning to extratropical status.
*****************************************************************************
1916 Additional Notes:
1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a closed low pressure
area developed along a frontal boundary around 35N on 4 August. The system
moved to the northeast fairly rapidly until becoming absorbed into a larger
extratropical system on the 7th. Two separate ships recorded gale force winds
on the 5th, and minimum pressures were around 1015 mb. The lack of cold air
funneling on the west side of the system suggests that the system hay have
had some tropical characteristics, but the temperature gradient along
the front was over 10 degrees in most cases. South of 40N the temperatures
ranged from 70-78 while north of 40N, the temperatures were in the low-mid
60s. Thus, the low is analyzed to have been baroclinic, and is not added
to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug 4 37N 69W Extratropical
Aug 5 39N 65W Extratropical
Aug 6 44N 60W Extratropical
Aug 7 ----- ----- Absorbed by larger extratropical system
2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area
closed off along a stationary frontal boundary around 37N on 17 August.
Initially, the system moved southeast until the 19th, when it became nearly
stationary. On the 21st, it began a slow northwesterly movement toward
Long Island. The system was baroclinic in structure until the 19th when
temperatures on the backside of the front started to moderate. A minimum
pressure of 995 mb was reported by a ship on that day; however, there
appeared to have been a 5 mb low bias with that ship, so the actual
pressure is adjusted to 1000 mb. While the storm was no longer baroclinic
and had gale force winds were reported on the 19th and 20th, these
observations were just off of Cape Hatteras, about 250 miles from the center.
It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical gale center on these dates.
The wind field never consolidated, and on the 21st the system started to
weaken. Gales were no longer being reported, and the system appears to have
dissipated on the 22nd.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug 17 37N 68W Extratropical
Aug 18 36N 66W Extratropical
Aug 19 34N 69W Non-tropical gale center
Aug 20 36N 69W Non-tropical gale center
Aug 21 37N 70W Non-tropical low center
Aug 22 ----- ----- Dissipated
3) September 9-14:
21355 09/09/1916 M= 6 8 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
21360 09/09* 0 0 0 0*188 570 35 0*190 583 35 0*193 598 35 0
21365 09/10*197 613 35 0*202 627 35 0*206 642 35 0*212 659 35 0
21370 09/11*216 671 40 0*221 685 40 0*227 700 45 0*231 715 45 0
21375 09/12*236 730 45 0*240 745 45 0*251 759 45 0*263 770 45 0
21380 09/13*274 783 40 0*283 798 40 0*293 816 30 0*297 828 30 0
21385 09/14*301 839 25 0*308 849 20 0*315 858 20 0*322 849 20 0
21390 TS
This system - originally storm number 8 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed
from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity. Evidence
for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, and Monthly Weather Review.
September 9: HWM analyzed no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 58.3W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near 18N, 59W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 10: HWM indicated no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.6N, 64.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near the HURDAT
position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N, 71W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicate the center near 24.7N, 74W at 8 p.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggest that a center may be located near 23.5N, 71W. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26N, 78W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 26N, 75.7W at 8 a.m.
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has
weakened to an open wave and no longer has a defined center. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 84.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 29.3N, 81.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1011 mb near 30N, 82.5W at 8 a.m.
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has
an open NE-SW oriented trough and thus a center cannot be defined on this
date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the vicinity of southern
Georgia (31N, 83W). HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at
31.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of
1012 mb near 31.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS
suggest the system has an ill-defined center near 30.5N, 85W. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis for this system began at 06 UTC on September 9th as a tropical
depression east of the northern Lesser Antilles. A peak observation of
1013 mb and 15 kt indicates the system had not yet attained tropical storm
status on the 9th (HWM). On the 10th it again appears that the system was not
of tropical storm intensity as previously suggested by HURDAT. Peak
observations on the 10th were 1014 mb and 15 kt (COA). The system continued
on a west-northwestward track on the 10th and 11th as depression approached
the eastern edge of the Bahamas. Peak observations on the 11th were 1013 mb
and 10 kt at Turks Islands (HWM). Available observations suggest the system
lacked a closed surface circulation on the 12th and 13th. Peak observations
on the 12th as the system traverses the central Bahamas were only 1009 mb and
15 kt (HWM). MWR notes this system as, "originating east of the northern
Bahamas and moved northwest, passing to the coast near and south of
Jacksonville, FL". As the system moved over central Florida on the 13th peak
observations of 1012 mb and 15 kt were found at Pensacola. "It was of slight
energy and extent" as indicated by MWR.
The absence of a closed surface circulation prevailed on the 12th and 13th
and was only weakly present on other days in its lifetime. The tropical system
was near land and close to numerous ship observations on the 11th-14th and as
noted above, no gale force winds or low pressures were observed on these days.
Therefore, due to evidence that the peak intensity of this system was less
than gale force wind from substantial ship and coastal data, this indicates
that storm number 8 should be downgraded to a tropical depression, thereby
removing it from HURDAT. Note that this is consistent with MWR's assessment
that the system was "of slight energy and extent".
4) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone
developed on 3 October near 17N, 81W from a broad area of low pressure that
had persisted in the southwestern Caribbean Sea since the 1st. The system
drifted to the northwest while gaining little strength. There were no gales
reported in the vicinity of the storm, although a few cases of 25-30 knot
winds were reported in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with pressures
around 1007 mb. By 6 October, the storm began to lose its closed circulation;
the pressure rose to around 1015 mb, and is estimated to have dissipated
later that day. Based on the lack of sufficient wind observations,
this system is estimated to have stayed as a tropical depression, and is
not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 3 17N 81W Tropical Depression
Oct 4 17N 82W Tropical Depression
Oct 5 19N 85W Tropical Depression
Oct 6 20N 85W Dissipated
5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone
developed from the tail end of a decaying frontal boundary near 15N, 76W on
24 October. The low meandered in the central Caribbean Sea for the next
several days, peaking in intensity on the 25th. Thereafter, it slowly
weakened while drifting northwest. As it approached the western side of
Jamaica, it began to get entangled within another frontal boundary, and on
the 31st, it became absorbed. Only one gale was reported from COADS on
the 25th (also mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review - October 1917),
and it was about 400 nmi to the north of the system. The lowest observed
pressures were 1006 mb. Because only one gale was observed, the system is
being kept as a tropical depression, thus it is not being added to HURDAT.
It is possible that it may have been a weak tropical storm at some point on
the 25th to the 27th based on the numerous 25-30 kt observations, but
sufficient evidence for upgrading is lacking.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 24 15N 76W Tropical Depression
Oct 25 16N 76W Tropical Depression
Oct 26 17N 78W Tropical Depression
Oct 27 19N 80W Tropical Depression
Oct 28 20N 80W Tropical Depression
Oct 29 20N 80W Tropical Depression
Oct 30 22N 79W Tropical Depression
Oct 31 ----- ----- Absorbed by front
*****************************************************************************
1917/01 - 2008 REVISION:
21671 07/06/1917 M= 9 1 SNBR= 498 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21672 07/06* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*120 590 25 0*122 605 25 0
21672 07/07*125 620 30 0*127 635 30 0*130 650 35 0*132 663 35 0
21672 07/08*135 676 40 0*137 688 40 0*140 700 45 0*142 712 45 0
21672 07/09*145 724 40 0*147 737 40 0*150 750 35 0*152 765 35 0
21672 07/10*153 780 30 0*154 795 30 0*155 810 30 0*156 825 30 0
21672 07/11*157 840 30 0*158 853 30 0*160 865 30 0*165 875 30 0
21672 07/12*170 882 30 0*175 885 30 0*180 890 30 0*185 898 25 0
21672 07/13*190 908 25 0*195 919 30 0*200 930 30 0*205 942 30 0
21672 07/14*210 954 30 0*215 967 30 0*220 980 25 0* 0 0 0 0
21705 TS
This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly
Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship
database.
July 6: HWM analyzed an open trough around 58W, just east of the
Windward Islands. Available observations indicate that a closed low
existed near 12N, 59W.
July 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 16.5N, 66W.
Available observations suggest that the system was closer to 13N, 65W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 8: HWM analyzed an open wave around 72W. Available observations
indicate that the system was closed and was located near 14N, 70W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt W in the eastern Caribbean (MWR). "On the 8th
two vessels between the Island of Haiti and the Barbados, encountered
westerly winds of 40 miles an hour, although there was no well-developed
depression in that region and vessels near by reported only moderate
velocities" (MWR).
July 9: HWM analyzed an open wave around 76W. Available observations
and interpolation suggest a closed low near 15N, 75W. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 10: HWM analyzed an open wave around 83W. Available observations and
interpolation suggest a closed low near 15.5N, 81W. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
13.5N, 86W. Available observations suggest a center at 16N, 86.5W near the
coast of Honduras. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb pressure at
17N, 89W. Available observations suggest a center at 18N, 89W near the
border of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. Station highlight: 25 kt SE and
1006 mb at Belize City at 12 UTC (HWM).
July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
19N, 91.5W. While data are sparse, a closed low is estimated to be near
20N, 93W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 14: HWM analyzed an open trough along 97W. While data are sparse,
a closed low is estimated to be near 22N, 98W along the coast of Mexico.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis for this system is begun on the 6th as a tropical depression just
southeast of Barbados. Modest winds and rain were reported during its
crossing through the Windward Islands. Two separate ships reported west
35 kt winds on the 8th, indicating the system was still a closed low at
this time and likely had an intensity of at least 45 kt. Unfortunately,
these two ship reports were not given with exact locations at the time of
the observations. 45 kt may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone
as observations indicate a less well-defined circulation on the 9th
and 10th. Weakening to a tropical depression is analyzed on the 10th,
before the system made landfall in Honduras. The system might have
reached tropical storm intensity a second time as it reached the Gulf
of Honduras, with the pressure dropping 4 mb to 1006 mb in 24 hours
with 25 kt SE winds in Belize City on the 12th. 1006 mb peripheral pressure
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.
However, without more corroborative evidence, the cyclone will be kept
as a tropical depression at landfall in Belize. While observations are
somewhat sparse, it is analyzed that the system moved into the Gulf of Mexico
as a tropical depression and dissipated after striking Mexico near Tampico
on the 14th. (While no Tampico observations are available, almost four inches
of rain were reported in Veracruz in the 24 hr period ending on the morning of
the 14th.)
*****************************************************************************
1917/02 - 2008 REVISION:
21675 08/06/1917 M= 5 1 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21675 08/06/1917 M= 6 2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* * ***
21680 08/06*320 675 35 0*320 680 35 0*320 685 35 0*320 690 35 0
21685 08/07*320 694 35 0*320 699 35 0*320 703 35 0*320 707 35 0
21690 08/08*320 712 40 0*321 716 40 0*321 720 40 0*323 724 40 0
21695 08/09*325 728 45 0*328 732 45 0*332 735 45 0*341 738 45 0
21695 08/09*325 728 45 0*328 732 45 0*332 735 45 0*341 736 50 0
*** **
21700 08/10*357 736 40 0*377 726 40 0*401 706 30 0*418 680 30 0
21700 08/10*358 733 55 0*380 718 60 0*405 702 60 0*430 680 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
21702 08/11E457 650 50 0E487 610 45 0E520 570 35 0E560 530 30 0
21705 TS
Major changes to both the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these alterations comes
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the
_Monthly Weather Review_.
August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 31.5N, 69W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 30.5N, 70W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 70.3W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 31N, 72W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 72W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 9: HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb at 33N, 73W. HURDAT
lists the system as a tropical storm at 33.2N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 35N, 75.5W with 1015 mb pressure
(a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 32.8N, 71.4W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1013 mb at 32N, 74W at 12 UTC (HWM);
20 kt N and 1006 mb at 33.8N, 74.3W at 15 UTC (COA). "Storm of August 9 -
Information concerning this storm is extremely meager. What at the time
was believed to be a secondary center of a barometric depression moving
eastward near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River appeared off the North
Carolina coast. Later advices seem to disclose that this storm was of
tropical origin, having formed east of the Virgin Islands and passing
thence northwestward to the position charted [33N 71W] on August 9" (MWR).
August 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 40.5N, 70.5W
with a cold front advancing on the system from the west. HURDAT lists
the system as a tropical storm at 40.1N, 70.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 40N, 69W with 994 mb pressure (a.m.).
Available observations indicate that the system had begun, but had not
yet completed, extratropical transition and was slightly northeast of
the HURDAT's position. Ship highlight: 55 kt NE and 994 mb at Nantucket
Shoals Lightship (MWR). Station highlight: 46 kt NE at Eastport (MWR).
"Four fishing vessels in the path of the storm after it left Nantucket were
lost, and the total number of fisherman who perished is believed to be 41.
After leaving the place where the fishing vessels were lost - about 50 miles
south-southeast of Highland Light, Mass. - no further observation of
the storm has come to hand. Evidently it dissipated before reaching
the Grand Banks" (MWR).
August 11: HWM indicated an extratropical low centered near 57N, 58W
with a cold front extending south and east of the low. The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 44N 60W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.). Available
observations instead suggest a center closer to 52N, 57W. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 6th and no changes in
the track or intensity were made from the 6th through early on the 9th.
(This is in spite of the comments in MWR that the cyclone "formed east
of the Virgin Islands and passing thense northwestward". No observations
were found to support this analysis in MWR and thus no changes were made to
genesis.) 1006 mb peripheral pressure on the 9th suggests winds of at least
37 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT.
Even though the center stayed just offshore, the tropical storm impacted
New England with particular vigor as it caused gale force winds at Nantucket,
Block Island and Eastport. (The peak winds of 55 kt at the Nantucket
Shoals Lighthouse convert to 46 kt after adjusting for the high bias
of this era's anemometer and converting to a 1 min wind - [Fergusson
and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) 994 mb peripheral pressure
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationships. Maximum winds of 60 kt are estimated for both 06 and 12 UTC
on the 10th. The structure of the system is determined to have transitioned
to an extratropical storm by about 00 UTC on the 11th, though the process
of transition had begun about 12 hours earlier. While both HURDAT and the
MWR Tracks of Lows had the system dissipating south of Nova Scotia late
on the 10th and 12 UTC on the 11th, respectively, available observations
indicate that the system continued accelerating northeastward, causing
the strong winds at Eastport late on the 10th, and was near the north end of
Newfoundland at 12 UTC on the 11th. The system likely dissipated later on
the 11th or early on the 12th over the far North Atlantic.
*****************************************************************************
1917/03 - 2008 REVISION:
21710 08/30/1917 M= 8 2 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21710 08/30/1917 M= 9 3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* * ***
21715 08/30* 0 0 0 0*166 435 60 0*170 452 60 0*173 469 60 0
21715 08/30* 0 0 0 0*155 445 60 0*160 460 60 0*165 476 60 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
21720 08/31*176 486 60 0*180 500 65 0*184 513 70 0*187 523 70 0
21720 08/31*170 492 60 0*175 507 65 0*180 520 70 0*185 530 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21725 09/01*190 532 75 0*193 540 80 0*197 551 80 0*202 563 85 0
21725 09/01*190 540 75 0*196 550 80 0*202 560 80 0*207 570 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21730 09/02*210 578 85 0*219 592 90 0*228 605 90 0*236 614 90 0
21730 09/02*213 580 85 0*219 590 90 0*225 600 90 0*231 609 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21735 09/03*245 621 95 0*254 627 95 0*263 632 95 0*273 636 100 0
21735 09/03*238 618 95 0*246 626 95 0*255 632 95 0*266 636 100 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** ***
21740 09/04*285 638 100 0*299 636 105 0*313 631 105 0*325 622 105 0
21740 09/04*280 638 100 0*296 636 105 0*313 631 105 0*329 622 105 0
*** *** ***
21745 09/05*342 607 105 0*360 585 100 0*379 561 95 0*407 530 90 0
21745 09/05*345 607 105 0*362 585 100 0*379 561 95 0*402 530 90 0
*** ***
21750 09/06E432 501 80 0E463 476 70 0E498 450 55 0* 0 0 0 0
21750 09/06E430 501 80 0E463 476 70 0E498 445 55 0E530 410 50 0
*** *** **** ***
(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21752 09/07E558 370 50 0E585 325 50 0E610 280 45 0E630 230 40 0
21755 HR
Minor changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tucker (1995).
August 30: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1012.5 mb centered
near 14N, 45W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 17N, 46W
at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a
position between the the HURDAT and HWM estimates. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 31: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010 mb centered
near 16N, 52.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
18.4N, 51.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse, but
suggest a center between the two estimates. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 1: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure
at 20.5N, 55.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane
centered at 19.7N, 55.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat
sparse, but suggest a center northwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 2: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure
at 22N, 60.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at
22.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations are somewhat sparse,
but suggest a center northeast of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 3: HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at
26N, 63.3W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at
26.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest a center between the
HURDAT and HWM estimates. Ship highlight: 35 kt ESE and 1014 mb at
24.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low with 980 mb central pressure at
31N, 63W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at
31.3N, 63.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at
32N, 64W with 998 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a
center at 31.4N, 64.1W. Ship highlight: 45 kt SW and 984 mb at 31N, 62.7W
at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 40 kt NE and 998 mb at Bermuda
(HWM). "Storm of September 4 - On September 4 a storm appeared south of
the Bermuda Islands as shown by the weather report from Hamilton ...
The center of the disturbance passed to the eastward and northward of
the islands some time between 12 o'clock noon and 4 p. m. of the same date.
No further facts in reference to this storm have been received" (MWR).
"This storm was accompanied by unprecedented high tides. For several
days previously the 'mountain-high' rollers eastward of St. George's had
been watched by many people, and by Monday morning the sea was covering
the Market Square as far as the Market door ... Residents of St. David's
Island reported that the ground swell to the south was heavier than ever
remembered and that the water breaking over the 'boilers' looked like
Niagara Falls ... By 11 p.m., Market Square was entirely submerged and
on Tuesday morning customers and clerks at the Town Hall were prisoners
within the market ... The sea which set in at St. Catherine's Bay was
tremendous, breaking clear across into 'Spindles' Pond' and carrying with
it tons of seaweed. A monster piece of Higgs Island was completely cut
away and immediate arrangements had to made to blast it into movable
pieces to prevent it blocking the channel" (Tucker).
September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 985 mb central pressure at
38.2N, 56W with an approaching frontal boundary to its west. HURDAT lists
this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.9N, 56.1W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 40 kt S and 1002 mb at 36.9N, 53.7W at 13 UTC (COA);
40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 36.8N, 53.8W (COA).
September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
50N, 45W with a warm front extending to its east and a cold front
extending to its south. HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
storm at 49.8N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a
position just east of both estimates. Ship highlight: 20 kt ESE and
1003 mb at 52.2N, 41.4W (COA).
September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
61N, 28W with fronts extending south and east of its center. Ship
highlight: 35 kt W and 995 mb at 59.7N, 25W at 12 UTC (HWM).
Genesis for this hurricane was unchanged. Its revised track incorporated
relatively minor alterations for its lifetime, though an additional
day was added during its extratropical stage on the 7th. A 984 mb
peripheral pressure on the 4th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. Winds are retained at 105 kt
in HURDAT. (This was the only measurement indicative of hurricane intensity
throughout its lifetime that was observed, though the swell seen in Bermuda
would also be substanial - but indirect - evidence of hurricane intensity.)
The system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have reached a peak of
Category 3 status for three days (3rd to 5th). While no meteorological
observations were able to directly confirm this, the massive swells/wave
impact in Bermuda do suggest a major hurricane passing just to the east
of the island. Therefore, no alterations to the peak intensity were
made to this cyclone. Also, given the very sparse nature of observations
throughout the lifetime of the system, no changes were made at all
to the intensity record. It should be noted that the MWR "Hurricanes of
1917" seasonal summary stated that there was "only one disturbance that could
be classed as a hurricane of the first magnitude viz, September 22-30
[Storm 4], came within the field of our observations," implying that
this cyclone was not of major hurricane status.
*****************************************************************************
1917/04 - 2008 REVISION:
21760 09/21/1917 M= 9 3 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
21760 09/20/1917 M=11 4 SNBR= 501 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
** ** * ***
(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21762 09/20*134 571 40 0*137 583 40 0*140 595 40 0*143 607 45 0
21765 09/21*160 609 60 0*161 625 60 0*162 644 65 0*164 661 70 0
21765 09/21*147 619 50 0*151 631 55 0*155 644 60 0*158 661 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21770 09/22*165 679 70 0*167 696 75 0*169 716 80 0*173 729 85 0
21770 09/22*162 679 70 0*165 699 75 0*169 716 80 0*173 731 85 0
*** *** *** ***
21775 09/23*177 743 85 0*182 757 90 0*188 769 90 0*191 776 95 0
21775 09/23*177 745 85 0*181 759 90 0*184 772 90 0*188 782 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21780 09/24*194 784 95 0*197 791 100 0*201 799 100 0*206 805 100 0
21780 09/24*192 790 95 0*196 796 100 0*201 802 100 0*206 808 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21785 09/25*210 812 100 0*214 818 100 0*218 825 100 0*223 832 105 0
21785 09/25*210 813 110 0*214 819 120 0*218 825 130 928*223 832 130 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21790 09/26*228 839 105 0*233 846 105 0*239 852 105 0*244 862 105 0
21790 09/26*228 839 120 0*233 846 120 0*239 852 120 0*244 860 120 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21795 09/27*247 870 105 0*251 880 105 0*257 889 105 0*263 892 100 0
21795 09/27*247 870 115 0*251 881 115 0*257 889 110 0*263 892 110 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21800 09/28*271 894 100 0*280 892 95 0*288 888 95 0*295 879 90 0
21800 09/28*271 894 105 0*280 892 105 0*288 888 105 0*295 879 100 0
*** *** *** ***
21805 09/29*301 870 85 966*307 862 60 0*312 852 30 0*316 839 25 0
21805 09/29*302 869 100 949*309 860 75 0*315 852 55 0*319 844 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
21807 09/30*320 832 35 0E320 825 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21810 HRAFL3
21810 HRAFL3 LA2 AL1
*** ***
Landfall:
9/29/1917 0200Z 30.4N 86.6W 100kt 40nmi 949mb 1011mb AFL3,LA2,AL1
Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station
data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979),
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).
September 20: HWM analyzes an open trough along 65W. However, available
observations suggest that a closed low was forming near 14N, 59.5W. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1000 mb pressure at 16N, 64.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.2N, 64.4W at 12 UTC.
Station highlight: 40 kt NE and 1011 mb at Antigua at 04 UTC (see below).
Mike Chenoweth provided the following information from the _Barbados
Agricultural Reporter_, 24 September: St. Lucia heavy rains and high winds
in the night of 20-21 September; Dominica strong winds & heavy rain all
night of 20-21 September, sea rough; Guadeloupe Heavy weather all night
Antigua ~11pm [20 Sep] barometer began to fall and by 1 A.M. [Sep 21] was
at 29.86 with a strong ne gale, heavy sea and rain; the barometer remained
steady to 4 A.M. then rose to 29.98 at 7A.M., with a SE wind; St. Kitts
From Midnight stormy weather with the wind from the east; before day
barometer 29.88, sea becoming rough and the barometer later rising".
"One the morning of September 21 heavy southeast and south sea swells were
reported from the Leeward Islands" (MWR).
September 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb central pressure at
17.2N, 72W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
16.9N, 71.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the
center at 16.8N, 71.9W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "... the disturbance was a short distance south of the
Island of Santo Domingo, moving westward or west-northwestward" (MWR).
September 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of 980 mb central pressure at
17.5N, 77W just south of Jamaica. HURDAT lists this system as a
Category 2 hurricane at 18.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC just north of Jamaica.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 18.5N, 77W with 991 mb just
north of Jamaica (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the
center at 18.5N, 77.2W on the north coast of Jamaica. Available observations
indicate that the center was closest to the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917"
position. Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Jamaica at
12 UTC (HWM); 987 mb at Jamaica at 0845 UTC (MWR). "...early in the
morning of the 23d it passed with great intensity directly north of the
Island of Jamaica, moving in a northwesterly direction ... press reports
stated that great damage had been done over the northern portion of the
Island ... The center of the track crossed Jamaica and great destruction
was caused on that island, the banana industry having been almost wiped
out" (MWR).
September 24: HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
19N, 81W. HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.1N, 80.2W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 19.5N, 80W (a.m).
The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 19.8N, 80.6W.
Available observations suggest the center is just west of the HURDAT
estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"On the morning of the 24th the storm center was apparently in the
vicinity of the Grand Cayman Island" (MWR).
September 25: HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
21N, 83W just south of the Isle of Pines. HURDAT lists this system as a
Category 3 hurricane at 21.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC over the Isle of Pines.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 21N, 83W with 996 mb south of
the Isle of Pines (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a
center at 20.8N, 82.6W south of the Isle of Pines. Ship highlights:
35 kt E and 1001 mb at 23.3N, 82.3W at 21 UTC (COA); several 35 kt ship
reports (COA). Station highlight: 939 mb at Nueva Gerona at 17 UTC
(MWR). Perez et al. analyzed this system as a Category 4 hurricane impact
in Cuba from the 939 mb peripheral pressure observed in Nueva Gerona and
an estimated central pressure of 928 mb, via the Schloemer (1954)
equation (Perez et al.). "Mr. O. L. Fassig, Meteorologist,
U.S. Weather Bureau, who visited the Isle of Pines shortly after the
passage of the hurricane there states that the town of Nueva Gerona was
devastated, many of the staunchest structures in the town having been
leveled ... In the Pinar region of western Cuba orchards and other crops
were ruined" (MWR).
September 26: HWM shows a closed low with 945 mb central pressure at
23N, 85W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at
23.9N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near
23N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center
at 22.4N, 84.9W just off of the western tip of Cuba. Ship highlights:
40 kt SE at 25N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at
21.5N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station highlight: 51 kt SE at Sand Key
(MWR).
September 27: HWM shows a closed low of 955 mb central pressure at
25.5N, 87.3W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at
25.7N, 88.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
26.5N, 87.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 25.7N, 87.6W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 1003 mb
at 26.5N, 84.9W at 17 UTC (COA/MWR); 70 kt SE and 1002 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W
at 19 UTC (COA); 70 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA).
September 28: HWM shows a closed low of 965 mb central pressure at
28.5N, 88.5W. HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at
28.8N, 88.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
28.5N, 88W with 988 mb (a.m.). The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 28.5N, 88W. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 984 mb
at 29.2N, 89.3W at 14 UTC (MWR); ENE-N-NW winds and 955 mb at 29.8N,
88.5W at 22 UTC (OMR). Station highlights: 85 kt N at 21 UTC and 987 mb
at 2115 UTC at Mobile (OMR); 90 kt SE at 2048 UTC and 965 mb at 23 UTC
at Pensacola (OMR). "Sept. 29, 1917, 964 mb estimated
central pressure, 33 nmi radius of maximum wind, landfall point
30.4N, 86.7W" (Ho et al.). "91 kt estimated maximum sustained surface
winds at landfall, 1012 mb outer closed isobar environmental pressure"
(Schwerdt et al.). "Estimated lowest central pressure - 958 mb, Tide
Information - Fort Baransas - 7.8', Morgan City - 3', Johnson's Bayou
2.5', Grand Isle - 4', Port Eads - 4'" (Connor). "Central pressure at
landfall in US - 958 mb, Category 3 for northwest Florida" (Jarrell et al.)
"The tropical storm that occurred during the last week of September, 1917,
was of more than ordinary extent and severity, as appeared when the western
segment of the hurricane passed over extreme southeastern Louisiana on the
28th ... the path of the center was close to Port Eads ... It is probable
that hurricane winds did not occur much farther up the river than Fort
St. Philip, although there was considerable damage to the rice, sugar,
and orange crops farther north in Plaquemines Parish. The greatest damage
to crops was on the eastern side of the river. The western side escaped
with small loss ... Below Buras numerous buildings were dislodged from
their foundations, and several houses and barns were blown down ... the
only loss of life was that of an 8-year old boy ... there had been no
injurious tides [in Mobile] (owing to the prevailing northerly winds);
that there had been no deaths in Mobile ... The damage [in Mobile] was
limited mainly to roofs and frail structures ... The storm evidently
recurved very close to and just east of the mouth of the Mississippi
River, moved thence northeastward, passing to the southward of Mobile,
and at 7 p.m. [on the 28th] passed south of Pensacola, Fla ... The
damage [in Pensacola] was estimated to have been rather less than during
the hurricane of October 18, 1916 ... During the storm of September 28
the tide at Pensacola rose 4 1/2 feet above the normal height ... The
full force of the storm at Pensacola was felt near 4 p. m. on the
afternoon of September 28 ... The center of the hurricane evidently passed
south of Pensacola, probably a distance of 50 miles. The damage at
Pensacola and vicinity was largely due to wind and wave action. A number
of small craft, including the U.S.S. Quincy, were washed ashore or
grounded and considerable damage was done to wharves, docks and boat
houses along the Gulf shore. The damage by wind is estimated at $100,000;
The damage by wave action and water at $50,000; The damage to small
craft $20,000; Total for Pensacola and vicinity $170,000. Heavy damage
appears to have been sustained in Santa Rosa County, where much timber
was blown down and crops, live stock, and buildings suffered from wind
and rain. Press reports stated that five lives were lost at Crestview,
Fla., and inland town about 40 miles northeast of Pensacola. No other
loss of life was reported" (MWR).
September 29: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 86W inland
over southeast Alabama. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression at
31.2N, 85.2W at 12 UTC near the Alabama/Georgia/Florida border. The MWR
Tracks of Lows shows the center near 31N, 86W with 998 mb (a.m.) along
the Florida/Alabama border. The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a
center at 31.5N, 85.2W along the Georgia/Alabama border. Available
observations suggest that the MWR summary estimate is the most accurate
position. Ship highlight: 948 mb at 30N, 86.8W at 00 UTC (OMR). Station
highlight: 84 kt NE and 966 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). "On the
morning of the 29th the storm was central over southeastern Alabama with
greatly decreased intensity" (MWR).
September 30: HWM shows a frontal boundary moving through the SE
United States with no indication of a closed low in the vicinity of
the system. HURDAT, the MWR Tracks of Lows and the MWR "Hurricanes of
1917" all had the system dissipated by 12 UTC. However, the MWR Tracks
of Lows still indicated a system near 31.5N, 83.5W on the evening of
the 29th (00 UTC 30th) with 1004 mb. No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed. "On the evening of the 29th the center was
over southwestern Georgia with a still further decrease in intensity ...
and by the morning of the 30th the remnants had passed off the Georgia
coast, the general low-pressure conditions along the South Atlantic coast
having joined forces with another disturbance from the West that was
central over Ontario" (MWR).
Genesis on this hurricane is begun a day earlier based upon available
observations showing a closed low and gale force conditions during its
track across the Lesser Antilles. Otherwise, minor track changes were made
on all days except for the 25th (no change that date). The system's dissipation
was delayed 12 hours through the 30th, until it was absorbed by a frontal
boundary around 06 UTC on that date. The 987 mb peripheral pressure in
Kingston on the 23rd suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the southern
pressure- wind relationship - 90 kt retained in HURDAT. Based upon description
and track in the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary, the track of the system
was moved slightly south to indicate landfall along the northern coast
of Jamaica. The 928 mb estimated central pressure at landfall in Cuba
on the 25th (from a 939 mb peripheral pressure observation in Nueva
Gerona) suggests winds of 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship - 130 kt chosen for HURDAT, which is substantially above
the 100 kt in HURDAT originally. This makes this a Category 4 impact in
Cuba which agrees with the assessment of Perez et al. (2000).
The hurricane made landfall in northwest Florida around 02 UTC on the 29th
of September. The 965 mb pressure value measured at Pensacola was not
a central pressure, as the winds were 89 kt at the time. The Ho et al.
estimate central pressure at landfall of 964 mb is thus discounted as not being
low enough given the Pensacola measurements. Likewise, the 958 mb central
pressure estimated at landfall suggested by Connor and adopted by Jarrell et
al. also appears to be too high a value, given the extreme winds still
occurring at time of 965 mb pressure. An application of the Schloemer (1954)
equation with an RMW of 40 nmi (analyzed from the Pensacola wind record and
track of the system) gives a new estimate of 949 mb central pressure at
landfall in northwest Florida, east of Pensacola. This also agrees with the
approximate 948 mb pressure reading (possibly in the eye) from the ship the
"Asp" southeast of Pensacola right before landfall. The 949 mb value
suggests winds of 111 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.
However, given the slow translational speed of this system (11 kt) and
an RMW size much larger than suggested by climatology size (20 nmi given
the central pressure and latitude - Vickery et al. (2000)), the winds should
be lower than this estimate. Moreover, the new northern pressure-wind
relationship for north of 25N systems that are weakening (note filling
of 928 mb in Cuba up to 949 mb in Florida) suggests winds of 101 kt for
949 mb. Thus wind chosen at landfall is 100 kt. This is higher than the 85 kt
originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 3 assessment
at landfall in northwest Florida in HURDAT and Jarrell et al. The
analyzed landfall position is at 30.4N, 86.6W around 02 UTC on the
29th. An application of the Schwerdt et al. analytic wind model suggests
Category 2 conditions also impacted Louisiana and Category 1 conditions
impacted Alabama. This is corroborated with observed winds and impacts
in those states. Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic
times after landfall were 65 kt, 43 kt, and 37 kt at 06 UTC, 12 UTC
and 18 UTC on the 29th. These reduce down to 54, 37 and 31 kt,
respectively after adjusting for the high bias of the anemometer
and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and
Powell et al. 1996). An application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model gives winds of 76 kt, 55 kt, and 39 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC
respectively. Given the data coverage over Florida, Georgia and Alabama
was quite sparse and that the observed values likely do not represent
peak winds that occurred, winds are chosen to be 75, 55 and 40 kt,
respectively for these times in HURDAT.
*****************************************************************************
1917 - Additional Notes:
1) September 12-15, 1917
This system probably developed from an easterly wave off of the African
coast noted on September 12 as the Historical Weather Map and COADS shows
a closed low. The system was maintained as a tropical depression through
the 14th. By the 15th, lack of data does not allow a definite determination
of a location of the system or whether it maintained a closed circulation.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 14N 23W Tropical Depression
Sep 13 16N 27W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 17N 31W Tropical Depression
2) September 12-17, 1917
This system appears in the Historical Weather Map for September 12 as a
closed circulation, but observations and COADS data are too sparse to state
this definitely. On September 13, the system was probably a tropical
depression. On September 14, the system approached the Lesser Antilles and
began recurvature. On the 15th, the system may have attained tropical storm
strength as a ship located near 19.5 N and 51 W, reported a 35 knot S wind.
There were, however, no other reports of gales. By September 17, the
tropical cyclone had apparently dissipated. Without a second report of
gale force winds to confirm the tropical storm status of this system, this
will not be added to HURDAT but kept as a possible tropical storm.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 11N 44W Tropical Depression?
Sep 13 12N 48W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 13N 53W Tropical Depression
Sep 15 20N 52W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Sep 16 23N 56W Tropical Depression
Sep 17 --- --- Dissipated?
3) September 13-20, 1917 -
The storm of September 13-18 is mentioned in the review of the 1917
hurricane season in the Monthly Weather Review of December 1917. The
article states that a definite disturbance was observed over eastern Cuba
during the morning of September 13, and that within 24 hours, this storm
was off the east coast of Florida. The storm advanced northeastward, and
by the night of September 17-18 was off Cape Cod, then passed beyond
Newfoundland on September 20. Analysis of HWM and COADS data did not
find definitive evidence of a closed circulation on the 12th and 13th. On
September 14, the system did obtain a closed circulation and had highest
observed winds of 30 kt during its movement over the Bahamas and near the
east coast of Florida. By September 15, this system was transforming into
an extratropical storm system and gale force winds began to be reported.
It reached its peak intensity on the 18th with winds around 60 kt being
reported at the coast (Nantucket). It is possible that the system
reached tropical storm status as a tropical cyclone on the 14th before
becoming a vigorous extratropical system. But without confirming
observations, this system will not be added into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 --- 77W Trough along 77W
Sep 14 28N 78W Tropical Depression
Sep 15 35N 78W Extratropical Storm
Sep 16 36N 75W Extratropical Storm
Sep 17 37N 72W Extratropical Storm
Sep 18 41N 68W Extratropical Storm
Sep 19 44N 57W Extratropical Storm
Sep 20 50N 42W Extratropical Storm
4) September 14-16, 1917 -
This system developed from a trough located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
September 11 through 13. On September 14, the system may have a tropical
depression centered at about the location indicated on the Historical
Weather Map of that date. Significant pressure drops are noted for
New Orleans, Brownsville, Galveston, and Pensacola on that date. The system
was a tropical depression on September 15 and made landfall in Louisiana
on that day. By the 16th, it was a disorganized area of thunderstorms over
Mississippi and Arkansas.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 14 22N 90W Tropical Depression?
Sep 15 29N 91W Tropical Depression
Sep 16 --- --- Dissipated inland
5) October 18-21, 1917 -
This system developed from a trough located at 68 W on October 18. On
October 19, the circulation was closed and probably a tropical depression.
There were no gales reported. On the 20th, the system may have reached
tropical storm intensity as a single gale force wind was reported early
in the day. Late on the October 20, the depression began to interact with
a cold front. By October 21, the system had been absorbed.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 18 --- 68W Trough
Oct 19 23N 73W Tropical Depression
Oct 20 30N 71W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Oct 21 --- --- Absorbed by cold front
*****************************************************************************
1918/01 - 2008 REVISION:
21815 08/01/1918 M= 7 1 SNBR= 502 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
21820 08/01*127 585 35 0*126 599 35 0*126 609 35 0*127 619 35 0*
21820 08/01*126 585 35 0*128 603 35 0*130 620 35 0*132 638 35 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21825 08/02*129 633 35 0*131 648 40 0*133 666 40 0*135 681 40 0*
21825 08/02*134 655 35 0*137 673 40 0*140 690 40 0*144 708 40 0*
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21830 08/03*140 698 45 0*146 716 45 0*152 736 45 0*159 753 50 0*
21830 08/03*149 725 45 0*154 743 45 0*160 760 45 0*168 776 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21835 08/04*167 774 50 0*175 794 50 0*184 814 55 0*191 828 55 0*
21835 08/04*177 793 50 0*186 809 50 0*195 825 55 0*205 840 55 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21840 08/05*200 845 55 0*210 860 60 0*224 876 60 0*235 888 60 0*
21840 08/05*215 855 55 0*225 869 60 0*235 883 70 0*246 894 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
21845 08/06*246 897 70 0*259 909 80 0*272 917 90 0*286 925 85 960*
21845 08/06*258 904 90 0*271 914 100 0*285 923 105 0*298 932 105 955
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21850 08/07*300 934 40 0*315 942 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
21850 08/07*310 940 60 0*322 946 45 0*337 950 35 0*355 952 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21855 HR LA3
21855 HR LA3CTX1
****
Landfall:
8/6/18Z 29.8N 93.2W 105 kt 955 mb RMW 12 nmi LA3, CTX1
Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data
from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960),
and Jarrell et al. (1992).
August 1: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the vicinity of the tropical
cyclone. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 60.9W at 12 UTC.
While observations from HWM and COADS are ambiguous, a position to
northwest of the HURDAT position is estimated. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The center of this storm did not
pass near any observing station and it was not encountered by any vessels
navigating the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The cable reports of
the 1st showed that a disturbance was evidently south of Bridgetown,
Barbados" (MWR).
August 2: HWM analyzed a weak inverted trough along 68W. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 66.6W at 12 UTC. Observations are
sparse near the tropical cyclone on the 2nd, but available data and
interpolation between the 1st and 3rd suggest a position farther to
the northwest of HURDAT. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 3: HWM analyzed an inverted trough in the vicinity of 15N, 73.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 73.6W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16N, 76W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The
disturbance moved west-northwest, passing to the south of Jamaica some
time in the afternoon of the 3d" (MWR).
August 4: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 18N, 83W. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb
at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA). "It seems to have passed across the
Yucatan Peninsula or possibly through the Yucatan channel Sunday [4th]
afternoon" (MWR).
August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 88W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 87W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.5N, 88.3W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 35 kt SSW at 21.1N, 86.7W (COA).
August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 92.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.2N, 91.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 93.5W at 8 a.m.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.5N, 92.3W
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: calm winds and 960 mb at Sulphur at 19 UTC
(MWR); 70 kt at Lake Charles (LA) at 1958 UTC (MWR). "...was not again
observed until Tuesday morning [6th], when falling pressure and freshening
winds from the southeast that it was approaching the Gulf coast...The
hurricane struck the Louisiana coast a few miles east of Calcasieu Pass,
or about 30 miles east of the mouth of the Sabine...The storm passed a
little west of north through the parishes of Cameron, Calcasieu, and
Beauregard, La., and thence into Newton County, Tex., near where the
Gulf Coast Line Railroad crosses the Sabine River - a total distance
of about 80 miles...The fact that the disturbance did not cause northeast
or even east winds at New Orleans during any time while it was moving
northwestward across the Gulf is one indication of its small diameter...
The wind velocity, when the storm was nearing the coast, did not exceed
35 miles and hour at Burrwood and 25 miles at New Orleans...The area in
which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles wide, and
winds of great force lasted only two to three hours. The storm was about
100 miles in diameter, but approaching the outer edges the damage was
slight or entirely absent...we have the partial record at Lake Charles...
48 miles at 2:30 p.m., and 80 miles an hour in the five-minute period
terminating at 2:58 a.m. [typo in MWR - should be 2:58 p.m.], with an
extreme velocity of at least 100 miles an hour. It was at this point
that the anemometer was put out of service by the wind or flying debris.
Two reports of tides have been received. At Johnsons Bayou, 10 miles
east of the mouth of Sabine Pass...the tide was 2 feet and 5 inches
above normal. At Morgan City the tide rose 3 feet. Between these
points the tide was doubtless somewhat higher, especially along the
coast in the eastern portion of Cameron Parish...Thirty-four deaths are
reported as due to the storm and the number of persons injured is more
than twice that number...The damage to property is roughly estimated at
$5,000,000. This includes damage at Lake Charles, Gerstner Field,
and Sulphur, La., and to crops and standing timber; but it does not include
losses from dwellings blown down in numerous villages, and live sotck,
possibly numbering a hundred, drowned in Cameron Parish" (MWR).
August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT
listed this as dissipated at 31.5N, 94.2W by 06 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones gives a position of 31.5N, 94W at 8 p.m. 6th (~00 UTC 7th) with
a pressure of 1008 mb. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests
a center near 33N, 95W at 12 UTC.
Genesis is unchanged from that previously depicted in HURDAT. Large changes
in the track is introduced on the 2nd and 3rd, with positions farther to the
west. Observations are somewhat ambiguous if a closed circulation existed on
the 1st and 2nd as it crossed the Lesser Antillies and moved into
the Caribbean. The intensity of the tropical cyclone is unchanged from
the 1st until the 4th. Gale force winds were first observed late on the 4th
and evidence indicates the tropical storm became a hurricane around 12 UTC on
the 5th just north of the Yucatan, 12 hours earlier that originally suggested
in HURDAT.
Available observations estimate landfall to have occurred at 1730
UTC on the 6th near Cameron, Louisiana (29.8N, 93.2W). Highest
observed winds were 70 kt from Lake Charles (57 kt true after
adjusting for high bias of the instrument and converting to 1 min -
Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). The instrument
failed before the highest winds occurred. A central intensity of
955 mb at landfall has been estimated using the Ho et al. inland pressure
decay model from an inland central pressure observation at Sulphur, Louisiana
[960 mb]. 955 mb central pressure at landfall agrees with the
Connor and Jarrell et al estimates. (For some unknown reason, both
Schwerdt et al. and Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their
analysis of 20th Century U.S. hurricanes.) HURDAT previously had listed
960 mb at 18 UTC on the 6th (which was an inland measurement), which is
now replaced with the 955 mb value. This revised central pressure
suggests 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship
and 100 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship. Regarding the probable radius of maximum winds (RMW):
"The area in which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles
wide" (MWR). This suggest a small RMW of about 15 nmi, which would be
somewhat smaller than climatology (21 nmi). 105 kt is thus chosen for
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 6th (and at landfall just before 18 UTC), upgraded
from 85 kt previously. This increases storm 1 from a Category 2 hurricane to a
Category 3, making it the only major hurricane of 1918. The hurricane
progressed on a north-northwest track as it made landfall, nearly
paralleling the Texas/Louisiana border. After landfall, no gale force winds
were observed. Use of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model
suggests winds of 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th, 48 kt at 06 UTC, and 39 kt
at 12 UTC. Slightly lower values were utilized to take into account the
small size (and quicker weakening) of the hurricane. Despite going lower
than Kaplan and DeMaria, winds in HURDAT were boosted from 45 to 60 kt at
00 UTC on the 7th and 30 to 45 kt at 06 UTC. Previously, the tropical cyclone
had been listed as dissipating at 12 UTC on the 7th. Because of observations
and the Kaplan/DeMaria decay model, the tropical cyclone's lifetime is
extended 12 hours through 18 UTC on the 7th.
Jarrell et al. (1992) lists this storm as the 29th deadliest hurricane with
34 fatalities and indicates it was of Category 3 intensity in southwest
Louisiana. Dunn and Miller (1960) notes an extreme hurricane in southwest
Louisiana with a death toll of 34 persons and a damage estimate of $5,000,000.
North Texas is added as having Category 1 impact from storm number 1 by
utilizing the Schwerdt et al (1987) wind model. The revised Category 3
assessment at landfall does corroborate previous studies by Jarrell et al.
(1992) and Neumann et al. (1999).
********************************************************************************
1918/02 - 2008 REVISION:
21860 08/22/1918 M= 5 2 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21865 08/22* 0 0 0 0*117 560 60 0*121 590 60 0*123 606 60 0
21865 08/22* 0 0 0 0*120 575 60 0*121 590 60 0*123 606 60 0
*** ***
21870 08/23*125 618 65 0*127 636 70 0*130 665 70 0*133 684 70 0
21870 08/23*127 624 60 0*132 644 60 0*137 665 60 0*141 684 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
21875 08/24*136 704 70 0*140 723 70 0*145 744 70 0*148 764 70 0
21875 08/24*145 704 60 0*149 723 65 0*152 744 70 0*153 764 75 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
21880 08/25*152 788 70 0*157 809 70 0*160 830 70 0*165 852 65 0
21880 08/25*154 788 80 0*155 809 85 0*156 830 90 968*158 852 80 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21885 08/26*169 876 55 0*168 894 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21885 08/26*161 876 70 0*165 894 45 0*170 910 30 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
21890 HR
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series,
the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather
Review.
August 22: HWM indicates an open wave near 14N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a
tropical storm at 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggests a center near 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Station highlights:
42 kt SE and 1010 mb at Bridgetown, Barbados at ~18 UTC (MWR). "The second
tropical disturance of the month passed Barbados, moving to the west, during
the forenoon of the 22d" (MWR).
August 23: HWM analyzed an open wave near 15N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 13N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM
and COADS suggests a center near 13.7N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights:
50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 14.3N, 66.2W at 11 UTC (NCDC). "During the next 72
hours reports from land stations merely indicated a disturbance over Central
Caribbean region probably of little intensity" (MWR).
August 24: HWM indicates a broad inverted trough near 18N, 76W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 15.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "center passed
south of Jamaica moving west (MWR)."
August 25: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 16.5N, 82W. HURDAT listed this
as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 83W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM, COADS and NCDC suggests a center near 15.6N, 83W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 70 kt NW and 972 mb at 08 UTC and calm winds and 968 mb at
09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). "On Sunday morning, August 25, the observer
at Kingston, Jamaica, reports: 'Center passed south Jamaica moving west
yesterday afternoon'" (MWR).
August 26: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 12.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this
as dissipated at 16.8N, 89.4W by 06 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggests a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Subsequent reports indicate that
the disturbance, much diminished in intensity, passed inland over Honduras
Sunday night [25th] and dissipated over that region during the next
48 hours (MWR)."
Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on August 22nd. Minor
alterations were made in the track for the duration of the system. First
reports of this tropical storm occurred at 18 UTC on the 22nd at Barbados
where gale force winds [42 kt] and moderately low pressure [1010 mb] were
observed. 60 kt is retained in HURDAT as it passed south of Barbados
and through the Lesser Antillies. Tropical storm force winds
[50 kt] were reported throughout the morning hours of the 23rd by the ship
S.S. Mohegan as the storm progressed westward across the eastern Caribbean
Sea. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 23rd, a reduction down from
70 kt. Gale force winds or low pressures were not observed again until the
early morning of the 25th where the ship S.S. Kaeo Samud measured a central
pressure of 968 mb at 09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). A central pressure of
968 mb indicates winds of 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.
90 kt is chosen for 12 UTC on the 25th, increased from 70 kt originally.
Evidence indicates the hurricane made landfall in northern Honduras late on
the 25th and continued a westward track into southern Belize by the 26th, but
due to the lack of land observations, the exact location of such landfall is
uncertain. However, it is apparent that the hurricane was greatly diminished in
intensity after landfall since no gale force winds or low pressures were
observed by either land or ship stations on the 26th. Available observations
indicate the storm dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 6 hours later than
suggested in HURDAT. The ship observation on the 25th led to an increase in
the peak intensity for storm 2 from Category 1 [70 kt] to Category 2
[90 kt].
********************************************************************************
1918/03 - 2008 REVISION:
21895 08/23/1918 M= 4 3 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
21895 08/23/1918 M= 4 3 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
*** *
21900 08/23* 0 0 0 0*277 733 35 0*288 745 35 0*304 757 40 0
21900 08/23* 0 0 0 0*277 733 35 0*288 745 35 0*300 757 40 0
***
21905 08/24*319 766 40 0*332 771 45 0*340 773 50 0*347 770 50 0
21905 08/24*312 766 40 0*324 771 50 0*335 773 60 0*344 770 65 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** **
21910 08/25*354 766 50 0*358 762 45 0*362 758 40 0*367 752 35 0
21910 08/25*351 765 60 0*357 759 60 0*362 753 60 0*368 746 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
21915 08/26*374 742 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21915 08/26*375 738 45 0*382 729 35 0E390 720 30 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21920 TS
21920 HR NC1
** ***
Landfall:
8/24 21 UTC 34.8N 76.8W 65 kt 988 mb 30nmi NC1
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series,
individual station observations from NCDC, and the COADS ship database.
August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 75W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 28.8N, 74.5W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 75W at 8 p.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.8N, 74.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 77.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.5N, 77.3W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 32.8N, 78.3W at 11 UTC (COA). Station
highlights: 30 kt N and 1006 mb at Wilmington (NC) at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt NW
and 1002 mb at Wilmington at 16 UTC (OMR). "Barometer [at Wilmington] fell
rapidly with increasing northeast winds becoming high and shifting to
northwest at midday with a maximum velocity of 38 miles from the northwest
at 12:10 p.m. Reports from this section state that some damage was done by
the storm blowing down crops, fencing, buildings, etc. High sea and gales
reported at the beaches. Damage in this section probably does not exceed
fifteen thousand dollars" (OMR). "Low No. X apparently developed on the
Carolina coast during the night of the 23rd. On the morning of
the 24th the center was at Wilmington, N. C., and the pressure was
decreasing rapidly at that place but not at surrounding stations" (MWR).
August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical storm at 36.2N, 75.8W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 37N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36.2N, 75.3W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlights: 60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 36.1N, 75.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station
highlights: 56 kt SW at 06 UTC and 1007 mb at 0830 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR).
Rather unexpectedly the disturbance moved very slowly - about 8 miles an hour
for the first 24 hours - reaching the Virginia Capes on the morning of
the 25th. It's subsequent movement was probably northeastward over the
Gulf Stream. The storm, while severe on the immediate coast, did not
extend more than 50 miles inland. Considerable damage was done at beach
resorts and towns along the North Carolina and Virginia coasts" (MWR).
August 26: HWM indicates the cyclone is merging with a frontal system. HURDAT
listed this as a tropical depression at 37.4N, 74.2W by 00 UTC for its last
position. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N,
72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Minor alterations are suggested to the track and intensity of storm number 3.
Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on the 23rd. Gale force
winds were first observed on the 24th [35 kt] with a peripheral pressure of
1004 mb. The tropical cyclone made landfall northeast of New Bern, North
Carolina, near 21 UTC on the 24th. Peak observed winds were SW 56 kt from
Cape Hatteras at 06 UTC on the 25th, which corrects to 46 kt after adjustment
for the high bias of the instrument and 1 min averaging time (Covert
and Fergusson 1925, Powell et al. 1996). A ship observation of 60 kt was
observed at 12 UTC on the 25th, just northeast of Hatteras. Observed
impacts described in the Original Monthly Records and in Monthly Weather
Review are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall. It is
estimated that the tropical cyclone struck the coast with 65 kt maximum
wind and a central pressure of 988 mb, making it a Category 1 hurricane
at landfall. This is moderately stronger than that originally indicated
in HURDAT (50 kt) just before landfall. The storm stayed over land for
~18 hours, moving back over the Atlantic Ocean around 18 UTC on the 25th.
Dissipation occurred by 12 UTC on the 26th, 12 hours later than suggested by
HURDAT, as the tropical cyclone merged with an approaching frontal boundary.
********************************************************************************
1918/04 - 2008 REVISION:
(This storm is new to HURDAT.)
21921 08/31/1918 M= 7 4 SNBR= 505 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21922 08/31* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*350 510 35 0*352 513 35 0
21923 09/01*355 516 35 0*358 519 35 0*360 520 35 0*362 520 35 0
21924 09/02*365 519 40 0*367 518 40 0*370 515 45 0*373 510 45 0
21924 09/03*376 505 50 0*378 500 50 0*380 495 55 0*382 492 55 0
21924 09/04*383 490 60 0*384 488 60 0*385 485 60 0*386 482 60 0
21924 09/05*387 479 55 0*388 475 50 0*390 470 45 0*392 462 40 0
21924 09/06*395 452 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
21924 TS
This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for
this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship
database.
August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 49W.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 51W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1022 mb at 38N, 50.1W at 12 UTC
(COA).
September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 52W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36N, 52W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37N, 51.5W
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 49.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E at 39.1N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 50W
with a stationary front extending out to the east from the center.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 48.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 996 mb at 37.9N, 48.6W at 07 UTC
(COA); 30 kt NW and 993 mb at 38.1N, 48.3W at 09 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and
992 mb at 38.3N, 47.9W at 11 UTC (COA).
September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 39N, 48W
with a dissipating stationary front extending out to the east of the center.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 47W at 12
UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 6: HWM indicates an open trough along 40W longitude.
Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39.5N, 45.2W at 00 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
Genesis for this tropical storm began around 12 UTC on August 31st where
evidence first indicates a closed circulation. Despite the Historical Weather
Map depictions of frontal boundaries from the 1st through the 5th,
the surface baroclinicity was quite minimal and no fronts likely were involved
with the system though the observations are somewhat sparse. Gale force winds
[35 kt] were observed on 31st at 12 UTC northeast of Bermuda. 35 kt is chosen
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Gale force winds were not observed on September 1st or
2nd although HURDAT is maintained at minimal tropical storm strength. A 50 kt
wind was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. A
peripheral pressure of 992 mb at 11 UTC on the 4th suggests winds of at least
60 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore 60 kt is chosen
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Peak observations with this tropical storm were 50 kts
on the 3rd and 992 mb on the 4th. Maximum winds chosen for HURDAT are 60 kt
based on both observed winds and pressure, although it is possible that this
system reached minimal hurricane status. Dissipation occurred on the 6th as the
system became absorbed by a frontal boundary. Storm 4 meandered east and
northeast of Bermuda for the duration of its existence.
********************************************************************************
1918/05 - 2008 REVISION:
21925 09/02/1918 M= 6 4 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21925 09/02/1918 M= 7 5 SNBR= 506 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* * ***
21930 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*246 551 60 0
21930 09/02*246 570 40 0*248 578 45 0*250 585 50 0*252 590 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
21935 09/03*256 570 65 0*262 580 70 0*269 590 70 0*275 6 2 75 0
21935 09/03*254 595 65 0*257 600 70 0*260 605 70 0*266 612 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21940 09/04*282 614 75 0*290 626 80 0*298 638 80 0*308 648 85 0
21940 09/04*277 620 75 0*288 629 80 0*298 638 80 0*308 646 85 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21945 09/05*318 656 85 0*328 662 85 0*338 668 85 0*353 672 80 0
21945 09/05*318 653 90 0*328 658 95 0*338 663 95 0*348 668 95 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** ** *** **
21950 09/06*363 674 75 0*380 676 65 0*397 675 65 0*420 668 55 0
21950 09/06*358 672 90 0*368 673 80 0*380 672 70 0*397 665 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
21955 09/07E438 655 50 0E451 641 45 0E468 624 40 0E480 600 40 0
21955 09/07E425 650 50 0E455 630 45 0E475 605 40 0E485 580 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
21957 09/08E489 565 40 0E490 555 35 0E490 550 30 0* 0 0 0 0
21960 HR
Major changes to the track and no changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et
al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual
ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1995).
September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 50W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.6N, 55.1W at 18 UTC at its first
listing. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25N,
58.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 26.5N, 60.6W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.9N, 59.0W at 12 UTC. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 60.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 25.7N, 59.7W at 12 UTC (COA - likely the S. S.
Texas, see below). "The earliest report of the existence of this storm came
from the Swedish S.S. Texas on September 3, the vessel being some distance
southeast of Bermuda, in latitude 25 deg 42 minutes north, longitude
59 deg 43 minutes west" (MWR).
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 65.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23.5N, 64W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC.
Station highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "The
lowest reported pressure for this storm was 28.88 inches [978 mb], at Hamilton,
Bermuda, on the 4th" (MWR). "The barometer was around 28.70 inches on Wednesday
night...A great deal of damage was done to trees in and around Hamilton,
and the bottom of the Lane traffic was blocked. The local freight boats
were either driven ashore or swamped, some being quite beyond repairs.
Market Whaft at St. George's had seas foaming over it in billows, -- and
by Thursday morning [5th] the old Town presented a scene of desolation,
windows being blown in, houses benerally having been flooded during the
night, boats sunk, and trees down everywhere" (Tucker).
September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 70W. HURDAT
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 978 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC (MWR); 972 mb at Bermuda around
00 UTC (Tucker). "...the storm advanced northwestward, passing to the west
of Bermuda on the night of the 4th-5th" (MWR).
September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 69W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.7N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 39N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 67.5W. Ship
highlights: 35 kt N and 991 mb at 39.5N, 68.4W at 15 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and
1002 mb at 39.6N, 69.2W at 19 UTC (COA).
September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 47.5N, 60.5W.
HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical storm at 46.8N, 62.4W at 12 UTC. The
MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 48.5N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 47.5N, 60.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 997 mb at 47.1N, 65.3W at 15 UTC (COA). Station highlights:
20 kt N and 1005 mb at St. Pierre at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt W and 998 mb at Glace
Bay at 12 UTC (HWM). "The storm recurved some distance out to sea from the coast
of the United States, but crossed Nova Scotia on the night of the 6th-7th, much
diminished in intensity" (MWR).
September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 50N, 54W.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 49N, 55W. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
This tropical system originated east of Bermuda early on the 2nd as a tropical
storm as indicated by available wind observations, 18 hours earlier than
originally in HURDAT. A wind observation of 70 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd confirms
the system attained hurricane intensity. 70 kt is maintained for HURDAT at
06 UTC on the 3rd. As the hurricane traversed near Bermuda, a peripheral
pressure observation of 978 mb at 00 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least
77 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. The pressure report
from Tucker of 972 mb may be reasonable as well, given the length of the
islands of Bermuda. 972 mb would suggest of at least 84 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 5th, up
from 85 kt originally, and the track is brought a bit closer to Bermuda.
A peripheral pressure observation of 991 mb at 15 UTC on the 6th
suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship. 70 kt is used in HURDAT, up from 65 kt originally at 12 UTC.
The Category 2 hurricane paralleled the United States east coast on the 5th
and 6th until landfall in Nova Scotia as a weaker extratropical storm
early on the 7th. The storm dissipated as an extratropical storm on the 8th
at 12 UTC, 18 hours later than indicated in HURDAT. Minor alterations are
suggested for the track of this storm.
*******************************************************************************
1918/06 - 2008 REVISION:
21965 09/09/1918 M= 6 5 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
21965 09/09/1918 M= 6 6 SNBR= 507 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
21970 09/09*135 580 35 0*143 605 35 0*147 616 35 0*150 622 35 0
21970 09/09*139 598 35 0*143 607 35 0*147 616 35 0*151 625 35 0
*** *** *** *** ***
21975 09/10*153 629 35 0*156 636 35 0*160 643 35 0*162 650 35 0
21975 09/10*154 633 35 0*157 641 35 0*160 650 35 0*162 662 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
21980 09/11*165 657 35 0*167 663 40 0*170 670 40 0*173 676 40 0
21980 09/11*164 675 35 0*166 687 40 0*168 700 40 0*169 712 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21985 09/12*176 682 40 0*179 688 40 0*184 694 40 0*189 701 35 0
21985 09/12*170 725 40 0*171 737 40 0*172 750 40 0*172 762 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21990 09/13*195 707 35 0*204 715 35 0*215 727 35 0*227 734 35 0
21990 09/13*172 775 35 0*173 787 35 0*175 800 35 0*178 812 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
21995 09/14*243 741 35 0*258 747 30 0*277 750 25 0* 0 0 0 0
21995 09/14*184 823 35 0*189 833 30 0*195 840 25 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22000 TS
Major changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship
database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000).
September 9: HWM analyzed an open wave near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 14.7N, 61.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from
HWM and COADS suggests the system is closed near the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It was first
noted on the 9th near Barbados Island, and thence a track toward the
northwest, across the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea, was taken" (MWR).
September 10: HWM indicates an open wave located near the northeastern
Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 64.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest that the center was
farther to the west. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 11: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 17N, 67W. HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and
COADS suggests the center was farther to the west. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 12: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure in the central
Caribbean Sea near 15N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N,
69.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb
near 19N, 73.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicates
the center was substantially farther to the west-southwest of the HURDAT
position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"After crossing Haiti on the 12th, the path inclined to a more nearly
northerly direction" (MWR).
September 13: HWM analyzed a a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15.5N, 81W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. and near
24N 74.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests
the center is substantially farther southwest, closer to the HWM analyzed low.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the northwestern Caribbean
Sea near Cuba with an approaching frontal system moving into the Bahamas.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 75W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 75W at 8 a.m. and dissipated
by 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate the system is
about 700 nmi to the southwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed. "...the storm disappeared on the 14th near
the Great Abaco Island" (MWR).
Genesis for this tropical storm is unchanged. The initial position at
00 UTC on the 9th was adjusted for a more realistic initial translational
velocity. Otherwise, only minor track changes were made on the 9th
and 10th as it went across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern
Caribbean Sea. While observations do suggest a closed circulation of
a tropical cyclone going across the Lesser Antilles, no gale force
winds or low pressures could confirm minimal tropical storm force intensity.
On the 11th, the lowering pressures over Hispanola and lack of pressure drops
over San Juan and the Virgin Islands along with wind shifts at all of
these locations suggest an adjustment of the tropical cyclone position
closer to Hispanola on this date. Likewise on the 12th, observations
from Hispanola, Jamaica and Cuba suggest a position between (and just
south of) Hispanola and Jamaica, rather than crossing eastern Hispanola.
Observations on the 13th are more ambiguous because of the sparsity
of data as well as apparent weakening of the tropical cyclone. However,
it is analyzed that the tropical cyclone was southwest of Jamaica,
closer to the low analyzed in HWM. On the 14th, again observations are
quite ambiguous, though it is judged that the tropical cyclone was south of
western Cuba and dissipating. This track reanalysis is quite different from
that of a tropical cyclone dissipating while moving northward east
of Florida shown originally in MWR and HURDAT on the 14th. Note that there was
no confirmation of tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
during the duration of the cyclone. Highest observed winds were 20 kt on
the 9th and 10th. However, as is often the case, the observational data
available were quite sparse for many days. This system is retained
as a minimal tropical storm, though the evidence for keeping it is
not conclusive.
*******************************************************************************
1918 - Additional Notes:
1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a cyclonic system developed
in the Gulf of Mexico at the tail end of a frontal boundary, became
a tropical depression, moved across south Florida and merged with a
frontal boundary. Highest winds with this system were 15 kt (a few days)
and lowest pressure of 1008 mb (on the 23rd - COA). Thus no gales or
pressures supporting gale force were observed. While it is possible that
this system did attain tropical storm force, this system is considered a
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun 18 --- --- Trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Jun 19 25N 90W Possible Tropical Depression
Jun 20 26N 87W Tropical Depression
Jun 21 26N 86W Tropical Depression
Jun 22 25N 81W Tropical Depression (over south Florida)
Jun 23 29N 79W Extratropical - merging with front
2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a well-developed tropical
wave left the coast of West Africa, became a tropical depression soon
thereafter, traveled west for two days, then was lost in the data void
of the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Peak observed winds were 25 kt
on the 14th (HWM) and sea level pressures dropped 5 mb at Praia, Cape
Verde Islands (down to 1010 mb) in one day as the tropical depression
passed through. No gales or pressures supporting gale force were observed.
While it is possible that this system did attain tropical storm force,
this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 15N 19W Tropical Depression
Sep 15 15N 24W Tropical Depression
Sep 16 15N 29W Tropical Depression
Sep 17 --- --- System lost over open ocean
3) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate that
a tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 25th
of September, moved north over the next two days with no change in
intensity, became extratropical on the 28th in the eastern Gulf of
Mexico and dissipated in place on the 30th. Peak observations as a
tropical cyclone were 30 kt ship (COA) and 1007 mb (Belize City and
ship, HWM and COA) on the 25th and 33 kt at Sand Key, FL on the 27th
(MWR). (The 33 kt at Sand Key corrects to 29 kt after accounting for
the high bias of instrumentation of the era and converting from maximum
5 min to 1 min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)
Higher winds were observed (36 kt at Pensacola - 32 kt after adjustment)
after the system transitioned to an extratropical storm on the 28th.
It is possible that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but
without supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical
depression and not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 24 --- --- Open trough over Central America
Sep 25 18N 87W Tropical Depression
Sep 26 20N 87W Tropical Depression
Sep 27 23N 88W Tropical Depression
Sep 28 28N 84W Extratropical Storm
Sep 29 28N 85W Extratropical Storm
Sep 30 27N 85W Extratropical Storm - dissipating
4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate
that a tropical depression formed in the southern Gulf of Mexico
on the 14th of October, moved slowly northwestward over the next
three days without significant change in intensity, made landfall
in Louisiana late on the 17th, and dissipated over Arkansas on the
19th. No gale force winds or pressures were reported
lower than 1006 mb throughout the lifetime of the system. It is possible
that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but without
supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical depression and
not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 14 22N 85W Tropical Depression (?)
Oct 15 24N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct 16 26N 91W Tropical Depression
Oct 17 29N 92W Tropical Depression
Oct 18 31N 93W Tropical Depression - over land
Oct 19 33N 94W Tropical Depression - over land, dissipating
*****************************************************************************
1919/01 - 2008 REVISION:
22005 07/02/1919 M= 4 1 SNBR= 508 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
22010 07/02* 0 0 0 0*242 843 40 0*250 847 40 0*254 850 40 0
22010 07/02* 0 0 0 0*246 843 25 0*250 847 30 0*254 851 35 0
*** ** ** *** **
22015 07/03*260 853 40 0*267 856 45 0*275 860 50 0*283 862 50 0
22015 07/03*260 855 40 0*267 859 45 0*275 863 50 0*283 866 55 0
*** *** *** *** **
22020 07/04*291 866 50 0*299 869 50 0*306 871 40 0*312 873 35 0
22020 07/04*291 868 55 0*299 869 55 995*306 871 45 0*312 873 35 0
*** ** ** *** **
22025 07/05*318 876 30 0*324 879 25 0*330 882 20 0*335 885 20 0
22025 07/05*317 876 30 0*322 879 25 0*327 882 20 0*332 885 20 0
*** *** *** ***
22030 TS
Landfall:
7/4/1919 - 1100 UTC 30.4N 87.0W 55kt FL
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC.
July 2: HWM shows an open wave along 81W. HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical storm at 25N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows did not
analyze a position for this system during the morning of the 2nd.
Available observations suggest that the system was not a closed low as
of 12 UTC, but likely did become a tropical cyclone over the next six or
twelve hours. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. "This storm developed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the
2d, was at all times of very small diameter, but with isobars exhibiting
the vortex core of the true hurricane" (MWR).
July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 86.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks
of Lows gives a center at 26N, 86.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.). The MWR Summary
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920 and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and HWM estimates.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 86.6W at 05 UTC (MWR); 35 kt NW and
1002 mb at 27.2N, 86.6W at 11 UTC (COA). "The storm area was evidently
of very limited extent, as a number of vessels not over 100 to 200 miles
away from the Creole, experienced light to moderate winds, although heavy
swells were reported at a considerable distance from the storm center" (MWR).
July 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31N, 87W near
the coast and the Florida-Alabama border. HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 30.6N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a
center at 30N, 87W with 1003 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest that
the HURDAT position is most accurate. Station highlights: 50 kt NE
(10 UTC) and 999 mb (1215 UTC) at Pensacola (OMR). "[The storm struck]
the coast a short distance east of Pensacola, Fla. Some damage was
done but storm winds were of short duration" (MWR). "The only day with
gales was on the 4th during the passing inland of the Gulf disturbance
a short distance east of the station, when a maximum velocity of 58 miles
from the northeast was attained. This storm caused the total loss of the
auxiliary schooner-smack 'Nautilus' of the E. E. Saunders Fish Company's
fleet, representing a valuation of about $1500. The schooner 'W.D. Hossack'
was abandoned by the master and crew in a derelict condition, though this
vessel was later salvaged by the schooner 'Bluefields' and the tug 'Echo'.
Apparently slight damages to crops were caused by the above storm, some
of the corn being laid low but recovering later in the month" (OMR -
Pensacola).
July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32.5N, 88W inland
on the border of Alabama and Mississippi. HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical depression at 33N, 88.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows gives
a center at 35N, 87W with 1011 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest
that a position between the HURDAT and HWM estimates is most accurate, but
that the center was becoming indistinct along an east-west oriented trough.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
While the data is somewhat amiguous as to the timing of the formation of
a closed circulation, genesis is retained at 00 UTC on the 2nd without change.
Track changes throughout the short lifetime of this system were for small
alterations. Peak 5 min winds at landfall were 50 kt at Pensacola, which
adjust to a maximum 1 min wind of 42 kt after accounting for the high
bias of the instrument of that era and converting from 5 to 1 min winds
(Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). A peripheral
pressure of 999 mb at 1215 UTC at Pensacola suggest winds of at least 47 kt
from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Given that the peak
5 min winds between 11-12 and 12-13 UTC were both 43 kt (36 kt true),
the central pressure was likely close to 995 mb. 995 mb suggests winds
of 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt chosen
for HURDAT, up slight from 50 kt in HURDAT originally. This may also
have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. No change in the
decay of the tropical storm.
*****************************************************************************
1919/02 - 2008 REVISION:
22035 09/02/1919 M=14 2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
22035 09/02/1919 M=15 2 SNBR= 509 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4
** ***
22040 09/02*146 615 40 0*150 627 40 0*154 635 40 0*157 645 40 0
22040 09/02* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*160 610 25 0*163 623 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22045 09/03*161 655 40 0*165 661 40 0*170 670 45 0*175 676 45 0
22045 09/03*167 636 30 0*171 648 35 0*175 660 40 0*180 670 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
22050 09/04*181 680 45 0*189 682 50 0*192 690 55 0*197 697 55 0
22050 09/04*186 680 45 0*191 690 40 0*195 700 35 0*198 708 35 0
*** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22055 09/05*202 707 60 0*206 712 65 0*210 718 65 0*213 720 70 0
22055 09/05*200 716 35 0*202 722 35 0*205 725 35 0*209 726 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22060 09/06*216 722 70 0*219 723 75 0*222 724 75 0*226 727 80 0
22060 09/06*214 726 40 0*218 727 45 0*222 728 50 0*225 731 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22065 09/07*229 730 80 0*232 734 85 0*234 741 90 0*236 747 90 0
22065 09/07*228 735 60 0*230 740 65 0*232 745 75 0*234 751 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22070 09/08*237 755 95 0*238 763 95 0*239 770 100 0*239 777 100 0
22070 09/08*235 758 95 0*236 765 95 0*237 773 100 0*238 781 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22075 09/09*240 784 105 0*240 791 105 0*240 798 110 0*241 805 110 0
22075 09/09*239 789 110 0*240 797 115 0*240 805 120 0*241 813 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22080 09/10*242 812 115 0*244 820 115 0*246 827 120 0*248 831 120 0
22080 09/10*243 821 130 0*246 828 130 927*248 834 130 0*249 840 130 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22085 09/11*250 836 120 0*253 841 120 0*256 847 120 0*260 855 120 0
22085 09/11*250 845 130 0*250 850 130 0*251 855 130 0*253 861 125 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22090 09/12*263 863 120 0*265 871 120 0*267 880 120 0*266 889 120 0
22090 09/12*256 867 120 0*259 873 115 0*262 880 110 944*264 890 110 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22095 09/13*265 898 120 0*265 907 115 0*265 916 115 0*266 926 105 0
22095 09/13*265 900 115 942*265 910 125 931*265 920 125 0*266 929 120 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22100 09/14*267 936 100 0*268 946 90 0*270 957 85 0*271 968 75 0
22100 09/14*267 938 115 0*268 946 110 0*270 955 105 0*272 966 100 950
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22105 09/15*274 979 65 0*278 990 55 0*2821002 30 0*2891010 20 0
22105 09/15*274 980 75 0*278 995 55 0*2821010 40 0*2891024 35 0
*** ** *** **** ** ******* **
(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
22107 09/16*2971038 30 0*3061050 25 0*3151060 20 0* 0 0 0 0
22110 HRBFL4ATX4
22110 HRBFL4CFL2ATX3BTX3
************
Landfall:
9/10/1919 0700Z 24.6N 82.9W 130kt 15nmi 927mb BFL4,CFL2
9/14/1919 2100Z 27.2N 97.3W 100kt 35nmi 950mb ATX3,BTX3
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960),
Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarvinen et al. (1985), Ho et al. (1987),
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).
September 1: HWM and COADS observations possibly indicate a wave
approaching the Lesser Antilles without any indication of a closed
low (though data are sparse east of the islands). No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.4N, 63.5W at 12 UTC. The
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" does not begin the
system until either late on the 2nd or early on the 3rd. Available
observations suggest that the cyclone was substantially east-northeast
of HURDAT's postion. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. "The minor disturbance ... was first noted on the evening of
September 2 ... a little west of the island of Antigua" (MWR).
September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. The
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 18N, 65W. Available observations suggest a center east-northeast of
HURDAT's estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "This ... minor disturbance moved west-northwestward at
about a normal rate, passing near the southern portion of the island of
Porto Rico" (MWR).
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20N, 70W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.2N, 69W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a
center at 19N, 69.5W. Available observations suggest a center between
all three estimates. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 73W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 20.5N, 72W. Available observations suggest a center west of the
MWR Summary estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "By the evening of the 4th it had reached the north coast
of the island of Santo Domingo with a barometer reading of about 29.80
inches. On the morning of the 5th the center of the disturbance was
approximately 100 miles southwest of Turks Island with about the same
barometric pressure" (MWR).
September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 72.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 22.2N, 72.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 21.5N, 72.5W. Available observations suggest a center west of the
HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. "By the evening of the 5th the winds at Turks Island had
changed from east to west, and were southerly over Santo Domingo and
Haiti, still light in character, apparent evidence that the disturbance
had recurved to the northeastward during the day, and that it was moving
in that direction in very moderate form" (MWR).
September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 73.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.4N, 74.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 23N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 23N, 74.5W with
1003 mb (a.m). Available observations suggest a center just southwest of
HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 26N, 74.4W at
23 UTC (COA). "On the evening of the 6th pressure and wind conditions
over Santo Domingo and the Bahamas indicated the possible presence of a
disturbance over the eastern Bahamas. Conditions were slightly more
pronounced on the morning of the 7th ... there were slight indications of
a disturbance over the central Bahamas" (MWR).
September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 21.5N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.9N, 77W at
12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows
a center near 23.5N, 76W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
23.5N, 77W with 998 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position
just southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNE and
1006 mb at 25.5N, 80.5W at 21 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 51 kt NE and
998 mb at Nassau at 01 UTC (MWR) "A belated report on September 8 that a
severe storm could be located south of and near the Andros Islands" (MWR).
September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 79.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24N, 79.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24N, 79.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and
HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt N and 938 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W at
21 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 50 kt NE and 986 mb at Key West at
23 UTC (MWR); 57 kt NE at Sand Key at 1748 UTC (MWR). "Considerable local
damage was done in Miami and vicinity, although nothing very serious
resulted. Tides were unusually high and many small boats suffered. The
greatest loss was probably in the fruit crop ... Press reports indicated
that considerable damage was also done along the northwest coast of Cuba"
(MWR) ... The greatest [shipping loss was] the Spanish steamship Valbanera,
off Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West. The vessel
arrived off Morro Castle, Habana, on September 9, but owing to the hurricane,
was unable to enter the harbor, and nothing further was heard from her until
a diver discovered her beneath the waters off Rebecca Shoals. The Valbanera
was from Spanish ports for New Orleans, via Habana, and her 400 passengers
and crew of 88 must have perished" (MWR). "El Huracan del Valvanera -
Category 1 in Cuba - September 9 and 10" (Perez et al.).
September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 24N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.6N, 82.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24.5N, 83W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24.5N, 83W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west-northwest of HURDAT's
estimate. Ship highlights: 927 mb (eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W (MWR); 930 mb
(eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W at 05 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 937 mb
at Rebecca Shoals Light; 932 mb (eye) at Dry Tortugas; 82 kt NE at 0148 UTC
and 960 mb at 0510 UTC at Sand Key. "The storm center passed about 30 or
40 miles south of Key West about midnight of September 9. At this time the
barometer at Key West read 28.83 inches with an east wind of an estimated
velocity of 105 miles an hour, which increased slightly during the next
hour. At Sand Key, the lowest barometer at about the same time was
28.35 inches, a difference of 0.48 inch within a distance of 8 miles ...
The following report on the storm at Key West and vicinity was prepared by
Mr. H. B. Boyer, official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at that
place: `The storm that passed over Key West on September 9 and 10 was,
without question, the most violent experienced since records at this
station began. While the minimum barometric reading, 28.81 inches, was not
as low as that recorded in 1909 (28.52) and in 1910 (28.47), the violence
of the wind was undoubtedly greater. It is to be regretted that owing to
the vibrations of the tower supporting the wind instruments the anemometer
cups were shaken loose and blown away at 7:30 pm on the 9th in gusts ranging
between 75 and 80 miles an hour, and thereafter until 3:35 p.m. of the
10th the wind-velocity record was lost. The wind-vane was blown away at
12:45 a.m. of the 10th during the winds of greatest intensity ... In the
terrific gusts that prevailed during the height of the storm stanch brick
structures had walls blown out and large vessels, firmly secured, were torn
from their fastenings or moorings and blown on the bank ... the great loss,
estimated at $2,000,000 ... Owing to the very slow progressive movement of
the storm in this vicinity, winds of gale force and over lasted continuously
from about 7 a.m. of the 9th to about 9:30 p.m. of the 10th ... From the
forenoon of the 9th squalls of wind and rain progressively increased in
force and frequency, culminating in terrific gusts of great violence between
midnight of the 9th and 2 a.m. of the 10th ... Probably not a structure on
the island escaped being damaged more or less ... three lives were lost by
drowning' ... The report of the storm experiences at Sand Key, Fla., was
prepared by Mr. Eugene M. Barto, observer, and is as follows: `The record
showed that the anemometer cups blew away at 9:35 p.m. with a wind velocity
of 84 miles an hour. The wind vane was probably blown away shortly after
midnight. This was also the time of the lowest barograph record, which
was 28.35 ... The highest [wind] recorded was 94 miles an hour from the
northeast at 8:39 p.m.' ... The center of the storm passed directly over Dry
Tortugas, 65 miles west of Key West, with a reported barometer reading of
27.51 inches, while at Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West,
the lowest reading was 27.66 inches ... The steamship Winona went
ashore at 10 a.m., September 10, on a reef on the northeast portion of
the Tortugas group, near Pulaski Shoals ... the barometer [fell at midnight
on the 9th] to 27.45 inches ... A later report from the tank steamer,
Fred W. Weller, showed a barometer reading of 27.36 inches in the vicinity
of Dry Tortugas on September 9 ... These [close readings] within a very
limited area, make it safe to assume that they were substantially correct"
(MWR). "September 10, 1919, 929 mb Central Pressure, 24.6N, 82.9W Landfall
Point, 15 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind" (Ho et al.) "1008 mb environmental
pressure, 115 kt maximum 1 min surface wind" (Schwerdt et al.) "Tropical
Cyclones in Florida, September 9-10, Key West, Major, Marine casualties 300
plus" (Dunn and Miller). "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 for FL Keys/S TX with
927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL landfall) (Jarrell et al.)
September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 25.5N, 87W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.6N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 25.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of the HURDAT
estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 26.6N, 85.8W at 23 UTC
(COA). "[One the 11th], the tide reached a crest of 5.55 feet above low-water
mark, 2 feet higher than ever before recorded in the annals of the United
States Engineers. The tide did some little damage along that section of the
coast, but none of consequence" (MWR).
September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 89W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.7N, 88W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26.5N, 88W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 88W.
Available observations suggest that the center is just south of the MWR
Summary and Tracks estimates. Ship highlights: 944 mb (eye?) at
26.2N, 87.8W at 14 UTC (MWR); 948 mb at 27N, 89W at 22 UTC (MWR);
942 mb (eye?) at 27N, 88.5W at 23 UTC (MWR). "After the morning of the 10th,
at which time the storm center was apparently very near Dry Tortugas, Fla.,
its path could only be approximated. It happened, however, that a report
received by mail from the steamship Lake Deval nearly two weeks after the
storm located the center with a fair degree of definiteness on the morning
of the 12th [about 150 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the
Mississippi River]" (MWR).
September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 92.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 91.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26N, 91W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 91W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT estimate.
Station highlights: 36 kt SE and 1002 mb at Burrwood at 12 UTC (MWR).
Ship highlights: 931 mb (eye) at 26.5N, 90.5W at 05 UTC (MWR). "The tide
was 6 feet above normal on Lake Borgne and on Grand Isle, and 5 to 6 feet
above normal on Lake Ponchartrain, on the afternoon of the 13th ... By a
little after sunset the tide [at Port Aransas] had reached 5 feet above
mean sea level" (MWR).
September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 96.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane offshore Texas at
27N, 95.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920,
and 1921" shows a center near 27N, 95.5W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a
center near 27N, 96W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's
estimate is most accurate. Station highlights: 61 kt at 18 UTC and
970 mb at 21 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR). Ship highlights: 950 mb (eye?)
at 27N, 95W at 14 UTC (MWR). "On the morning of September 14 the storm
center was not far from the coast of Texas, between Corpus Christi and
Brownsville, and during the day in passed inland, with marked although
with steadily diminishing intensity ... The tide ... reached its highest point
of 8.8 feet [at Galveston] at 7 a.m. of the 14th. Two men lost their lives
in the storm in this immediate vicinity [Galveston] ... both men were
apparently overtaken by the rising tide and drowned. ... From reports
received the height of the tide accompanying the storm ranged in this
district from about 4 feet at Orange, Tex., to approximately 13 feet at
Port O'Connor, Tex. With this tide and the high wind accompanying it, some
damage resulted at many points, especially along the water front. At
Seabrook, Tex., there were a few buildings, mostly light structures,
destroyed ... At points to the south of Galveston, however, there was more
damage done ... At Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, Tex., there was
considerable damage to wharves, fish houses, and small boats. Similar
damage resulted at Port O'Connor, Tex. ... Stretching along the beach [of
Corpus Christi] for 23 blocks homes were crushed and hurled away or wrecked
by the tidal wave, which reached a depth of 15 feet in some places. Over
much of the beach section not an indication of former homes now remains,
except here and there a bathtub or part of a brick chimney ... In the
downtown [Corpus Christi] district utter demolition of some of the city's
most important industrial and public plants marked an area extending for
six blocks along the water front and more than a block in width, while beyond
that block, extending back toward the bluff section, every commercial
establishment's first floor was wrecked, and in some cases the entire
building rendered useless, over a corresponding area two blocks wide. The
tremendous property damage is becoming daily more apparent and prominent
business men and other trained observers predicted to-night [Sep. 18] that
$20,000,000 would be a conservative estimate of the monetary loss in
Corpus Christi. 284 bodies, almost entirely those of Corpus Christi victims,
have been found ... Details of conditions at Port Aransas and other parts of
the islands between Corpus Christi Bay and the Gulf were ascertained ...
The docks and buildings in Port Aransas have been wiped out with the
exception of a school building ... The large oil tanks there also were
destroyed. The five who lost their lives [at Port Aransas] were drowned
while attempting to leave the island in a lifeboat ... The Gulf storm caused
a 6-foot tide here [Anahuac, Mexico], but Anahuac is situated on a 25-foot
bank of Trinity Bay, hence no damage was done. The wind reached a velocity
of perhaps 30 miles. ... The storm was only the second September storm of
this character of any consequence that reached the south Texas coast during
the last 45 years, the other having occurred in 1910. The storm of 1919 was
by far the more violent of the two, and was probably the greatest of all
Gulf storms ... The full force of the storm was experienced between
Aransas Bay and the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the high tides resulted
in a toll of 183 dead and 174 missing" (MWR). "Sep. 14, Estimated Lowest
Pressure 27.36" [for Dry Tortugas on the 10th], Tide Info - Corpus Christi
16', Galveston 8.8', Aransas Pass 11.5', Brownsville 3.6', Port Isabel 8',
Sabine 8', Anahuac 10', La Porte 8.5', Carancahua 13', Ingleside 12',
Velasco 10', Port O'Connor 13' " (Connor). "Sep. 14, Landfall point of
27.2N, 97.3W, 950 mb Central Pressure, 35 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind"
(Ho et al.). "1007 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.) "Tropical
Cyclones in Texas, Sep. 14, Corpus Christi, Extreme, 300-600 killed,
damage $20,270,000" (Dunn and Miller). "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 in
FL Keys/S TX with 927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL, not TX)
(Jarrell et al.) "Landfall around 18 UTC on the 14th, 950 mb central
pressure, 35 nmi radius of maximum wind, 1010 mb ambient pressure,
assumed that central pressure filled from 931 mb to 950 mb the six hours
before landfall, after landfall analyzed 977 mb around 00 UTC on the 15th
(Jarvinen et al.)
September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 100.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 28N, 100.5W. HURDAT lists this
system as a tropical depression at 28.2N, 100.2W at 12 UTC. Available
observations suggest a center west of the HURDAT estimate. Station
highlights: 49 kt E at 14 UTC and 993 mb at 1140 UTC at Del Rio (OMR).
September 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low, though a weak center
is near 31.5N 106W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
Genesis for this tropical cyclone was delayed by 12 hours consistent with
the poorly organized circulation exhibited by numerous observations
on the 2nd at 12 UTC. Minor changes to the track were made on most days
in accordance with available observations. The exception was the 2nd where a
major shift to the east-northeast was introduced. Decay of the tropical
cyclone was delayed a day to account for a more intense system still in
existence on the 15th as well as a weak vortex apparent from observations on
the 16th. Intensity from the 2nd to the 6th reduced significantly based
upon available observations, which also agrees with Monthly Weather Review
analyses of a weak tropical cyclone during these dates. Hurricane intensity
is analyzed to have been attained on the 7th (two days later than originally
shown in HURDAT). A 998 mb peripheral pressure with 51 kt winds from Nassau
at 01 UTC on the 8th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT, as it appears that
Nassau was on the outskirts of a large hurricane. Winds are also retained
from 00 to 12 UTC on the 8th as the cyclone became a major hurricane.
A 938 mb peripheral pressure (not eye) at 21 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of
at least 120 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 125 kt chosen
for HURDAT (up from 110 kt originally). Three eye pressure measurements were
observed near Dry Tortugas, Florida early on the 10th: 927, 930 and 932 mb.
927 mb was selected by Jarrell et al. and is retained here for HURDAT, which
suggests 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Ho's estimate
of an RMW of 15 nmi is quite close to the 14 nmi for climatology for this
central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.). Thus 130 kt is chosen for
HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 10th, up from 115 kt originally. This retains
the Category 4 assessment for the Florida Keys. Because of the revised
definitions of the boundary between southwest and southeast Florida (BFL
and CFL, accordingly) and through an application of the simplified wind model
in Schwerdt et al., Category 2 conditions are estimated to have occurred
in the Upper Keys and thus southeast Florida (CFL2). As is typical,
anemometers at Key West and Sand Key were rendered inoperable before the
passage of peak winds and these only recorded at most Category 1 conditions.
Three low pressure readings were observed from ships on the 12th - 944 mb at
14 UTC, 948 mb at 21 UTC, and 942 mb at 22 UTC. It is likely that the
944 and 942 mb values were central pressure readings and these are included
as such into HURDAT. 944 mb and 942 mb suggest winds of 118 and 116 kt,
respectively, from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new
Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship gives winds of
111 and 113 kt, respectively. 110 kt is chosen for HURDAT late on the 12th
and early on the 13th based upon these observations. However, an eye reading
of 931 mb was measured by ship on 04 UTC of the next day on the 13th. This
value suggests winds of 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for
north of 25N suggests winds of 123 kt. 125 kt is chosen for
HURDAT, up from 115 kt originally at 06 UTC on the 13th.
The hurricane weakened significantly before landfall in Texas. A likely
central pressure reading of 950 mb on 15 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of
110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Both Ho et al.
and Jarvinen et al. accepted this value as a likely landfall pressure along
with an RMW of about 35 nmi. Climatological RMW for this latitude of landfall
and central pressure is substantially smaller - 18 nmi (Vickery et al.). This
would suggest that the maximum sustained winds were about 100 kt both
at 15 UTC at the ship report and at about 21 UTC at landfall in Texas.
The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N
filling cyclones also analyzes about 101 kt. 100 kt at landfall represents
a reduction in the analyzed Saffir-Simpson Category assigned to south Texas
from a 4 down to a 3 (ATX3). However, the wind speed in HURDAT at 18 UTC
on the 14th right before landfall is adjusted upward sharply from 75 to
100 kt in the reanalysis. Application of the Schwerdt et al. idealized
hurricane wind profile suggests that central Texas (BTX) should also be
considered a Category 3 impact (BTX3), which is reasonable given
the landfall position was very close to the boundary between south and
central Texas coast. Peak observed winds after landfall (within
plus/minus two hours of synoptic times) were 34 kt at San Antonio at 00 UTC
on the 15th, 44 kt at San Antonio at 06 UTC, and 49 kt at Del Rio at 12 UTC.
(These convert to 29, 37, and 41 kt, respectively, after accounting for the
high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind from
these peak 5 min values [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).
However, with the landfall between Corpus Christi and Brownsville and with
the anemometer at Corpus Christi becoming inoperable after 17 UTC, higher
winds were quite likely present at 00 and 06 UTC on the 15th. A run of the
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model suggests winds of 71, 49, and
35 kt, for the same synoptic periods. Given the low bias of the Kaplan
and DeMaria model for the 12 UTC time, winds after landfall are chosen to
be somewhat higher than the model: 75, 55 and 40 kt, respectively.
*****************************************************************************
1919/03 - 2008 REVISION:
22035 09/02/1919 M= 4 3 SNBR= 510 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22040 09/02*330 727 30 0*340 720 35 0*350 710 45 0*360 697 55 0
22041 09/03*370 684 65 0*380 672 75 0*390 660 85 0*400 650 85 0
22042 09/04*410 640 70 0*420 630 55 0*430 620 45 0*442 610 35 0
22043 09/05E455 600 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22110 HR
This is a new hurricane, previously documented in Tannehill (1938),
but not included in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and Tannehill (1938).
September 1: HWM depicts stationary front just offshore the U.S. Atlantic
seaboard near the Carolinas, past New England, and extending northeast
south of Nova Scotia. No closed low is shown. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a center on the morning of the 1st at 35.5N 73.5W. Available
observations indicate that the frontal structure is accurate, but that
no closed circulation was likely present on this date. No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.
September 2: HWM indicates a warm and cold frontal intersection near
40N 71W with the warm front extending eastward and the cold front
extending southward from the intersection, though with no closed low
indicated. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a center near 37.5N 72W
around 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the cold frontal
boundary to either be dissipating or non-existant. Additionally,
the center indicated in HWM appears to be too far to the north and
it was more likely to be centered near 35N 70W, though this is
uncertain due to lack of observations in the region. No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.
September 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered
near 41N 67W, with a warm front extending east of the center and a
cold front extending to the south. The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed
a position near 41N 69W with a 1013 mb pressure at 12 UTC. Available
observations suggest that the cold front did not exist and that
the cyclone's center was significantly southeast of the HWM and MWR
positions. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 977 mb at 17 UTC at 40N 64.5W
from the "City of Oran" (MWR); 50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 20 UTC at
39.7N 61.2W from "Zeppelin" (MWR). MWR QUOTES ???
Tannehill (1938) showed a tropical cyclone occurring from 1 to 4 September
1919, forming west of Bermuda, recurving before striking the United
States, and clipping Newfoundland before dissipation. No specific
daily positions were given with his track.
September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered
over Newfoundland near 48N 55W with a dissipating stationary
front extending to the southwest back toward south of Nova Scotia
and an occluded front extending to the southeast attached to a
trailing cold front extending southwest toward Bermuda. The MWR
Tracks of Lows analyzed a 12 UTC position at 44N 64.5W with 1000 mb
pressure. Available observations indicate that there were two
separate low pressure centers, one near the HWM's position and
one near the MWR's position. The tropical cyclone is the southwesternmost
system (MWR version), which is beginning to merge with the larger
extratropical low to its northeast. The cold front, especially
the portion south of 40N, does not appear to exist in reality. Station
highlights: 15 kt SE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 12 UTC (HWM).
Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 43N 59.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 5: HWM indicates a large extratropical low centered near
52N 43W having a central pressure of at most 995 mb with an occluded
front extending east and south of the cyclone.
Genesis for this cyclone is began around 00 UTC on the 2nd east of
the Carolinas with origins from an decaying stationary front. Based
upon two separate ship reports on the 3rd, the cyclone quickly spun
up during the 3rd (and presumably late on the 2nd as well). Both
wind and pressure from the "City of Oran" ship support this cyclone
reaching hurricane intensity on the 3rd and early on the 4th. The 977 mb
peripheral pressure reading at 17 UTC on the 3rd (concurrent with
estimated 70 kt of wind) suggest maximum winds of at least 76 kt
from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Given that the "City
of Oran"'s minimum pressure reading was observed during the peak
(hurricane force) winds, the central pressure was likely substantially
lower than 977 mb. Thus an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12
and 18 UTC on the 3rd, which may have been the peak for this cyclone.
A likely quick decay of the hurricane occurred as it moved north
of the Gulf Stream on the 4th. A lowest pressure of 1000 mb was
observed at 12 UTC on the 4th (suggesting at least 49 kt from
the northern pressure-wind relationship), but environmental pressures
were low and no gales were observed on this date. Intensity is estimated
to be 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th. Absorption of the cyclone into a larger,
developing extratropical storm occurred early on the 5th.
*****************************************************************************
1919/04 - 2008 REVISION:
22111 09/29/1919 M= 4 4 SNBR= 511 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
22112 09/29*275 755 30 0*280 760 30 0*285 765 35 0*290 770 35 0
22113 09/30*295 776 35 0*300 782 40 0*305 790 40 0*309 800 40 0
22114 10/01*312 811 40 0*314 823 35 0*315 835 30 0*315 847 25 0
22114 10/02*315 860 20 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22114 TS
Landfall:
10/01/1919 - 01 UTC - 31.2N 81.3W 40 kt GA
This is a new tropical storm, previously documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ but not included in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and the Original Monthly Records.
September 26: HWM indicates a baroclinic storm system off the Carolina
coast with a trough extending southwestward over the Florida peninsula.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 22.5N, 69.5W. However, available
observations suggest that no closed low yet exists. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 27: HWM indicates a vigorous cold front had pushed through the
region and a portion of it was located near Bermuda to the northern
Bahamas. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 24N, 71W. However,
available observations suggest that no closed low yet exists. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 28: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near
Bermuda toward the central Bahamas. Temperatures on the poleward side
of the front (away from the United States' coast) were moderating. The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 26N, 72W. However, available
observations are inconclusive as to whether a closed low exists by
this point. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 29: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near
Bermuda toward the central Florida coast. Temperatures had returned
to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of this
frontal boundary, though temperatures remained cool over the southeast
United States. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 27.5N, 74.5W.
The "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" indicates a
center at 29N, 74W. Available observations suggest a center did exist and
was near 28.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE (and 78F) at
32.8N, 75.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt N at 30.2N, 80W at 23 UTC (COA).
"Storm of September 29-October 1, 1919 - This was a tropical disturbance
which developed and moved nearly westward along the southern edge of a
belt of high pressure" (MWR).
September 30: HWM indicates a stationary front extended from north of
Bermuda to off the Georgia coast. Temperatures over the ocean had
returned to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of
this frontal boundary and it appears that the front was dissipating.
The MWR Tracks of Lows and the "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920,
and 1921" both show a center near 30.5N, 78.5W. Available observations
suggest that the center is slightly west of these estimates. Ship
highlights: 20 kt N (and 80F) and 1005 mb at 30.6N, 79.6W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but available observations
suggest a center near 31.5N, 83.5W with no frontal boundary present.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center a 31.5N, 83.5W. Station
highlights: 36 kt NE at 01 UTC and 1008 mb at 0040 UTC at Savannah (OMR).
"[It passed] inland south of Savannah, Ga., but lacked the energy of a
hurricane" (MWR).
October 2: HWM and available observations indicate that the system had
dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
This tropical storm had its origins along a frontal boundary from an early
vigorous polar air mass outbreak. The front became stationary by the
28th and the cool air moderated during the next two days in the presence
of ocean temperatures in the low 80s F. Despite the MWR Tracks of Lows
suggesting the formation of this system as early as the 26th, a definitive
closed low could not be analyzed until the 29th. This is in agreement with
the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" with genesis
of the system on that date. Because of the moderating of the cool air
on the poleward side of the front, the system is analyzed to form as
a tropical cyclone. A 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests
winds of at least 38 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship -
40 kt chosen for HURDAT. This was also the peak intensity of the tropical
storm. Based upon the Savannah observations, the system made landfall in
Georgia south of the station around 01 UTC with maximum 1 min surface winds
of around 40 kt. The system dissipated early on the 2nd near the border
of Georgia and Alabama. It is unclear why this system was included in
the three-year tropical cyclone MWR Summary article, yet was left out of
HURDAT and Neumann et al. Perhaps the system was originally considered
too baroclinic or perhaps of not enough intensity. However, analyses here
indicate that it had enough of both tropical characteristics and multiple
evidence of gale force winds to consider this system to be a tropical storm.
It is possible - for at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone -
that it was a subtropical storm. However, this classification is not
officially utilized until the advent of satellite imagery.
*****************************************************************************
1919/05 - 2008 REVISION:
22115 11/11/1919 M= 4 3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22115 11/10/1919 M= 6 5 SNBR= 512 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * ***
(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
22118 11/10E320 585 30 0E310 593 30 0E300 600 35 0E291 607 35 0
22120 11/11* 0 0 0 0*274 595 40 0*279 611 40 0*281 625 40 0
22120 11/11E283 613 40 0E276 619 45 0E270 625 50 0E266 631 55 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
22125 11/12*284 635 40 0*287 644 40 0*290 650 40 0*293 654 40 0
22125 11/12*263 638 60 0*261 644 60 0*260 650 60 0*263 656 60 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22130 11/13*295 656 40 0*297 657 40 0*300 658 40 0*305 660 40 0
22130 11/13*270 662 55 0*277 665 55 0*280 664 50 0*280 658 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22135 11/14*314 659 40 0*326 653 40 0*340 640 30 0*351 615 30 0
22135 11/14*278 648 45 0*276 634 45 0*275 620 40 0*283 607 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
22137 11/15*290 595 35 0*295 585 35 0E300 575 30 0E307 565 30 0
22140 TS
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
previously storm #3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather
Review_, and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.
November 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 62W
with a stationary front extending off to the east of the system. Available
observations however do not confirm that a low pressure had yet formed.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
November 10: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 30.5N, 56W
with a warm front extending to the northeast of the system. Available
observations suggest the center is southwest of HWM's estimate, however it
was difficult to know precisely because of sparse observations on
the south side. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. (A 1002 mb ship report is discarded because of it being
inconsistent with nearby ship reports.)
November 11: HWM indicates a trough of low pressure south and east of
Bermuda with a stationary front placed within the trough east of Bermuda.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.9N, 61.1W at 12 UTC.
Available observations are able to close off a center southwest of
the HURDAT position, although the system does appear to still exhibit
extratropical characteristics. Ship highlight: 45 kt ENE at 31.4N, 62.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W
with a warm front extending east of the center. However, it appears that
frontal boundary has minimal to no temperature contrast and that the
system may at this point be considered tropical (or hybrid) in nature.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29N, 65W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM position.
Ship highlights: 60 kt E and 1007 mb "near Bermuda" around 12 UTC (MWR);
25 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 24.5N, 69.5W at 05 UTC (COA).
November 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 25N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30N, 65.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a center near 28N, 66.5W. Station
highlights: 5 kt E and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at Bermuda (BER).
November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 26N, 62W
with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34N, 64W at 12 UTC. Available observations
suggest a center northwest of the HWM position, well south of the
HURDAT location. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. (A ship near Bermuda with 1003 mb was determined to be unreliable
in comparison on this day and later days with other nearby ships.)
November 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 57W
with a stationary front extending northeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the system. Available observations suggest a position just
south of HWM. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. (A ship east of Bermuda with 1004 mb was determined to be
unreliable in comparison to other nearby ships on this and other days.)
Genesis is begun one day earlier than HURDAT as an extratropical frontal
cyclone. The system was likely still extratropical on the 11th based
upon available observations and this is now noted in HURDAT. A peripheral
pressure of 1003 mb early on the 12th suggest winds of at least 43 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT, based
partially on this reading and also upon an observed 60 kt ship report.
60 kt is the new peak intensity of this system, up from 40 kt previously.
The track of the system is changed dramatically throughout its lifetime,
though there are enough observations to substantiate such changes. In
particular, the cyclone's track is changed from recurving just west
of Bermuda on the 14th to moving south of Bermuda on the 14th ahead
of a strong cold front. These changes now match the thrice daily
observations from the Bermuda station. An additional day at the end of
the system's lifetime is added in along with a short transition to
an extratropical system as the storm was being absorbed by a frontal
boundary. If this system were to occur today, it might be considered
a subtropical storm rather than a tropical storm based upon the observed
structure.
*****************************************************************************
1919 - Additional Notes:
1) Historical Weather Maps indicate a low pressure area formed on the
1st of June in the Caribbean just off the coast of Belize, then moved
across the Yucatan Peninsula and into the extreme southern region of the
Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd, before dissipating on the 3rd. The storm may
have reached tropical depression status (or even tropical storm
intensity), but not enough data was available in HWM and COADS to
determine if a closed circulation was present. Highest winds observed
were only 20 kt on the 1st, but a low pressure of 1004 mb was observed at
Belize on the 1st indicating maximum wind speeds of at least 39 kt
through the southern pressure-wind relationship. However, the low
environmental pressure at the time would suggest a lower wind than
the 39 kt. Due to a lack of confirmation of a closed low and a secondary
observation suggesting gale force, this storm is not added to HURDAT but
listed here as a possible tropical depression.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun. 1 17N 87W Tropical Depression
Jun. 2 19N 93W Tropical Depression
2) Historical Weather Maps indicate an extra-tropical low forming on
June 13, off of a stationary front northwest of Bermuda. On the 14th
the storm transitioned to tropical as the circulation became closed. The
system propagated to the southwest where it hovered just west of Bermuda
for the next several days. The depression expanded during its existence
and became extra-tropical again on the 18th. HWM and COADS indicate that
peak winds reached 25 kt and minimum pressure was 1010-1012 mb on the
15th. Data indicates that although a tropical depression status was
probable, the system was not observed to reach tropical storm intensity
and will thus not be added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun. 13 35N 66W Extratropical
Jun. 14 33N 69W Extratropical
Jun. 15 32N 72W Tropical Depression
Jun. 16 32N 71W Tropical Depression
Jun. 17 33N 70W Tropical Depression
Jun. 18 35N 70W Extratropical
3) The Monthly Weather Review indicated that a "tropical disturbance" passed
through the Windward Islands on the 8th of August, with a 4 mb pressure
drop at St. Lucia in 12 hours and a moderate sea swell from the south
felt late in the day at Roseau, Dominica. The Historical Weather Map on
the 8th showed between 1.5 and 2.0" of rain at St. Lucia, Dominica and
Barbados with lowest pressure of 1008.5 mb at St. Lucia and strongest
winds of 20 kt, but no closed circulation present. Mr. Michael Chenoweth
also provided the following from the _Barbados Agricultural Reporter_,
9 August 1919 "Heavy weather was experienced here Thursday night [7th];
two ships ran aground. Weather reports from region on 8 August -
Antigua 730am 30.00 930am 30.01 ene, occasional rain
St. Kitts 9am 29.94 gusty ene
Guadeloupe 10am 29.95 north, cloudy, rainy, sea white-capped
Dominica 730am 29.87 east, gusty, heavy rain all night
St. Lucia 7am 29.78 south, Thunderstorm and heavy rain
St. Vincent 730am 29.96 south, sea rough, raining
Grenada 730am 29.93 heavy rain, high tides, calm"
The Monthly Weather Review further described advisories issued by the
U.S. Weather Bureau for the disturbance through the 11th as it moved
toward the west. The data on the 8th is somewhat suggestive that a closed
low near 13N 61W may have been present and that the system was a tropical
depression or tropical storm. Other that that date, analyses of HWM, MWR and
COADS data, no closed low for this system could be found, nor were there any
observations of gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure). (The
press report of two ships running aground in Barbados, however, might
be construed as evidence for tropical storm conditions.) Because of
this lack of a clear cut closed low and no definitive gale force winds, this
system is not added into HURDAT. It is possible though that the
system did have a closed circulation and was briefly of tropical
storm intensity.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 8 13N 61W Tropical Depression/Storm?
Aug. 9 --N 67W Tropical Wave
Aug. 10 --N 73W Tropical Wave
4) The Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary front draped across
the southeastern US and over the Atlantic toward Bermuda on the 12th
of August. On the 13th, a cyclone was centered near 36N 76W over
the North Carolina coast with a warm front extending southeast from
the center and a cold front extending south from the center. The system
deepened to about 1004 mb according to the MWR Tracks of Centers of
Low Areas around 00 UTC on the 14th with the center just offshore,
near 38N 73W. On the 14th, HWM depicts the system as beginning to
occlude near Nova Scotia. The cyclone continued to move east-north
east in the next two days as it decayed over the Atlantic. Peak
observed winds from this cyclone over land were 53 kt at Cape Henry
and 49 kt at Block Island on the 13th and 14th, respectively. Several
ships also reported gale to storm force winds on these two dates as
well. However, the cyclone appears to correctly be analyzed as
extratropical for the duration of its lifecycle. There is the possibility
that the system was subtropical on the 13th, which is why it is
included here.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 13 36N 76W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 14 40N 70W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 15 42N 66W Extratropical Low - Occluded
Aug. 16 45N 57W Extratropical Low - Occluded
5) According to Historical Weather Maps a tropical depression formed off
of western Africa on August 25th (and possibly earlier). The system moved
to the west for a period of about two days before being lost in a data void
region. The depression reached its peak intensity on the 25th when observed
winds reached 20 kt. Minimum pressure observed was 1007 mb, which suggests
at least 31 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. No data was
available to indicate gale force winds at any point though the ship data
was quite sparse from HWM and COADS, thus the system will not be added into
HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 25 17N 27W Tropical Depression
Aug. 26 17N 32W Tropical Depression
6) A tropical depression formed on September 9th in the region of 27N
and 60W, according to Historical Weather Maps. The depression strengthened
as it moved to the northwest on the 10th before curving back to the northeast.
The system reached its point of maximum intensity on the 11th when NW winds of
30 kt and minimum pressures of 1008 mb were observed at Bermuda (and a 24 hr
pressure drop of about 4 mb). The cyclone became extratropical on the 12th.
No data were available to support classification of a tropical storm from
MWR, HWM, or COADS. The system will be listed here as a strong tropical
depression but will not be added into HURDAT due to a lack of observed
gale force winds. However, it is quite possible that this cyclone did
become a tropical storm at some point in its lifetime.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 9 27N 60W Tropical Depression
Sep. 10 27N 65W Tropical Depression
Sep. 11 32N 63W Tropical Depression
Sep. 12 37N 57W Extratropical
7) On the 13th of September, a trough west of the Azores pushed southward
and possibly formed a closed low according to Historical Weather Maps. On
the 14th, a closed low existed near 36N and 23W with one observed gale force
wind. The system was analyzed in HWM on the 14th to the 16th as being an
occluding extratropical storm, though the temperature gradients present were
quite weak with absolute temperatures in the low to mid 70F. No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were then observed from the 15th to the 18th,
as the system remained just southeast of the Azores. On the 19th a single
ship reported multiple gale force winds (up to 45 kt) and low pressures
(down to 1007 mb). However, comparison with other ships indicates a high
bias in winds and low bias in pressure, making these readings suspect. On
the 20th the system was absorbed by a frontal boundary is it approached the
coast of Spain. The system is not included into HURDAT because of the lack
of two independent reliable gale force wind observations and also because
of uncertainty in the structure of the system (extratropical versus tropical
cyclone).
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 14 36N 23W Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 15 35N 23W Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 16 34N 23W Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 17 32N 22W Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 18 34N 20W Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 19 36N 15W Extratropical Storm (?)
8) Historical Weather Maps show that on the 13th and 14th of November
a strong cold front pushed through Florida. A strong high to the
northeast of Florida continued to advect cold air across the state
and adjacent waters on the 15th and 16th. On the 17th, a weak low
was analyzed over the central Bahamas. On the 18th, a low deeper
than 1000 mb was depicted east of Jacksonville not attached to
any frontal features. By the 19th, the cyclone - centered halfway
between the Carolinas and Bermuda - was beginning to be absorbed by a larger
extratropical low and it was analyzed to have a cold to the south
extending from the center. The system did produce numerous gale
force winds over water on the 18th and 19th. However, contratry to
the HWM depiction, the system appears to have been baroclinic throughout
its lifetime. It is possible, but not likely, that it was subtropical
on the 17th and 18th.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 17 23N 78W Extratropical Low
Nov. 18 29N 77W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 19 33N 71W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 20 ---------- Absorbed by larger extratropical storm
********************************************************************************
1920/01 - 2008 REVISION:
22145 09/07/1920 M=10 1 SNBR= 513 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22150 09/07*111 361 35 0*115 378 35 0*120 390 35 0*127 401 35 0
22150 09/07*111 366 35 0*115 378 35 0*120 390 35 0*127 401 35 0
***
22155 09/08*134 411 35 0*141 421 40 0*148 430 40 0*155 439 45 0
22155 09/08*134 411 35 0*141 421 40 0*148 430 40 0*154 440 45 0
*** ***
22160 09/09*163 447 50 0*170 456 55 0*178 464 60 0*187 472 65 0
22160 09/09*161 450 50 0*168 460 55 0*175 470 60 0*183 480 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22165 09/10*196 480 70 0*206 488 75 0*215 494 75 0*223 499 80 0
22165 09/10*192 490 70 0*201 500 75 0*210 508 75 0*219 515 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22170 09/11*230 503 80 0*237 507 85 0*246 510 85 0*256 514 85 0
22170 09/11*228 518 80 0*237 519 85 0*246 520 85 0*256 521 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22175 09/12*267 517 90 0*278 520 95 0*290 522 95 0*302 520 95 0
22175 09/12*267 522 90 0*278 523 95 0*290 522 95 0*302 519 95 0
*** *** ***
22180 09/13*314 517 95 0*326 511 95 0*338 503 95 0*350 494 90 0
22180 09/13*313 514 90 0*324 508 90 0*335 500 85 0*346 491 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22185 09/14*363 482 90 0E376 467 90 0E388 450 85 0E398 430 80 0
22185 09/14*358 481 80 0*369 470 80 0*380 455 75 0*390 435 70 0
*** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
22190 09/15E405 406 70 0E410 379 65 0E414 350 55 0E418 319 50 0
22190 09/15E399 410 60 0E407 382 50 0E414 350 45 0E418 319 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
22195 09/16E420 285 45 0E421 249 40 0E420 210 35 0E419 172 35 0
22195 09/16E420 285 35 0E421 249 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
22200 HR
Minor track changes and mostly downward minor alterations of intensity
originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS
ship database, ship observations from the SS Hammershus provided by NCDC,
Monthly Weather Review, and the Historical Weather Map series.
September 7: HURDAT lists this as a minimal tropical storm near 12N, 39W.
HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Very sparse data were in
the area of the cyclone, therefore no changes were made to either the position
or the intensity. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 8: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Still
little to no data to support any changes, so current position of 14.8N, 43W
and intensity of 40 kt based on HURDAT remains unchanged. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 9: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT
listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 46.4W. Slight
southwestward adjustment of position to 17.5N, 47W is based on rather
dramatic changes made on the next day. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 10: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT
position is 21.5N, 49.4W and 75 kt intensity. Wind direction observations
indicate that the storm passed very slightly to the east of the ship. Rather
large westward shift in track to 21N, 50.8W based on the cyclone's close
approach to the ship. Ship highlight: 70 kt NNE and 985 mb from the
ship Hammershus at 20.2N, 50.7W at 10 UTC (NCDC).
September 11: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT
indicates a Category 2 hurricane located near 24.6N, 51.0W. Position
has been shifted slightly to the west to account for the changes made
the day before. New position is 24.6N, 52W, although there is little data
in the immediate vicinity of the storm on this date. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 12: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a cold front approaching the hurricane from the northwest. HURDAT
listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.0N, 52.2W. No changes are
made to the position as there is still very little data to utilize. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 13: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a stationary front analyzed just north of the hurricane. HURDAT
lists the system at 33.8N, 50.3W as a Category 2 hurricane. Position is
shifted slightly southeast to 33.5N, 50W based on ship data to the northeast
and west of the storm. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 14: HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low and
a stationary front is depicted the region lying west to east-northeast.
HURDAT listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 38.8N, 45W and is
adjusted lightly southwest to 38N, 45.5W based on COADS and HWM data.
HURDAT shows that the storm has become extratropical as of 06Z, but COADS
data suggest that it is still tropical and not yet baroclinic based on
the stationary front being 2-3 degrees north of the system. Winds to the
north of the system are not cyclonic, so the cyclone is appears to have
a small wind field. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE-NNW and 999 mb at 36.3N, 45.1W
at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 37.7N, 45W (COA). "On the [14th]
heavy weather was also encountered in southern waters" (MWR).
September 15: Cyclone is analyzed in HWM to be an extratropical cyclone
of at most 1020 mb at 41.5N, 35.5W with a warm front extending to the east
and a cold front extending to the southwest. HURDAT listed the system as an
extratropical storm at 41.4N, 35W. The position will remain unchanged. No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 16: HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1015 mb at
42N, 22W with a warm front extending southeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the low. HURDAT listed the system as an extratropical storm
at 42N, 21W. However, available observations indicated that the system
had dissipated by 12 UTC, since no closed circulation was present despite
numerous observations. Numerous gale force winds were present in the
northwesterly flow behind the front.
No changes to the genesis of this hurricane, except to adjust the initial
position for allow for a more realistic translational speed. Minor
track changes based upon available observations were also made for most
of the system's lifetime. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb on the 10th
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship
- 75 kt retained in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC. Peak intensity of 95 kt
is retained, though there are only sparse observations available
around the 12th. Intensity is reduced moderately on the 13th through
the 16th, as system weakened quicker than originally shown in HURDAT.
Transition to extratropical is determined to have occurred early on the 15th,
rather than on the 14th as the front did not overtake the hurricane until
that point in time. System dissipated by 12 UTC on the 16th, twelve hours
early than HURDAT indicated, as the circulation was absorbed within a strong
frontal boundary.
********************************************************************************
1920/02 - 2008 REVISION:
22205 09/16/1920 M= 8 2 SNBR= 514 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
22210 09/16* 0 0 0 0*122 765 35 0*124 770 35 0*125 780 35 0
22210 09/16* 0 0 0 0*117 765 30 0*120 775 30 0*124 786 30 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22215 09/17*127 790 35 0*130 800 35 0*133 808 35 0*137 816 35 0
22215 09/17*129 797 30 0*133 807 30 0*137 815 30 0*141 823 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22220 09/18*141 823 35 0*146 830 35 0*152 837 35 0*159 844 35 0
22220 09/18*145 831 30 0*149 838 30 0*152 845 30 0*155 852 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22225 09/19*166 851 35 0*173 857 35 0*180 863 40 0*187 868 40 0
22225 09/19*159 859 35 0*164 865 35 0*170 870 40 0*178 873 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22230 09/20*195 873 45 0*203 877 45 0*212 882 50 0*223 887 50 0
22230 09/20*188 876 45 0*200 879 40 0*212 882 35 0*224 885 45 0
*** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
22235 09/21*235 891 55 0*249 895 60 0*264 900 65 0*279 905 75 0
22235 09/21*236 888 55 999*248 891 65 0*260 895 70 0*274 901 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
22240 09/22*294 910 90 982*309 917 65 987*322 926 45 0*340 932 35 0
22240 09/22*289 907 85 975*305 916 60 986*322 926 40 0*340 934 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
22245 09/23*355 938 30 0*382 948 25 0*410 950 20 0* 0 0 0 0
22245 09/23*360 941 30 0*382 948 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** *** *** **
22250 HR LA2
Landfall:
9/22 01 UTC 29.1N 90.8W 85 kt 975 mb LA2
Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al.
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992),
September 15: No evidence of a closed low on HWM, though available
observations suggest a trough was located in the central Caribbean.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 16: HWM indicated a closed sub-1005 mb low centered near
11.5N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12.4N, 77W
at 12 UTC. Position is adjusted to the southwest to near 12N, 77.5W. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 17: HWM continues to indicate a sub-1005 mb closed low centered
near 14N, 81.5W. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 80.8W
at 12 UTC. The position is adjusted to the northwest from 13.7N, 81.5W
based on available HWM and COADS observations. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Storm of September 17-22, 1920 -
This storm developed in the vicinity of the Swan Islands" (MWR).
September 18: HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.5N, 86W in
the Gulf of Honduras. HURDAT this the system as a tropical storm at
15.2N, 83.7W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua. The MWR
"Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at
14.5N, 83.5W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua. The
position is shifted west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "The tropical storms ... appeared
in the Caribbean Sea September 18" (MWR).
September 19: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 18N, 86.3W. The MWR "Summary
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 17.5N, 86W.
HURDAT. Available observations suggest a center southwest of the HURDAT
estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"[The storm] moved north-northwestward with increasing intensity, but
retaining its small diameter" (MWR).
September 20: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
over the Yucatan of Mexico near 21N, 89.5W. HURDAT shows it a tropical
storm located at 21.2N, 88.2W overland near the northern coast of the
Yucatan peninsula. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position
near 20.5N, 88.5W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and
1921" shows the storm at 20N, 88W. No changes are made to the HURDAT
position. Ship highlight: 30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 22.7N, 87W at 22 UTC
(COA). "...crossed the Gulf of Mexico during the 19th and 20th" (MWR).
September 21: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 995 mb.
HURDAT shows a Category 1 hurricane located at 26.4N, 90W. The MWR "Tracks
of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 26N, 90W. The MWR "Summary of
the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 24.5N, 89.5W.
Available observations indicate a position south and east of the HURDAT
estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt N and 1002 mb at 23.5N, 89.9W at 02 UTC
(NCDC); 999 mb and calm (eye) at 23.7N, 88.8W at 03 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt
E-SSW and 991 mb at 25.8N, 88.8W at 13 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ESE and 986 mb
at 28.3N, 89.2W at 23 UTC (NCDC).
September 22: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
inland over Louisiana. HURDAT has the system inland as well at 12Z at
32.2N, 92.6W as a tropical storm. The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows"
shows a position near 32N, 92.5W. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of
1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 31.5N, 91.5W. No changes are made
to HURDAT's position. Ship highlight: 70 kt at 29.2N, 90W at 0145 UTC
(NCDC). Station highlights: 40 kt SE and 1005 mb at New Orleans at 02 UTC
(OMR); 982 mb at Houma at 0315 UTC (MWR); 986 mb (eye?) at Bayou Goala
at 0530 UTC (MWR). Landfall point at 29.2N, 90.6W, RMW of 28 nmi, 982 mb at
Houma accepted as central pressure after landfall, 980 mb central pressure
estimated at landfall (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum 1 min surface winds at
the coast of 80 kt (Schwerdt et al.). Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound had
tides of 5-6 ft while Biloxi reported tides of 5.4 ft. Outer closed isobar
- 1011 mb. Estimated minimum central pressure (and in this case at landfall)
- 975 mb (Connor). Hurricane listed as 975 mb and Category 2 impact in
Louisiana (Jarrell et al.) One person was killed and damage is estimated
at $1.45 million (Dunn and Miller). "The lowest pressure, 28.99, was
reported from Houma, La., about 30 miles inland from the nearest coast line
at 10:15 p.m. on September 21st; the next lowest was 29.09 at 11:20 pm.m at
Morgan City, La., 10 miles to the north and 30 miles to the west of Houma.
The next lowest was 29.13 at Bayou Goula, La., at 12:30 a.m. of the 22nd,
80 miles from the coast. The topographical and physical features of the
country for 50 miles from the coast are such that the hurricane, while
traversing the area, retained the characteristics which it had in the open
Gulf, and the wind and pressure conditions at Grand Isle, Morgan City, and
Houma, represent the full intensity of the storm...Moderate gales occurred
at New Orleans and Burrwood, the only regular Weather Bureau stations with
self-recording instruments directly in the hurricane proper...Hurricane
winds occurred in Jefferson, Lafourche, Terrebonne, and St. Charles Parishes
and destructive gales occurred in St. John, Ascension, and Iberville
Parishes...At Morgan City the wind changed from northeast to northwest at
10:30 p.m., then calmed down shortly afterwards came up light from the
southwest. The lowest barometer occurred at 11:30 p.m., during the period
in the lull in the wind. This indicates that the center of the storm passed
nearly over Morgan City, and that the exact center of the storm passed to
the right of that place. No severe winds occurred at Morgan City, but a
few miles to the right of that place the wind was of hurricane force...
The storm moved inland over the central and east Louisiana and the Mississippi
coasts. The center of the cyclonic area advanced northward in Louisiana
along a line running close to longitude 91 degrees, and the calm area of
the center passed partly over Morgan City, La., and then northward over the
interior into Iberville Parish near Bayou Goula...[The] two hours' time
intervened between the time of the lowest barometer at Houma and its
occurrence at Burnside and Bayou Goula, which shows the storm advanced with
a speed of 25 miles an hour, an unusually rapid movement for a tropical
cyclone in this region...Damage was confined mainly to railroad, telegraph,
and telephone systems, the losses sustained by these interested being
estimated at $750,000...Damage to rice and sugar cane was confined mainly
to Terrebonne, Lafourche, Palquemine, and Jefferson Parishes. The total
damage to crops is estimated at about $700,000. Only one death was reported
and that as a result of an electric wire which had been broken down by the
wind at New Orleans...This storm came in at low tide [so] the damage along
the coast was not so great as it would have been if the storm had moved
inland in the forenoon" (MWR).
September 23: HWM shows the system having dissipated by 12 UTC. The MWR
"Tracks of the Centers of Lows" had the system at 12Z near 41N, 95.7W.
HURDAT listed the as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 41N, 95W. Based
upon available observations, the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed this day.
No changes are made to the genesis of this system, except to delay its
intensification to a tropical storm until the 19th when it reached the
Gulf of Honduras. The original HURDAT unrealistically showed no weakening
at all of the system during its transit over the Yucatan of Mexico. Here
we bring it down to a minimal tropical storm on the 20th, before
re-emerging over the Gulf of Mexico. A 999 mb central pressure value
at 03 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt at 00 UTC and 60 kt at 06 UTC retained
due to 60 kt observed winds at 02 UTC. A 986 mb peripheral pressure
measurement at 23 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of at least 68 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Ho et al.'s suggestion of
a 980 mb central pressure at landfall in Louisiana was based upon assuming
that the value of 982 mb at Houma was a central pressure, which it was
not based upon the analysis shown in Monthly Weather Review (see Fig. 1
on page 521). Instead the Connor (and Jarrell et al.) central pressure
reading of 975 mb appears to be more reasonable, given the close passage
(but not eye passage) of this hurricane to Houma. The 982 mb central
pressure value shown in HURDAT is thus replaced with 975 mb for the 00 UTC
22nd synoptic time. Landfall location is estimated to have occurred near
29.1N, 90.8W around 01 UTC on the 22nd, which is close to where the original
HURDAT had it making landfall though a couple hours later in time.
975 mb at landfall suggests winds of 83 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship suggests winds of 79 kt and 82 kt for intensifying cyclones
(which this was based upon deepening from 999 mb 24 hours before). Given
the near climatological value of RMW (28 nmi observed versus 23 nmi
climatology - Vickery et al.) and a fast translational speed (18 kt), a slight
increase in estimated maximum sustained winds is analyzed at landfall: 85 kt.
This value is a small downward adjustment (from 90 kt) from that originally
in HURDAT, though it still retains this system as a Category 2 hurricane for
Louisiana. Highest
observed station winds at landfall were only 40 kt at New Orleans, due to
the distance of the hurricane's landfall to the Weather Bureau stations.
Peak observed winds after landfall were less than gale force. Bayou
Goula had a minimum pressure reading that was likely a central
pressure measurement with 986 mb at 0530 UTC. This would suggest winds
of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen
for HURDAT due to inland location and exposure (down from 65 kt originally).
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 58 kt at 06 UTC
on the 22nd, 42 kt at 12 UTC, and 30 kt at 18 UTC. Winds for HURDAT are
chosen at 60 kt, 40 kt and 30 kt, respectively, which is down slightly from
that originally in HURDAT. Dissipation of the system is moved ahead by
six hours, with a last position as a tropical depression at 06 UTC on the
23rd based upon numerous land-based stations.
********************************************************************************
1920/03 - 2008 REVISION:
22255 09/20/1920 M= 4 3 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
22255 09/19/1920 M= 6 3 SNBR= 515 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
** * *** *
(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
22257 09/19* 0 0 0 0*304 768 25 0*305 765 30 0*306 762 30 0
22260 09/20* 0 0 0 0*298 735 50 0*302 738 50 0*304 740 50 0
22260 09/20*307 759 30 0*308 757 30 0*307 755 35 0*305 754 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22265 09/21*307 743 50 0*311 748 50 0*313 750 55 0*315 752 55 0
22265 09/21*300 753 35 0*296 754 40 0*295 755 45 0*296 757 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22270 09/22*317 754 60 0*321 759 65 0*325 764 65 0*330 770 70 0
22270 09/22*299 759 55 0*304 761 60 0*310 764 70 0*318 769 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22275 09/23*337 778 65 0*344 788 55 0*352 798 30 0*358 808 25 0
22275 09/23*327 775 65 0*337 782 55 0*348 790 35 0*359 799 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
22277 09/24*370 810 25 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22280 HR NC1
22280 HR
***
Landfall:
9/23 07 UTC 33.9N 78.3W 55kt NC
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
September 19: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. Tail
end of a weakening stationary frontal boundary is located near 27N, 77W.
HURDAT does not initiate the system until 06Z on the 20th. Center appears
to be located near 30.5N, 76.5W. No gale force winds were reported on this
date.
September 20: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than
1010 mb located near 29N, 76W, at the tail end of the stationary front.
Temperature differences on either side of the front are minimal, so the front
had likely dissipated by this point. MWR summary map has the low at
30.5N, 74.5W. HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 30.2N, 73.8W. Wind
field is somewhat asymmetric (oriented southwest-northeast) so it may be
a hybrid system. A center is analyzed to be near 30.7N, 75.5W. No gales
were reported on this date. "Storm of September 20-23, 1920 - This storm...
developed off the South Atlantic coast in an area of low barometer which
had stagnated there" (MWR).
September 21: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. A
stationary front is still analyzed to be near 30N, 75W and extending off to
the east-northeast, although near the system's center the temperature
gradient appears to be quite weak. MWR summary map has the low at 31.5N, 76W.
HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 31.3N, 75.0W. Storm still appears
to be hybrid as the wind field remains asymmetric. Ship highlight: 35 kt
NE and 1018 mb at 32.3N, 77.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1017 mb at
33.3N, 76.6W at 23 UTC (COA); 25 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 30.9N, 74.5W at
12 UTC (COA). Available observations suggest a revised position of
29.5N, 75.5W.
September 22: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low and
the front is now analyzed as dissipating near 30N, 75W and extending
eastward. MWR summary map shows the storm near 33N, 77W. HURDAT has
a Category 1 hurricane at 32.5N, 76.4W. Wind field appears to have become
symmetric, though quite small in areal extent. Available observations
indicate a center at 31N, 76.4W. Ship highlight: 70 kt N at unknown time/
position (MWR). "The S. S. Louisiana encountered this storm off the
Carolina coast on the 22d and estimated the velocity of the wind at
90 miles per hour and from the north" (MWR).
September 23: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than
1015 mb located inland over South Carolina near 34N, 80W. MWR summary map
has the storm positioned near 34.5N, 79W. HURDAT has the system as a tropical
depression at 35.2N, 79.8W. Interpolating the HURDAT positions suggests a
landfall around 03Z just north of the NC/SC border. MWR summary map has
a similar landfall position. Ship highlight: 63 kt at 33.7N, 77.8W around
06 UTC (MWR). No land-based gales or low pressures were observed. (Peak
station observations were 28 kt NE at Wilmington at 22 UTC on the 22nd.) A new
center position is estimated to be at 12Z is 34.8N, 80.2W, southeastward of
the original HURDAT. North Carolina - Minimal, Damage Slight (Dunn and
Miller). North Carolina Category 1 hurricane with no estimated central
pressure (Jarvinen et al. 1992). "The second disturbance of a tropical
nature passed inland over North Carolina during the night of the 22d; it
was of small diameter but of moderate intensity ... It is reported to have
caused a gale of 72 miles per hour at the mouth of the Cape Fear River
during the night of the 22d, carrying the light ship several miles
west of its position where anchored ... This disturbance, of considerable
intensity but apparently of very small diameter, passed inland near and
west of the mouth of the Cape Fear River during the night of the 22d...
No low barometer readings were recorded at Weather Bureau stations in
the vicinity because of the extremely small diameter of the storm" (MWR).
September 24: System has dissipated by 12 UTC according to all available
observations and analyses.
Genesis for this system is begun on the 19th, a day earlier than originally
shown in HURDAT based upon numerous ship and coastal observations showing
a closed low. Intensity is started as a tropical depression and maintained
until 06 UTC on the 20th. Intensity reduced moderately from the 20th to
early on the 22nd based upon numerous ship measurements near the center.
The system did attain hurricane force intensity briefly based upon marine
observations on the 22nd from the ship S. S. Louisiana. The cyclone
may have reached its peak intensity - estimated to be 75 kt - late on
the 22nd, based upon this ship's observations. The 63 kt anemometer
measurement from the lightship off of Cape Fear adjusts to 52 kt 1 min
wind after converting from 5 min to 1 min and also correcting
for the high bias of the instrument - Fergusson and Covert 1924, Powell
et al. 1996. It is of note that Ho et al. (1987) do not include this
system as a U.S. hurricane, implying (by their criterion) a central pressure
higher than 982 mb. This small system is analyzed to have weakened to below
hurricane force at landfall based upon very low winds, high pressures and
extremely minor impacts in Wilmington (which should have been close to the
radius of maximum winds on the right front quadrant of the system) and
elsewhere in North Carolina. A reduced intensity of the system is consistent
with the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Lows, which did not even provide
a track for this system, and the Historical Weather Map series, which
did not analyze a closed low on the 21st and 22nd. The impact of this
system was so slight that it did not warrant inclusion in the comprehensive
North Carolina hurricane history by Barnes. Landfall intensity is thus
estimated to be 55 kt around 07 UTC on the 23rd near 33.9N, 78.3W. The system
is analyzed to have existed until early on the 24th as a tropical depression,
six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1920/04 - 2008 REVISION:
22281 09/23/1920 M= 5 4 SNBR= 516 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22282 09/23* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*325 570 30 0*328 569 30 0
22282 09/24*331 568 35 0*334 567 35 0*335 565 40 0*335 563 40 0
22282 09/25*335 561 40 0*335 558 40 0*335 555 40 0*333 552 40 0
22282 09/26*330 549 40 0*327 545 40 0*325 540 40 0*325 532 40 0
22282 09/27*326 522 35 0*328 511 35 0*330 500 30 0E334 488 25 0
22283 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.
September 22: HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low.
Stationary frontal boundary is located in the North Central Atlantic along
33N. System is baroclinic in nature since the front still exists, and
is not added to HURDAT for this date. No gales were reported.
September 23: HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than
1010 mb on the tail end of the stationary frontal boundary. The low
is estimated by HWM to be near 32.5N, 57W. The frontal boundary is beginning
to dissipate so the system is transitioning to (or is) a tropical cyclone.
No gales reported on this date.
September 24: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than
1010 mb located near 33N, 54W. The stationary front appears to have
dissipated in the vicinity of the low, so the system is now considered
fully tropical. Based upon available ship observations, the center appears
to be a little farther west, near 33.5N, 56.5W. Ship highlight: 35 kts E
and 1016 mb at 37.1N, 55.8W 12 UTC (COA).
September 25: HWM isobaric analysis shows an elongated closed low of no
more than 1010 mb near 32N, 55W. Another cold front around 40N is approaching
the system from the north. Based upon available ship observations, the
center appears to be north-northwest of the HWM estimate. Ship highlights:
35 kts SW at four separate times near 33N, 54W (COA).
September 26: HWM isobaric analysis continues to indicate a closed low of
no more than 1010 mb near 35N, 52.5W. The cold front continues to approach
the storm and is now along 39N. Based upon available ship observations,
the center position estimate is southwest near 32.5N, 54W. Ship highlights:
35 kt WSW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 04 UTC
(COA).
September 27: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a more elongated closed low
near 34N, 46W with no more than a 1010 mb pressure. The cold front is
analyzed to be along 39N at the longitude of the storm, but given
the temperature readings it seems to actually be farther south, near 37N.
HWM estimate appears to be too far east so the center position estimate
is 33N, 50W. There were no gales reported on this day, although the data
was more sparse on this day than on others.
September 28: Low is no longer discernible on HWM by either isobaric
analysis or wind observations. Cold front is now located near 30N, so the
storm has been likely absorbed by it.
This is a new tropical storm that is being added to HURDAT. The system
began as a weak low along a decaying stationary frontal boundary in the North
Atlantic Ocean. By late on the 23rd or early on the 24th, the front
dissipated in the vicinity of the system and the low is analyzed to have
become a tropical depression by 12 UTC on the 23rd and a tropical storm
by 00 UTC on the 24th. Observations suggest that it peaked at only a
minimal tropical storm status with estimated 40 kt winds from late on
the 24th until late on the 26th. The system weakened to a tropical depression
on 27th and was absorbed by an approaching cold front by 18 UTC.
********************************************************************************
1920/05 - 2008 REVISION:
22285 09/25/1920 M= 6 4 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
22285 09/25/1920 M= 6 5 SNBR= 517 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
22290 09/25* 0 0 0 0*250 833 35 0*248 837 35 0*247 840 35 0
22290 09/25* 0 0 0 0*250 830 25 0*250 837 25 0*251 844 25 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
22295 09/26*245 842 35 0*243 846 35 0*242 849 35 0*241 856 35 0
22295 09/26*253 852 25 0*254 859 25 0*255 865 30 0*255 870 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22300 09/27*241 863 35 0*241 869 40 0*242 876 40 0*243 879 45 0
22300 09/27*254 874 30 0*253 877 30 0*252 880 35 0*251 883 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22305 09/28*244 882 50 0*246 885 50 0*248 887 55 0*250 889 60 0
22305 09/28*250 885 40 0*249 886 40 0*248 887 45 0*249 888 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** *** **
22310 09/29*253 890 65 0*257 890 70 0*261 889 70 0*267 883 70 0
22310 09/29*251 889 55 0*254 890 60 0*258 889 70 0*264 883 75 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22315 09/30*277 865 65 0*289 840 55 0*303 810 35 0*311 780 20 0
22315 09/30*272 868 65 0*282 844 55 0E295 815 45 0E311 780 45 0
*** *** *** *** **** *** ** * **
22320 HR
Landfall:
9/30 09 UTC 28.9N 82.9W 55 kt FL
Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Kasper et al. (1998).
September 25: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than
1010 mb located near 25.5N, 83W. HURDAT list the system as a tropical storm
at 24.8N, 83.7W. While somewhat ambiguous whether a closed circulation
existed, a center may have been just north of the HURDAT postion.
No gales were reported on the 25th.
September 26: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than
1005 mb near 25.5N, 86.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the center near
26N, 88W and stationary. The MWR summary track has it farther south near
23.5N, 85W. HURDAT has the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 84.9W.
Analysis of wind field does indicates a closed, but ill-defined depression near
25.5N, 86.5W. No gales or equivalent pressures were reported on this day.
"Storm of September 26-30, 1920 - The first evidences of this disturbance
were noted on the morning of the 26th over the eastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).
September 27: HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than
1010 mb located near 25N, 88W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the storm at
25.5N, 88W, while the MWR summary map shows it at 24N, 86.5W. HURDAT listed
the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 87.6W. Center is becoming better
defined based on wind analysis and the position is adjusted northwest to
25.2N, 88W. No gales were reported on this day.
September 28: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than
1005 mb located at 23.5N, 89.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows keeps the center near
26N, 88W, while the MWR summary map has it located near 25N, 88W. HURDAT
position is 24.8N, 88.7W as a tropical storm. Despite the lack of
observations on the west side of the storm, the wind field appears to be
becoming more distinct. The center is kept at the HURDAT position.
Ship highlight: 35 kt E at 26.8N, 88.3W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the 28th
it cam under the influence of a rapidly developing trough of low pressure,
recurved, and moved rapidly northeast" (MWR).
September 29: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than
1000 mb located near 24.5N, 88W. A cold front is located in the southern
United States about 50 miles from the Gulf Coast and moving southward. MWR
Tracks of Lows has the storm located at 27.5N, 87W. MWR summary map has the
storm near 26N, 88.5W. HURDAT has the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
26.1N, 88.9W. The HWM position appears to be farther south than the actual
center, and the monthly Tracks of Lows position appears to be too far to
the north. The revised location of the storm is 25.8N, 88.9W. Ship
highlights: 70 kt NNE and 990 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 21 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNE
and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 22 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 987 mb at
26.7N, 88.6W at 23 UTC (NCDC). "[This storm] did not reach hurricane force
until the morning of the 29th. This disturbance was very violent, and
among the vessels lost were the American S. S. Speedwell and the American
schooner Three Mary's, while a large number of casualties were also
reported" (MWR).
September 30: HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than
995 mb located on the west coast of Florida just southeast of Tampa near
27N, 82W. A cold front is analyzed to be extending from the northern Gulf of
Mexico at 27N, 90W, through the southeast United States and up the Eastern
Seaboard. The MWR monthly Tracks of Lows position is off of the east coast of
Florida near 31N, 80.5W. The MWR summary map position is inland just south
of Jacksonville near 29.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT places the center at 30.3N, 81.0W
which is just east of Jacksonville as a tropical storm. Temperature
observations suggest that the front analyzed on the HWM is farther south
than depicted, likely reaching Tampa at 12 UTC. Also, Jacksonville had
a minimum pressure at 1030 UTC, nearly two hours earlier than Tampa. This
suggests that the low had merged with the front and complex extratropical
system by 12 UTC and that the ill-defined center is elongated SW-NE at a
position farther north than given in HWM. The adjusted 12 UTC position is near
29.5N, 89.5W, in line with what is shown in the MWR summary map. Ship
highlights: 50 kt NNE and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 00 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt
NNE and 1001 mb at 27.3N, 84.8W at 03 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSE-SW and 996 mb at
28N, 84W at 0730 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt SSE at Egmont Key
at 0630 UTC (OMR); 25 kt N and 998 mb (minimum pressure) at Tampa
at 1210 UTC (OMR); 998 mb at Jacksonville at 1030 UTC (minimum pressure).
"But in crossing Florida it lost its identity as a hurricane, and on the
morning of the 30th could not be separately identified in the general
rough formation which covered the Atlantic coast region. This large and
elongated disturbance developed into a severe coast storm, which should not,
however, be confused with the original hurricane. In fact, there is some
doubt whether the Gulf disturbance was ever a true hurricane. The heavy
north winds which occurred over the Gulf on the 30th, long after the
passage of the storm center, were due to the steep-pressure gradient formed
as a great HIGH moved down from the northwest in the rear of the trough ...
Gales occurred, however, from Key West northward during the night of the
29th and early on the 30th. And considerable damage was done along the
west coast from about Fort Myers northward to St. Marks. High tides, salt
spray, and high winds inundated low lands on the immediate coast, and
heavy rains flooded fields more inland, where truck and fruit suffered to
a considerable extent. As the result of a prostrated wire one person was
killed at St. Petersburg. A yacht was sunk at Fort Myers, and a number of
vessels were wrecked or dismantled in the Gulf, among which was the
American steamer Speedwell" (MWR). Florida - Minor Intensity (Dunn and
Miller). Storm tide 5' in Tampa (Kasper et al.).
October 1: Storm merged with larger extratropical low off the U.S. Eastern
Seaboard.
Genesis of this hurricane is unchanged, though it is somewhat ambiguous as to
whether a closed low existed on the 25th. Transition to a tropical storm
delayed from the 25th to the 27th based upon numerous ship and coastal
observations showing a weak, disorganized low until the later date. The
system did quickly intensify into a hurricane on the 29th based upon both
pressure and wind observations. (Despite MWR's ambiguous statement regarding
the tropical nature of this system, it does appear that it was a true
hurricane before being disrupted and accelerated off to the northeast
by a cold front.) A 987 mb peripheral pressure reading late on
the 29th suggests winds of at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 70 kt originally), which
is also the peak intensity of this cyclone. The system rapidly
accelerated to the northeast and weakened on the 30th with the arrival of
a strong cold frontal boundary. Peak observed winds on the coast were
49 kt at Egmont Key, which converts to 41 kt peak 1 min wind after accounting
for the high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind
from this 5 min values (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 09 UTC north of Tampa as
a 55 kt tropical storm, which is the same as that originally shown
in HURDAT. The system shortly thereafter became absorbed within a larger
extratropical cyclone.
********************************************************************************
1920 Additional Notes:
1) Monthly Weather Review wrote: "Four disturbances of tropical origin
reached the American coast during the month [of September]. The first of
these, one of moderate intensity, was off the south Atlantic coast on the
5th and passed thence northeastward along the coast and reached the Canadian
Maritime Provinces on the 8th and 9th." The Tracks of Lows shows
a similar track, which just skirted the coast of North Carolina on the
6th. However, observations from the Historical Weather Maps show that
the system was quite ill-defined during the 6th through the 8th with no
closed low. Moreover, the trough definitively acquired baroclinic
features between 8th and 9th, while a closed low developed. (It is noted
though that the position of the center analyzed on the 9th does not match very
well the description and Tracks of Lows described and shown in MWR.) The
system then quickly sped off to the east-northeast as an extratropical cyclone
through the 12th. The system may have had an opportunity on the 6th and
7th to become a tropical cyclone before being entangled in a baroclinic
zone, but available observations indicate that it did not develop the closed
low needed to be called a tropical cyclone. Thus this system will not
be added into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep 5 --N --W (No features of interest in the morning)
Sep 6 --N --W Trough off the Carolina coast
Sep 7 --N --W Trough/frontal boundary off the mid-Atlantic coast
Sep 8 --N --W Trough/frontal boundary between New England and Bermuda
Sep 9 38N 65W Extratropical cyclone
Sep 10 40N 57W Extratropical cyclone
Sep 11 43N 42W Extratropical cyclone
Sep 12 52N 24W Extratropical cyclone
2) Mr. Michael Chenoweth provided the following information regarding
a possible system impacting the Lesser Antilles in mid-September 1920:
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"....The heat continued with more or less intensity up to Sunday evening
last, when a change became apparent from the threatening aspect of the
clouds. Owing to forecasts of stormy weather by local weather observers,
many people remained indoors on Sunday evening, preparing for any
contingency that might arise. In the early hours of yesterday morning high
winds prevailed, accompanied with heavy showers, which, however, were not
continuous. At about 8 o'clock, the clouds which had been gathering burst
and there was a heavy downpour. The wind blew with great force from the
southeast, and slight damage was done to vegetable crops. Fortunately,
there has been no serious damage sustained in the City and suburbs. Reports
from the rural districts have not yet reached us, but it is believed that
there has been no occurrence of an alarming nature in those districts. A
cable despatch from St. Lucia received here about noon yesterday reported that
there was "evidence of small disturbance passing from east; frequent
squalls of rain. Barometer 29.85; steady."
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"Telegram from Dominica, at 10 A.M. the barometer 29.93, wind se, weather
squally"
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 18, 1920
"On the 12th inst. [12 September] the wind increased to nearly hurricane
pitch and some damage was done to vegetables and crops. In some places banana
trees were uprooted and corn fields laid low. Some forward fields of plant
canes were blown down."
Examination of the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and
ship reports from COADS reveals that a strong tropical wave went through
the Windward Islands on the 12th and 13th. However, no closed circulation
could be detected from these observations, suggesting that it was not
a tropical cyclone. The reports of winds ("to nearly hurricane pitch")
and damage to agriculture ("banana trees uprooted and corn fields laid
low") do though indicate that gale force winds (or more) were present in
this system. These may have been due to a gust front/outflow boundary
from a thunderstorm complex. With the lack of a closed circulation though,
the system is not considered a tropical storm and is thus not added into
HURDAT.
3) The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that "between Hatteras
and Cape Henry on the 9th, when a moderate disturbance was central some
distance off the coast." The Historical Weather Map shows a pre-existing
stationary frontal boundary with a weak frontal low on the 7th.
The extratropical cyclone intensified on the 8th and 9th as it moved
north-northeastward. On both the 8th and 9th, gales were reported by
ships. On the 10th and 11th, the cyclone occluded and by late on
the 11th/early on the 12th was absorbed by a larger extratropical
storm. While this system appears to have been extratropical throughout
its lifetime, it is included here due to its formation at relatively
low latitudes during the peak of the hurricane season.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 7 27N 76W Extratropical
Oct 8 31N 75W Extratropical
Oct 9 35N 73W Extratropical
Oct 10 39N 70W Extratropical
Oct 11 48N 55W Extratropical
4) The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that storm warnings
were issued for "extreme southern Florida coast on the afternoon
of the 18th, at which time a disturbance was apparently central
immediately north of Cuba. However, this disturbance moved westward
and lost intensity, after causing strong northeast winds in the
Florida Straits." Examination of the Historical Weather Maps indicates
a weak trough with no closed low were present on the 18th and 19th.
Additionally, the Cuban records (Ramon Perez, personal communication)
do not suggest that a tropical cyclone occurred near Cuba on these
dates. Due to lack of both a closed circulation and no observed
gale force winds, the system is not added into HURDAT as a tropical
storm.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 18 --- 80W Trough
Oct 19 --- 85W Trough - dissipating
5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone
developed on 20 October near 20N, 61W from a westward moving tropical wave.
It moved steadily to the northwest over the next three days until turning
north in response to an approaching frontal boundary. Although the system
persisted for several days over the central Atlantic Ocean, it never attained
gale-force winds until the 27th, when it had already merged with a frontal
boundary and became baroclinic. The highest winds associated with the system
as a tropical cyclone were 30 kt and pressures were generally around 1010 mb.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct 20 20N 61W Tropical Depression
Oct 21 20N 62W Tropical Depression
Oct 22 22N 64W Tropical Depression
Oct 23 25N 65W Tropical Depression
Oct 24 27N 62W Tropical Depression
Oct 25 31N 59W Merging with front
Oct 26 35N 58W Baroclinic
Oct 27 37N 56W Baroclinic
Oct 28 ----- ----- Absorbed
********************************************************************************
1921/01 - 2009 REVISION:
22325 06/15/1921 M=12 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
22325 06/16/1921 M=11 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ** *
(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
22330 06/15*141 789 35 0*144 797 35 0*148 805 35 0*150 815 35 0
22335 06/16*153 824 35 0*156 832 40 0*158 840 40 0*160 848 45 0
22335 06/16*165 824 30 0*165 832 30 0*165 840 30 0*165 847 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22340 06/17*161 856 45 0*162 864 45 0*165 872 40 0*170 882 35 0
22340 06/17*165 853 35 0*167 860 40 0*171 867 45 0*177 877 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22345 06/18*175 891 35 0*181 902 40 0*187 912 45 0*193 921 55 0
22345 06/18*187 891 40 0*196 906 35 0*203 920 45 0*208 930 45 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
22350 06/19*199 931 60 0*204 936 60 0*210 943 75 0*216 947 75 0
22350 06/19*212 935 50 0*216 938 50 0*220 940 50 0*224 942 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22355 06/20*221 950 80 0*227 952 85 0*233 954 85 0*238 956 85 0
22355 06/20*228 945 60 0*232 947 60 0*237 950 65 0*242 952 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22360 06/21*242 957 85 0*247 959 85 0*251 960 85 0*256 961 85 0
22360 06/21*247 953 65 0*251 954 65 0*255 955 70 0*260 956 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22365 06/22*260 961 85 0*267 962 80 0*276 962 75 0*287 963 65 0
22365 06/22*265 956 75 0*270 957 80 0*276 958 80 0*285 959 80 980
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
22370 06/23*299 965 50 0*310 966 45 0*321 967 40 0*332 965 40 0
22370 06/23*296 960 50 0*309 961 40 0*321 962 30 0*332 961 30 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
22375 06/24*343 961 35 0*355 956 30 0*366 953 30 0*375 951 30 0
22375 06/24*343 957 30 0*353 953 30 0*363 950 30 0*369 949 30 0
*** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22380 06/25*381 950 30 0*385 949 30 0*389 948 25 0*394 947 20 0
22380 06/25*373 948 30 0*376 948 30 0*379 948 25 0*383 948 20 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22385 06/26*399 947 20 0*404 947 15 0*408 947 15 0* 0 0 0 0
22385 06/26*388 949 20 0*394 950 15 0*400 952 15 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22390 HRBTX2
22390 HRBTX1CTX1
********
U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States
Wind Simpson Pressure Affected
1-6/22/1921 1800Z 28.6N 95.9W 80kt 1 17nmi 980mb BTX1,CTX1
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while
genesis is indicated to have occurred one day later than originally shown.
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, _Monthly
Weather Review_ (Bunnemeyer [1921] and Day [1921]), Cline (1926),
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979),
Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992).
June 15: Observations from HWM and COADS shows somewhat low pressures
(~1009 mb), but a closed circulation does not exist. HURDAT lists this as
a tropical storm at 14.8N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied
by pressures) were present. "This storm apparently developed over the
Western Caribbean Sea about the 14th and was carried northwestward" (MWR).
June 16: HWM and COADS indicate a possible closed circulation near
16.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.0W at
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present.
"The 16th...Disturbance of moderate intensity over western Caribbean
Sea central near coast of Honduras southwest of Swan Island this
morning apparently moving slowly northwestward" (MWR).
June 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 87W,
just offshore of Honduras. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
16.5N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center
is slightly northeast of the HWM position. Ship highlights: 45 kt E at
19.0W, 86.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 30 kt E and 1002 mb at 16.9N, 86.6W at
12 UTC (COA). "By the morning of the 17th the disturbance had increased
somewhat in intensity" (MWR).
June 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 93.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.2W. Available observations
suggest that the center east of the HWM estimate. Station highlights:
45 kt SE at Progresso at 12 UTC (MWR). "During the following night
[17th-18th] the disturbance passed inland over British Honduras in
the vicinity of Belize, continuing its slow northwestward movement" (MWR).
June 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 94.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.0N, 94.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 20N, 93W (a.m.) and at
21N, 93.5W (p.m.). Available observations and continuity suggest that the
center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or
implied by pressure) were present. "The storm entered the southwestern
Gulf of Mexico during the early morning of the 19th" (MWR).
June 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 24N, 95.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.3N, 95.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22N, 94.2W (a.m.) and at
23.5N, 94.7W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is
to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at
23.0N, 94.7W at 13 UTC (MWR).
June 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 95W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 25.1N, 96.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center 24.8N, 95.5W (a.m.) and at
26N, 96W with 991 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight:
35 kt S at 22.8N, 94.8W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 42 kt NE
at Corpus Christi at 2240 UTC (MWR). "[On] the late afternoon of the
21st ... special observations indicated its position some-distance off
the Rio Grande" (MWR).
June 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 97W,
just offshore southern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1
hurricane at 27.6N, 96.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
the center at 22.5N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 96.5W with 996 mb (p.m.).
Available observations indicate that the center is just east of the
HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 26.5N, 95.0W
at 04 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE at 28.0N, 95.0W at 1135 UTC (MWR); Calm and
980 mb at 28.0N, 95.0W at 16 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 59 kt NE
and 1003 mb at Corpus Christi at 1130 UTC (OMR); 52 kt SE and 995 mb
at Galveston at 2340 UTC (OMR). Estimated central pressure at
landfall in Texas - 954 mb, radius of maximum wind - 17 nmi, landfall
position - 28.5N, 96.2W (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum 1 min surface wind
at landfall - 99 kt, Environmental pressure - 1010 mb (Schwerdt et al.)
Estimated minimum central pressure for life of storm (and at landfall) -
979 mb (Connor). "Minimal intensity" at landfall in Texas (Dunn and Miller).
Category 2 for North Texas coast with central pressure estimate
of 979 mb (Jarrell et al.). Category 2 for North Texas coast
(Neumann et al.) Category 2 for central Texas coast (HURDAT). "The
tropical storm that swept northward over the Texas coast, passing
northward over Matagorda Bay to the westward of Galveston on the 22nd
gave a tide of about 5 feet above mean low tide, though the tide was
above 7 feet in West Bay near the causeway, and considerable of the
track of the Gulf, Colorado, & Santa Fe Railroad was washed out between
Virginia Point and Highland Bayou. Several launches and other small
boats were sunk, and the fishing pier on the north jetties was damaged
to some extent. Crops in this vicinity were damage to a greater or
lesser degree, while some windows were broken and some trees were blown
down. The damage in this immediate vicinity will probably amount to
$8,000.00 or more" (Galveston - Original Monthly Record). "A hurricane
occurred on the 22d, the center passing about 50 miles west of Houston
in a northerly direction. The damage by wind and rain was confined to
prostrating some shade trees, breaking windows, blowing down signs,
and beating down plants and flowers" (Houston - Original Monthly Record).
"During the night of the 21st-22d the storm caused a maximum wind
velocity of 68 miles an hour from the northeast at Corpus Christi and
a strong northeast gale and high sea at Point Isabel, and by 8 a. m. of
the 22d the wind was blowing 42 miles an hour from the east at
Galveston, with rising tide. Special observations at 10 a. m. showed
rising pressure at Corpus Christi and slowly falling pressure at
Galveston and Houston ... The wind reached a velocity of 60 miles an
hour from the southeast at both Galveston and Houston, and the lowest
barometer reading at a land station was 29.37 inches at Houston at
5:40 p. m. of the 22nd ... a storm tide of 4 feet at Corpus Christi
Pass" (MWR). "Later reports showed a north-northwest movement and a
fully developed hurricane. The storm center crossed the Texas coast
line at Matagorda Bay and moved nearly due north over Palacios,
Wharton, and Wallis, Tex., the last-named place being about 40 miles
west of Houston, Tex., the nearest approach to a regular Weather
Bureau station" (MWR). "The center passing in a northerly direction
over Palacios, Wharton and Wallis, each of which reported a distinct
calm, with wind coming from northwest and west after the calm" (MWR).
June 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N, 95W,
inland over eastern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
32.1N, 96.7W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 32N, 96W
with 1004 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 94.5W with 1004 mb (p.m.). Available
observations suggest that the center is closer to the MWR estimate.
Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 28.9N, 94.5W at 00 UTC (COA). Station
highlight: 50 kt SE and 995 mb at Houston at 00 UTC (OMR). "the
storm continued to move slowly northward, with diminishing intensity,
over the eastern portions of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, thence
northeastward over the Lake region" (MWR).
June 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 94W,
inland over the Arkansas-Oklahoma border. HURDAT lists this as a
tropical depression at 36.6N, 95.3W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
the center at 36N, 94W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 94W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is between the HURDAT
and HWM/MWR positions. Station highlight: 20 kt S and 1004 mb at
Fort Smith at 12 UTC (HWM).
June 25: HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW from Missouri
to Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 38.9N, 94.8W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W
(a.m. and p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is
south of the HURDAT position and is still a closed, barotropic
circulation. No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed.
June 26: HWM does not indicate a low or trough. HURDAT lists this
as a tropical depression at 40.8N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m.) and at 40N, 93.5W
with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center
is farther south and west of the HURDAT estimate, but that the
center - while identifiable - is becoming indistinct. No gales (or
implied by pressures) were observed.
June 27: The tropical cyclone has dissipated. Despite this, the
MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a reformation and movement toward the
east over the next three days, a drop southward on the 30th and 1st
of July, then a movement to the northeast on the 2nd. The system that
was tracked from the 27th onward was a separate, baroclinic storm.
The genesis of this hurricane is delayed from the 15th to the 16th
because of evidence that a closed circulation did not exist until the
latter date. It is noted that Tropical Storm Gamma in 2005 may be
an close analog for the developmental phase of this hurricane in 1921.
The track has minor modifications for the remainder of the
hurricane's lifetime. The intensity is reduced on the 16th, as
tropical storm status was not reached until early on the 17th
according to available observations. Peripheral pressure of 1002 mb
on the 17th suggests at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Additionally, the
intensity is reduced from the 19th until early on the 22nd as
observations indicate that hurricane status was not reached until
the 20th. A central pressure measure of 980 mb just before landfall
in Texas on 16 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of 76 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. (The central pressure at
landfall indicated by Jarrell et al. and Connor before them was 979 mb
- likely a roundoff error.) Ho et al.'s estimate of 954 mb is due to
their application of the Schloemer (1954) equation with the 995 mb
peripheral pressure in Houston. Such an application from a far-removed
observation has quite large errors. Apparently, they were not aware
of the ship with a 980 mb central pressure measurement. Likewise,
the Schwerdt et al. estimate of maximum wind is overestimated. Analyses
show that landfall occurred around 18 UTC at 28.6N, 95.9W.
The highest observed winds from this hurricane were 59 kt at
Corpus Christi (which reduces down to 49 kt after accounting for
the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min
winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]) and two
ship reports of Beaufort 12 (~70 kt). Ho et al.'s estimate of
17 nmi RMW is somewhat smaller than the 22 nmi that climatology for this
central pressure and latitude would suggest (Vickery et al. 2000).
Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at landfall are boosted up to 80 kt.
This makes the hurricane a high end Category 1 system at landfall for
the central and north Texas coast. (The landfall location is very
close to the boundary between the two regions and sustained hurricane
force winds were likely to impact both portions of the state). This
is a reduction from the Category 2 indicated earlier in Jarrell et al.
and HURDAT and substantially lower than the Category 3 hurricane that
Ho et al.'s central pressure would have suggested. The highest
observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times)
were 52, 33 and 25 kt for 00, 06 and 12 UTC on the 23rd, respectively.
(The 52 kt reduces to 43 kt after adjustment.) A run of the Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) model gives 49, 37, and 26 kt, accordingly. Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage for this storm after landfall, winds
are kept at 50 kt at 00 UTC, reduced from 45 to 40 kt at 06 UTC,
and kept at 30 kt at 12 UTC.
********************************************************************************
1921/02 - 2009 REVISION:
22425 09/06/1921 M= 3 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22425 09/04/1921 M= 5 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** *
(The 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT.)
22426 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 950 30 0*211 952 30 0
22427 09/05*213 953 30 0*214 954 30 0*215 955 30 0*217 957 30 0
22430 09/06* 0 0 0 0*214 938 60 0*215 953 60 0*216 961 70 0
22430 09/06*218 959 35 0*219 961 40 0*220 965 50 0*222 970 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22435 09/07*217 969 70 0*219 978 70 0*224 986 60 0*232 989 60 0
22435 09/07*224 976 70 0*226 981 55 0*228 986 45 0*232 989 40 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** ** **
22440 09/08*240 988 50 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22440 09/08*238 988 35 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** **
22445 HR
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while
genesis for this system is indicated to be two days earlier than originally shown.
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the
COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956),
Dunn and Miller (1960), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo
Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.
September 2 and 3: HWM and COADS observations indicate a trough is present
in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 4: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the trough had
organized enough to be considered a closed low near 21N, 95W. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 99W,
inland over Mexico. Available observations suggest that the center at
21.5N, 95.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 6: HWM indicates an open trough over the western Gulf of Mexico.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 95.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 21N, 96W with 996 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is farther north and west
of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "There were signs of a disturbance over the southwest Gulf
of Mexico, as indicated by reports by radio from vessels in that region"
(MWR).
September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 22N, 99W,
inland over Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 98.6W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 22N, 97W (a.m.) and
at 23N, 98W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position
north of HURDAT is most reasonable, with the center going inland
just north of Tampico around 03 UTC according to observations from that
station. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.3N, 97.8W at 01 UTC
(MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt NW and 1003 mb in Tampico at 03 UTC (Mex).
"It passed on to the Mexican coast during the 7th and was dissipated" (MWR).
Estimated minimum central pressure during its lifetime (and likely at landfall
in Mexico) - 992 mb (Connor).
September 8: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the tropical cyclone
has dissipated, but its remnants continued to move northward into Texas.
"There is reason to believe that the phenomenal rains in southern Texas on
the 9th and 10th were associated with this disturbance" (MWR). Minor
intensity, 51 people killed from subsequent flooding (Dunn and Miller).
Genesis for this hurricane is begun two days earlier (on the 4th) when
observations were sufficient to close off a circulation center. The track
has minor adjustments made for this system for the remainder of its
lifetime (3 more days). Intensity of 70 kt at landfall in Mexico retained,
as provided by confirmation of hurricane force winds (Beaufort 12) and
a pressure of 996 mb from a ship at 01 UTC on the 7th. An 992 mb estimated
minimum center pressure at landfall was suggested by Connor. However, it is
likely that the central pressure at landfall was somewhat lower, given
the 996 mb measured simulataneously with 70 kt wind estimate. A central
pressure of 985 mb is suggested here. This suggests winds of 70 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship, which is retained in HURDAT at
00 UTC on the 7th. Landfall time moved forward to around 03 UTC at 22.5N,
97.8W. Winds are reduced after landfall on the 7th in accordance with
the earlier landfall time as well as from available Mexican observations.
It is to be noted that the remnants from this hurricane caused very large
rainfall (up to 23") in Texas and resulting extensive flooding from the 8th
to the 10th of September. 215 people were killed and over $19 million
damage was caused as a result. Three articles in the Monthly Weather
Review were in the September 1921 edition about these impacts. However,
these effects occurred after the tropical cyclone had dissipated.
********************************************************************************
1921/03 - 2009 REVISION:
22450 09/08/1921 M= 9 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22450 09/06/1921 M=12 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** **
(The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.)
22451 09/06*100 400 40 0*100 420 40 0*100 440 45 0*101 460 45 0
22452 09/07*102 481 50 0*103 503 50 0*104 525 50 0*105 543 50 0
22455 09/08*102 551 60 0*110 573 65 0*116 586 70 0*122 598 70 0
22455 09/08*106 559 60 0*107 575 65 0*110 590 70 0*116 604 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
22460 09/09*131 611 70 0*139 623 70 0*147 636 70 0*150 649 70 0
22460 09/09*124 618 90 0*132 632 95 0*140 645 100 0*146 655 100 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22465 09/10*153 661 75 0*157 676 75 0*163 690 80 0*172 693 80 0
22465 09/10*151 663 100 0*157 670 100 0*163 676 100 0*169 680 100 961
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22470 09/11*180 695 85 0*189 696 80 0*198 696 80 0*206 697 80 0
22470 09/11*176 683 110 0*183 685 110 0*190 686 90 0*198 687 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
22475 09/12*215 697 85 0*223 697 90 0*231 697 95 0*239 697 95 0
22475 09/12*207 688 95 0*216 690 95 0*225 692 95 0*235 692 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
22480 09/13*248 697 100 0*256 696 100 0*264 695 105 0*272 692 105 0
22480 09/13*247 693 100 0*259 694 100 0*270 695 105 0*277 695 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22485 09/14*280 689 105 0*287 685 105 0*295 680 105 0*303 676 105 0
22485 09/14*283 695 105 0*289 695 105 0*295 692 105 0*302 687 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22490 09/15*311 670 100 0*319 662 100 0*325 657 95 0*344 635 95 0
22490 09/15*309 678 100 0*316 666 100 0*323 651 95 0*333 633 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22495 09/16*360 610 90 0*380 583 90 0*401 551 90 0E439 503 85 0
22495 09/16*346 612 90 0*363 587 90 0*385 555 90 0*412 523 85 964
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
22496 09/17*445 492 80 0E480 461 75 959E520 430 70 0E565 400 65 0
22500 HR
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well
as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally
shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather
Review_ (Day 1921), Perez (1971), Boose et al. (2002), and newspaper accounts from
Michael Chenoweth.
September 6: HWM, COADS and MWR observations indicate that a closed
circulation with gale force winds existed near 10N, 44W. Ship highlights:
45 kt S at 10.2N, 45.8W at 1715 and 20 UTC (MWR).
September 7: HWM, COADS and MWR observations do not show a closed
circulation, though data is quite sparse near the location that the
system may be at. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 00 UTC at unknown
location (MWR). "The one originating southeastward of the Windward Islands
probably on the 7th or 8th, formed at a point unusually far south, about
due east of the Island of Trinidad" (MWR).
September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 10.5N, 59W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 11.6N, 58.6W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is between these two estimates.
Ship highlight: 55 kt at 13.1N, 59.6W at 16-18 UTC (NCDC). Station
highlight: 996 mb pressure at Grenada (PR). "This disturbance made its
appearance the morning of the 8th to the southeastward of Barbados" (MWR).
September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 14.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.6W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is farther to the south and
west of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW, SW and S at
13.3N, 63.5W, 13.2N, 63.5W, and 13.1N, 63.6W at 1030, 1105, and 1230 UTC
(NCDC). Station highlight: 996 mb at St. Lucia (Perez). "...crossed the
Grenadines during the night of the 8th and passed on to the Caribbean
Sea ... In the beginning the area affected by the hurricane was rather
large and damage was caused at both Trinidad and Barbados ... Upward of
80 lives were lost and in the Windward Islands great numbers of people
were rendered homeless" (MWR). Newspaper accounts provided by Michael
Chenoweth _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Wed., Sept. 14, 1921 - Grenada, Sept. 12.
At 1 p.m. Thursday 8th, it became apparent that the storm would probably
strike Grenada, which it did about 4:30 p.m., coming from W.N.W. and
increasing in force at 7 p.m. There was a short lull from about 10.30 to
11.30 when the wind shifted, coming with redoubled force from E.N.E. Such
information as has been received give serious accounts of damage done to
estates, plantations and gardens in the out districts. Numerous peasant
houses have been completely destroyed and some more substantial buildings
damaged. One hundred thousand pounds is a moderate estimate of loss to
nutmeg and cocoa plantations, which will require at least seven years to
re-establish. Crops of ground provisions have also been completely ruined.
Telephone communication with the out districts still have been lost. As far
as known two lives have been lost. Anxiously awaiting news from Carriacou."
_Voice of St. Lucia_, "Sat., Sept. 10, 1921 - Weather bulletins. Barbados
8th Sept. 5 a.m. -- S.S. Guiana and Canadian Beaver put to sea this morning
not yet returned. Wind southeast, strong and gusty. Barometer 29.77 steady.
Dominica 7:45 a.m. barometer 29.99 northeast cloudy. St. Vincent 8th Sept.
6:15 p.m. Barometer 29.72 Weather continuous threatening wind bow blowing
in very heavy gusts from north-east. Branches being blown from trees.
Trinidad 9.30 p.m. Barometer corrected reading 29.725 Wind strong and
variable, now SW. Heavy rain. Grenada, 1 p.m. Barometer corrected 29.825.
Wind moderate now. Sea rough. Barbados 9 Sept. 6a.m. barometer 29.86 with
upwards tendency. Fresh wind NE, rain. 10 a.m. Barometer 29.76 NE squally,
sea rough from southeast. St. Lucia, 9 Sept. at 6 this morning the local
reading was 29.852. Wind NE 2.30 p.m. Barometer 29.702 NE 4 p.m. 29.734.
Barbados, 9 Sept. - Yesterday morning opened with rain accompanied by
strong winds which gradually increased until about 10 a.m. when it blew
with greater force. Trees in many places lost some of their branches and in
others they were wholly upturned. The waves broke on 10 fathoms of water in
Carlisle Bay, S.S. Guiana and S.S. Canadian Beaver put out to sea on
account of the unsafe condition of the harbor. Considerable damage
reported to have been done inland by the high winds but particulars are not
yet to hand. One telegraph pole was blown down about 4 miles from town.
St. Vincent, 9 Sept. From about 4:30 p.m. yesterday it started to blow a
gale from NE which continued until about 11 p.m. with very rough sea. Trees
were uprooted. Serious damage to telegraph and telephone lines. No
telephone communications with out districts. It is found that much damage
done to crops and property. Wind has abated. Sea still rough. Cable hut at
Prospect partly destroyed. Trinidad, 9th. At 3 p.m. yesterday the storm
had increased in intensity to a heavy gale which continued with torrents of
rain up to nightfall. Many lighters and small craft have been sunk or driven
ashore at Port of Spain and San Fernando and two fatalities are reported,
one from drowning and one from electrocution by coming into contact with
fallen electric light wires. The rain ceased about 10 p.m. but the wind
continued high until daylight this morning. There has been much interruption
of telegraphic communications. Trinidad, 8th. Wireless reports from Tobago.
We have been having very heavy rains and winds since 4 a.m. this morning.
R.M.S. Belize reports unable work ... on account of very rough sea. At
Plymouth ten fishing boats and schooner driven ashore totally destroyed. Very
high winds and rain continuing. Barbados 9th Barometer 29.97 wind SE sea
still rough. Guiana and Canadian Beaver not yet returned to port. Weather
clear. Grenada, 9th. The storm reached Grenada at 5 p.m. yesterday and
reached its highest intensity at midnight."
September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 16.5N, 68.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.3N, 69.0W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest the position is farther east than both
of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and NW at 17.2N, 67.9W
at 12-16 and 1915 UTC (NCDC); 961 mb and calm at 17.2N, 67.9W at
1820 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 55 kt and 1005 mb at Cabo Rojo at
04 UTC (Perez). "After passing the Grenadines, however, the area
affected appeared to contract somewhat" (MWR).
September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb on the northern
coastline of Dominican Republic near 19N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 19.8N, 69.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a position of 19N, 69W (a.m.) and 21N, 69.5W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest the position is closer to, but farther
east of the HWM and MWR positions. Ship highlight: 992 mb and
60 kt NNW at 18.5N, 69.3W (MWR). This hurricane was designated
"San Pedro" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Perez). A stronger hurricane
than indicated in HURDAT (by about 10 kt) is recommended to better
match the observed wind damage that occurred in Puerto Rico (Boose
et al.) "Its center crossed Haiti and then pursued a northerly
course" (MWR).
September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 23N, 70W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 69.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 23N, 69.5W (a.m.) and
24.5N, 69.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest the center is
farther south and east of all of these estimates. Ship highlights:
35 kt SSE at 25.7N, 66.5W (MWR); 989 mb at 22.6N, 69.0W (NCDC).
September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 27.5N, 70.5W.
HURDAT lists this as Category 3 hurricane at 26.4N, 69.5W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position at 26.5N, 69W with 992 mb
(a.m.) and 28N, 68W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
center is north of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 999 mb and
70 kt NNE at 28.9N, 71.3W at 1352 UTC (MWR); 967 mb at 27.8N, 69.8W at
15 UTC (MWR).
September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 29N, 69W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.5N, 68.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 29.5N, 67W (a.m.) and
31N, 66W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is
west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: four 70 kt ship
reports (NCDC and COA); 995 mb and 50 kt S at 30.4N, 61.8W at 2230 UTC
(MWR). " ... to have again increased in size only after the storm
reached the higher latitudes in mid-ocean" (MWR).
September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 32N, 67W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 65.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 32.5N, 64.5W with
984 mb (a.m.) and 33.5N, 63.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest
a center between the HURDAT and MWR positions. Ship highlights:
numerous 70 kt ship reports (COA, NCDC, MWR); 980 mb and 70 kt SW at
32.3N, 64.9N at 1300-1430 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 87 kt SW
and 984 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda at 13 and 15 UTC (NCDC).
"...passing the Bermudas on the 15th ... The disturbance was of rather
small diameter but of great intensity throughout its course. It is
reported to have caused considerable damage to shipping, buildings,
and crops and to have caused the loss of a number of lives in the
eastern islands of the West Indies and the Bermudas ... Its center
passed near the Bermudas the morning of the 15th, when the pressure
fell to near 29 inches with winds of hurricane force" (MWR).
September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 40N, 56W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.1N, 55.1W.
Available observations suggest the center is to the south and west of
the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 982 mb and 70 kt WSW at
37.6N, 54.7W at 05 UTC (MWR); 991 mb and 70 kt SW at 37.5N, 54.7W
at 12 UTC (COA); 964 mb and calm at 40.6N, 53.7W at 1730 UTC (MWR).
September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 52N, 43W,
with a cold front extending off to the southwest and a warm front
extending off to the southeast. Ship highlights: 970 mb and 70 kt
SW at 47.5N, 42.0W at 01 UTC (MWR); Calm and 959 mb at 04 UTC and
70 kt NW at 0430 UTC at 46.8N, 45.0W at 0430 UTC (MWR).
September 18: System is absorbed into a larger extratropical
storm. "This storm was in the vicinity of Iceland on the 22d" (MWR).
(The storm in question was likely a separate extratropical system
that absorbed the hurricane, rather than the transformed hurricane
itself.)
Genesis for this major hurricane is begun two days earlier on the 6th
based upon ship reports. Minor alterations are made to the track for
the duration of the system's lifetime. Intensity significantly
increased on the 8th to the 11th based upon newspaper accounts of hurricane
impacts in the Lesser Antilles as well as the 961 mb central pressure
measurement at 1820 UTC on the 10th, which suggested winds of 99 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt indicated for
that synoptic time. Given the intensification up until then, it is
likely that the cyclone continued to intensify a bit more before
making landfall on the Dominican Republic around 06 UTC on the 11th.
Thus a 110 kt Category 3 major hurricane is estimated to have
struck that country. The system likely weakened back to a a Category 2
(90 kt) after landfall. After moving back over water on the 12th,
the hurricane likely reintensified to major hurricane status sometime
on the 13th. Lowest observed peripheral pressure during the 13th to the
15th was 967 mb, which suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the
subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt are retained in HURDAT
during the 13th and 14th. An observation of 87 kt was measured
in Bermuda late on the 15th before the anemometer was toppled,
which converts to 71 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds (Fergusson and Covert
1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Additionally, a peripheral pressure of
980 mb was observed late on the 15th in Bermuda, suggesting winds of
at least 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.
95 kt retained in HURDAT late on the 15th, keeping this as a Category 2
(almost Category 3) impact in Bermuda, which is consistent with wind-
caused damage on the island. Late on the 16th, a central pressure of
964 mb was observed, which suggests winds of 87 kt from the northern
pressure-wind relationship; 85 kt is retained in HURDAT. Available
observations suggest that the hurricane maintained tropical
characteristics for longer than indicated in HURDAT by about a half
day. Finally, the track of the system is extended for an additional
day on the 17th as an extratropical storm moving swiftly off to the
northeast.
*******************************************************************************
1921/04 - 2009 REVISION:
22505 09/10/1921 M= 4 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22505 09/08/1921 M= 7 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** *
(The 8th and 9th are new to HURDAT).
22510 09/08*230 634 35 0*233 639 35 0*235 643 35 0*236 646 35 0
22510 09/09*238 649 35 0*240 652 35 0*242 655 35 0*244 658 35 0
22510 09/10*232 640 35 0*254 647 35 0*259 647 35 0*264 648 35 0
22510 09/10*246 661 35 0*248 663 35 0*250 665 35 0*254 665 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22515 09/11*270 648 35 0*276 647 35 0*282 647 35 0*288 645 35 0
22515 09/11*259 663 35 0*266 660 45 0*275 655 55 0*285 650 65 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22520 09/12*293 643 35 0*298 640 40 0*304 638 50 0*319 626 55 0
22520 09/12*295 644 75 0*305 638 80 0*315 630 80 0*326 621 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22525 09/13*334 615 60 0*348 602 60 0*360 590 45 0*374 575 30 0
22525 09/13*337 611 80 0*348 601 80 0*360 590 80 0*373 575 80 0
*** *** ** *** ** ** *** **
(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
22525 09/14*387 555 80 0*401 530 80 979E415 495 75 0E430 455 70 0
22530 TS
22530 HR
**
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well
as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally
shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC and _Monthly Weather
Review_ (Day 1921).
September 5-7: A figure from the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" show a center for this tropical cyclone near 22N, 53W on the
5th, 22.5N, 57W on the 6th, and 23N, 61W on the 7th. Tannehill (1952) also
provides a track back to the 5th. However, inspection of available
observations from HWM and COADS show no evidence of a closed circulation on
these dates.
September 8: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed,
non-baroclinic low was near 23.5N, 64.3W, though data on the north and
west sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 23.5N, 64W. Ship highlight: 35 kt S
at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA).
September 9: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed,
non-baroclinic low was near 24.2N, 65.5W, though data on the north and west
sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 25N, 66W. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 10: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed,
non-baroclinic low was near 25N, 66.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a
tropical storm at 25.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 66.5N. Ship highlights:
35 kt S at 24.5N, 66.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt SE at 28.9N, 63.5W at
20 UTC (MWR).
September 11: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 64W.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.2N, 64.7W at 12 UTC.
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at
28.5N, 66.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was south and
west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE and 1002 mb at
30.8N, 63.9W at 2322 UTC (MWR).
September 12: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 64W,
with a warm front extending east-northeastward out from the center.
(However, available observations cast doubt on the reality of such a
frontal analysis.) HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at
30.4N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919,
1920, and 1921" shows a center at 32N, 63W. Available observations suggest a
position near the MWR estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 985 mb at
30.8N, 63.9W at 0126 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 992 mb at 30.8N, 64.4W at
03 UTC (COA). "It is a remarkable coincidence that at the time the southern
hurricane [storm #3] was centered north of Haiti that the steamship Capillo
reported by radio having encountered on the 12th a hurricane of small
diameter, barometer below 29 inches, near and immediately southeast of the
Bermudas, moving rapidly northeast. This disturbance was separate and
distinct from the primary disturbance herein referred to [storm #3]" (MWR).
September 13: HWM does not analyze the system as a closed low, but has a
stationary front extending to the southwest and a warm front extending to the
east, near a center near 37N, 58W. However, available observations from
HWM and COADS indicates a center near 36N, 59W, with no frontal features
actually present. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 36N, 59W
at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a
center at 37N, 56.5W. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at 31.5N, 61.5W at 00 UTC
(COA).
September 14: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered near 48N, 53W
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending southeast. MWR
"Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 43N, 48W.
However, available observations indicate that a separate center of the
pre-existing tropical cyclone could be discerned near 41.5N, 49.5W. The
cold front appears to have just begun interacting with the tropical
cyclone, so extratropical transition is likely to have begun around 12 UTC on
this date. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 04 UTC (NCDC);
calm and 979 mb at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt N at 41N, 51W at
0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNW and 982 mb at 41N, 51W at 10 UTC (NCDC);
70 kt NW and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 12 UTC (NCDC). "[This storm] attained
great severity over the steamer lanes as [it] passed into higher latitudes
(MWR).
September 15: The remnants of the tropical cyclone had been absorbed into
the larger extratropical cyclone.
Genesis for this tropical cyclone is begun two days earlier (8th) than
previously provided in HURDAT, based upon available ship observations from
HWM and COADS. Minor track alterations were made for the 10th through
the 13th based upon ship observations provided by HWM, COADS, MWR and
NCDC data. The tropical cyclone track is extended an extra day
through the 14th as indicated by available observations. It transitioned
to an extratropical cyclone during 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th as it was
absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. Multiple ship observations on
the 12th and 14th indicate hurricane force winds. A 985 mb peripheral
pressure on the 12th suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 12th based
upon the pressure and that the hurricane force winds were observed on
the weak (left) semi-circle. A 979 mb central pressure at 09 UTC on the
14th suggests winds of 74 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship;
80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC and 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC.
Thus based upon multiple observations of hurricane force and supporting
pressure readings, this system was upgraded to a hurricane for three days
of its lifetime (late on 11th to early on the 14th).
*******************************************************************************
1921/05 - 2009 REVISION:
22535 10/16/1921 M= 8 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22535 10/15/1921 M=10 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** **
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
22537 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 840 30 0*255 830 30 0
22540 10/16* 0 0 0 0*307 776 35 0*317 762 40 0*331 738 40 0
22540 10/16*270 818 30 0*285 803 35 0*300 785 45 0*317 760 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
22545 10/17*345 714 40 0*358 685 45 0*370 660 45 0*382 631 45 0
22545 10/17*335 730 55 0*353 695 60 0*370 660 60 0*382 630 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
22550 10/18*394 601 45 0*404 571 50 0*411 541 50 0*415 511 50 0
22550 10/18E394 602 60 0E404 574 60 0E411 545 60 0E415 513 60 0
* *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** **
22555 10/19*417 480 50 0*419 450 50 0*420 420 50 0*422 394 50 0
22555 10/19E418 485 60 0E420 457 60 0E422 430 60 0E422 405 60 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** * *** **
22560 10/20*423 373 45 0*423 355 45 0*422 342 40 0*418 328 40 0
22560 10/20E423 385 60 0E423 373 60 0E422 360 60 0E418 345 65 0
* *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** **
22565 10/21*412 318 40 0*407 309 35 0*400 300 35 0*392 290 35 0
22565 10/21E412 330 70 0E407 315 70 0E400 305 65 0E392 300 60 0
* *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** **
22570 10/22*383 287 35 0*373 290 35 0*367 300 35 0*363 307 35 0
22570 10/22E384 298 55 0E377 298 50 0E370 300 45 0E365 305 40 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** **** ** **** *** **
22575 10/23*360 315 35 0*358 321 35 0*356 330 30 0*356 340 30 0
22575 10/23E360 311 35 0E358 318 35 0E356 325 30 0E356 330 30 0
* *** * *** * *** * ***
(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
22572 10/24E355 332 35 0E355 340 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22580 TS
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity (while a tropical
cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The extratropical designation was made for
seven days of the cyclone’s liftetime, while originally the system never made the
transition to extratropical. Major changes were made to the intensity while as an
extratropical cyclone. In addition, genesis for this cyclone was indicated one day
earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
individual ship and station data from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 23.5N, 86W.
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 24N, 82W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and
at 26N, 81.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations from HWM and COADS
suggests a center at 24N, 84W. No gale force winds (or equivalent from
pressure) were observed near the system, though some gales were observed
well to its northeast as a result of a large pressure gradient between it
and a strong ridge.
October 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 76.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 76.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 30N, 79W (a.m.) and at 35N, 72W with
1004 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position close to
the MWR Tracks of Lows is most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at
34.0N, 76.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt NE at 34.3N, 75.1W at 21 UTC (MWR).
October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 66W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 37.0N, 66.0W at 12 UTC. Ship
highlight: 60 kt ENE and 998 mb at 38.4N, 65.8W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 41N, 54.5W
with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with
well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed
this system as a tropical storm at 41.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC. Available
observations suggest that the HWM is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate.
Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 988 mb at 39.1N, 58.9W at 10 UTC (MWR);
45 kt NW and 991 mb at 39.4N, 59.1W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 42N, 42W
with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with
well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed
this system as a tropical storm at 42.0N, 42.0W at 12 UTC. Available
HWM and COADS ship data suggest that the center is farther west than the
HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 990 mb at 40.5N, 48.4W at
10 UTC (MWR); 25 kt WSW and 977 mb at 42N, 43W at 12 UTC (HWM).
October 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 42.5N, 34W
with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was an extratropical cyclone becoming occluded
by this date. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 42.2N, 34.2W
at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was farther
west than both the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSE
and 1006 mb at 43.2N, 29.0W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt S and 986 mb at
41.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA).
October 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 40N, 31W
with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was an occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT
analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 40.0N, 30.0W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and
HURDAT estimates. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 41.6N, 31.7W
at 07 UTC (MWR).
October 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 32W
with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations
suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone.
HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 36.7N, 30.0W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the system was slightly farther north
than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 38.5N, 34.5W at
02 UTC (COA); 45 kt N and 1006 mb at 39.4N, 34.4W at 02 UTC (COA);
25 kt NNE and 996 mb at 37.3N, 30.2W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 23: HWM analyzed a distinct closed low of at most 1010 mb near
36.5N, 32.5W with a cold front approaching from the west. However, available
HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded
extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical depression
at 35.6N, 33.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system
was farther east than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt SSW and
1000 mb at 34.5N, 32.5W at 14 UTC (COA).
October 24: HWM analyze a cold front extending from north of 45N, 35W
down to 35N, 35W. Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that the
system was absorbed by this front by this time.
Genesis is begun for this tropical storm a day earlier (15th) in the Gulf
of Mexico than shown originally in HURDAT. Minor track changes are made
from the 16th to the 23rd based upon available ship observations. The
track is extended a half day on the 24th as indicated by data from
HWM and COADS ship measurements. A major change in structure is to include
an extratropical storm stage from the 18th until dissipation on the 24th.
The original HURDAT did not have the system undergoing extratropical
transition, though observations clearly indicate its transformation to a
baroclinic storm on the 18th. The intensity is boosted on the 17th to
just below hurricane force based upon Beaufort 11 (~60 kt) ship
observations as well as a peripheral pressure of 998 mb. (This pressure
suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship.) Intensity kept substantially higher than HURDAT on the
19th through the 21st (as an extratropical system) due to numerous
high wind/low pressure ship measurements. Winds actually increased to
hurricane force late on the 20th and on the 21st, though the system was
extratropical at the time. However, since the estimated maximum 1 min
surface winds during its tropical cyclone stage were 60 kt on the 17th,
this system is listed as reaching tropical storm, not hurricane,
intensity at its peak as a tropical cyclone.
*******************************************************************************
1921/06 - 2009 REVISION:
22585 10/20/1921 M=11 6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
22590 10/20*123 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*137 806 35 0*143 809 40 0
22590 10/20*127 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*135 806 35 0*138 809 40 0
*** *** ***
22595 10/21*148 812 45 0*153 815 50 0*158 818 50 0*162 821 55 0
22595 10/21*142 812 45 0*146 815 50 0*150 818 50 0*155 822 55 0
*** *** *** *** ***
22600 10/22*166 824 65 0*170 827 70 0*175 830 75 0*181 834 80 0
22600 10/22*160 826 65 0*165 830 70 0*170 835 75 0*176 840 80 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22605 10/23*187 838 85 0*194 843 90 0*202 848 95 0*210 854 100 0
22605 10/23*183 845 90 0*191 850 100 0*200 853 110 0*209 854 120 941
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22610 10/24*218 858 110 0*226 860 115 0*234 860 120 0*243 857 120 0
22610 10/24*218 855 120 0*228 855 120 0*238 855 120 0*247 852 120 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22615 10/25*251 852 120 0*260 846 115 0*269 840 105 0*278 831 90 952
22615 10/25*256 848 120 943*264 844 115 0*271 839 110 0*278 831 105 952
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22620 10/26*285 820 85 0*290 809 80 0*291 796 75 0*289 780 75 0
22620 10/26*285 822 80 0*290 810 70 0*295 796 75 0*295 780 75 0
*** ** *** ** *** ***
22625 10/27*286 763 80 0*284 746 80 0*281 731 85 0*279 718 85 0
22625 10/27*294 763 80 0*292 746 80 0*290 731 75 0*287 718 75 0
*** *** *** ** *** **
22630 10/28*276 705 85 0*274 693 75 0E272 680 70 0E271 667 70 0
22630 10/28*284 707 75 0*281 697 75 0*278 688 75 0*273 678 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** **** ***
22635 10/29E270 655 70 0E271 642 70 0E272 630 70 0E274 613 70 0
22635 10/29*268 667 70 0*266 655 70 0*265 640 70 0*270 620 60 0
**** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** **
22640 10/30E310 552 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22640 10/30E285 590 50 0E305 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** **** *** **
22645 HRBFL3DFL2
22645 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1
************
U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States
Wind Simpson Pressure Affected
6-10/25/1921 2000Z 28.1N 82.8W 105kt 3 18nmi 952mb BFL3,AFL2,DFL1
Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), as well as indicating extratropical transition occurring two
days later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bowie 1921 and Day 1921), Cline (1926),
Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al.
(1992), and Barnes (1998).
October 17-19: Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a
trough formed in conjunction with significant pressure falls in the
western Caribbean on the 17th. This trough persisted but did not develop
a closed circulation until the 20th. No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.
October 20: HWM indicates that a closed low formed with at most 1007.5 mb
pressure near 14N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
13.7N, 80.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center
was slightly south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 20 kt W and
1004 mb at 12.7N, 80.5W at 19 UTC (COA). "A disturbed condition was first
noted to the southwest of Jamaica about the 20th" (MWR).
October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 15N, 81.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the HWM position is more accurate than
HURDAT. Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 993 mb (likely biased too low - 997
mb may be a better estimate) at 15.7N, 82.0W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and
996 mb (likely biased too low - 1000 mb may be a better estimate) at
15.3N, 81.9W at 23 UTC (COA).
October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb as 17.5N, 83W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.5N, 83.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 17N, 83W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is
southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Station highlights: 70 kt SW at Swan
Island at ~20 UTC (MWR); 989 mb at Swan Island at ~16 UTC (MWR). Ship
highlights: 35 kt SW and 998 mb (likely biased too low - 1002 mb may be a
better estimate) at 15.2N, 81.8W at 00 UTC (COA); two other ship reports
of 35 kt (COA). "Passing north-northwestward from the position southwest
of Jamaica, the cyclone passed near and to the east of Swan Islands on the
morning of the 22d" (MWR).
October 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 20N, 84.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
at 20N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 20N,
85W (a.m.) and 21.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than HURDAT's estimate. Ship
highlights: Calm and 941 mb at 21.5N, 85.5W at ~22 UTC (MWR); 50 kt
reported three times (MWR and COA). "Passing Swan Islands the cyclone
reached the Yucatan Channel during the 23d, its center passing near Cape
San Antonio, Cuba. It seems to have acquired its maximum intensity in
this region..." (MWR).
October 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 23.5N, 87W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.4N, 86.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
23.5N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 23.5N,
85W (a.m.) and 25.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations indicate that
the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship
highlights: 70 kt E and 959 mb at 24.0N, 85.2W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E
and 986 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 30 kt S
(~2330 UTC) and 1004 mb (21, 22, 23 UTC) at Key West (Cline). According to
reports from Sand Key station, eight miles south of Key West, "The heavy
seas from the southeast, south, and southwest rolled in over the reef and
practically washed away the island that had slowly built up since the
hurricane of September 1919" (MWR). Regarding the storm track, "...during
the 24th, with high pressure breaking down in front and under the
influence of a southwest current in the upper air, the hurricane
recurved..." (MWR).
October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 83.5W,
right offshore of western Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3
hurricane at 26.9N, 84.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 83.5W (a.m.). The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates at center at 27N, 83.5W with 975 mb (a.m.) and at
28.5N, 81.5N with 990 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
position was north and east of HURDAT. Ship highlights: Calm and 943 mb
at 25.6N, 84.4W at 03 UTC (MWR); ~90 kt SE at 25.6N, 84.4W at 01 UTC
(MWR). Station highlight: Calm and 952 mb at Tarpon Springs at 19 UTC
(MWR). 59 kt S at Tampa at 1918 UTC (MWR). With regard to landfall, "At
Tarpon Springs the barometer as read by Mr. A. P. Albaugh showed a reading
of 28.12 inches and at the same time the wind was a dead calm which lasted
an hour or more, following 2:15 p.m. of October 25" (MWR). Furthermore,
Cline (1926) provides this account from Dr. Albaugh: "1:20 p.m. Wind
southeast and stronger; our highest wind from 1:30 to 2:00 p.m.; about
2:15 p.m. wind getting lighter; about 2:40 p.m. almost calm and remained
so for one hour or more, then started from the northwest and heightened
for one hour or more then grew lighter." According to the Tampa Weather
Bureau office, "The highest tide...reached 10.5 feet above mean low water
at 2 p.m. as calculated afterwards by the United States engineers. This
is by far the highest ever recorded, the previous record [1848] being 5.55
feet" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "An east-west
line at the evening observation of the 24th, bisecting the State about
Titusville, showed the wind to be east-southeast and south below, and
northeast above, the line of demarcation. The morning reports of the
25th...Gales were blowing east of the Suwanee River, attended by
torrential rains in much of the central and north-central portion of the
peninsula...The center of the hurricane passed inland just north of Tampa"
(MWR). Also, "...[at Tampa] the greatest hourly precipitation intensity
occurred eight hours before passage of the cyclonic center and at
Jacksonville...it occurred five hours before passage of the cyclonic
center." (Cline 1926). Regarding tides and storm surge, "Egmont and
Sanibel Island: Both were practically covered by water. Fort Myers:
Tide was 12 to 18 inches higher than previous records for 30 to 35 years.
Punta Gorda: Tide was 7 feet above normal high tide at 3 p.m. of 25th;
water was in streets off city. Punta Rassa: Tide was 6 feet above normal
high water. Boca Grande: tide 5 feet 4 inches above normal high tide at
7:15 a.m. Clearwater: Tide 5 feet above normal high tide, 1:30-4 p.m.
St. Petersburg: Tide 8 feet 5 inches above mean low water at 2 p.m."
(MWR). "In Tampa the tide swept over the seawall along Bayshore Drive and
into some of the finest homes in the city. The flooding was even more
severe at Palmetto Beach, Edgewater Park, and DeSoto Park, where no
seawall offered protection. These areas suffered the greatest damages;
some houses had water lapping at second-story windows, and many were
demolished by breaking waves" (Barnes). The total number of
hurricane-related deaths is unknown; however, Barnes states that
"at least eight died on the west coast." Damage included a citrus crop
loss of 800,000 to 1,000,000 boxes of fruit valued at more than $1
million, truck crops and fertilizer adjacent to the coast totaling at
least $1 million, salt water flooding of agricultural areas (MWR). "At
St. Petersburg all four downtown piers were badly damaged or destroyed.
Many vessels of all sizes and descriptions were wrecked in the storm,
including the Home Line's `Genevieve' and the trawler `Hynoptist', which
crashed into the Atlantic Coast Line pier, dashing its crew of seven into
the raging waters. The steamer `Pokonoket' was washed ashore high on the
grounds of the Tampa Bay Hotel, and the Wilson Line's steamer `Favorite'
was also driven ashore and totally wrecked" (Barnes). "The damage to
residences, docks, warehouses, buildings, bridges, and miscellaneous
property at Tampa, Tarpon Springs, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Punta Gorda,
Marco, Caxambus, and Fort Myers; in short, along the coast from a point
near Cedar Keys, southward, will exceed $1,000,000, and the aggregate of
losses will probably total $3,000,000" (MWR).
October 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 80W,
just off the east coast of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1
hurricane at 29.1N, 79.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes
of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 79.5W (a.m.). The MWR
Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 28.5N, 79.5W with 990 mb (a.m.) and
at 28.5N, 77W with 992 mb (p.m.). Available observations indicate that
the center was farther north than HURDAT. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and
991 mb at 27.5N, 78.5W at 19 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 988 mb at 28.5N,
78.0W at 19 UTC (NCDC). Station highlights: 56 kt NE at Jacksonville
between 00 and 12 UTC 26th (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at Tampa (00 and 01 UTC) and
Titusville (01 UTC) (MWR/Cline/OMR). "After crossing the Florida
Peninsula the storm moved almost due east" (MWR). According to the Tampa
Weather Bureau office, "It began to rain about 4 a.m. Sunday, October 23,
and continued with hardly a break until 9:15 p.m. of the 25th. The total
recorded rainfall was 8.53 inches, but much more probably fell and was
blown out of the gage" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau
office, "It will be seen that the greatest rainfall occurred near the path
and over the upper-right front and the lower-right rear quadrants as the
storm center approached the coast and progressed northeastward across the
peninsula" (MWR). "Significant losses were reported to crops and farms in
the inland portions of the state as the hurricane crossed over to the
Atlantic" (Barnes). "The damage on the east coast, while
considerable locally, was altogether of little moment when compared with
that which befell the west coast" (MWR).
October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 71W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 73.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 28N,
74.5W (a.m.) and 28N, 72W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the
center was farther north than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt
NE and 996 mb at 30.0N, 73.1W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt ESE and 981 mb at
28.3N, 70.5W at 18 UTC (MWR). Regarding the track, "...a great HIGH was
bearing down from the north and under its influence the storm, which had
lost considerable intensity while crossing Florida, was forced to take a
new path to the east-southeast..." (MWR).
October 28: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 69W,
with a cold front extending south and west. HURDAT listed this as a
strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC. However, available
observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near
the storm. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921"
shows a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a
center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.) and near 27.5N, 66.5W (p.m.). Available
observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position may be a better fit
than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 979 mb at 27.2N,
68.7W at 00 UTC (COA); 60 kt ship report five times (NCDC).
October 29: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1000 mb at 26.5N,
64.5W, with a cold front extending to the south of the storm and a warm
front extending to the east of the storm. HURDAT listed this as a strong
extratropical storm at 27.2N, 63.0W at 12 UTC. However, available
observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near
the storm. Available observations suggest that the center was farther
south and west of the HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt N at
27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt WSW at 24.1N, 64.3W at 12 UTC (HWM);
30 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 23.5N, 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt ENE and 1001
mb at 29.5N, 59.5W at 20 UTC (COA).
October 30: HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near
38.5N, 48.5W with a strong cold front extending to the southwest. This
system absorbed the tropical cyclone earlier on the 30th. Ship highlight:
45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W. at 00 UTC (COA); 30 kt and 1002 mb
at 34.4N, 41.4W at 06 UTC (COA).
Minor track changes are introduced for the duration of the the hurricane. This
system is retained as a tropical cyclone for an additional day and a half
as indicated by available ship observations before transitioning into an
extratropical storm. Storm track is extended an extra 6 hours on the 30th to
better match available observations showing that this system was absorbed into
a larger extratropical cyclone around 12 UTC on the 30th and also to provide
a more realistic translational velocity at the end of the storm. No changes
are made to the intensity for the cyclone's first three days. The
997 mb peripheral pressure on the 21st (adjusted from 993 mb raw) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is
retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 21st. Late on the 22nd, Swan Island
reported 70 kt SW (~20 UTC) and 989 mb minimum pressure (~16 UTC). The 70 kt
converts down to 57 kt after adjusting for the high bias of the instrument and
adjusting to a peak 1 min wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al.
1996). The 989 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 66 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is retained in HURDAT for
18 UTC on the 22nd. At 22 UTC on the 23rd, a 941 mb pressure in the eye was
measured, which suggests winds of 118 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship. 120 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT, an increase from the original
value of 100 kt at 18 UTC on the 23rd. At 03 UTC on the 25th, a 943 mb
pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 117 from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind
relationships suggest 118 kt and 112 kt for the south and north of 25N
latitude, respectively. With the central pressure observation occuring
near 25N, a constant intensity of 120 kt is therefore retained through 00 UTC
and then reduced to 115 kt at 06 UTC. Another ship went through
the eye around 1520 UTC on the 25th and measured a pressure of at
most 958 mb. However, based upon lower pressure observed later at landfall in
Tarpon Springs with a longer calm period, this measurement is probably biased
high relative to the central pressure at that time. The difference may be due
to an incorrectly calibrated barometer, the ship not passing through the center
of the eye, a measurement taken while not in while in the center of the eye, or
some combination of the preceding.
The hurricane made landfall in southwest Florida with a central
pressure of 952 mb measured in Tarpon Springs at 1940-2040 UTC on the 25th.
952 mb suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind
relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship suggests
103 kt from the north of 25N associations. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested an
environmental pressure of 1006 mb, maximum 1 min surface wind at the coast of
98 kt, suggesting a low end Category 3 hurricane. Ho et al. analyzed a
landfall position of 27.9N, 82.8W with a 952 mb central pressure and an RMW of
18 nmi. Such an RMW is close to the average value for that latitude and
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), thus 105 kt is chosen for intensity at
landfall, making the storm a Category 3. This is in agreement with
HURDAT, Neumann et al., and Jarrell et al. Highest observed winds for this
system from Tampa at 1918 UTC on the 25th were 59 kt, which converts to 49 kt
after adjustment. However, the landfall position from Ho et al. is too far
south given the clearcut eye passage over Tarpon Springs. A landfall position
of 28.1N 82.8W is used instead, which retains the original HURDAT position
at 18 UTC on the 25th. Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of
the 00 and 06 UTC synoptic times on the 26th were 50 kt and 45 kt from ship
observations in the Gulf of Mexico. (Highest land based winds were 49 kt
around 00 UTC [Jacksonville] and 37 kt around 06 UTC [Charleston and
Savannah].) A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of
78 and 70 kt at 00 and 06 UTC, respectively. Winds in HURDAT are reduced from
85 to 80 kt at 00 UTC and 80 to 70 kt at 06 UTC, accordingly. (The winds
could have been reduced even further; however, due to the dearth of station
data, higher winds might have possibly occurred.) For the Florida regional
breakdown, the hurricane is considered a Category 3 impact in Southwest Florida
(BFL3), a Category 2 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL2), and Category 1 impact
in Northeast Florida (DFL1) and in Southeast Florida (CFL1).
After passing back over the Atlantic, a 988 mb peripheral pressure observation
at 19 UTC on the 26th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the
subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is retained in HURDAT for
18 UTC on the 26th. Available observations on the 27th and early on the
28th suggest that the hurricane did not reattain Category 2 intensity.
Winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 75 kt on the 27th and 28th,
accordingly. On the 28th, 979 mb and 984 mb peripheral pressures were
measured from ships. These suggest winds of at least 76 and 71 kt,
respectively. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, which is a slight increase from the
original database. Available observations indicate a weakening of the
system late on the 29th and on the 30th as it was being absorbed by a
larger extratropical low.
*******************************************************************************
1921/07 - 2009 ADDITION:
22826 11/19/1921 M= 7 7 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22827 11/19*209 650 25 0*212 660 25 0*215 670 30 0*218 680 30 0
22827 11/20*221 690 30 0*223 700 35 0*225 710 35 0*227 720 40 0
22827 11/21*228 729 40 0*229 737 45 0*230 745 50 0*229 752 50 0
22827 11/22*228 758 45 0*227 765 45 0*225 775 40 0*223 788 40 0
22827 11/23*222 803 35 0*221 815 35 0*220 825 30 0*220 834 30 0
22827 11/24*221 843 30 0*223 852 30 0*225 860 25 0*227 864 25 0
22827 11/25*229 865 25 0*232 865 25 0*235 865 25 0*240 865 25 0
22828 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and the _Monthly Weather Review_.
November 19: The Historical Weather Map does not indicate any significant
features in the vicinity of this system. The Monthly Weather Review's
Track of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22N 68.5W (p.m.) with
a pressure of 1009 mb. Available observations suggest that a tropical cyclone
had formed on this date and was near 21.5N 67W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 19th there was a LOW near
Porto Rico that moved westward with all the characteristics of a tropical
hurricane, which was most unusual for so late in the season" (MWR).
November 20: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough along 72W
with a cold front situated over the Florida peninsula to the Carolinas.
The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center
near 22.5N 71.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.) and near 22.5N 73W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center was near 22.5N 71W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 21.5N 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA);
35 kt E and 1013 mb at 21.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
November 21: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough/cold front
boundary extending from Cuba northeastward across the Bahamas to west
of Bermuda. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas
indicate a center near 21.5N 74.5W (a.m.) and near 22.5N 76.5W (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center was near 23N 74.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 50 kt NE (no time) and 30 kt NE and 1007 mb (no time)
at 23.7N 74.4W from the S.S. Mexican (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC
at 25.9N 75.7W (COA).
November 22: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low
pressure over the western Bahamas and central Cuba with a dissipating
cold front extending northeastward toward Bermuda. The Monthly Weather
Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center 22.5N 78W
(a.m.) and 23N 80.5W with 1009 mb (p.m.). Available observations
suggest a center near 22.5N 77.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE
at 24.7N 80.6W at 05 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 24.2N 82.2W
at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 22 UTC (COA).
November 23: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low
pressure over western Cuba. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers
of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 82.5W and 1009 mb (a.m.) and
23N 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22N 82.5W
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 00 UTC
(COA). Station highlights: 36 kt NE at Sand Key (MWR). "On the 23rd
and 24th the center was in the western Caribbean Sea, and on the
latter date in began to fill in, as by the 25th it had practically
disappeared. This was a moderate depression and limited in extent,
as only one of the many vessels that were in its path reported
winds of gale force" (MWR).
November 24: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north
of the Yucatan of Mexico. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of
Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 87.5W (a.m.). Available observations
suggest a center near 22.5N 86W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
November 25: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north
of the Yucatan of Mexico. Available observations suggest a center was
near 23.5N 86.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
This tropical cyclone formed early on the 19th of November east of
the Turks and Caicos Islands, though observations were sparse in this
location. Genesis occurred with no suggestions of interactions with
a frontal boundary or baroclinic forcing. The analyzed track is
nearly due west for the first five days of its lifetime with a slow
turn to the northwest as it was decaying over the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
Several observations from the 20th through the 23rd indicate that
tropical storm intensity of this system was reached. Data from
the S.S. Mexican on the 21st are the reason for analyzing a peak
intensity of 50 kt. Highest observed winds at a land station were
36 kt sustained in Sand Key, FL on the 23rd. The cyclone did interact
with the tail end of a frontal boundary on the 21st and 22nd, but it
appears that the cyclone was well south of the main baroclinic zone of
this front and that the cyclone remained a separate entity throughout its
lifetime. Analyses from Cuban meteorologists at the time (Ramon Perez, personal
communication, 2008) suggested that this system was a tropical depression at
landfall in Cuba. The observed gales were located well-removed from the center
northwest of the cyclone, suggesting that the system had some subtropical storm
characteristics. At landfall in Cuba late on the 22nd, the cyclone’s peak winds
had weakened to around 40 kt, primarily occurring in the Florida Straits and
the Keys. The system continued to weakened after passing through Cuba and it is
estimated to have dropped to tropical depression intensity on the 23rd and
dissipated late on the 25th. No significant impacts of this cyclone were observed
in the Bahamas, Cuba or Florida.
*********************************************************************************
1921 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION:
1) This cyclone had its origins as an extratropical storm along a
pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of March. By the 28th and 29th,
the system occluded and may have gained some tropical (or subtropical)
cyclone characteristics. The cyclone weakened below gale force by late
on the 29th and was absorbed by a frontal boundary from a large extratropical
cyclone early on the 30th. However, the cyclone remained very large, with
little evidence of strong, or strengthening, winds near the center. Also
an isothermal analysis also seems to support primarily a baroclinic system
throughout its lifetime. Thus the cyclone is not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Mar. 25 37N 43W Extratropical Low
Mar. 26 34N 41W Extratropical Low
Mar. 27 30N 43W Extratropical Low
Mar. 28 33N 47W Extratropical Low - Occluded
Mar. 29 36N 52W Extratropical Low - Occluded
Mar. 30 --N --W Absorbed
2) The Historical Weather Maps show a cold front that moves into
the Gulf of Mexico on 14 May. The front becomes stationary
by the 16th as a closed low formed along the front in the eastern
Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone - which did not exhibit any gales during
its duration - weakened on the 17th. It appears that the cyclone
remained baroclinic throughout its lifetime, so it is not added
into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
May 14 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico
May 15 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico
May 16 27N 84W Extratropical low
May 17 27N 85W Extratropical low (closed?)
3) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" in _Monthly_Weather_Review_ (MWR)
for June 1921 indicate a system moving northeast from the Northwestern
Caribbean on 1 Jun across Cuba early on 2 Jun. It continued ENE through
the central Bahamas, turning towards the north on the 4th and passing
about 150 km west of Bermuda on the 5th before turning back to the right
early on the 6th. COADS and Historical Weather Map observations show some
evidence of a weak circulation with tropical characteristics nearly along
this track from the 1st through the 2nd, which then encounters an
approaching cold front on the 3rd. Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) also
show an analyzed low pressure area in the Western Caribbean on the 1st
that is coincident with the MWR center position. However, the track
diverges from MWR beyond that point, as the analyzed low lingers in the
Caribbean through the 4th before dissipating; and observations do not
support a closed circulation in this location beyond the 1st. The HWMs
then show a weak analyzed low on the 5th and 6th nearly coincident with
the MWR positions that formed as a baroclinic wave along the frontal
system. This low was analyzed until the 7th and then weakened as it
accelerated northeast towards Cape Race. No gale force winds were noted
before the 6th, by which time the low was clearly extratropical. Because
maximum wind observations were 20 knots and the lowest believable pressure
from a COADS ship observation was 1005 mb on the 1st, it was probably only
a tropical depression in the barotropic stage and is not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jun. 1 19N 85W Tropical Depression
Jun. 2 23N 78W Tropical Depression
Jun. 3 25N 73W Tropical Depression (becoming extratropical)
Jun. 4 28N 66W Extratropical Storm
Jun. 5 32N 67W Extratropical Storm
Jun. 6 35N 62W Extratropical Storm
Jun. 7 42N 55W Extratropical Storm
4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS, and the July 1922 issue of
_Monthly_Weather_Review_ in the "Storms and Weather Warnings" section
suggest an area of low pressure formed in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico
northwest of Cedar Key on the morning of 5 July along a surface trough
axis oriented ENE-WSW. The system moved slowly in a general westward
direction just south of the Gulf Coast as a distinct entity through 7
July. It appears to have deteriorated to an open inverted trough on the
8th and 9th with no evidence of westerly or northwesterly winds, despite
maximum five-minute wind observations of 34 and 35 knots recorded at
Galveston and Corpus Christi, respectively, on the 8th and a COADS ship
observation of 25 kt at 28.9N and 91.6W on the 9th. (Moreover, the two
gale reports convert to 30 and 31 kt, respectively, after accounting
for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak
1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It is possible
that a closed circulation did exist on these dates, but that there were
not enough observations on the sound side of the system to be certain. A
closed circulation was again analyzed in the Historical Weather Maps on
the 10th, as it moved inland near Galveston towards Houston. The low
then drifted northwest over north Texas on the 11th before dissipating.
Since no ship or station observations reported gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure), it is considered to be only a tropical
depression as a closed circulation and is therefore not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jul. 5 29N 84W Tropical Depression
Jul. 6 28N 86W Tropical Depression
Jul. 7 28N 89W Tropical Depression
Jul. 8 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~92W (closed?)
Jul. 9 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~94W (closed?)
Jul. 10 30N 96W Tropical Depression
Jul. 11 32N 98W Tropical Depression (dissipating)
5) Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) indicate that a low pressure area formed
in a weakness that had developed in a westward extension of the Bermuda
high over southeast GA, northeast FL, and the Northeast Gulf of Mexico on
28 July. The HWMs and COADS ship observations show that this system was
only a weak tropical depression, which moved slowly northward and made
landfall over Apalachicola on the morning of the 29th. It then turned
towards the NNE and then NE on the 30th, moving over GA, and dissipated by
the 31st over the Carolina piedmont. Maximum winds were 20 kt or less,
and the lowest ship and station pressure observations were 1013 mb on the
30th. This system is consequently not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jul. 28 28N 85W Tropical Depression
Jul. 29 30N 85W Tropical Depression
Jul. 30 32N 83W Tropical Depression
6) This system is depicted as an extratropical cyclone on the Historical
Weather Maps over the Atlantic north, then east of Bermuda from
September 8th through the 13th. Genesis for this cyclone is begun on
the 9th of September when the storm obtained a closed circulation distinct
from the surface trough associated with a frontal boundary. It appears that
the system came closest to becoming a tropical storm (or subtropical storm)
on the 9th and 10th, before becoming a strong extratropical storm on
the 11th and 12th as it quickly moved westward across the North Atlantic.
Because the cyclone apparently never fully lost its frontal characteristics,
it will not be added into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sep. 8 --- --- Frontal Boundary
Sep. 9 37N 67W Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 10 40N 57W Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 11 43N 40W Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 12 51N 23W Extratropical Cyclone
Sep. 13 54N 16W Extratropical Cyclone
7) The 23 September Historical Weather Map shows a low pressure system
analyzed in the western Bay of Campeche about 50 km northeast of Veracruz.
The low formed that morning, as the surface pressure at Veracruz dropped 3
mb from the previous day to 1010 mb. This system apparently moved
westward and was inland by the evening. It produced large amounts of
rainfall over eastern and central Mexico. By the morning of the 24th, it
had already dissipated over the mountains northeast of Mexico City. The
maximum winds registered from Veracruz and a couple of COADS ship
observations were 25 kt. Since no gale force winds were evident, the
lowest pressure reading was 1009 mb, and the low moved inland rather
quickly, this system was probably just a tropical depression and is not
added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 23 20N 95W Tropical Depression
8) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicates that a closed cyclonic
circulation formed at the tail end of a decaying cold front in the Bay of
Campeche on 5 October. The system, which was devoid of baroclinic
characteristics, moved inland towards the southeast and dissipated over
Central America by the morning of the 6th. 35 kt winds were reported
at Veracruz and Villhermosa on the 5th, but surface pressures at these
stations were 1009 and 1007 mb, respectively. (Moreover, these convert to
only 30 kt, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and
adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell
et al. 1996). A COADS ship observation at 21.0N and 97.3W shows a wind
speed of 30 kt. Since no observations gale force winds or equivalent in
pressure, this system is considered to be a tropical depression and is not
added to HURDAT. However, it could have potentially been a tropical
storm.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 5 19N 94W Tropical Depression
********************************************************************************
1922/01 - 2009 REVISION:
22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 35 0*163 834 40 0
22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 25 0*163 834 25 0
** **
22630 06/13*171 843 40 0*178 853 40 0*183 862 40 0*188 871 35 0
22630 06/13*171 845 25 0*178 856 25 0*183 865 30 0*185 870 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22635 06/14*192 881 35 0*196 890 35 0*201 900 35 0*206 911 35 0
22635 06/14*187 876 30 0*190 885 30 0*195 895 25 0*201 908 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22640 06/15*210 924 35 0*215 938 40 0*220 950 40 0*227 960 45 0
22640 06/15*207 923 30 0*213 940 35 0*220 955 40 0*230 967 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
22645 06/16*233 968 45 0*241 976 40 0*249 982 35 0*2751000 30 0
22645 06/16*240 977 45 0*250 986 35 0*260 995 30 1006*2701002 25 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** **
22650 TS
Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
June 12: Historical Weather Map and COADS data indicate that no closed
low was developed by this date, though easterly winds up to 30 kt were
observed in the northwestern Caribbean. HURDAT listed this system as
a tropical storm at 15.5N, 82.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "This disturbance seemingly had
its inception over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on the 12th, although
the indications were that it was of but minor intensity. Nevertheless,
it caused torrential rains in the vicinity of the Swan Islands during the
12th and 13th" (MWR).
June 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low
existed on this day. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at
18.3N, 86.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot
shows a center at 17.2N, 87.3W. Available observations do confirm that
weak closed low existed just west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 13th there were
indications of an imperfectly organized disturbance in the Gulf of
Honduras" (MWR).
June 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed a broad low pressure of at
most 1010 mb region over Honduras and Nicaragua. HURDAT listed this system as
a tropical storm at 20.1N, 90.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during
1922" track plot shows a center at 19.3N, 91.3W. Available observations
suggest a center over Mexico southwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "During its
movement westward through British Honduras and Yucatan, press reports
tell of torrential rains and unprecedented floods in Salvador, and it is
probable that similar conditions prevailed in the adjoining republics, but
confirmation of this statement is lacking" (MWR).
June 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in
the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22N, 95W
at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center
at 22N, 95.1W with a central pressure of 1003 mb. The MWR Tracks of Lows
shows a center near 21.5N, 94.5W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.). Available
observations indicated a possible center west of the HURDAT and MWR
summary plot estimates. Ship highlight: 10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at
22.3N, 96.3W at 12 UTC (COA). "The morning of the 15th meteorological
observations by radio fro vessels in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico
disclosed the presence of a disturbance of moderate intensity central
off the port of Tampico, Mexico" (MWR).
June 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in
the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 24.9N, 98.2W
at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center
over Mexico at 26.5N, 100W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
26N, 99.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate
that a closed low did exist near the Tracks of Lows estimate. Station
highlight: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at Monterrey (HWM). "The cyclone passed
inland during the morning of the 16th immediately south of the Rio Grande"
(MWR).
June 17-23: The tropical cyclone dissipated, but associated rainfall
over the next couple of days resulted in destructive flooding in the
lower Rio Grande valley from the 18th through the 23rd. "[The cyclone]
passed up the valley of that [Rio Grande] river, attended by excessive
rains which resulted in unprecedented floods in the lower Rio Grande
valley ... The flood waters reached the Rio Grande first from the San
Juan, a tributary from Mexico entering the river just above Rio Grande
City, Tex. The river rose at this station to 26.5 feet, a stage exceeded
by 0.3 foot the great flood of September, 1919. A second rise caused by
water coming down the main channel of the Rio Grande took the stage at
Rio Grande City to 29.5 feet, 14.5 feet above flood stage, on June 22.
This is the highest stage reached at this station since 1909, when the
estimated stage was 30 feet. The water that caused the record rises came
into the river above Eagle Pass, where the river reached a stage of 45.6 feet
on the 19th, or 29.6 feet above flood stage. The Southern Pacific and
International bridges were washed away, and stores and houses on the west
side of Commercial Street were damaged. At Piedras Negras, the town on the
Mexican side of the river, several blocks of houses were destroyed. The
crest moved rapidly downstream between high river banks with stage at
Laredo of 43.9 feet, 15.9 feet above flood stages, on the 20th. The flood
reached the lower Rio Grande while the river was still swollen by water from
the San Juan. Tow crests moved toward the Gulf, but the flat nature of
the Lower Valley, with a fall of less than a foot to the mile, together
with the many levees built in recent years, caused the crests of the two
floods to merge into one, producing unprecedented conditions. The crest
stage at Mission, Tex., was 28.4 feet, 4.4 feet above flood stage on the
23d ... The flooded districts ranged in width from 6 to 20 miles across
Hidalgo County; and 20 to 40 miles across Cameron County. A corresponding
inundation occurred in Mexico ... It is estimated that 30,000 acres of
agricultural lands were inundated with loss of crops. The was much damage
to levees, bridges, roads, irrigation systems, transportation lines, and
buildings of all kinds. Many towns from the western border of Hidalgo
County to the Gulf suffered complete or partial inundation, with great
property losses ... Much damage would have resulted from the great overflow
at any time of the year, but the flood, coming as it did in the height of
the growing season, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of crops. Another million
will have to be spent to repair levees, roads, buildings, and to put the
irrigation systems in working order. Few, if any, lives were lost on the
American side of the Rio Grande, which is remarkable when the magnitude
of the flood is considered" (MWR).
Genesis for this system is unchanged from that indicated in HURDAT,
though as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm.
This is consistent with that shown also in the MWR "Hurricanes during
1922" track plot. Track changes introduced for the duration of
this tropical storms were minor. While no explicit gale force winds
were observed, a peripheral pressure of 1006 mb from a ship on the
15th suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship - 40 kt retained in HURDAT. A pressure (possibly a central
pressure) of 1006 mb at Monterrey on the 16th suggests winds of at least
32 kt - 30 kt chosen as the center was inland by this time. (The sea
level pressure value from Monterrey may be suspect because of its high
elevation, but the 6.4 mb drop from 12 UTC on the 15th to 12 UTC on
the 16th is consistent with a moderate tropical storm making landfall
on the coast.) Only minor changes were made to the system during its
decay, but it is to be noted that the remnants of this tropical storm
caused one of the largest flooding events ever for the Lower Rio Grande
valley.
********************************************************************************
1922/02 - 2009 REVISION:
22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
22660 09/13*104 468 35 0*107 488 35 0*110 500 40 0*112 509 40 0
22660 09/13*104 468 30 0*107 481 30 0*110 493 30 0*112 505 35 0
** *** ** *** ** *** **
22665 09/14*116 519 45 0*120 529 50 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0
22665 09/14*116 517 40 0*120 529 45 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0
*** ** **
22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 65 0*164 598 70 0
22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 70 0*164 598 80 0
** **
22675 09/16*170 609 80 0*176 619 85 0*181 629 90 0*187 639 95 0
22675 09/16*170 609 90 0*176 619 100 0*181 629 100 0*187 639 100 0
** *** *** ***
22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 674 105 0
22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 672 105 0
***
22685 09/18*219 679 105 0*225 681 110 0*232 682 110 0*240 682 115 0
22685 09/18*219 673 105 0*225 674 105 0*232 675 105 0*240 676 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22690 09/19*249 681 115 0*258 680 115 0*265 678 120 0*273 673 120 0
22690 09/19*249 677 105 0*258 678 105 0*265 678 105 0*273 676 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22695 09/20*279 670 125 0*286 665 125 0*292 660 125 0*299 655 130 0
22695 09/20*279 673 105 0*286 669 105 0*292 665 105 0*299 661 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22700 09/21*306 650 130 0*313 643 130 0*321 632 130 0*335 615 130 0
22700 09/21*306 657 100 0*313 653 100 0*323 648 100 960*336 638 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22705 09/22*358 590 130 0*382 564 125 0*400 540 115 0E412 523 105 0
22705 09/22*351 620 100 0*367 600 95 0*380 575 90 0*390 550 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** ***
22710 09/23E423 506 95 0E434 490 95 0E446 465 90 0E459 432 90 0
22710 09/23E400 525 80 0E410 500 75 0E420 475 75 0E435 445 75 971
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
22715 09/24E473 390 90 0E487 344 85 0E498 300 85 0E502 277 80 0
22715 09/24E455 400 75 0E475 344 75 0E490 295 75 0E500 260 75 952
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** ***
22720 09/25E505 255 80 0E508 222 80 0E510 204 75 0E511 191 75 0
22720 09/25E505 230 75 0E508 200 75 939E510 175 75 0E510 158 75 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** *** ***
22725 09/26E511 176 70 0E511 158 70 0E510 140 70 0E509 101 70 0
22725 09/26E508 143 70 0E505 130 65 0E500 120 60 0E495 110 50 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22730 HR
Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations
provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service.
September 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed
circulation on this date. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
11N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available observations do indeed suggest a closed
circulation was present near 11N, 49.3W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed
circulation on this date. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
at 12.2N, 54.3W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 54W
at 12 UTC. Available observations do show a closed circulation near the
HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a NE-SW
oriented trough extending from 17N, 58W to 12N, 65W. The MWR "Hurricanes
during 1922" show a center at 14.9N, 58.4W. HURDAT lists this as a
Category 1 hurricane at 15.8N, 58.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations
suggest a center near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The hurricane] originated in
low latitudes east of the Lesser Antilles, the French S.S. Mont Rose
encountering it about 200 miles east of Martinique. This vessel received
slight damage" (MWR).
September 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
near 17.7N, 62W with a pressure of 1002 mb. HURDAT lists this as
a Category 2 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations
do confirm a closed circulation near the HURDAT position. Station
highlights: 70 kt NW and 968 mb pressure at Barbuda at 0530 UTC (MWR);
calm wind (eye) at Barbuda at 0545 UTC (MWR). "The next period began
with the reporting of a fully developed hurricane to the east of the
Windward Islands. Moving northwest, this storm passed near Barbuda of
the Leeward group on the morning of the 15th of September (lowest
barometer reading 28.58 inches ... a very intense storm of small diameter,
which was noted at Barbuda and Bermuda" (MWR).
September 17: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
near 21N, 64.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.6N, 66.8W
at 12 UTC. Available observations do indicate a closed center near the
HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt and 1004 mb at 22.2N, 67.1W (MWR).
September 18: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
23.7N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
22N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.2N, 68.2W
at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation
existed east of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 19: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed
circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center
26.1N, 66.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
25N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 67.8W
at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation
existed near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 20: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 31N, 75W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south and west. However, HWM did not analyze
a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during
1922" show a center at 28.4N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 28N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 29.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed
circulation existed west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 21: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 32N, 71W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low
in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a
center at 31.8N, 64.4W with 1003 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 32N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4
hurricane at 32.1N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm
a closed circulation existed substantially west-northwest of the HURDAT
estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt E and 967 mb at 32.1N, 64.8W at 12 UTC
(COA). Station highlight: 70 kt NE-WNW-W at Bermuda at 1230-1330 UTC
(Tucker); 967 mb (near eye) at Bermuda 1240 UTC (Tucker); 965 mb and 15 kt at
Bermuda at 1245 UTC (Guishard). "After recurving the hurricane passed near
Bermuda on the morning of the 21st (lowest barometer reading 28.57 inches)" (MWR).
“Observations from Fort Prospect Observatory…8 to 8:10am worst period before the
lull, the velocity estimated at over 100 mph…8:45 a.m. 28.51 inches, winds fell
to 18 mph…from 8:45am onwards until 11am the wind continued at hurricane force,
and only an estimate of the velocity can be given, at times during these gusts
the velocity must have reached well over 100 mph” (Royal Gazette and Colonist Daily,
Sep. 23, 1922 – provided by Mark Guishard). "Early next [21st] morning the winds
made up from E.N.E., the force gradually increasing till by 8 a.m. it had a
velocity of one hundred and twenty miles an hour. The North Shore [of Bermuda]
presented a most magnificent spectacle with furious waters carrying rocks, several
tons in weight, and tossing them like pebbles. The centre of the storm passed right
over the islands, for at 9 a.m. came the lull, lasting nearly an hour. But as is
so often the case, when the winds of the second half of the storm sprang at the
land, now from the southwest, it had renewed vigor. And it was during this second
half of the hurricane that most of the damage was sustained. By early afternoon
the sun was shining brightly and all was over. Short as this storm was,
it was most severe as the destruction it its wake mutely testified. A great
deal more damage was done than by the hurricane of the previous year and
one fatality was recorded, -- that of a sailor from H.M.S. "Capetown" who
fell overboard at the Dockyard owing to all lights having been blown away ...
Vegetation suffered enormously, owners of banana plantations being among
the heaviest losers. Other damage was general and severe, -- the streets
were full of fallen trees, roofs were shattered, walls blown out, shutters
wrenched away. The Bermuda Cathedral not only lost the Cross from the
western end, but the roof was damaged badly by its fall. Along the Paget
short, all the wharfage was swept away, and the bungalows were blown off
White's Island into the Harbour. The old City Hall on Front Street in
Hamilton was partly destroyed ... The tide was at its highest since 1899.
A normal tide rise it two to three feet, but with this hundred-and-twenty-mile
an hour hurricane behind it, it rose eight feet and flooded many houses around
the harbours, besides pounding down wharfage and frontage along the shores.
Flatts Bridge, and many roads, were under water. On the South Shore, crested
waves of sixty feet in height formed a magnificent picture. Between 8 and
9 a.m. a wind velocity of 120 m.p.h. was recorded at the Dockyard. A scene
of desolation was left in its wake. The dock in the Cambre was half-sunk
by the Dockyard authorities with H.M.S. "Capetown" inside. H.M.S. "Valerian"
lost her after-mast, H.M.S. "Dartmouth" her foretopmast, while H.M.S.
"Constance" broke adrift from her bowlines. ... Apart from private losses,
the Colonial Government was faced with a repair bill of some fifty thousand
pounds sterling consequent on this hurricane ... Part of a report on
Hurricane of Thursday, 21st September at Bermuda, as set down in the
Record Book at H. M. Dockyard - ... The velocity of the wind during the
heaviest squalls (after the centre had passed) was estimated as being
somewhere between 110-120 mph" (Tucker).
September 22: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone near 37N, 68W with a warm front extending off to the east and a
warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low
in the vicinity of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4
hurricane at 40N, 54W at 12 UTC. Available observations do suggest a closed
circulation existed substantially south and west of the HURDAT estimate.
Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1003 mb at 39.6N, 61.5W at 12 UTC (HWM);
35 kt ENE at 40N, 65W at 12 UTC (HWM). "[The hurricane] continued
northeastward into the steamer lanes and was encountered by a large number
of vessels before reaching the English coast in a modified form ... the
storm enlarged its area enormously in the northern latitudes and retained
much of its vortical energy" (MWR).
September 23: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical
cyclone of at most 1005 mb at 43.5N, 48W with a warm front extending to the
east and a cold front extending down to the south and west. This system is the
hurricane, which by this time has become baroclinic in structure. HURDAT lists
the system as an extratropical cyclone at 44.6N, 46.5W at 12 UTC. Available
observations suggest that the center was south and west of the HURDAT
estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt at 43.3N, 44.7W (MWR); 971 mb central
pressure at 43.3N, 44.7W at 16 UTC (MWR).
September 24: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
cyclone of at most 985 mb at 50N, 29W with a warm front extending to the east
and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT lists the system as an
extratropical cyclone at 49.8N, 30W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest
that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights:
70 kt N at 49.7N, 29.7W (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 968 mb at 49N, 21W at
23 UTC (MWR); 25 kt ESE and 952 mb (possible central pressure) at 50N, 23.8W
at 17 UTC (MWR).
September 25: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluding
extratropical cyclone of at most 975 mb at 50N, 19W with an occluded front
extending to the east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at
51N, 20.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was east
of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 956 mb at 02 UTC (MWR);
50 kt SSE and 944 mb at 51.2N 19.0W at 06Z (MWR). "From the 24th to the 26th...
the storm developed into one of the most violent encountered in years. Especially
interesting was the newspaper account of the experience of the Cunard liner
Aquitania which was evidently near the center on the 25th. Some idea of the force
of the sea can be gathered by the fact that 10 ports on the "B" deck 50 feet above
the water line were smashed in, and 40 feet of the teak-wood coping which inclosed
the windows on the shelter dec, 50 feek above the water line, were swept away" (MWR).
September 26: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded
extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 52N, 13W with an occluded front
extending to the north and east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical
cyclone at 51N, 14W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center
was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and
986 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 01 UTC (COA); 70 kt W and 989 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W
at 05 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 974 mb at 49.5N, 10.5W at 13 UTC (COA).
Station highlight: 35 kt S and 992 mb at Skokholm Island at 12 UTC (HWM);
10 kt SE and 982 mb at Valencia Island at 12 UTC (HWM).
No change was made in the genesis of this hurricane, though the transition
from tropical depression to tropical storm was delayed 18 hours based upon
substantial ship observations found on the 13th. Minor track changes
were made on the 13th-14th, the 17th-20th, and the 24th. Larger track
alterations were made on the 21st-23rd and 25th-26th based upon available
observations. A peripheral pressure of 968 mb early on the 16th in Barbuda
suggests winds of at least 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship - winds are boosted from 85 to 100 kt at 06 UTC. A near-eye
pressure of 967 mb from the Dockyard in Bermuda on the morning of the 21st
indicates a central pressure of about 960 mb. 960 mb suggests winds of
94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced
from 130 down to 100 kt at 12 UTC. In both cases, the winds were increased
slightly above the suggested pressure-wind relationship because of the
smaller than usual size of the hurricane. It is noted that the 120 mph
(104 kt) "recorded" in Bermuda was actually a visual estimate rather than
an anemometer reading. Nevertheless, it is consistent with a major
hurricane (Category 3) passing over a portion of Bermuda. It is analyzed
that the hurricane became a very vigorous extratropical storm early on
the 23rd. A central pressure reading of 971 mb on 16 UTC on the 23rd
suggests winds of 81 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship -
winds are reduced from 90 to 75 kt at 18 UTC as the system had already
transitioned to an extratropical storm structure and would have weaker
winds for the same pressure. The winds are then kept at 75 kt from the 23rd until
the 25th, as the system maintained itself as a strong extratropical low.
The system finally weakened to below hurricane-force winds on the 26th as it began
impacting Great Britain. This hurricane is one of the strongest on record to have
directly impacted Bermuda, in this case as a Category 3 with maximum sustained winds
of about 100 kt.
*******************************************************************************
1922/03 - 2009 ADDITION:
22826 09/18/1922 M= 7 3 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22827 09/18*288 794 30 0*289 792 30 0*290 790 35 0*291 787 35 0
22827 09/19*292 785 40 0*293 782 40 0*295 780 45 0*297 778 50 0
22827 09/20*299 776 55 0*302 773 60 0*305 770 65 0*308 765 70 0
22827 09/21*312 760 70 0*316 755 70 0*320 750 70 0*323 745 70 0
22827 09/22*326 740 70 0*330 735 70 0*335 730 70 0*343 722 65 0
22827 09/23*355 712 60 0*366 700 55 0*375 690 50 0*381 684 45 0
22827 09/24*385 682 40 0*383 681 35 0*390 680 35 0*392 680 35 0
22827 09/25E394 680 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22828 HR
This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tannehill (1952).
September 17: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a cold front
stretching across Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico. No low center
is shown.
September 18: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary
extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward
Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect
near 30N 78W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions
of 27N 82W and 1012 mb pressure (17th PM), 29N 80W 1013 mb (18th AM),
30N 79W 1011 mb (18th PM). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "In September a disturbance moved from the Gulf into Florida
near Tampa on the 17th and into the Atlantic. It was of slight force"
(Tannehill). "Another [disturbance] developed off the east Florida coast,
the first evidences of it appearing the morning of the 18th...This disturbance
increased in intensity and moved slowly northwestward during the 18th" (MWR).
September 19: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary
extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward
Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect
near 29N 77W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions
of 31N 78W and 1009 mb pressure (19th AM) and 31.5N 76.5W (19th PM). Ship
highlights: numerous 35 kt winds. Station highlights: 36 kt N wind at
Jacksonville (MWR). "On the morning of the 19th its center was near 30N
and longitude 78W, and moving more to the northward, but slowly" (MWR).
September 20: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of
at most 1010 mb near 31N 76W with a warm front extending east of the low
and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones analyzed the cyclone as stationary on the 20th
at 31.5N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1010 mb from the Paloma
at 06Z at 31.2N 76.7W (MWR); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 30.8N 79.2W
(COA). "From its position on the 19th this disturbance advanced north and
then northeastward and passed off Cape Hatteras in an easterly direction
on the 22d" (MWR).
September 21: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low
of at most 1005 mb near 31N 71W with a warm front extending east of the
low and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 33N 74.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.)
and 34N 73W with 1000 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1007 mb
at 12Z at 36.5N 73W (COA); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 32.4N 76.9W (COA).
Station highlights: 43 kt N at Hatteras (MWR); 42 kt NE at Atlantic City
(MWR). "No observations have been received of the lowest barometer readings
in the immediate center of this disturbance, but the fact that winds of
hurricane velocity occurred off the North Carolina coast would lead to
the supposition that the disturbance was one of major intensity, but not
actually of tropical orgin. So far as known no American vessels were
destroyed in either of these disturbances. It is a fact of importance,
however, that the Diamond Shoals Lightship was blown 12 miles from its
moored position by the second of these disturbances" (MWR). "From the 18th
to the 22d there was a second tropical storm...This was central on the 18th
near latitude 29N, longitude 79W, and moved slowly northeastward until
the 22d, when the center was near latitude 35N, 70W. It was only natural
that this disturbance should be confused with the one just described
[Storm #2, 1922], as on the 18th, 19th, and 20th the centers of the two
areas of low pressure were not far apart. This disturbance, while of a
tropical nature was not fully developed, and no unusually low barometric
readings were reported" (MWR).
September 22: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low
of at most 1005 mb near 34N 71W with a dissipating occluded front extending
northeast of the low, a warm front extending east of the occluded front,
and a cold front extending southwest of the occluded front. The MWR Tracks
of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 35N 70.5W with 1003 mb (a.m.)
and 36N 69W with 1002 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 993 mb at
12Z at 33.3N 74W (COA).
September 23: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of
at most 1005 mb near 38N 68W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity.
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed
low. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
September 24: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at
most 1005 mb near 40N 68W with an extratropical cyclone to the northeast
of the system. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the
system as a closed low. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0Z at
33.4N 72.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 16Z at 40.5N 67.5W (COA).
Despite the start of the track on the 17th by Tannehill, a closed low
first became evidence early on the 18th just east of the Florida peninsula.
The frontal structure depicted from the 18th until the 22nd does not
appear to be valid, as little to no temperature gradient is analyzed
near the system's center. The cyclone is analyzed to have achieved
tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 18th based upon numerous
reports of 30 kt and the first report of gale force winds at 01Z on the 19th.
The cyclone slowly intensified on the 18th and 19th and the winds were
aided to some degree by the strong gradient to the north of the
storm in conjunction with a high pressure center over New England. The
system slowly moved toward the northeast from the 18th through the 22nd.
The ship the SS Paloma recorded winds of 60 kt SE near the center early
on the 20th. A ship from COADS recorded winds 60 kt NE with 1007 mb at 12Z
on the 21st and then 60 kt NE with 993 mb at 12Z on the 22nd. Using this
last observation, one can estimate a central pressure of about 987 mb.
This would suggest winds of 64 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship from Brown et al. With the high environmental pressures,
winds would be expected to be higher than the standard relationship. Based
upon these, it is estimated that the system reached minimal hurricane
intensity from late on the 20th until the 22nd. This is consistent with
the statement in _Monthly Weather Review_ about "winds of hurricane force off
the North Carolina coast", though no explicit data could be found that
verified this. The cyclone likely weakened as it moved closer to New England
on the 23rd, though little data was in the vicinity of the system on
that date. The system was absorbed into an extratropical cyclone on
the 24th, just southeast of New England. The cyclone did cause sustained
tropical storm force winds in Florida, North Carolina, and New Jersey.
Given the influence of the strong gradient to the north of the cyclone
for a few days, the system did exhibit some hybrid characteristics.
Additionally, this cyclone may have had some Fujiwara interactions with
storm #2, a strong but small hurricane that directly struck Bermuda.
*******************************************************************************
1922/04 - 2009 REVISION:
22775 10/14/1922 M= 9 4 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22775 10/11/1922 M=12 4 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
(The 11th to the 13th are new to HURDAT.)
22780 10/11*120 755 25 0*120 758 25 0*120 760 25 0*120 763 25 0
22780 10/12*120 765 25 0*120 767 25 0*120 770 25 0*122 772 25 0
22780 10/13*125 774 25 0*129 776 25 0*135 780 25 0*143 785 25 0
22780 10/14*164 804 35 0*167 807 35 0*170 810 35 0*172 811 35 0
22780 10/14*152 790 30 0*162 795 30 0*170 800 30 0*176 805 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22785 10/15*174 813 35 0*176 815 35 0*179 817 35 0*182 820 40 0
22785 10/15*179 810 30 0*181 815 30 0*182 820 35 0*184 823 40 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** ***
22790 10/16*185 823 40 0*188 826 45 0*191 830 50 0*194 834 50 0
22790 10/16*186 825 45 0*188 827 50 0*191 830 60 0*193 833 65 0
*** *** ** *** ** ** *** *** **
22795 10/17*198 839 60 0*201 843 65 0*204 848 75 0*207 853 85 0
22795 10/17*195 837 70 0*199 841 75 0*204 845 80 0*207 852 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** ***
22800 10/18*209 857 85 0*210 862 80 0*210 867 70 0*210 872 70 0
22800 10/18*207 859 95 0*206 866 95 0*205 873 85 0*205 879 65 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22805 10/19*211 878 70 0*209 885 70 0*208 890 70 0*207 895 70 0
22805 10/19*204 884 55 0*204 889 50 0*203 895 50 0*202 900 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22810 10/20*206 899 75 0*204 903 80 0*202 907 80 0*200 911 80 0
22810 10/20*201 906 60 0*200 913 65 0*198 918 70 0*196 921 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22815 10/21*198 914 80 0*196 918 70 0*194 921 65 0*191 924 35 0
22815 10/21*194 924 70 0*191 926 70 0*188 928 70 0*185 930 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
22820 10/22*187 927 35 0*183 937 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22820 10/22*183 932 45 0*181 934 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** ***
22825 HR
Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_,
the Original Monthly Records (for Swan Island), and Mexican station
observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.
October 11: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in
the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low
had formed near 12N 76W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed. "Reports have come out of the Magdalena Department of
Columbia of a storm which swept that region during the 48 hours between
October 10 and 11, with great destruction to the banana plantations" (MWR).
October 12: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in
the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low
was near 12N 77W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
October 13: Historical Weather Map analyzed an area of disturbed weather
near 14N 77W. Aailable observations suggest a closed low was near 13.5N 78W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 14: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1005 mb
near 23N, 83W with a warm front extending to the northeast and a dissipating
cold front extending to the south. The center analyzed in HWM is actually
storm #3. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 81W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Hurricane during 1922 track chart notably did not show a center
on this date for storm #4. Available observations indicate that storm #4
had a closed low near 17N, 80W and storm #3 was in existence nearby
over western Cuba. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed. "On the 14th, falling barometer, wind shifts, and squally weather
were reported by a vessel immediately southwest of Jamaica" (MWR).
October 15: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb
near 20N, 79.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 81.7W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at
17.8N, 81.2W. Available observations suggest a closed center just northwest
of the HURDAT estimate. Station highlight: 19 kt W and 1005 mb at Swan
Island at 21 UTC (OMR).
October 16: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
at 19.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 83W
at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at
18.3N, 82.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt at 18.1N, 83.4W (MWR); 35 kt NW and
1001 mb at 18.1N, 83.4W at 2030 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 26 kt W and
1003 mb at Swan Island at 2015 UTC (OMR). "In contrast to the preceding
disturbance [storm #3], this storm developed rapidly both in intensity and
area, becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" (MWR).
October 17: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 20.5N, 85W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
20.4N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed
a center at 19.1N, 84.9W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a
center near 19.5N, 84W (a.m.). Available observations indicate a center just
east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 21.3N, 84.8W at
12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 18.6N, 83.3W at 00 UTC (COA); 40 kt E
and 1000 mb at 21.2N, 84.7w at 12 UTC (HWM).
October 18: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 21N, 86W with a dissipating cold front north of the low across the southern
Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
21N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a
center at 20N, 87.1W with 984 mb central pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Cyclones has a center near 20N, 87W with 984 mb pressure (a.m.). Available
observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just inland
over the Yucatan of Mexico. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 996 mb at
20.1N, 86.1W at 0030 UTC (MWR); 55 kt S and 984 mb at 20.2N, 87.1W at ~12 UTC
(MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt NW and 1008 mb at Peto at 12 UTC (HWM);
30 kt N and 1004 mb at Progreso at 20 UTC (MEX). "Moving at first west-
northwest it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula ... The governor of Quintana
Roo, eastern Province of Yucatan [ ] telegraphed that the entire coast had
been lashed by a severe storm, destroying property and crops and causing
some loss of life. The islands of Mujeras and Cozumel, off the northeastern
coast of Yucatan, were reported to have been swept bare. Newspaper
dispatches from Yucatan reported the foundering of several small
vessels" (MWR).
October 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
at 20.5N, 89W over the Yucatan of Mexico with a dissipating cold front
indicated west of the low and a stationary front shown northeast of the low.
HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.8N, 89w at 12 UTC.
The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 shows the low at 20.3N, 89.3W. The MWR
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center near 20N, 89.5W with 998 mb
pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that the system was
southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE and 999 mb
at 20.2N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20N, 91.9W at
20 UTC (COA); 45 kt and 1001 mb at 19.7N, 92W at 23 UTC (COA). Station
highlight: 40 kt N and 1000 mb at Campeche at 12 UTC (HWM); 40 kt ENE and
1001 mb at Progreso at 13 UTC (MEX).
October 20: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb
at 19.5N, 91W just leaving the coast of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system
as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.N, 90.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes
during 1922 track chart shows the center at 19.2N, 92W. Available
observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship
highlight: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 20.2N, 92.1W at 11 UTC (MWR). Station
highlight: 52 kt NW at Veracruz (MWR).
October 21: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
at 18.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
19.4N, 92.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations indicate the center was
southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just offshore of Mexico in the Bay of
Campeche. Ship highlight: 70 kt NW at 19.5N, 95.5W at 10 UTC (COA).
"[The hurricane] was last charted on the 21st, decreased in energy and
modified in form after its passage across land areas, in the vicinity of
Frontera in the Province of Tabasco, Mexico ... The following press
dispatch from Mexico city, dated October 22: Reports received here from
Vera Cruz, Progresso, Tampico, Tuxpan, and other reports indicated that
the storm which has swept the Gulf of Mexico in these regions during the
past few days has done considerable damage to shipping. Several small
vessels were sunk. the Ward liners Esperanza and Morro Castle are still
outside Vera Cruz unable to enter the harbor after having fought the
waves for two days" (MWR).
October 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 21N, 94.5W. HURDAT had dissipated the system by 12 UTC and had a
final position for it as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 93.7W at 06 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the system had indeed dissipated by
12 UTC over mainland Mexico near 18N, 94W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNE
at 19.5N, 95.5W at 02 UTC (COA). "This storm dissipated after moving
inland, but heavy rains continued for a day or two longer over the
eastern States of Mexico" (MWR).
Genesis for this hurricane was begun three days later than originally
indicated in HURDAT based upon available observations. Otherwise, changes
in track for this system are relatively minor. Intensity is adjusted
upward on the 16th based upon an observed 60 kt ship report. (However,
the statement in MWR regarding "becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th"
does not appear to be corroborated with any observations. Minimal
hurricane intensity, while achieved 12 hours earlier than that originally
shown in HURDAT, is analyzed here to have occurred on the 16th at 18 UTC.)
A peripheral pressure of 984 mb on the 18th suggests winds of at least 72 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. The press reports from
the eastern coast of the Yucatan of Mexico suggest that at least Category 2
hurricane conditions impacted the region. Winds are boosted to 95 kt
(borderline Category 2/3 conditions) accordingly, though it is possible that
this system achieved major hurricane status before landfall on the 18th.
Winds are decreased after landfall on the 19th to tropical storm intensity,
which is consistent with numerous ship and station observations
available. The system is analyzed to have regained hurricane intensity
early on the 20th based upon observed hurricane force winds from a ship
report. Category 1 hurricane intensity is retained until landfall
after 18 UTC on the 21st, six hours after that originally shown in
HURDAT. Dissipation over the mountainous region of Mexico occurred
early on the 22nd, similar to that already shown in HURDAT.
*******************************************************************************
1922/05 - 2009 REVISION:
22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 3 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 5 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* *** *
22740 10/12*162 830 35 0*168 821 35 0*175 818 35 0*180 817 35 0
22740 10/12*165 845 25 0*165 842 25 0*165 840 25 0*167 837 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22745 10/13*186 817 40 0*192 818 40 0*198 820 35 0*205 824 40 0
22745 10/13*170 834 30 0*174 831 30 0*180 830 35 0*190 830 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** **
22750 10/14*212 828 40 0*220 833 40 0*228 837 40 0*237 841 40 0
22750 10/14*202 830 35 0*215 830 35 0*228 830 35 0*242 834 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ***
22755 10/15*248 845 45 0*258 849 45 0*266 853 45 0*273 857 45 0
22755 10/15*253 840 45 0*261 847 45 0*266 853 45 0*270 858 45 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22760 10/16*279 861 45 0*284 864 45 0*289 868 45 0*294 871 45 0
22760 10/16*273 863 45 0*276 868 40 0*280 872 35 0*286 875 30 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22765 10/17*299 874 40 0*304 877 40 0*308 879 35 0*312 882 30 0
22765 10/17*293 877 30 0*300 878 25 0E308 879 25 0E316 880 25 0
*** *** *** *** ** * **** *** **
22770 TS
Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #3. Evidence for these alterations
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001).
October 11: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a substantial
frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern
Caribbean Sea. No closed circulation is yet present. No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 12: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a stationary
frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern
Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82W
at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of
17.2N, 82.2W. Available observations indicate that the baroclinic zone
with the front was rather weak and that a closed circulation may have
existed west of the original HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed. "A slight disturbance [was noted] in
the northwestern Caribbean on the 12th and moved northwest and north without
gaining any great intensity, a sort of abortive hurricane" (MWR).
October 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
low centered near 20N, 82W with at most 1010 mb pressure with a warm front
extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82.0W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 19.1N, 82.8W.
Available observations suggest that the front had weakened and that
the cyclone was likely centered near 18N, 83W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE
and 1016 mb at 24.8N, 78.9W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical
low centered near 23N, 83.5W with at most 1005 mb pressure with a warm front
extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south.
HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22.8N, 83.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 21.8N, 83.1W.
The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 22N, 83W with
1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the system
exhibited a tropical storm structure and was centered just east
of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at
24.6N, 83.4W at 23 UTC (MWR); 42 kt NE at 25.2N, 85.7W (MWR). This
system is analyzed to be a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba,
instead of a tropical storm as currently in HURDAT (Perez et al.)
October 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a northwest to
southeast oriented trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico with a warm front
extending off to the northeast. The southern end of the trough is
associated with storm #4. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at
26.6N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a
position of 26N, 85.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the
system at 26.5N, 85W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations
do indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate and that
it may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface
baroclinicity was still present. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at
23.5N, 81.5W at 09 UTC (COA); 42 kt W at 26N, 85.7W (MWR). Station
highlights: 42 kt S at Sand Key (MWR).
October 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a closed low of
at most 1010 mb near 28N, 87.5W with a warm front extending off to the
northeast. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.9N, 86.8W
at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of
28.8N, 88.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at
28N, 86W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations do indicate
that a closed low was present southwest of the HURDAT estimate and that may
have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was
still present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 17: The Historical Weather Map analyzes no closed low, but does
indicate a cold front extending over the northern Gulf of Mexico and
a warm front extending over the southeastern United States. HURDAT listed
this system as a tropical storm at 30.8N, 87.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR
"Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 31N, 87.8W. The MWR Tracks
of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 30.5N, 87.5W with 1013 mb pressure
(a.m.). Available observations possibly indicate that a closed low was present
near the HURDAT estimate, but it was being absorbed into the frontal
boundary. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"[The system passed] inland on the Gulf coast between Mobile and Pensacola
on the 17th" (MWR).
Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 12th, but as a tropical
depression. Track changes introduced for the duration of this system
were relatively small alterations. While Perez et al. (2000) consider
this system as causing less than tropical storm impact in Cuba on
the 14th, minimal tropical storm intensity was retained based upon
gale force winds recorded in the Florida Straits north of Cuba while
the broad center of the system was still just south of Cuba. The 1005 mb
peripheral pressure on the 14th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt retained at 18 UTC.
1003 mb peripheral pressure early on the 15th suggests winds of at least
39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained
in HURDAT. The system weakened below tropical storm intensity in the
northern Gulf of Mexico late on the 16th before making landfall around
09 UTC on the 17th as a tropical depression. Thus the XING category
was changed from a "1" to a "0". The system was absorbed
within a new frontal boundary later on the 17th. The cyclone did exhibit
some hybrid characteristics throughout its lifetime and in the modern
era may be been categorized as a subtropical storm.
*******************************************************************************
1922 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION:
1) The "Weather of North America and Adjacent Oceans" section in the May
1922 MWR reported that a ship encountered a "cyclonic" storm that had
impacted the coast of Columbia on 11-12 May. Historical Weather Map (HWM)
analyses do not display any circulation or anomalous cyclonic curvature in
the Caribbean during this time. However, a combination of HWM and COADS
observations shows evidence of a trough axis in the Southwestern Caribbean
oriented NNE-SSW along 79-80W on the 11th. A weak circulation then formed
on the 12th north of eastern Panama and it appears to have drifted slowly
NW without gaining strength before moving inland over southern Nicaragua
on the 15th. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest
pressure reading was 1008 mb on 12 May, this system is determined to be a
tropical depression and is hence not added to HURDAT. It is possible that
the depression existed before the 12th, but there are no available
observations showing a closed circulation.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
May 12 10N 81W Tropical Depression
May 13 11N 82W Tropical Depression
May 14 12N 83W Tropical Depression
May 15 13N 84W Inland and Dissipating
2) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the June 1922 MWR shows
a low-pressure system moving ESE off the Carolina coast near Wilmington
late on 14 June and then east and ENE into the Western Atlantic to north
of Bermuda through the evening of the 15th. Historical Weather Maps and
COADS data show an a weak frontal boundary extending from KY through NC
and then ENE into the Atlantic with no apparent circulation on the 14th.
As the front moved south and the western extent decayed on the 15th, a
weak low formed to its south about 250 km east of Jacksonville. This low
appears to have acquired tropical characteristics, as ship observations
indicate only a marginal temperature gradient and warm SSTs. By the
morning of the 16th, the front had dissolved west of 72W, but the
residual, broad circulation moved east and was elongated about an
east-west trough axis. It then dissipated during the afternoon. Since no
gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure was 1013 mb, it was
probably a weak tropical depression and is therefore not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
June 15 30N 79W Tropical Depression
June 16 30N 76W Tropical Depression
3) Historical Weather Maps (HWM) observations hint that a possible Cape
Verde low existed in the Eastern Atlantic at the end of July and beginning
of August. A combination of HWM and COADS data shows just an open
wave/shear line extending SSW of the Cape Verde Islands on 31 July.
However, on 1 August evidence exists of a weak tropical depression forming
about 325 km SW of the southern islands. The depression apparently moved
to the north on the 2nd and then NNE on the 3rd, where it was located
about 100 km south of Sao Vicente. Due to a lack of available
corroborating observations, its existence and status is inconclusive
beyond the 3rd. Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest
pressure reading was just below 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 3rd, it is
not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 1 13N 26W Tropical Depression
Aug. 2 14N 26W Tropical Depression
Aug. 3 16N 25W Tropical Depression
4) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the August 1922 MWR
shows a low-pressure system forming in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico on the
morning of 17 August. It tracked NE across north Florida on the 18th,
moved offshore and paralleled the U.S. East Coast on the 19th, moved over
Nova Scotia late on the 20th, and then crossed Newfoundland on the 21st at
increasing forward speed. HWM analyses only show open inverted troughs
over the Eastern Gulf and the Southeast U.S. coast on the 17th and 18th,
respectively, and no coherent feature on the 19th; a well-defined
baroclinic low embedded within a mid-latitude storm system is analyzed
though about 200 km east of Long Island on morning of the 20th. A
combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that there was a
weak, broad cyclonic circulation over the Eastern Gulf on the 17th
elongated NE-SW. It moved on a path similar to the MWR low-centers track
and strengthened slightly before merging with the mid-latitude system and
becoming extratropical early on the 20th. It then deepened to 995 mb on
the 21st and accelerated northeastward to a final position about 450 km
SSE of the southern tip of Greenland on the 23rd. Peak winds were 25 kt
from multiple ships observations (COA) during the barotropic phase, except
for one 35 kt SSE wind reported at 12 UTC on the 19th at 32.5N, 77.0W.
Norfolk also reported a peak 5-minute wind of 30 kt S on the 19th, which
converts to 27 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and
adjusting to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and
Powell et al. 1996). Because there is evidence of only a single
gale-force wind observation, this system is considered to be entirely a
tropical depression before merging and is not added to HURDAT. However,
it could have possibly been a minimal tropical storm from the 19th to
early on the 20th.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 17 27N 85W Tropical Depression
Aug. 18 28N 84W Tropical Depression
Aug. 19 32N 79W Tropical Depression
Aug. 20 35N 70W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 21 43N 56W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 22 52N 42W Extratropical Storm
Aug. 23 57N 39W Extratropical Storm
5) Historical Weather Maps show an inverted surface trough forming in the
vicinity of an old frontal wave off the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Atlantic coast
on 2-3 September. A broad, weak circulation is hinted around the trough
axis initially as it moved slowly to the southwest. The trough then moved
across Florida on 6 September and then rapidly across the Gulf of Mexico
7-9 September. A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggests that
there was just a weakness with light winds on the 2nd in the western
extension of a surface ridge, south of the frontal boundary aligned east
of the Delmarva peninsula. However, a small cyclonic circulation,
centered about 200 km east of the NC Outer Banks, is apparent on the 3rd.
Although it was near the Gulf Stream and SSTs are near 26C, there was
still a slight meridional temperature gradient and peripheral pressures
were high. The system appears to have drifted southward on the 4th,
intensified slightly, and become totally barotropic. By the 5th, the
circulation was no longer discernible, but an open inverted trough
persisted from the Carolina coast across northeast FL and into the NE
Gulf. The observations support the trough moving SW on the 6th and then
westward through the Gulf without a closed circulation reforming, despite
a maximum 5-minute wind observation of 37 kt at Pensacola on the 6th
(which converts to 33 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a 1-minute peak wind
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Since there was only
a viable circulation on the 3rd and 4th with a peak wind of 25 kt S from a
ship (COA) at 34.4N and 71.8W and a minimum pressure of 1011 mb on the
4th, the system is classified as a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT. It could also be considered to be a hybrid system on the 3rd.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 3 36N 75W Tropical Depression
Sept. 4 35N 75W Tropical Depression
6) The Historical Weather Map analysis on 10 September shows an inverted
trough occurring within a weakness in the Bermuda High off of the U.S.
Southeast Coast, which was in phase with a tropical wave axis to the SSW.
Although this feature is not analyzed the next day, HWM and COADS ship
observations suggest that a small, concentrated cyclonic circulation with
barotropic attributes had formed on the 11th several hundred km east of
the GA and SC coastline. This circulation though is not present on the
12th, as it either had dissipated or was absorbed by a cold front that had
moved offshore the East Coast north of Jacksonville. Since the peak winds
were well below gale force and the lowest believable pressure readings
were 1013-1014 mb, this system is not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 11 320 760 Tropical Depression
7) A combination of Historical Weather Map and COADS ship observations
show a strong tropical wave had moved off the African coast and into the
Eastern Atlantic on the 19-20 September, while station pressures at Sao
Tiago and Sao Vicente in the Cape Verde Islands fell steadily fell during
this time. On the 21st, the observations suggest that a closed
circulation may have possibly organized to the ESE of the Cape Verdes.
This system intensified as it moved west on the 22nd and was near the
island of Fogo. By the 23rd, the system is no longer detectable due to a
lack of available observations, and its status and existence is therefore
inconclusive on and beyond this date. Peak wind speeds of 25 kt were
reported by ships (COA) on the 22nd at 01 UTC at 13.5N, 22.5W (southwest)
and at 12Z at 17.5N, 24.5W (east). Sao Tiago recorded a peak 35 kt S wind
at 12 UTC on the 22nd, which converts to 31 kt after accounting for the
high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak
1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Since there was no other evidence of gale-force winds and the lowest
available pressure reading was 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 22nd, this
system is classified just as a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT. It though may have been a minimal tropical storm on the 22nd.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 21 15N 20W Possible Tropical Depression
Sept. 22 15N 24W Tropical Depression
8) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" chart in the October 1922 MWR
shows a low-pressure system forming in the North Central Gulf of Mexico on
2 October and moving slowly westward until making landfall and dissipating
north of Corpus Christi on the morning of the 5th. MWR also reported that
a disturbance of "moderate intensity" had developed over the Gulf on the
2nd and moved slowly westward before weakening and dissipating on the 4th,
in which the lowest reported pressure was 1006 mb at Burrwood, LA and the
highest station wind observation was 28 kt at Pensacola (which converts to
25 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting
from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value [Fergusson and Covert 1924
and Powell et al. 1996]). A combination of HWM and COADS observations
suggest that a tropical depression likely formed about 450 km south of
Panama City, FL on the 2nd and moved to about 500 km south of Mobile, AL
on the 3rd. While it appears to have continued westward on the 4th and
5th, there are no available observations on the south side confirming a
closed circulation. Therefore, it may have degraded to an open wave on
those days. The highest wind from a ship observation (COA) was 35 kt NE
at 18 UTC on the 2nd at 28.5N, 89.5W. In addition to Burrwood, the lowest
pressure from a ship observation was 1006 mb at 28.0N, 88.8W on the 3rd at
11 UTC, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship. Since no other gale-force winds are evident,
this system is not added to HURDAT. However, it might have been a minimal
tropical storm on the 2nd and 3rd.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 2 26W 86W Tropical Depression
Oct. 3 26W 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 4 26W 91W Possible Tropical Depression
Oct. 5 26W 94W Possible Tropical Depression
9) Genesis of this system began as an extratropical low developing along
a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of October. The baroclinic
nature of the cyclone diminished over the next two to three days. By
early on the 28th, the system is characterized as a tropical cyclone
(though today it may instead have been called a subtropical cyclone).
Gale force (35 kt) winds were present on the 26th while it was still an
extratropical cyclone. (Available observations do not support the idea
presented in Monthly Weather Review that there were two separate systems -
one from the 26th to the 27th and one from the 28th to the 30th. Instead,
a single system occurred here which prescribed a slow clockwise loop
in the Gulf of Mexico between the 27th and 29th, which is very similar to
that shown in the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclone plot.) Pressure of
1002 and 1003 mb were observed from ships on the 28th and 29th. However,
given that the environmental pressures were quite low, these do not
provide definitive evidence of gale force winds on those dates. Peak
obseved winds over land of 37 kt for 5 min in Pensacola on the 29th adjust
to 31 kt 1 min true winds after accounting for the high bias of
the instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to 1 min
(Powell et al. 1996). The cyclone was close to (and may have been) a tropical
storm on the 28th and 29th. The system weakened on the 30th and was
likely of most tropical depression intensity when it made landfall
around late on the 30th between Mobile and Gulfport. The last position for
this system was early on the 31st, while dissipating over the Louisiana/
Mississippi border.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 25 25N 93W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 26 28N 91W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 27 27N 88W Extratropical Storm - Occluding
Oct. 28 26N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 29 28N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 30 29N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct. 31 --- --- Dissipated over Mississippi
10) Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that a
low-pressure center formed in the western Bay of Campeche on 22 November.
It appears oriented along an unanalyzed trough axis stretching ENE-WSW
over the Gulf of Mexico that connects to a stationary front in the Florida
Straits (HWM). The low apparently moved ENE into the Central and Eastern
Gulf on the 23rd and 24th but was no longer discernible by the morning of
the 25th. Although three ships (COA and MWR) recorded at least gale force
winds on the 23rd and SSTs were 25-26 C, the gales were far removed from
the center and there was a substantial large-scale temperature gradient
over the Gulf. Given that the ambient temperatures were nearly isothermal
only in close proximity of the center, this system most likely had
experienced baroclinic cyclogenesis and is not added to HURDAT. However,
it may have been a hybrid.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 22 21N 95W Developing Extratropical Storm
Nov. 23 23N 91W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 24 24N 86W Extratropical Storm
******************************************************************************
1923/01 - 2009 ADDITION:
22826 06/22/1923 M= 8 1 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
22826 06/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 950 25 0*200 948 25 0
22826 06/23*200 945 25 0*201 943 25 0*202 940 25 0*203 937 25 0
22826 06/24*205 934 25 0*207 932 25 0*210 930 25 0*215 929 25 0
22826 06/25*222 929 25 0*230 928 30 0*240 925 30 0*255 919 35 0
22826 06/26*275 910 40 0*295 898 40 0*310 880 35 0*317 860 30 1006
22826 06/27*319 840 30 0*320 820 30 0*320 800 40 0*320 782 40 0
22826 06/28*320 765 45 0*322 750 50 0*325 735 50 0*330 720 45 0
22826 06/29E340 705 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22826 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original
Monthly Records station data.
June 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb
centered near the Mexican coast at 18.5N, 95W. Available observations
suggest a center farther north near 20N, 95W. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 23: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
centered inland in Mexico near 17.5N, 93.5W. Available observations
suggest a center substantially farther northwest near 20.2N, 94W. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 24: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb
centered near 20N, 93.5W. Available observations suggest a center
north-northeast of that estimate near 21N, 93W. No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 25: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
centered near 25N, 94W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows
a position near 28N, 91W with 1007 mb (p.m.). Available observations
suggest a center southeast of the HWM estimate at 24N, 92.5W. No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
June 26: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb
along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline near 30N, 88W. The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 30.5N, 88.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position at 31N, 88W. Station highlights:
43 kt SW at 08 UTC and 17 kt W and 1008 mb at 1540 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).
"On the evening of the 25th...a disturbance of slight intensity [was] off
the Louisiana coast. The disturbance advanced east-northeastward during
the night of the 25th and during the 26th it passed off the South Atlantic
coast in the vicinity of Charleston. It was attended by excessive rains over
a narrow belt extending from the Louisiana coast eastward to the Atlantic coast
and by winds of more than 40 miles an hour in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla."
(MWR).
June 27: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb
along the South Carolina-Georgia coastline near 32.5N, 80W. Also seen in
HWM is a developing extratropical cyclone north of the system with a frontal
boundary extending along 37N. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows
a position of 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb. Available observations suggest
just south of the HWM estimate at 32N, 80W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and
1002 mb at 32.1N, 80.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WSW at 30.5N, 80W at
12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 1004 mb at Savannah at 1030 UTC (OMR);
1001 mb at Charleston at 2150 UTC (OMR). "From the 26th to the 28th westerly
to southerly gales were reported from the area between the Bermudas and
Hatteras" (MWR).
June 28: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb
near 35N, 73.5W. A complex extratropical cyclone was north and west of
the system with an associated frontal boundary stretching along 39N. The
MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones no longer shows the system, though they
do identify two centers for the complex extratropical storm. Available
observations suggest a center near 32.5N, 73.5W, substantially farther
south than the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 1005 mb at
29.8N, 74.8W at 09 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 32.1N, 72.3W at 11 UTC
(MWR).
June 29: Historical Weather Map analyzed a cold front along the
mid-Atlantic coast in conjunction with an extratropical cyclone centered
in New England. The system appears to have been absorbed within the
strong southwesterly flow of the extratropical cyclone in advance of
the cold front.
Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun on the 22nd in the Bay of
Campeche. The system - started as a tropical depression - drifted slowly
northeastward for three days with no change in intensity. Organization
of the tropical cyclone increased on the 25th and 26th as it accelerated
north-northeastward. The cyclone clipped the southeastern point of Louisiana
and moved inland over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama. It is
estimated that the cyclone made landfall over Louisiana's Mississippi
Delta around 05 UTC on the 26th. Pensacola reported gale force winds for
three hours (only gale force reported at the coast). Their peak of 43 kt at
08 UTC reduces to 36 kt true after correcting for the high bias of
the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from
5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). The lowest pressure recorded along
the coast was also at Pensacola with 1008 mb concurrent with 17 kt wind,
suggesting about a 1006 mb central pressure at 1540 UTC. Thus the system
was a low-end (about 40 kt) tropical storm at landfall in the Gulf coast.
The system then turned toward the east weakened slightly over land. It
regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic off of
the Georgia-South Carolina coast just before 12 UTC on the 27th.
A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb late on the 27th in Charleston
suggests winds of at least 46 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship - 45 kt chosen at 00 UTC on the 28th for HURDAT because of the
quite low environmental pressures. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb at
11 UTC on the 28th suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship. A 50 kt ship report was also recorded at
about this time, which supports the use of 50 kt for HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC
on the 28th. The system quickly became indistinct from the much larger
extratropical cyclone to its north and west and it likely lost its closed
circulation around 00 UTC on the 29th, if not earlier. Thus it is indicated
to be extratropical in its last position at 00 UTC on the 29th.
******************************************************************************
1923/02 - 2009 REVISION:
22830 08/30/1923 M=12 1 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22830 09/01/1923 M=10 2 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ** * ***
(The 30th and 31st are removed from HURDAT.)
22835 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 690 35 0
22840 08/31*251 693 35 0*257 696 35 0*262 698 35 0*265 700 35 0
22845 09/01*269 701 35 0*273 701 35 0*278 700 35 0*284 699 35 0
22845 09/01*294 730 25 0*297 722 25 0*300 715 25 0*303 708 25 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22850 09/02*290 698 35 0*296 696 40 0*302 692 40 0*308 688 40 0
22850 09/02*306 702 30 0*308 698 30 0*310 695 30 0*312 694 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22855 09/03*313 684 45 0*319 679 45 0*323 674 50 0*326 669 50 0
22855 09/03*313 694 30 0*313 693 30 0*315 690 30 0*319 682 35 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22860 09/04*328 664 55 0*330 659 55 0*332 653 60 0*334 645 60 0
22860 09/04*324 672 40 0*330 661 45 0*335 650 50 0*340 638 55 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22865 09/05*335 635 65 0*336 624 70 0*338 614 70 0*342 606 75 0
22865 09/05*344 623 60 0*348 610 65 0*352 600 70 0*356 592 75 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
22870 09/06*349 597 80 0*355 593 80 0*360 590 85 0*363 588 85 0
22870 09/06*359 586 80 0*362 582 80 0*365 580 85 0*367 579 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22875 09/07*366 587 85 0*368 587 90 0*371 587 90 0*374 587 85 0
22875 09/07*369 579 85 0*370 580 90 0*371 580 90 0*371 580 85 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22880 09/08*376 586 85 0*378 586 80 0*381 585 80 0*385 585 75 0
22880 09/08*371 581 85 0*372 583 80 0*375 585 80 0*380 587 75 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22885 09/09*392 585 75 0*401 585 70 0*410 585 70 0*430 580 65 0
22885 09/09*387 589 75 0*395 590 70 0*405 588 70 0*418 582 65 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22890 09/10E458 568 55 0*476 555 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22890 09/10E435 575 55 0E454 565 45 0E475 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** **
22895 HR
Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1. Genesis for this cyclone was delayed
two days compared to that originally in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly
Weather Review_.
August 30: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed
it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18 UTC at 24.7N, 69.0W. Available
observations indicate that no surface trough nor a closed low were yet
present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"There were indications furnished by abnormal wind directions, the evening
of the 29th that there was a disturbance some distance to the eastward of
the island of St. Martin...There were some indications of this disturbance
as a depression north of the Lesser Antilles during the last day or so of
August" (MWR).
August 31: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed
it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 69.8W. Available
observations indicate that while a surface trough was present near 70W, no
closed low was yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
September 1: HWM analyzes a SW-NE cold front extending from the northwest
Bahamas to north of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
27.8N, 70.0W. Available observations indicate that there was a
closed low along the depicted front, a 25 kt tropical depression, and it was
centered near 30.0N, 71.5W. Observations also indicate that the front
had in reality dissipated. No gale force winds or low pressures were
observed.
September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 68.5W.
There is no longer a front through the low. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
tropical storm located near 30.2N, 69.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 30.5N, 68W. Available observations indicate that
the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 31.0N, 69.5W.
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressure were observed.
September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32N, 68W.
HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.3N, 67.4N. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.5N, 67W. Available observations
suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was near 31.5N, 69.0W.
Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures were observed.
September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1005 mb located near 34N,
65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 65.3W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 34N, 65W. Available
observations and interpolation from analyzed intensity on the 5th suggest that
the low intensified to a 50 kt tropical storm and was located near
33.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressured were
observed.
September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb located near 33.5N,
61W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 33.8N, 61.4W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 61W with a pressure of 993 mb.
Available observations suggest that the tropical storm intensified to 70 kt and
was centered near 35.2N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 993 mb at 06 UTC
at 36.0N, 61.0W (MWR). Regarding the intensity, "...characteristics of a
hurricane were noted on the morning of September 5 near latitude 36N and
longitude 61W, the S.S. Evergreen City reporting a pressure of 29.32 inches
[993 mb] with force 10 [50 kt] (Beaufort wind scale) from the northeast.
The storm appeared to be of small diameter, forming a small part of a larger
depression or trough of low pressure extending northeast from Bermuda.
Previously a rather ill-defined depression had been traced as it recurved
around Bermuda; but it was not until the 5th that either low barometer or
high wind was detected" (MWR).
September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 35N,
59.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.0N, 59.0W. The MWR
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 59.5W. Available
observations indicate that the center of this cyclone was near 36.5N,
58.0W. Unfortunately, few observations are near the system's center, so
that the 85 kt in HURDAT found originally is unchanged. Ship highlights:
35 kt and 1013 mb at 20 UTC at 40.5N, 58.5W (COA).
September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 36N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 58.7W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 37N, 58W. No observations were available
near the center of the hurricane, so the 90 kt analyzed in HURDAT is
unchanged. The position is estimated to be near the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones analysis. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt
were recorded. There were no observations of low pressures. "Meanwhile,
a high-pressure area had obtruded itself into the path of the storm and its
direction of motion was changed from northeast to north-northwest and
greatly retarded" (MWR).
September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 37N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 38.1N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 38N, 58W. Available observations
indicate that the center was near 37.5N, 58.5W. However, no data were
available near the hurricane's center, so the 80 kt originally listed in
HURDAT is unchanged. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt
were recorded. 25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 59.5W (HWM).
September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb near 41N, 59W. HURDAT
listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 41.0N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows a low near 41N, 58W with a pressure of 995 mb. Available
observations indicate that the 70 kt hurricane was located near 40.5N, 58.8W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA); 50 kt S
and 989 mb at 19 UTC at 41.0N, 58.5W (MWR). "The center of the storm was
again noted on the morning of the 9th as it crossed the steamer lanes near
latitude 41N, longitude 58.3W, the S.S. Emergency Aid recording a pressure
of 29.20 inches [989 mb] at 3 p.m. with a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the
south. The storm was now under the influence of a LOW moving along the
northern border and, being caught in its attendant upper currents, was
carried rapidly north-northeast, but with diminishing intensity over the
colder waters of the Labrador Current" (MWR).
September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb, located near
48.5N, 55.5W, at the boundary of a cold front to the southwest and
a warm front to the southeast. HURDAT ended this storm at 06 UTC on
the 10th with winds of 45 kt and a location at 47.6N, 55.5W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 47N 56W, with a
pressure of 998 mb. Available observations suggest that the low became
extratropical and the winds weakened to 40 kt. The center was located near
47.5N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 56.5W (COA); 10 kt
S and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 47.5N, 52.8W (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt SW
and 996 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM).
Genesis for this system was delayed 30 hours because of a lack of a closed
low on the 30th and 31st of August, despite suggestions in Monthly Weather
Review and in HURDAT that the system began earlier than the 1st of
September. Based upon numerous observations of weak winds and high
pressures, the tropical cyclone was kept as a tropical depression
until late on the 3rd. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 0540 UTC on
the 5th suggest winds of at least 59 kt from both the subtropical and
northern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT (confirming
hurricane intensity), down slightly from 70 kt originally. Peak intensity
of 90 kt on the 7th retained given the lack of inner core observations to
make reasonable alterations. A 989 mb peripheral pressure value at 19 UTC
on the 9th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the northern pressure-
wind relationship - 65 kt retained in HURDAT as the system was undergoing
extratropical transition at that point in time. Dissipation of the system
was delayed 6 hours, as a closed extratropical low could still be
analyzed at 12 UTC on the 10th. Except for the large changes to the track
on the 30th and 31st (with the removal of those two dates from HURDAT),
the only other large alteration to the track occurred on the 1st as
the system was analyzed to be substantially further northwest than
originally in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1923/03 - 2009 ADDITION:
22896 09/07/1923 M= 5 3 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22896 09/07*117 194 30 0*123 197 30 0*130 200 35 0*137 203 35 0
22896 09/08*145 207 40 0*152 211 40 0*160 215 45 0*167 220 45 0
22896 09/09*175 226 45 0*183 233 45 0*190 240 40 0*195 247 40 0
22896 09/10*200 254 35 0*205 262 35 0*210 270 35 0*215 278 30 0
22896 09/11*220 286 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22896 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series
and the COADS ship database.
September 7: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb
near 12.5N, 21.5W. Available observations suggest the center is east-
northeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at
13.5N, 17.5W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 12.5N, 17.5W at
21 UTC (COA).
September 8: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb
near 18.5N, 22.5W. Available observations indicate that the center is
substantially south-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight:
1003 mb at 17.5N, 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA).
September 9: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 19.5N, 26W. Available observations indicate that the center is
east-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb
at 18.5N, 22.5W at 01 UTC (COA).
September 10: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb
near 24N, 26W. Available observations are quite sparse near the system,
but they suggest that it was centered substantially to the south-southwest
of the HWM estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
September 11: Historical Weather Map shows an open trough halfway
between the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. Available observations are
insufficient for determining if a closed circulation still existed
because of the lack of data. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun on 00 UTC of the 7th of
September, southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. Two gale force wind
reports late on the 7th are the basis for upgrading it from a tropical
depression to tropical storm by 12 UTC. A peripheral pressure (possibly
a central pressure) of 1003 mb on the 8th suggests winds of at least 41 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen in HURDAT
for late on the 8th. This windspeed is also analyzed to be the peak
intensity of the system. Available observations late on the 9th and on
the 10th suggest that the system was weakening as in moved north-northwestward
in the extreme eastern North Atlantic. The system is brought down to
tropical depression intensity late on the 10th and the last position for
the system is given at 00 UTC on the 11th. However, due to the sparse
data coverage, it is possible that this system continued over the open
Atlantic beyond the 11th. It is noted that the system appears similar
in location, time of year and intensity to both TS Florence (1964) and
TS Debby (2006).
********************************************************************************
1923/04 - 2009 ADDITION:
22896 09/10/1923 M= 6 4 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22896 09/10*270 730 25 0*280 725 25 0*290 720 30 0*300 714 30 0
22896 09/11*310 707 35 0*320 699 35 0*330 690 40 0*340 680 45 0
22896 09/12*350 670 50 0*360 658 60 0*370 645 70 0*390 628 70 0
22896 09/13*420 610 70 0E450 588 60 0E475 560 50 0E485 525 45 0
22896 09/14E490 480 40 0E488 425 35 0E485 380 30 0E480 360 30 0
22896 09/15E475 350 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
22896 HR
This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database and the Monthly Weather Review.
September 10: The Historical Weather Map series analyzes a cold front
intersecting a warm front near 33N 74W. However, observations suggest that
the frontal structure south of 35N likely was not actually present. Available
observations indicate a center near 29N 72W. No gale force winds or
equivalent in pressure were observed.
September 11: The Historical Weather Map depicts a weak low of at most
1020 mb pressure near 36N 67W with a cold front extending toward the southwest
and a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations
suggest that the frontal structure did not exist in reality south of 40N.
Available data indicate a center near 33N 69W. No gale force winds or
equivalent in pressure were observed.
September 12: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1000 mb
pressure near 37N 70W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and
a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations
indicate that the front structure did not actually exist south of 40N.
The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed
a position at 37.5N 64W with 996 mb (a.m.) and at 42N 59.5W with 986 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a center near 37N 64.5W. Ship highlights:
35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N 65.2W (COA); 60 kt SW and 997 mb at
19 UTC at 36N 64.7W from the S.S. Emergency Aid (MWR); 60 kt NW and 986 mb
at 23 UTC at 42.1N 61.7W from the S.S. City of Joseph (MWR).
"A severe storm of short duration appeared...The next disturbance also
developed north of the Tropics but well within the Gulf Stream, and was
first noted to be of hurricane intensity when the S.S. Emergency Aid...
recorded a pressure of 29.42 inches and winds as high as force 11, on
the morning of September 12, near latitude 36N and longitude 64.5W. This
storm was carried northeast much more rapidly than the preceding one and
by 4 p.m. was near latitude 42N and longitude 60W, the S.S. City of
St. Joseph recording a pressure of 29.11 inches and wind force 12 from
the northwest" (MWR).
September 13: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1010 mb
pressure near 49N 57W with a warm front extending east-southeastward and
a cold front extending toward the south. The Monthly Weather Review's
Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 47N 54.5W with 1006 mb
(a.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 47.5N 56W as an
extratropical cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 995 mb at 08 UTC
at 45.5N 56.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 46.5N 55.5W (COA).
"Like its predecessor, it showed a marked loss of intensity upon striking
colder water and there was but little indication of it on the following
morning [13th]" (MWR).
September 14: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1015 mb
pressure near 48N 38W with a dissipating stationary boundary extending
toward the southwest. Available observations suggest a center near 48.5N 38W
as an extratropical cyclone. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure
were observed.
September 15: The Historical Weather Map depicts a trough extending NW-SE
from near 50N 40W to 42N 32W with no closed low. No gale force winds or
equivalent in pressure were observed.
This cyclone formed early on the 10th between the Bahamas and Bermuda.
It likely reached tropical storm status early on the 11th. The system
apparently quickly intensified on the 11th and 12th and weakened nearly
as rapidly on the 13th. The 986 mb peripheral pressure - measured at
the same time of 70 kt winds - supports winds of at least 67 kt from
the high latitude pressure-wind relationship. It is estimated that
the cyclone peaked at 70 kt late on the 12th and early on the 13th.
Despite frontal boundaries being drawn on the Historical Weather Map series
from the 10th to the 12th, analyses of the rather numerous ship observations
suggest instead that no frontal boundaries were present near the system
on those dates. The cyclone likely became extratropical early on
the 13th when it was a couple hundred nm south of Newfoundland. It is
noted that the 1923 Monthly Weather Review "Tropical Disturbances during
the Hurricane Season of 1923" considered this system as a hurricane and
included it in the track map for the year - "Hurricane Tracks in 1923".
It is curious that with such designation in MWR that this cyclone was
not included into HURDAT. It is guessed that the choice by Ivan Tannehill
in his 1938 and 1952 "Hurricanes" editions to leave this system out
was why it was not carried as an Atlantic hurricane in future climatology
studies and databases.
********************************************************************************
1923/05 - 2009 REVISION:
22900 09/24/1923 M=11 2 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
22900 09/24/1923 M=11 5 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0*203 683 55 0*212 703 55 0*216 713 60 0
22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 730 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
22910 09/25*221 722 65 0*226 729 70 0*231 736 70 0*237 745 75 0
22910 09/25*215 733 45 0*220 736 50 0*225 740 55 0*231 745 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
22915 09/26*243 752 80 0*248 757 80 0*254 761 85 0*260 763 85 0
22915 09/26*237 751 65 0*243 757 65 0*250 761 65 0*258 763 65 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
22920 09/27*265 764 90 0*271 764 90 0*277 763 95 0*283 761 95 0
22920 09/27*267 764 65 0*275 764 65 0*283 763 70 0*289 761 75 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
22925 09/28*289 758 100 0*296 753 100 0*302 748 100 0*307 743 105 0
22925 09/28*294 758 80 0*298 753 85 0*302 748 90 0*306 743 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22930 09/29*312 738 105 0*316 733 105 0*320 727 105 0*325 719 105 0
22930 09/29*309 738 100 0*312 733 105 0*315 727 105 0*318 720 105 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
22935 09/30*330 709 105 0*337 696 100 0*345 683 95 0*355 665 95 0
22935 09/30*321 711 105 0*324 700 100 0*330 687 95 0*342 670 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
22940 10/01*378 632 90 0*391 619 90 0E417 601 85 0E430 595 80 0
22940 10/01*360 645 90 0*385 615 85 0E417 590 80 0E442 580 75 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22945 10/02E443 590 75 0E456 586 70 0E470 580 70 0E486 570 60 0
22945 10/02E457 576 70 0E464 575 65 0E470 575 60 0E480 570 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
22950 10/03E504 548 55 0E521 528 50 0E537 506 45 0E552 482 40 0
22950 10/03E500 553 50 0E525 523 50 0E550 490 45 0E570 460 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
22955 10/04E565 456 40 0E578 429 40 0E590 400 40 0E610 340 40 0
22955 10/04E585 430 45 0E595 400 45 0E600 370 45 0E603 340 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
22960 HR
Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly
Weather Review_, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, and
Tucker (1995).
September 24: HWM analyzes an open wave at 12 UTC in the vicinity of Hispanola.
HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm located at 21.2N, 70.3W.
Available data indicate that low became closed at 18 UTC on the 24th. Ship
highlights: 35 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 19.5N, 66.5W (COA). No low pressures were
observed. "During September 23 unsettled conditions were noted to the
southeast of Turks Island, the barometer falling slowly and wind shifts
indicating the presence of a disturbance" (MWR).
September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22N,
75W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 73.6W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 22.5N, 74W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 22.5N,
74.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb ~12 UTC at 23.4N, 74W (MWR).
No other gales or low pressures were observed. "[The storm] was more
definitively located on the morning of the 25th, when the S.S. Tulsa reported
a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the northeast, pressure 29.86 inches [1011 mb]
in latitude 23.4N, longitude 74W" (MWR).
September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N,
76.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 76.1W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 25N, 76W with an
1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 65 kt
hurricane was near 25.0N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW at 28.5N,
71.8N (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 994 mb at 15 UTC at 28.5N 71.8W (MWR). A few other
gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at ~12 UTC at
Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.5W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "American S.S.
Hera: Gale began on the 26th, wind SSE. Lowest barometer 29.34 inches [994 mb]
at 10 a.m. on the 26th, wind SSE., 5 [20 kt], in latitude 28.5N, longitude
71.8W. End on the 27th, wind S. Highest force of wind 10 [50 kt], SSW.;
shifts SSE.-S" (MWR). "The storm was moving northwest at this time and
passed just east of Nassau, Bahamas, on the 26th, the morning barometer
reading 29.54 inches [1000 mb] and wind 40 m.p.h. [34 kt] from the
northwest" (MWR).
September 27: (No HWM analysis was available for this date.) HURDAT listed
this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 76.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 27.5N, 76W and 1000 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 70 kt hurricane
was at 28.3N, 76.3W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 29.6N, 76.8W (MWR);
45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N, 76.6W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 989
mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N 74.5W (COA). "However, a large high-pressure area was
now blocking its forward motion and the storm, though not diverted from its
recurve to the northeast, showed very little movement during the next two
or three days, but gradually increased its area of influence and its intensity
with winds of gale force over a large area and wind force as high as 11 [60 kt]
reported by vessels which approached its center" (MWR).
September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N 75W. HURDAT
listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers
of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 30N, 75W and 994 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 90 kt hurricane was near
the HURDAT location. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at
32.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt E and 1003 mb at 07 UTC at 32.7N, 74.7W (NCDC);
60 kt SE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 74.0W (COA). Several other gales and
low pressures.
September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N and 73W.
HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 32.0N 72.7W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 31.5N, 73W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was near 31.5N,
72.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 994 mb at 01 UTC at 32.1N, 76W (NCDC);
35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N 70.3W (COA). Several other strong
gales and low pressures. "It was not until the morning of the 29th that
the eastward movement of the HIGH allowed a strenghtening of the southwest
drift aloft and a corresponding acceleration in the northeastward movement
of the storm. The hurricane was now near latitude 31.5N and longitude
73W with lowest pressure somewhat below 29 inches [982 mb]" (MWR).
September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 33.5N, 70W.
HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.5N 68.3W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 33.2N, 69.8W with a 969 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that center of the 95 kt hurricane
was near 33.0N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 34.8N 70.7W (MWR);
50 kt E and 969 mb at 11 UTC at 33.3N 69W (MWR/NCDC). Several other
gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 70 kt at Bermuda at
32.4N, 64.7W ~18 UTC (Tucker). Several other gales and low pressures.
Regarding the intensity, "British S.S. Maraval: Gale began on the 29th,
wind ESE. Lowest Barometer 28.98 inches [981 mb] on the 30th, wind ESE., in
latitude 34.8N., longitude 70.7W. End on the 30th, wind NW. Highest force
of wind 12 [70 kt], NE" (MWR).
October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 61W, with a
large temperature gradient existing across the low. HURDAT listed this as an
85 kt extratropical system at 41.7N, 60.1W. The MWR tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows the center of the low near 41.5N, 59.5W with a 965 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 80 kt extratropical low
was near 41.7N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 965 mb at 06 UTC at 41.5N,
59.0W (MWR). 70 kt S and 988 mb at 40.3N, 58.8W (MWR). Several other gales
and low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "At 2 a.m. [6 UTC] ... (October 1)
the S.S. West Cobalt reported passing through the storm near latitude 41.5N,
and longitude 59W, with lowest barometer 28.50 inches [965 mb] and wind force
12 [70 kt]" (MWR).
October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb near 47N, 58W with a
SW-NE cold front to the south of the low, and a W-E warm front to the north of
the low, hinting that the low is becoming occluded. A huge temperature
gradient persists across the low. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical
system at 47N, 58W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of
the low near 47N, 58W. Available observations suggest that the center of the
60 kt extratropical low was near 47.0N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW at
00 UTC at 42.5N, 59.5W (COA); 977 mb at 00 UTC at 45.6N 61.2W (MWR). Several
other gales and low pressures. "Turning northward to western Newfoundland, the
hurricane lost intensity over colder water" (MWR).
October 3: HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 985 mb near 56N, 50W.
HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical system at 53.7N, 50.6W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near
55.0N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 990 mb at 19 UTC at 54.5N 46.5W
(COA); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb at 23 UTC at 54.5N 47.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 983 mb
at 15 UTC at 54.5N 45.5W (COA). A few other observed low pressures.
October 4: HWM analyzes the closed, occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 61N,
30W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical system at 59N, 40W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low
was near 60.0N, 37.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
64.2N 22.0W (HWM); 25 kt E and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 64.9N, 23.7W; 45 kt WNW and
1003 mb at 22 UTC at 60.5N, 35.5W (COA).
Genesis of this system was delayed twelve hours due to numerous
observations indicating a closed low had not formed until after 12 UTC
on the 24th of September. A 994 mb peripheral pressure measurement on
the 26th suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 kt. Transition
to a hurricane is delayed from early on the 25th to 12 UTC on the 26th.
A 989 mb peripheral pressure on the 27 suggests winds of at least
66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 75 kt chosen
for HURDAT, down from 95 kt. Peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT for
the 29th and early on the 30th is retained, due to lack of inner core
observations with which to make alterations. A 969 mb peripheral pressure
on the 30th suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT. A 965 mb pressure observation
(may have been a central pressure) on the 1st suggests winds of 86 kt (or more,
if the pressure was perpheral) from the northern pressure-wind relationship -
85 kt retained in HURDAT as the system had transformed into an extratropical
storm by this time. No changes were made to the dissipation of the cyclone.
Most track changes for this hurricane were small, except for the 12 hr delay
to genesis and a larger east-northeast adjustment on the 4th. Hurricane force
winds reported in Bermuda on the 30th and the track of the system’s center well to
the west of the island are indicative of the very large size of this hurricane.
********************************************************************************
1923/06 - 2009 REVISION:
22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 3 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 6 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* ***
22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 920 35 0*119 938 35 0*134 944 35 0
22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 930 35 0*119 938 40 0*134 945 40 0
*** ** *** **
22975 10/13*148 948 40 0*160 951 40 0*171 953 35 0*180 954 40 0
22975 10/13*148 951 40 0*160 956 40 0*171 960 35 0*182 961 30 0
*** *** *** *** *** **
22980 10/14*189 953 45 0*198 950 55 0*207 947 65 0*216 942 70 0
22980 10/14*194 957 30 0*205 952 35 0*215 947 40 0*224 942 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
22985 10/15*224 937 75 0*233 932 80 0*242 927 85 0*256 918 85 0
22985 10/15*231 937 50 0*236 931 55 0*242 924 60 0*254 916 65 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
22990 10/16*277 911 85 0*300 912 60 0*320 916 40 0E337 917 35 0
22990 10/16*272 910 70 0*292 910 70 983*315 910 50 991*337 912 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** **
22995 10/17E352 918 30 0E368 919 30 0E385 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0
22995 10/17*357 914 45 0*375 917 35 0*390 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0
**** *** ** **** *** ** ****
23000 HR LA1
23000 HR LA1 MS1
***
U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States
Wind Simpson Pressure Affected
6-10/16/1923 0600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 45nmi 983mb LA1,MS1
Minor changes to the track and large changes to the intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Revision to this cyclone include removal
of the extratropical stage for the last 18 hours of its existence. Evidence for
these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_,
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Mexican station
observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma.
October 12: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure pertaining to an open tropical
wave off of the Pacific Coast of El Salvador. HURDAT closes the low at 06 UTC
with minimal tropical storm status. At 12 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt
tropical storm at 11.9N 93.8W. Available observations suggest that the center
of the 40 kt tropical storm was the same as HURDAT's previous position of
11.9N, 93.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 12.8N, 93.2W
(COA). No other gales or low pressures.
october 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over southern Mexico
at 17N, 96W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 95.3W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
17.1N, 96.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 15.9N, 99.7W
(COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1003 mb
at 12 UTC at Oaxaca, Mexico (HWM). No other gales or low pressures. "[This
system] apparently originated in low latitudes off the Pacific coast of
Guatemala and was central on the morning of the 13th of October southeast
of the Mexican Pacific port of Salina Cruz on the Gulf of Tehuantepec.
It moved rapidly northward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the
western Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).
October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 22N, 94.5W. HURDAT
listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N 94.7W. Available observations
suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 21.5N, 94.7W. Ship
highlights: 15 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 21.5N, 97.5W (COA). No other
gales or low pressures.
October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 23.5N, 93W.
HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.2N 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 92.5W. Available observations
suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship
highlights: 45 kt E at 22 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 992 mb at 20
UTC at 28.2N 91.8W (COA). Several other gales after 18 UTC. Several other low
pressures after 12 UTC. Regarding the intensity and damage (Pensacola, FL):
"The gales which began during the late afternoon of the 15th and continued
through the 17th, caused great anxiety, and interrupted port and business
activities, but the damage was comparatively slight, amounting in the aggregate
to about $5,000..." (OMR).
October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N, 92.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm, inland at 32.0N 91.6W. The MWR
Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center inland near 32N, 92W, with a 990
mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt
tropical storm was 31.5N, 91.0W. Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 989 mb at 01 UTC
at 28.3N, 92.0W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 27.8N 91.3W (MWR).
Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 56 kt SE at 13
UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at 07 UTC at Morgan City
at 29.7N 91.2W (MWR); 991 mb (likely central pressure) in the "morning" at
Vicksburg (MWR). Storm surge: 7' above MLT at 09 UTC at Gulfport at 30.4N 89.1W
(OMR). Regarding the intensity, "Radio reports were received [~02 UTC] from
the S. S. El Siglo in lat. 28.3N, long. 92W, and from the S. S. Corning in lat.
27.3N, long. 91.5W, indicating that the storm had developed hurricane
intensity. The former reported a barometer reading of 29.22 inches [989 mb]
and a wind velocity of 74 miles an hour from the east, and the latter a
barometer reading of 29.18 inches [988 mb] and a wind velocity of 64 miles an
hour from the east, with a two-hour pressure fall of 0.20 inch" (MWR). "The
storm center reached the coast at about 1 a.m. [06 UTC] on the 16th, near
longitude 91.5 west, slightly west of Morgan City, La. ... a lowest reading of
29.25 inches at Morgan City at 1:20 a.m. to 2:45 a.m. (MWR)." From Mobile,
Alabama OMR: The highest velocity was 60 miles from the southeast at 7a.m. ...
A maximum stage was reached at about 7 a.m. ... according to the information
supplied by City Engineer Wright Smith was 5.5 feet above mean low tide" (OMR).
"At Biloxi: The tide ... reached the highest stage at about 4 a.m. (10 UTC),
October 16th, estimated at 8 feet above mean low tide" (OMR). 985 mb
central pressure minimum for the lifetime of the hurricane (and
also at landfall) (Connor). Hurricane not addressed in Ho et al. or
Schwerdt et al., implying that the landfall central pressure was higher
than 981 mb (their criterion for inclusion). "Tropical Cyclones in
Lousiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 16 - Louisiana - Minimal.
Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 16 - Pensacola - Minor - Center
Louisiana coast" (Dunn and Miller). "By the following morning [16th]
it had crossed the Louisiana coast and was central near Vicksburg, Miss.,
with a pressure of 29.26 inches [991 mb]; and during the night of the 16th
dissipated over Arkansas and southern Missouri. The contour of the isobars
was considerably distorted from the ideal by a strong pressure gradient from
northeast fo southwest over the United States, which tended to squeeze the
isobars together on the northeast quarter of the storm and throw them wide
apart to the southwest. The closing up of the isobars was especially
effective in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla., which was about 250 miles
from the path of the center but recorded the highest wind velocity (64 miles
from the southeast) of any land station. The storm in general lacked
the intensity near the center that we normally expect of a true hurricane"
(MWR).
October 17: HWM analyzes a stationary front west of the remnance of the
tropical cyclone. HWM did not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed
this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.5N, 92W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 38.5N, 92w and an 1000 mb pressure. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was 39.0N,
92.0W. Land highlights: 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Saint Louis at 38.7N
90.3W (HWM). 997 mb at 17 UTC at Meridian at 32.3N, 88.8W (OMR). No other
gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 17th a
disturbance that had moved up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of Mexico
appeared to call for southeast warnings [for the Great Lakes]" (MWR).
No changes were made to the (somewhat rare) genesis of this hurricane
in the Northeast Pacific basin. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb on
the 12th of October suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship. A lower value of 40 kt is chosen for
HURDAT because of the low environmental pressures, though this is
an increase over the 35 shown originally. The system likely made landfall
in southeastern Mexico as a 40 kt tropical storm around 06 UTC on the 13th.
The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico just before 00 UTC on the 14th
and began to reintensify. A peripheral pressure of 992 mb suggests winds
of at least 56 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship
and at least 59 kt for the subset of those systems intensifying north
of 25N. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, down from
85 kt originally. Thus the onset of hurricane intensity is delayed
from 12 UTC on the 14th originally to 18 UTC on the 15th, as suggested
by numerous relatively weak observations taken within the cyclone on
those dates.
The cyclone made a U.S. landfall near 29.2N 91.0W around 06 UTC on the 16th.
The ship the Corning at 01 UTC just before landfall measured a peripheral
pressure of 987 mb (along with a concurrent 50 kt ESE wind). At the same
time, another ship - the El Siglo - observed 65 kt E with 989 mb. Lowest
pressure observed on the coast was 990 mb at Morgan City, but this may not have
been a central pressure as the cyclone moved just east of the city. However,
Vicksburg - well inland - recorded a likely central pressure of 991 mb. A run of
the inland pressure decay model (Ho et al.) gives a central pressure
at the coast of 983 mb. This value would also be a good match with the
ship reports close to the coast as well. 983 mb central pressure at landfall
is slightly deeper than the 985 mb estimate from Connor (which was used
in Jarrell et al.) this pressure suggests a wind of 69 kt from the new
Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the counteracting
influences of a fast forward speed (~22 kt) and quite low environmental
pressure (1001 mb outer closed isobar), 70 kt is chosen as the landfall
winds. This is down substantially from the 85 kt winds originally in
HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 1 assessment for Louisiana.
Impacts of this system were spread quite a distance along the Gulf Coast
to the right of track, suggesting a rather large RMW (~45 nmi). Given
the storm surge peak values of 8' at Biloxi and 7' at Gulfport, minimal
hurricane force winds likely occurred in along the Mississippi. Thus
both Mississippi and Louisiana are indicated as receiving Catetory 1
hurricane conditions. Peak winds observed after landfall (within 2 hr of
synoptic time) were: 56 kt at 12 UTC on the 16th, 52 kt at 18 UTC, and
53 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th. These reduced to 46, 43, and 44 kt after taking
into consideration adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds and accounting for
the high bias of anemometers of the era - Fergusson and Covert (1924) and
Powell et al. (1996). A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model
gives 48, 33, and 25 kt, respectively. Because of the higher winds observed,
winds in HURDAT are chosen at 50, 45, and 45 kt accordingly - substantially
higher than the 40, 35, and 30 kt originally. The decay phase of this
system was analyzed as a tropical depression, rather than going through
an extratropical phase as no baroclinic development or absorption
occurred.
*******************************************************************************
1923/07 - 2009 REVISION:
23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 5 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 7 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* ***
23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*227 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*250 615 35 0
23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*226 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*246 618 35 0
*** *** ***
23105 10/16*264 609 35 0*277 606 35 0*289 603 35 0*300 603 35 0
23105 10/16*256 614 40 0*267 612 45 0*280 610 50 0*293 610 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23110 10/17*310 606 35 0*320 612 35 0*331 620 40 0*343 633 40 0
23110 10/17*307 611 55 0*321 613 55 0*335 620 55 0*346 631 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
23115 10/18*355 650 40 0*366 667 40 0*378 680 45 0*390 690 45 0
23115 10/18*355 644 55 0*362 658 55 0*370 670 55 0*381 680 55 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23120 10/19*402 698 45 0*413 705 40 0*425 710 35 0*437 713 30 0
23120 10/19*395 690 55 0*405 700 50 0*425 710 45 994E445 718 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** ******* *** **
23125 TS
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly
Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22.5N, 62.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.6N, 62.3W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was in the
same location given by HURDAT, at 23.6N, 62.3W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and
986 mb at 22 UTC at 19.2N, 62.2W (COA). No other gales or low pressures.
"A disturbance became apparent just north of the Leeward Islands and began
to move north-northeastward" (MWR).
October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.5N, 62.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.9N 60.3W. Available
observations suggest that center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 28.0N. 61.0W.
Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 29.5N 62.5W (COA); 45 kt NE
and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 29.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 999 mb at 20 UTC at
28.5N, 59.7W (MWR); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 57.2W (MWR). One other gale. One other
low pressure. "...But with the strengthening of a large high pressure area
to the north and northeast, the storm was slowed up and deflected to the
northwest" (MWR).
October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 34.5N, 61W.
HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.1N 62.0W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N 62.5W with an 1007 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was
33.5N 62.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 60.0W
(HWM); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA); 30 kt NW and 999
mb at 16 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. Several other low
pressures. "It passed just northeast of Bermuda on the 17th" (MWR).
October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 36.5N, 68W.
HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 37.8N 68.0W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N and 67.7W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 37.0N,
67.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N 66.0W (COA);
45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 39.2N, 70.6W (COA). A few other gales.
Several other low pressures.
October 19: HWM analyzes a N-S occluded front well inland from the coast with a
W-E warm front extending eastward from the occluded front near North Carolina.
HWM indicates that the system had moved inland and was located northwest of
Boston, near 42.4N, 71W, with Boston's pressure reading being 999 mb at 12
UTC. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 42.5N, 71.0W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.4N, 71W with a 999 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt
extratropical low was the same as the previous HURDAT position of 42.5N, 71.0W.
Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 40.2N 69.6W (MWR); 30 kt SW
and 982 mb at 05 UTC at 40.0N, 70.0W (COA). A few other gales. Several other
low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nantucket, MA
at 41.3N, 70.1W (MWR); 997 mb at 0515 UTC at Nantucket, MA; 994 mb (central
pressure) at 1040 UTC at Boston. No other gales. Several other low pressures.
"[It] crossed the Atlantic coast near Nantucket, Mass., on the night of
October 18th and was still in evidence near Boston the following morning.
The storm lack the intensity necessary to be classed as a hurricane, but
the shape and distribution of the isobars showed a close resemblance to
this type" (MWR).
No alterations were made for the genesis of this tropical storm. Peripheral
pressures of 999 mb on the 16th and 17th suggest winds of at least 50 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT
(up from 35 kt at 18 UTC on the 16th and 40 kt at 18 UTC on the 17th).
A 998 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 18th suggests winds of at
least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for
HURDAT (up from 45 kt previously). The system on the 18th was moving northwest
into an increasingly baroclinic environment. A 982 mb peripheral pressure
was measured on the 19th, though the ship appears to have about a 5 mb low
bias when a time series for it is considered. Thus 987 mb peripheral pressure
(both from this ship and a separate 987 mb ship observation) suggests winds
of at least 66 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen
for HURDAT at 00 UTC as the storm was embedded in low environmental pressure
and was slower moving than is typical for systems in this region (up from
45 kt previously). It is estimated that the system made landfall in
Massachusetts around 09 UTC on the 19th near 41.3N 70.6W with maximum
sustained winds of around 50 kt. Peak observed winds along the coast were
42 kt in Nantucket early on the 19th. After landfall, the weakening cyclone
was absorbed in a large extratropical storm moving in from the west. Decay
phase of the system is changed in that previously there was no extratropical
transition.
*******************************************************************************
1923/08 - 2009 REVISION:
23130 10/16/1923 M= 4 6 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
23130 10/16/1923 M= 6 8 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * ***
23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 929 35 0*220 919 35 0
23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 950 35 0*210 940 35 0
*** *** *** ***
23140 10/17*229 913 35 0*242 905 40 0*260 895 45 0*282 889 45 0
23140 10/17*218 930 35 0*228 916 40 0*240 900 45 0*265 889 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** **
23145 10/18*306 890 40 0E329 892 35 0E351 895 30 0E372 887 25 0
23145 10/18*300 890 50 992*329 891 40 997E355 892 35 0E375 887 30 0
*** ** **** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** **
23150 10/19E394 875 25 0E415 859 25 0E435 840 25 0E462 815 25 0
23150 10/19E395 875 30 0E415 859 35 0E435 840 35 0E454 822 35 0
*** ** ** ** *** *** **
(The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.)
23151 10/20E472 806 35 0E491 790 35 0E510 770 35 0E530 745 35 0
23152 10/21E555 715 30 0E585 680 30 0E625 640 30 0E670 600 30 0
23155 TS
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship
database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather
Review_.
October 13: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near
18N 113.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt
Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 18.5N, 105.5W. Ship highlights:
20 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 99.5W (HWM). No gales. No other
low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at Manzanillo, Mexico at
19.0N, 104.3W (HWM). No other gales. A few low pressures of 1005 mb at 12 UTC
between 21-25N and 106-108W.
October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N,
108.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast
Pacific tropical storm was 19.5N, 107.0W. Ship highlights: no gales or low
pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Islas Marias,
Mexico at 21.4N, 106.5W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures.
October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in Mexico,
near 19.3N 102.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 35 kt
Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 20.0N, 103.0W. Ship highlights: No gales
and no low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at
Salina Cruz, Mexico at 16.2N, 95.0W (HWM). No other gales. Several low
pressures of between 1002 and 1005 mb.
October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20.5N, 94W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 92.9W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.5N,
95.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 88.3W (MWR); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 27.2N, 90.9W (HWM); 20 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N,
94.5W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights:
10 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Veracruz, Mexico at 19.2N, 96.1W (HWM); 10 kt
NW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Tampico, Mexico at 22.3N, 97.9W (HWM). No gales.
All other available land observations are low pressures (< 1006 mb).
October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N,
89.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 89.5W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.5N, 89.1W with a 999 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical
storm was 24.0N, 90.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE at 18 UTC at 30.5N, 87.1W
(COA); 45 kt NW at 27.0N, 91.1W (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 28.7N,
89.0W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights:
54 kt SE at 01 UTC at Pensacola at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 997 mb at
21 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR). Storm tide 4+' at
Apalachacola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). Regarding the track and intensity:
"This storm [storm #5] moved northward, with rapidly decreasing energy, and was
quickly followed by another [this storm] from the Gulf moving rapidly northward
over nearly the same territory, which likewise brought heavy rains over
the immediate Mississippi Valley and northward into the Great Lakes region
during the 17th and 18th, and to most districts to the eastward during
the following 36 hours. In fact this was the most widespread storm of
the month..." (MWR).
October 18: HWM analyzes an asymmetric low of at most 1000 mb that merged
with a cold front centered over the southeastern U.S. HURDAT listed this as a
30 kt extratropical low at 35.1N, 89.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 36N, 88.6W with a 997 mb pressure. Available observations
suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 35.5N, 89.2W. Ship
highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 90.5W (HWM); 20 kt NW and
1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 87.2W (HWM). No gales. One other low pressure.
Land highlights: 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W
(OMR); 50 kt S and 999 mb at 02 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33
kt SE and 996 mb at 00 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR)- min
pressure at Mobile of 996 mb at 01 UTC; 10 kt N and 996 mb at Cairo, Illinois
at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 89.2W (HWM). Several other gales and low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "At 8 p.m. [on the 17th] (00 UTC on the 18th) its
center was between Mobile and New Orleans, and shortly thereafter a maximum
wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast was registered at Mobile
and 56 miles an hour from the southeast at Pensacola" (MWR).
October 19: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 995 mb near 44.5N 84W
with a warm front extending northeast of the low and a cold front extending
to the south of the low. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low at
43.5N 84W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44N 84W
with a 991 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of
the 35 kt extratropical low was near 43.5N 84W. Ship highlights: none.
Station highlights: 37 kt SW at Toledo, Ohio (MWR); 37 kt NW at Grand
Haven, Canada (MWR); calm and 993 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit, Michigan (HWM).
No other gales. Several other low pressures.
October 20: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb
near 51N 77W with a warm front extending northeast from the low and a cold
front extending south of the low. HURDAT did not document the storm on this
date. Available observations indicate that the center of the 35 kt
extratropical low was near the HWM position. Ship highlights: none.
Station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Colombiere, Canada
(HWM). No gales. A few other low pressures.
October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 62.5N 63.5W at
the end of an occluded front. HURDAT did not document the storm on this date.
Avialbel observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered
near 62.5N 64W. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 20 kt E and
985 mb at 12 UTC at Godthab, Greenland (HWM). No gales. A few other low
pressures.
Observational evidence is convincing that a moderate tropical storm was in
existance along the west coast of Mexico on the 13th and 14th, it made
landfall around 00 UTC on the 15th near Tepio and was inland in west central
Mexico near Guadalajara at 12 UTC on the 15th. On the next day, a tropical
storm was occurring in the Bay of Campeche. Because of the extreme
mountainous terrain of central Mexico, it is unlikely that the two cyclones
were, in fact, part of one continuous tropical cyclone track. Instead, it is
judged that remnants from the first may have contributed toward development
of the second tropical storm. Thus the genesis for this existing Atlantic
basin tropical cyclone is retained at 12 UTC on the 16th, though in a location
substantially farther west than originally seen in HURDAT. 999 mb pressures
at 12 UTC on the 16th from both Veracruz and Tampico suggest winds of least
49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 35 kt is retained in
HURDAT because of the extremely low environmental pressures at that time.
A 995 mb peripheral ship pressure at 12 UTC on the 27th suggests winds of at
least 52 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.
45 kt is retained in HURDAT for the same reason as above.
Landfall occurred along the Mississippi coastline around 01 UTC on the 18th
with a central pressure of about 992 mb (based upon Mobile's minmum of 996 mb
with 37 kt SE wind). 992 mb central pressure suggests winds of 58 kt from
the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship - winds of 50 kt
are chosen for HURDAT (up from 40 kt) due to the very low environmental
pressures somewhat counteracted by the quick forward speed (~32 kt).
Highest obseved winds were 54 kt in Pensacola at 01 UTC on the 17th and 50 kt
at Pensacola at 00 and 02 UTC on the 18th. However, the peak on the 17th was
primarily due to storm number 5. Transition to an extratropical storm was
delayed by 6 hours until 12 UTC on the 18th, as the frontal boundary and
the storm would not have coincided until then. An additional two days
(October 20th and 21st) were added to HURDAT, as observations and the HWM
analyses indicate that the extratropical storm existed longer than originally
recognized. While large changes were made to the track near the beginning
of the cyclone and to both the track and intensity near the cyclone's end,
relatively small alterations were made on the 17th through the 19th.
Together, storms 5 and 7 represent a rather rare event with both making
landfall in the north central Gulf coast only about 42 hours apart.
*******************************************************************************
1923/09 - 2009 REVISION:
23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 7 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 9 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*183 612 35 0*190 610 35 0*198 606 35 0
23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*193 598 35 0*200 600 35 0*207 602 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
23170 10/25*207 605 35 0*215 604 35 0*224 605 35 0*233 611 35 0
23170 10/25*214 604 35 0*222 606 35 0*230 610 35 0*238 618 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23175 10/26*242 622 40 0*251 638 45 0*261 656 45 0*274 666 45 0
23175 10/26*247 630 40 0*256 642 40 0*265 650 40 0*277 652 35 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23180 10/27E287 669 45 0E320 643 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
23180 10/27E290 650 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** **** *** **
23185 TS
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #7. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NCDC's Original Monthly Record
station data, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N,
57.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 61.0W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
20.0N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.2N,
61.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 60.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was
23.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 23.5N
60.5W (COA).
October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb that merged with a
front and became elongated, centered in the vicinity of 26N, 66W. There is no
temperature gradient across the low, however. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
tropical storm at 26.1N, 65.6W. Available observations suggest that the center
of the 40 kt tropical storm was 26.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 995 mb
at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 63.9W (COA). No other gales or low pressures.
October 27: HURDAT listed that the low became extratropical at 00 UTC with the
last position at 06 UTC and 45 kt winds. Available observations suggest that
the low became extratropical at 18 UTC on the 26th, and the last advisory is at
00 UTC on the 27th with 35 kt winds. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW at 20 UTC at
41.0N, 60.0W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 53.5W (COA); 25
kt NNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 57.4W (COA). No other gales. A few
other low pressures.
No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm. A peripheral
pressure of 1006 mb on the 25th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship - 35 kt retained in HURDAT. The 995 mb
pressure value recorded from a ship on the 26th in COADS is listed as 1003 mb
in Historical Weather Map and from comparison with surrounding data suggests
that HWM is correct. 1003 mb peripheral pressure values suggests winds of
at least 43 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt
chosen for HURDAT (down from 45 kt) as the system was undergoing extratropical
transition. Change to extratropical is retained at 00 UTC on the 27th, which
is not as early as seen in Historical Weather Map analysis for 12 UTC on
the 26th. While no gales were observed with this system during its tropical
cyclone stage, the data are relatively sparse from the 23rd until the 26th.
Thus as the cyclone is already classified in HURDAT as a tropical storm, it
will be retained as such because of the moderate probability that gale force
winds actually existed.
******************************************************************************
1923 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION:
1) A combination of Historical Weather Maps and COADS ships observations
shows a remnant gale center on 4 January in the Subtropical Central
Atlantic left behind by a decaying mid-latitude storm system. This
circulation moved NW on the 5th and was located well east of Bermuda. By
the 6th, it had been absorbed by a cold front approaching from the west.
Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what
would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, the low had acquired
barotropic characteristics. However, gale-force wind observations of 35
kt from three independent ships at 03, 07, and 19 UTC on the 4th were
recorded more than 100 km from the center, while weaker winds were
observed at closer distances. Therefore, this low was likely still
extratropical and is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a
subtropical storm using modern classification criteria.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jan. 4 27N 47W Extratropical Storm
Jan. 5 30N 50W Extratropical Storm
2) On 19 June, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of a cyclonic
circulation at the tail end of an old, zonally-oriented surface front over
the Atlantic, north of the Western Bahamas and east of Florida. HWM and
COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression formed in this area
and moved generally north to a position about 450 km east of Savannah on
the 21st. It was absorbed by a cold front sweeping down the U.S. East
Coast on the 22nd. The peak wind recorded by a ship observation (COA) was
25 kt NE at 12 UTC on the 19th at 30.9N and 79.5W. Since there were no
gale force winds and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1012 mb
on the 20th and 21st (COA), this system is not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
June 19 28N 77W Tropical Depression
June 20 30N 78W Tropical Depression
June 21 32N 77W Tropical Depression
3) The 1923 _Monthly Weather Review_ indicated that "From the 9th to
the 12th [of October] low pressure prevailed in the Caribbean Sea and
vessels in the Gulf of Mexico experienced northeasterly to easterly gales".
Examination of the Historical Weather Maps do indicate that a low pressure
in the western Gulf was attached to the western end of a frontal
boundary on the 7th and 8th. By the 9th, the frontal boundary was
dissipating. Moderate east to northeast winds prevailed over
the northern half of the Gulf from the 9th to the 11th, primarily
under the influence of a strong high pressure over the southeast U.S.
Only one gale force wind was observed (10th from COADS), well-away
from the possible low pressure center. Moreover, on the 10th and 11th
a well-defined circulation center is not evident from available observations.
It is possible that this system did tranform briefly to a tropical storm,
or perhaps a subtropical storm, especially on the 8th or 9th. But no gale
force winds or low pressures were observed in direct connection to
the cyclone. Thus this system is not included into HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 7 23N 94W Extratropical Low
Oct. 8 24N 94W Extratropical Low
Oct. 9 23N 92W Extratropical Low
Oct. 10 22N? 91W? Open Trough?
Oct. 11 --N --W Open Trough
4) This system - originally storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is
removed from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity as
a tropical cyclone. Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps
series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, station data
from the Original Monthly Records, and personal communication from R. Perez
(2005).
23005 10/14/1923 M=16 4 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
23010 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*104 803 35 0*108 802 35 0
23015 10/15*112 802 35 0*117 801 35 0*123 801 35 0*130 801 35 0
23020 10/16*138 802 35 0*146 803 35 0*152 804 35 0*156 805 35 0
23025 10/17*160 805 35 0*163 806 35 0*167 807 35 0*171 807 35 0
23030 10/18*174 808 35 0*177 809 35 0*181 808 35 0*185 807 35 0
23035 10/19*191 805 40 0*197 801 40 0*204 796 40 0*211 790 40 0
23040 10/20*220 783 35 0*229 775 35 0E239 770 35 0E252 767 40 0
23045 10/21E267 766 40 0E281 764 40 0E292 762 45 0E299 758 50 0
23050 10/22E306 753 55 0E313 748 60 0E320 744 60 0E326 742 60 0
23055 10/23E333 742 60 0E339 743 60 0E346 746 60 0E357 751 55 0
23060 10/24E374 756 50 0E392 760 45 0E408 761 40 0E422 765 35 0
23065 10/25E436 769 35 0E448 767 30 0E463 758 30 0E475 731 25 0
23070 10/26E480 695 25 0E482 657 25 0E485 625 30 0E493 598 30 0
23075 10/27E501 572 35 0E509 545 35 0E517 517 35 0E525 488 40 0
23080 10/28E534 459 40 0E542 430 40 0E550 400 40 0E557 379 45 0
23085 10/29E564 360 45 0E570 344 45 0E576 326 45 0E585 293 40 0
23090 TS
October 14: HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1005 mb entirely
over South America. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm located at
10.4N, 80.3W. Available observations suggest that the low is not closed. Ship
highlights: 15 kt NW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 7.1N, 80.9W (COA); 5 kt E and 1005
mb at 12 UTC at 12.5N, 75.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures.
October 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of HURDAT's
tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 80.1W.
Available observations suggest that there is a 25 kt tropical depression
centered near 12.3N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
October 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity on HURDAT's
tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.2N, 80.4W.
Available observations suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression
is at 15.2N, 82.0W. Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 13.9N,
81.6W (COA); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 77.4W (COA). No gales.
No other low pressures. Land highlights: 3 kt E and 1005 mb at 0 UTC at Swan
Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 8 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at
17.5N, 84.2W (HWM/OMR). No gales. No other low pressures.
October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 81W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 80.7W. Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 16N,
82W. Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 21 UTC at 12.5N, 80.5W (COA).
No gales. Several other low pressures (> 1006 mb). Land highlights: 10 kt E
and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few
other low pressures.
October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered on the
coast of Central America near 15N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical
storm at 18.1N, 80.8W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical
depression is centered near 18.1N, 81.5W. Ship and land highlights: No gales.
Several low pressures between 1003 and 1005 mb.
October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N,
78.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.4N, 79.6W.
Available observations or lack thereof suggest that the low is not closed on
this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 84.8W
(HWM); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 24.3N, 81.7W (COA). 1 other gale. A
few other low pressures. Land highlights: 9 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at
Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low pressures.
October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front extending from south of Cuba up the
eastern seaboard of the U.S. HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed
this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 23.9N, 77.0W. Available observations
suggest that this is a 25 kt tropical depression centered at 23.9N, 77.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb along a
SSW-NNE stationary front centered near 29N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45
kt extratropical low at 29.2N, 76.2W. Available observations suggest that the
30 kt extratropical low is centered at 29.2N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: No gales
or low pressures.
October 22: HWM analyzes a stationary front off the east coast of the U.S.
There is no closed low on the HWM map. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt
extratropical low at 32.0N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 27N, 76W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations
suggest that there is a 50 kt extratropical low near 32.0N, 74.4W. Ship
highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1017 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt NE and
1012 mb at 12 UTC at 36.5N, 72.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures.
Land highlights: 43 kt N at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA HIST.). A few
other gales. No low pressures. "The severe storm of the 22d-25th of October,
which developed north of the Bahamas and moved northward to Hatteras and
thence north-northwestward to extreme northwest Pennsylvania, was formed and
maintained by the usual processes attending extra-tropical storms and bore
no resemblance to a hurricane" (MWR).
October 23: HWM analyzes a front with a sharp temperature and pressure gradient
from off the coast of NC to NJ. HWM analyzes the lowest pressure to be at most
1005 mb, but it is very elongated and does not resemble a closed low. HURDAT
listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 34.6N, 74.6W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34N, 75W with an 1003 mb pressure.
Available observations suggest that this 75 kt extratropical low was centered
at 34.6N, 74.6W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N,
73.9W (COA); 15 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 32.6N, 76.7W (COA). Several other
strong gales. Several other low pressures between 999 and 1005 mb. Land
highlights: 71 kt NE at Atlantic City at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 1005 mb at 12 UTC
at Cape Hatteras at 35.3N, 75.6W (HWM). Several other strong gales from NC to
MA. No other low pressures.
October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 40N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at
40.8N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center inland
near 40.2N, 78W with an 1002 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that
this 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 40.8N, 76.1W. Ship highlights:
45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 73.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 72.5W
(COA); 25 kt SE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 36.1N, 75.0W (COA). One other gale
and one other low pressure. Land highlights: 47 kt SE at New York 40.8N, 74.0W
(MWR); 20 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Harrisburg, PA at 40.3N, 76.5W (HWM).
One other gale. A few other low pressures.
October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 45N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at
46.3N, 75.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center over
Canada near 46N, 76.5W. Available observations suggest that this 30 kt
extratropical low was centered near 46.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or
low pressures were observed.
October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 46N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at
48.5N, 62.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near
47.5N, 64W with a 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 30
kt extratropical low was centered near 48.5N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: no gales
or low pressures. Land highlights: 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Chatham at 47.0N,
65.5W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Sydney at 46.2N, 60.2W (HWM).
No gales and no other low pressures.
October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb embedded in an occluded
front located south-southwest of the southern tip of Greenland near 52N, 48.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 51.7N, 51.7W. Available
observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 51.7N,
51.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt SSW and
982 mb at 12 UTC at 54.0N, 47.8W (COA). No other gales. All other
observations are low pressures. Land highlights: No gales.
October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb in an occluded front
near 55N, 37W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 55.0N,
40.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was
centered near 55.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR); 45
kt N and 970 mb at 17 UTC at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR). Several other gales. All
observations are low pressures.
October 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb at the end of a
stationary front centered near 57.5N, 27.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
extratropical storm at 57.6N, 32.6W. Available observations indicate that the
50 kt extratropical storm was centered near 57.6N, 32.6W. Ship highlights: 50
kt WNW and 976 mb at 07 UTC at 55.5N, 33.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 977 mb at 13
UTC at 55.5N, 31.5W (COA); 50 kt NW at 22 UTC at 56.5N, 29.5W (COA); 10 kt W
and 964 mb at 10 UTC at 56.5N, 28.5W (COA). Several other gales and low
pressures. Land highlights: 30 kt E and 986 mb at 12 UTC at Reykjavik, Iceland
at 64.2N, 22.0W (HWM). One other low pressure.
This system became a tropical depression around 00 UTC on the 15th,
about twelve hours after that originally indicated. No gale force winds
were observed from the 14th through the 18th. Numerous low pressure
observations (less than 1006 mb) were taken, but the environmental
pressures were around 1008 mb, so none of these suggest gale force
winds were present on these dates. On the 19th, the system became
elongated northeast-southwest (and may no longer have had a well-defined
closed center) as a strong cold front approached from the northwest.
Two 35 kt west winds were observed on this date, but were more than 300 nmi
from the center, which suggests a structure more descriptive of a
monsoonal low or developing extratropical low. On the 20th, a well-defined
closed center could no longer be located as the strong frontal boundary
approached, but the lack of a closed low may have been due on this date
to sparse data. HURDAT originally had the system becoming extratropical
on the 20th at 12 UTC, but the timing of this appears to be about 6-12
hours too early. By 12 UTC on the 21st, the system had transformed into
a purely extratropical storm with gales developing on the 22nd. (It is
possible that the original tropical depression dissipated completely
late on the 19th/early on the 20th and that a separate extratropical low
developed on the 21st. This scenario is consistent with the Monthly
Weather Reviews description of the system: "There was evidence that
a disturbance was forming [on the 16th and 17th] between the Island of
Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama ... Over the western Caribbean Sea
pressure continued low with some evidence of a slight disturbance central
southwest of Jamaica. Following a slight rise in pressure over the western
Caribbean Sea, Cuba and the vicinity of the Bahama Islands on the 20th,
the barometer again began to fall over Cuba and the Bahamas region during
the 21st, and by the morning of the 22d a disturbance of slight intensity
had developed with its center near Nassau, Bahama Islands.") The
extratropical storm became quite intense with hurricane force winds reported
on the 23rd. HURDAT continued the system through the 29th of October, but
the Historical Weather Map series suggest that the system remained
a separate extratropical storm until the 2nd of November in the far North
Atlantic.
Because the system had no direct gales associated with it from
the 14th until the 19th while it was a tropical cyclone, this system
is removed from HURDAT as it likely never reached tropical storm
status. This assessment is in agreement with Cuban meteorologist
Ramon Perez, who stated that "This system looks like a low pressure
or a tropical depression over Cuba. It does not look like a tropical
storm, as Neumann and Ortiz tracked. A copy of several of our
historical weather maps are attached." (These maps are included.)
Thus the removal of this system from HURDAT is consistent with both
the Cuban assessment as well as from U.S. Weather Bureau (in the
Monthly Weather Review) descriptions at the time of the system. In our
assessment, this cyclone had a large circulation with peak winds below
gale-force and with no well-defined center. However, it is possible that a
well-defined center did exist embedded within the large circulation envelope,
but that it was just not sampled from the available observations. The system
(if we are correct that no well-defined center was present) is likely somewhat
analogous to Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, but without gale force winds present.
5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship observations show large,
residual occluded lows on 16-17 October in the Eastern Atlantic near the
Azores, 4-6 November in the Western Atlantic to the east and northeast of
Bermuda, and 23-24 November in the Subtropical Central Atlantic. While
all exhibited ambient temperatures that had become nearly isothermal
towards the center, significant large-scale air and sea-surface
temperature gradients still existed. Also, any available gale-force wind
observations were located far away from the center. Consequently, these
systems are considered to be extratropical gale centers and are not added
to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Oct. 16 39N 23W Extratropical Storm
Oct. 17 39N 25W Extratropical Storm
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 4 30N 58W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 5 36N 63W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 6 35N 60W Extratropical Storm
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 23 27N 58W Extratropical Storm
Nov. 24 28N 56W Extratropical Storm
*******************************************************************************
1924/01 - 2009 REVISION:
23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
23195 06/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*176 876 40 0*180 885 35 0
23195 06/18*176 852 35 0*178 866 40 0*180 880 40 0*182 894 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
23200 06/19*184 895 35 0*187 904 35 0*190 913 35 0*193 922 40 0
23200 06/19*184 907 30 0*187 919 30 0*190 930 35 0*194 940 40 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ***
23205 06/20*195 931 40 0*197 939 40 0*200 948 40 0*203 958 40 0
23205 06/20*199 949 40 0*204 957 40 0*210 965 40 0*217 972 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23210 06/21*206 968 40 0*209 979 40 0*212 990 35 0*214 998 25 0
23210 06/21*225 978 35 0*235 983 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23215 TS
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather
Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
June 17: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the
northwestern Caribbean Sea. Available observations show that no closed
low existed on this date. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures
were observed. "Pressure fell gradually over the northwestern
Caribbean Sea during the 15th-17th, the decrease in that time amounting
to 0.14 inch at Tela, Spanish Honduras, and Belize, British Honduras, and
0.04 inch at Swan Island" (MWR).
June 18: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the
northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
17.6N, 87.6W. Available observations do suggest a closed low
exists near 18N, 88W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures
were observed. "The first disturbance, which was followed from the
18th to the 20th of June from the northwestern Caribbean to the
southwestern Gulf of Mexico, caused heavy rains but apparently no
high winds" (MWR).
June 19: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 92.5W
of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.0N, 91.3W.
Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one
does it may be somewhat west of the HURDAT position near 19N, 93W. No gale
force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.
June 20th: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 98W
of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 94.8W.
Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one
does it may be somewhat northwest of the HURDAT position near 21N, 96.5W, mainly
because of low pressure observed in Tampico, MX. Station highlight: 1005 mb at
Tampico (MWR).
June 21st: HWM indicates no significant features near the system in question.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm inland over eastern Mexico at
21.2N, 99.0W. Available observations do suggest that the system had
dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure
were observed.
Genesis is begun 12 hours earlier than original HURDAT with this tropical cyclone,
as it had a fairly well-defined circulation at 12 UTC on the 18th. Alterations –
mainly minor - were introduced to the track for all dates, though the changes on
the 20th and 21st were quite large adjustments to the northwest, mainly due to the
MWR observation of 1005 mb pressre at Tampcio. Winds are reduced below tropical
storm intensity on the 19th as the cyclone transited the Yucatan. A peripheral
pressure observation - 1005 mb at Tampico on the 20th was measured – which does
suggest at least winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) south of 25N
pressure-wind relationship. However, environmental pressures were low, suggesting
lower winds than usual for the given pressure observation. 40 kt is retained in
HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th. Dissipation of the cyclone is revised to be 12 hours
earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. This is mainly because the original track
had it make landfall in Mexico too late compared with available observations suggest.
No tropical storm force winds were observed with this cyclone. However, as is
fairly typical for Central America and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, observations
were quite sparse. Additionally, the location and time of year of this system do
match that expected by climatology. Thus the cyclone will be retained in HURDAT,
though evidence for keeping it in is somewhat mixed.
*******************************************************************************
1924/02 - 2009 ADDITION:
23190 07/28/1924 M= 3 2 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23195 07/28* 0 0 0 0*285 785 30 0*300 775 35 0*315 765 40 0
23195 07/29*330 755 40 0*345 744 45 0*360 730 50 0*372 714 55 0
23195 07/30*382 697 55 0*390 679 50 0*395 660 45 0E400 640 40 0
23215 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.
July 27: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low with at most a 1015 mb
central pressure situated near 28.5N, 84W at the tail end of a cold front
that extended off the Carolinas through central Florida. However,
examination of HWM and COADS data reveals that the system was better
described as an open trough, oriented east-northeast to west-southwest.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
July 28: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low embedded in an occluded front of
at most 1015 mb centered near 31.2N, 77.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 30.1N, 79.7W with an 1014 mb pressure. Available observations
suggest that the frontal boundary had dissipated and a center of the 35 kt
tropical storm was near 30.0N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1013 mb at
17 UTC at 31.5N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 21 UTC at
32.5N, 77.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures.
July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most
1015 mb centered near 36N, 73W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a
center near 34.9N, 73.3W. Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary
had instead dissipated and that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 36.0N, 73.0W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 09 UTC at 33.5N, 75.5W (COA).
45 kt N and 999 mb at 22 UTC at 37.2N, 70.3W (MWR). No other gales or low
pressures. "On the 29th there was a disturbance central near Hatteras that moved
northeastward along the coast ... vessels in the southernly quadrant reported
moderate to strong gales" (MWR).
July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 63.8W,
attached to the end of a weak front, but just south of a W-E stationary front.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.8N, 60W. Available
observations suggest that the weak front attached to the system had dissipated,
but that the stationary front the system was approaching from the south was a more
significant baroclinic feature. The 50 kt tropical storm was centered near
39.5N, 66.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (COA); 30 kt NW
and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 37.3N, 65.6W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1003 mb at ~ 14 UTC at
41.0N, 66.0W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 31st [it] covered
the region between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia" (MWR).
Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun at 06 UTC on the 28th of July
east of Florida, as it was likely still an open trough up until that time.
The system's origins were from a frontal boundary and it - especially on
the 28th - may still have had some hybrid characteristics. The temperature
gradients were quite weak on the 28th and 29th, with a value of ~5F in 5 degree
latitude diameter and nearly 0F in 5 degree longitude on the 28th and ~5F in 5
degree latitude and ~4F in 5 degree longitude on the 29th. The system was
upgraded to a tropical storm late on the 28th based upon two 35 kt ship
reports. The system peaked in intensity with an estimated 55 kt late on
the 29th and early on the 30th as it moved north-northeastward, paralleling
the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. This intensity was supported by a 999 mb
pressure, which suggested at least 50 kt from both the subtropical and high
latitude pressure-wind relationships. Highest observed winds in the tropical
storm were 45 kt late on the 30th. The storm weakened afterwards, moving
into the cool waters south of Nova Scotia. It likely became extratropical
late on the 30th, as it merged with a stationary front. The statement
in Monthly Weather Review regarding the system being between Newfoundland
and Nova Scotia on the 31st is incorrect, as that was judged to be due to
a strong baroclinic system moving in from the west.
*******************************************************************************
1924/03 - 2009 REVISION:
23220 08/16/1924 M=13 2 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23220 08/16/1924 M=13 3 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1
* *** *
23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 540 35 0*110 552 35 0*115 561 35 0
23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 546 25 0*110 560 25 0*116 575 25 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** **
23230 08/17*120 570 35 0*126 580 35 0*134 591 35 0*142 604 35 0
23230 08/17*123 590 30 0*130 604 30 0*138 615 30 0*145 623 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23235 08/18*150 613 35 0*159 626 35 0*168 635 35 0*176 645 40 0
23235 08/18*152 629 30 0*160 635 30 0*168 640 30 0*176 646 35 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** **
23240 08/19*185 655 40 0*194 664 40 0*202 672 45 0*210 679 45 0
23240 08/19*185 653 40 0*194 660 40 0*202 667 45 0*210 673 50 0
*** *** *** *** **
23245 08/20*217 685 50 0*225 691 55 0*232 698 60 0*240 706 60 0
23245 08/20*217 679 55 0*225 685 60 0*232 692 60 0*240 701 60 0
*** ** *** ** *** ***
23250 08/21*250 715 65 0*259 724 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0
23250 08/21*250 712 65 0*259 722 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0
*** ***
23255 08/22*276 740 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0
23255 08/22*276 742 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0
***
23260 08/23*282 752 100 0*282 754 105 0*283 756 105 0*283 759 105 0
23260 08/23*282 753 100 0*282 757 105 0*283 762 105 0*283 766 105 0
*** *** *** ***
23265 08/24*282 762 110 0*282 766 110 0*282 769 110 0*282 775 115 0
23265 08/24*282 770 105 0*282 773 105 0*282 775 100 0*286 777 95 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23270 08/25*298 771 115 0*307 769 115 0*318 765 115 0*330 760 110 0
23270 08/25*294 779 90 0*302 777 85 0*312 770 85 969*327 763 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
23275 08/26*344 755 110 0*360 743 105 0*379 729 100 0*406 703 90 0
23275 08/26*344 755 90 0*363 743 90 963*385 729 85 0*409 703 80 968
** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** ***
23280 08/27E435 672 85 0E463 631 80 0E482 598 75 0E498 560 65 0
23280 08/27E435 672 75 0E463 631 65 0E490 598 60 0E510 560 55 0
** ** *** ** *** **
23285 08/28E518 526 55 0E538 488 50 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0
23285 08/28E525 526 50 0E540 488 45 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0
*** ** *** **
23290 HR
23290 HR NC1 MA1
*** ***
U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
8/26/1924 0400Z 35.5N 74.8W 65kt 1 34nmi RMW 963mb NC1
8/26/1924 1900Z 41.2N 70.2W 65kt 1 40nmi RMW 968mb MA1
(Both were close approaches, but not landfall.)
Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather
Review_, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987),
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001).
August 16: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT
listed this as a 35 tropical storm at 11.0N, 55.2W. Available observation
suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression was at 11.0N, 56.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
August 17: HWM analyzes rotation over the Leeward Islands but does not analyze
a low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.4N,
59.1W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical
depression was at 13.8N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the
Lesser Antilles" (MWR).
August 18: HWM analyzes an elongated (SW - NE), closed low of at most 1010 mb
centered near 14.5N, 67.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
16.8N, 63.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt
tropical depression was at 16.8N, 64.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.
August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N,
67.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 67.2W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20N, 67.7W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was at 20.2N,
66.7W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 23.8N, 66.8W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1011 mb at
00 UTC at 21.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 22.5N, 63.5W
(COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It
moved northwest, reaching the Virgin Islands on the 19th without any increase
in intensity. It was accompanied by heavy rain but no damaging winds" (MWR).
August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.3N,
68.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.2N, 69.8W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.7N, 70.8W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was at 23.2N,
69.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity:
"It increased gradually, however, both in intensity and size after passing to
the north of Porto Rico and within three days, when its center was in about
latitude 27.5N, and longitude 74.5W, the winds near the center had increased to
hurricane force" (MWR).
August 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N,
74W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 73.1W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 73.5W. Available observations
suggest that the center of the 75 kt hurricane was at 26.7N, 73.1W. Ship
highlights: 60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 19 UTC at 26.7N, 73.7W (MWR); 60 kt and
1000 mb (MWR); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 73.8W (COA). No other
gales. One other low pressure.
August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N,
75.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 74.8W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 76W with a 992 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 95 kt
hurricane was at 28.0N, 74.8W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC
at 26.7N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 74.0W (COA).
No other gales or low pressures.
August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.1N,
79W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 75.6W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 77W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was at 28.3N,
76.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.9N, 73.8W (COA);
35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.8N, 73.5W (COA); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at
20 UTC at 26.7N, 79.6W (COA). One other gale. Several other low pressures
between 1002 and 1005 mb.
August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.3N,
76.1W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 76.9W. The MWR
Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center near 28.7N, 78W. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 100 kt hurricane was at 28.2N,
77.5W. Ship highlights: 972 mb (no time or position) (MWR); 60 kt N and 996 mb
at 05 UTC at 28.8N, 78.4W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00 UTC at
29.6N, 77.9W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding
the intensity: "It did not start north again until the night of the 24th,
meanwhile developing the greatest intensity just north of the Bahamas with
hurricane velocities and barometer readings as low as 28.70 inches [972 mb]" (MWR).
August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.8N,
78.2W, with a front a little to the northwest of the low. HURDAT listed this
as an 115 kt hurricane near 31.8N, 76.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 77W. It showed a 972 mb pressure at 00 UTC
slightly south-southwest of the position at 12 UTC. Available observations
suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 31.2N, 77.0W. Ship
highlights: 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt SSW and
984 mb at 21 UTC at 31.5N, 75.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 973 mb at 32.0N, 76.5W
(MWR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights:
42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC); 38 kt E and
997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC). A few other
gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the location/intensity: "At
noon [16 UTC], [the center] was very accurately located by three vessels near
latitude 32N, and longitude 76.5W" (MWR). Savannah: "Tropical storm... moved
rapidly northward, passing about 100 miles east of Savannah" (OMR).
Wilmington: "Rain set in at about 4:20 a.m. [0920 UTC], continuing with a few
short interruptions until 6:30 p.m. [2330 UTC]. Winds at Wilmington shifted
from ENE-N-NW-WNW between the morning of the 25th and early on the 26th. The
storm center passed an estimated distance of 100 to 120 miles to the eastward
of the station. Morehead City and Beaufort indicate that severe winds were
experienced at those places, causing some damage to property on shore and small
craft in the harbor" (OMR).
August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39N,
72.5W, with the west edge of a warm front just to the northeast of the low.
HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 37.9N, 72.9W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.1N, 72.5W. It showed a 971 mb
pressure at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 75.5W. Available observations suggest that the
center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 38.5N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW
and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 39.1N, 68.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at
40.0N, 72.4W (COA). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land
highlights: 64 kt NW at 03 and 04 UTC and 975 mb at 02 and 03 UTC at Cape
Hatteras (OMR); 68 kt N at 16 UTC at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (OMR); 20 kt
E and 972 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several
other strong gales and several other low pressures. "Maximum sustained winds
reached 72 mph at Cape Henry" (VA Hurricanes). Norfolk: "Heavy
rain and winds of strong gale force accompanied the storm. A number of trees
were blown down and there was other minor damage" (OMR). Block Island: "The
gale commenced during the early morning, reaching 78 miles at 11 a.m.;
continued with hurricane force until 2 p.m. with an extreme of 82 miles per
hour" (OMR). Providence: Damage to shipping, boats, telephone lines, trees,
poles, fruit crops, and electricity (OMR). Nantucket Island: "The tropical
storm which passed to the south of the station at 2:00 pm was of great
intensity doing extensive damage to the water front" (OMR). Near North
Carolina: Central pressure of 972 mb, radius of maximum wind 34 nmi, no
landfall (Ho et al.). Near Massachusetts: Central Pressure of 960 mb,
radius of maximum wind 40 nmi, "storm becoming extratropical" (Ho et al.).
Two reports of F2 and numerous reports of F1 structural damage in New England,
analyzed a 60 nmi radius of maximum wind (Boose et al.). "1924 Aug. 25,
Cape Hatteras, Minimal, Center offshore ... 1924 Aug. 26, R.I., Cape Cod,
Minimal, Severe at Block Island" (Dunn and Miller - Note "Minimal" is
an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds). Jarrell et al.
did not consider this system to cause hurricane impacts in either North
Carolina or in New England. "Environmental pressure of 1006 mb, Maximum
Sustained Surface Wind Estimate [felt offshore due to bypass] of 84 kt
near North Carolina and 79 kt near Massachusetts" (Schwerdt et al.).
August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low, now embedded in an occluded front, of at
most 980 mb centered near 49N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt
extratropical low at 48.2N, 59.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 48.2N, 59.5W with a 981 mb pressure. Available
observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was at
49.0N, 59.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 60.8W (COA). No
other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 40 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC
at Harrington H., Canada at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC
at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low
pressures.
August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.9N,
42.5W, at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt
extratropical low at 55.3N, 45.2W. Available observations suggest that the
center of the 45 kt extratropical low was at 55.3N, 45.2W. Ship highlights: 15
kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 53.5N, 46.8W (COA). No gales. No other low
pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada
at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures.
No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
The most significant track alteration was done on the 17th with a shift
150 nmi to the west-northwest of the original HURDAT location based upon
ship and island observations showing an earlier track across the Lesser
Antilles. Minor changes to the track were introduced for the remainder
of the hurricane's lifetime. The system's development into a tropical
storm was delayed until late on the 18th based upon numerous ship and
island station observations. This is consistent with the Monthly Weather
Review's assessment of "a disturbance of slight intensity appeared over
the Lesser Antilles". Observation of 993 mb peripheral pressure late
on the 21st suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern and
subtropical pressure-wind relationships - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, down
from 80 kt originally. Little in the way of inner core observations were
available until the 25th. Intensity of 95 kt and 105 kt on the 22nd and 23rd
are retained and 105 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, though this
could not be verified by observations. At an unknown time on the 25th the ship
Harvester reported a surface pressure of 973 mb with a wind of 35 kt east
with a peak wind of 70 kt (force 12) east-southeast. The weakening
of the wind at time of lowest pressure suggests a measurement inside
the radius of maximum wind near the eye and an estimate of 969 mb central
pressure is made (assuming about 1 mb drop per 10 kt wind). 969 mb pressure
suggests winds of 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship -
85 kt chosen for HURDAT down from 115 kt at 12 UTC and 110 kt at 18 UTC.
Winds are lowered accordingly from the 22nd through the 25th.
Early on the 26th the hurricane made a close pass to the east of North Carolina
with 64 kt 5 min northwest winds and 975 mb pressure recorded at Hatteras.
Ho et al. (1987) analyzed a central pressure of the hurricane as it
was bypassing Hatteras of 972 mb, though this value appears to be too
high given the hurricane force winds being observed with 975 mb pressure
recorded. A central pressure early on the 26th is estimated to be about
963 mb, which suggests winds of 92 and 88 kt from the subtropical and
northern pressure-wind relationships, accordingly. Winds are chosen at
90 kt for 00 and 06 UTC on the 26th, down from 110 and 105 kt originally.
(This is similar to the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near the Carolinas.)
115 kt previously from late of the 24th until 12 UTC on the 25th were
the peak intensity of this hurricane. In these revisions, the peak is reached
later – late on the 25th and early on the 26th with a reduced peak intensity of
90 kt. The observed 64 kt at Hatteras reduces down to 53 kt after correcting for
the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and
adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). However, given
the impact along portions of the Outer Banks, it is estimated that at least
minimal sustained hurricane force (Category 1) winds occurred in North
Carolina. Thus this hurricane is counted as a Category 1 hurricane strike in
North Carolina, though it remained offshore and did not make a landfall.
After passing the Carolinas, the hurricane accelerated off to the northeast
and passed just offshore of Massachusetts. Key observations at Nantucket
were a minimum pressure of 972 mb and winds of 20 kt east at 19 UTC on
the 26th, suggesting that the island was very close to the center of the
system. Ho et al.'s analysis of 960 mb central pressure thus appears to be
too deep and 968 mb is instead utilized. Structurally, this system had
begun transitioning to an extratropical storm, but likely retained
enough tropical characteristics to consider it a New England
hurricane impact. (As an example, Boston's temperatures/dew points went
from 65F/64F at 12 UTC on the 26th before the system's passage to
70F/65F at 12 UTC on the 27th after the passage. Thus any surface
baroclinicity appears to be minimal or non-existent near New England.)
968 mb central pressure suggests winds of 84 kt from the northern pressure-
wind relationship. A RMW of 40 nmi is larger than that suggested from
climatology for this latitude and central pressure (33 nmi - Vickery et al.
2000). The hurricane was accelerating northeastward at 30-35 kt around
the time of closest approach to New England, which while fast is close
to climatological for this region. Thus winds are reduced to 80 kt at
18 UTC on the 26th, down from 90 kt originally. (This is similar to the 79 kt
suggested by Schwerdt et al. near Massachusetts.) A peak 5 min wind of 68 kt
was recorded at Block Island at 16 UTC, which adjusts downward to 55 kt
after accounting for bias and conversion to 1 min. Thus only Massachusetts
is considered a Category 1 hurricane strike from this system. Characterization
of system as a Category 1 hurricane in New England is also consistent with
Boose et al.'s assessment based upon structural damages in the area. No change
is made to when the system underwent extratropical transition (at 00 UTC
on the 27th). Winds are reduced on the 27th and 28th consistent with
relatively lower intensity indicated by Canadian and marine observations
of a large, but weaker extratropical storm.
*******************************************************************************
1924/04 - 2009 REVISION:
23295 08/26/1924 M=12 3 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23295 08/26/1924 M=12 4 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* ***
23300 08/26*137 500 35 0*137 532 35 0*138 546 35 0*140 558 35 0
23300 08/26*137 480 35 0*137 495 35 0*138 510 35 0*140 525 40 0
*** *** *** *** **
23305 08/27*144 570 40 0*149 581 40 0*153 590 45 0*156 598 50 0
23305 08/27*144 540 45 0*149 555 55 0*153 570 65 0*156 586 75 0
*** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
23310 08/28*161 606 55 0*166 613 65 0*171 620 65 0*176 627 70 0
23310 08/28*161 602 85 0*166 618 95 965*171 630 95 0*176 638 95 0
*** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** **
23315 08/29*183 634 75 0*190 640 80 0*196 646 80 0*199 649 85 0
23315 08/29*181 644 95 0*185 649 95 967*190 654 95 0*195 659 95 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
23320 08/30*202 651 85 0*204 653 85 0*207 656 85 0*211 658 85 0
23320 08/30*200 663 90 0*205 667 90 0*210 670 90 0*213 672 90 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23325 08/31*214 660 90 0*218 662 90 0*222 665 90 0*226 668 90 0
23325 08/31*215 674 90 0*216 676 90 0*218 678 90 0*220 680 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23330 09/01*231 671 90 0*236 675 90 0*241 678 90 0*246 681 90 0
23330 09/01*223 681 90 0*226 682 90 0*230 683 90 0*236 684 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23335 09/02*252 684 90 0*258 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*272 688 85 0
23335 09/02*243 685 90 0*252 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*275 688 85 0
*** *** *** ***
23340 09/03*284 689 85 0*300 688 80 0*319 685 80 0*341 680 80 0
23340 09/03*289 689 85 0*305 688 80 0*322 685 80 0*341 680 80 0
*** *** ***
23345 09/04*363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0
23345 09/04E363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0
*
23350 09/05E451 611 65 0E472 587 55 0E492 560 50 0E506 524 45 0
23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 362 35 0
23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 386 35 0
***
23360 HR
Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
August 26: HWM analyzes an open trough east-northeast of the northernmost
Leeward Islands near 54W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at
13.8N, 54.6W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was
centered at 13.8N, 51.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: No gales or
low pressures.
August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N,
58.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 59.0W. Available
observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 15.3N, 57.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.7N,
63.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.1N, 62.0W. Available
observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 17.1N, 63.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 965 mb at
~0730 UTC at Cudjoc Head, Montserrat, at 16.7N, 62.2W (MWR). Regarding the
intensity: "The center passed over Cudjoc Head, Montserrat at 3:30 a.m. of
the 28th with readings on nearby barometers as low as 28.50 inches. Estimates
of 100 to 110 miles per hour were made at Montserrat and Antigua between
3 a.m. and 4 a.m." (MWR).
August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.8N,
65W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 64.6W. Available
observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 65.4W.
Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1009 mb at 16 UTC at 20.5N, 66.5W (COA). No other
gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 967 mb at 0530 UTC at Tortola,
Virgin Islands at 18.8N, 64.9W (MWR); 967 mb at 06 UTC at St. John at
18.3N, 64.8W (MWR). One other gale. No other low pressures. Regarding
the intensity: "The center was again exactly located as it passed over
the western end of Tortola of the Virgin group. The lowest reading at this
point was 28.56 inches at 1:30 a.m. of the 29th... The islands
in the direct path of the center of the hurricane were almost completely
devastated by the wind and by flood waters from the extremely heavy rainfall"
(MWR). "Great damage was done by the storm in these Islands [Virgin Islands].
A number of lives were lost, hundreds of houses were destroyed and thousands
damaged, and much damage was done to crops" (MWR). "At 2 a.m. of the 29th the
center with a reading of 28.56 inches passed over the eastern end of the island
of St. John. The western end of the island of Tortola experienced hurricane
winds from 6 p.m. of the 28th to 6 a.m. of the 29th... winds estimated about
100 to 110 miles an hour. The observer at St. Thomas estimated the wind at 110
miles per hour from the north-northeast between midnight and 2 a.m. of the
29th" (MWR).
August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N,
66.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 65.6W. The MWR Paths
of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a center near 19.8N,
66.3W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at
21.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 21.8N, 65.1W
(COA); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 21.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. No
low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.
August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N,
66.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 66.5W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 67.6W. Available
observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.8N, 67.8W.
Ship highlights: Four obs of 35 kt. 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 19.1N,
66.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low
pressures.
September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N,
68.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 67.8W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 69W. Available observations
suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 23.0N, 68.3W. Ship highlights:
45 kt E and 1009 mb at 04 UTC at 24.9N, 68.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 12
UTC at 24.4N, 68.1W (COA). One other gale. One other low pressure. Land
highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N,
71.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 68.7W. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclone shows a center near 26.2N, 69.2W, with a 982 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered
at 26.3N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 983 mb at 16 UTC at 26.7N,
66.2W (MWR); 40 kt SE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 68.5W (HWM); 50 kt SW and
988 mb at 23 UTC at 27.9N, 68.7W (COA). One other gale and one other low
pressure.
September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.1N,
68.7W. A cold frontal boundary is analyzed in HWM a few hundred miles northwest
of the hurricane. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 68.5W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.9N, 67.9W.
Available observations suggest that the 80 kt hurricane was centered at
32.2N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at
30.7N, 67.4W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 985 mb at 03 UTC at 29.8N, 69.0W (COA).
Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Regarding the intensity:
"Its center passed about 150 miles...west of Bermuda...Bermuda reported
a wind velocity of 36 miles an hour from the southwest the morning of
September 3" (and 1008 mb pressure) (MWR).
September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N,
65W, now embedded within a frontal boundary with a strong temperature gradient
across the low. HURDAT listed this as a a 70 kt extratropical low at 40.8N,
64.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.3N,
63.2W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need
not be changed. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 40.9N, 63.2W (COA); 45
kt NE and 980 mb at 14 UTC at 41.2N, 65.1W (MWR). Several other gales.
Several other low pressures.
September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb in an occluded front
centered near 49N, 55.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at
49.2N, 56.0W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous
observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
Land highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of attached to the end of a front
centered near 50.5N, 41.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at
52.1N, 42.6W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous
observations need not be changed. ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
Large alterations to the track were made on the 26th and 27th with
positions significantly farther east than originally in HURDAT due to
ship observations on the 26th and Lesser Antilles station data on the 27th.
A large change was also made for the very last HURDAT position at 18Z on
the 6th to provide a more realistic acceleration in accordance with
observations. Changes for track from the 28th through the 3rd were minor,
with no track corrections for the 4th through 12Z on the 6th. A possible
central pressure of 965 mb at 0730Z on the 28th from Montserrat suggests winds
of 95 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt chosen for 06
and 12Z (above the 65 kt in HURDAT previously) and winds bumped up on
the 26th and 27th appropriately to indicate a stronger system than recorded
originally. Additional possible central pressures of 967 mb on the 29th
from Tortola at 0530Z and St. John at 06Z suggest winds of 93 kt from
the southern pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt chosen for HURDAT on the 29th.
Description of damages and estimates of winds support (at least) a high
end Category 2 hurricane in the islands, which is an upgrade from
Category 1 originally indicated. Few observations were available near
the hurricane's center from the 30th through the 1st, so no changes to
the intensity (of 90 kt) were indicated. A 982 mb peripheral pressure
reading from ship at 12Z on the 2nd indicates winds of at least 73 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in
HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb from a ship at 03Z on the 3rd
suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship - 85 and 80 kt retained in HURDAT for 00 and 06Z, respectively.
Extratropical transition is indicated here at 00Z on the 4th, six hours
earlier than originally, due to timing of the fronts arrival upon the
hurricane. A 980 mb peripheral pressure at 14Z on the 4th suggests
winds of at least 73 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship -
70 kt retained in HURDAT as the system has already become extratropical.
*******************************************************************************
1924/05 - 2009 REVISION:
23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 4 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 5 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
* ***
23370 09/13*240 830 60 0*254 852 60 0*260 860 65 0*266 866 70 0
23370 09/13*240 845 35 0*248 855 40 0*255 865 45 0*262 872 45 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23375 09/14*271 869 70 0*277 872 70 0*282 874 70 0*287 874 70 0
23375 09/14*269 877 50 0*276 879 50 0*282 880 55 0*286 876 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
23380 09/15*291 871 70 0*296 865 65 0*300 860 65 0*303 855 55 0
23380 09/15*290 870 65 0*293 862 70 0*296 855 75 980*299 849 55 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
23385 09/16*306 848 50 0*310 839 45 0*314 828 45 0*319 813 40 0
23385 09/16*302 843 50 0*305 836 45 0*310 828 40 0*318 817 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
23390 09/17*328 790 40 0*340 770 40 0E353 744 40 0E366 720 40 0
23390 09/17*329 802 35 0E341 782 40 0E353 758 45 0E367 723 45 0
*** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** **
23395 09/18E382 691 40 0E394 667 40 0E410 628 40 0E422 595 40 0
23395 09/18E383 697 45 0E400 670 45 0E415 645 50 0E428 620 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23400 09/19E434 565 40 0E445 533 40 0E455 500 40 0E473 414 40 0
23400 09/19E439 595 50 0E448 570 50 0E455 545 50 0E460 520 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
23405 HRAFL1
U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
9/15/1924 1400Z 29.7N 85.3W 75kt 1 No RMW estimate 980mb AFL1
Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather
Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and
Barnes (1998).
September 12: HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Caribbean
and southeast Gulf of Mexico. A closed low does not yet exist for
this system, despite gale force wind observations. Ship highlights:
35 kt ENE at 09 UTC at 25.5N, 80.5W (COA) and 35 kt ENE at 13 UTC at
24.5N, 80.5W (COA). A short article in Monthly Weather Review (May 1930,
page 210, by "A. J. H." suggested that this system began as a tropical
storm in the northeast Pacific from the 7th to the 9th, crossed the Mexican
highlands on the 10th and 11th, re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico
on the 12th, and redeveloped on the 13th. A similar scenario was
suggested by P. Vazquez Schiaffino of the Encargado del Observatorio
de Mazatlan in an unpublished letter entitled "Ciclon tropical de
Septiembre 6 - 16 de 1924". However, examination of all available
observations strongly suggests that storm 4 instead formed independently
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 13th.
September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N,
86.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 86.0W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 87W with an 1008 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was
centered at 25.5N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
"On the morning of the 13th of September a disturbance was noted in
the central portion of the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).
September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.1N,
86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 87.4W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.2N, 87.7W with an 1004 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was
centered at 28.2N, 88.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 21 UTC at
27.0N, 86.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 23 UTC at 27.2N, 87.2W (COA); 25 kt
SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 87.6W (COA). No other gales or low
pressures.
September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near
30N, 84.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 86.0W.
The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 85.6W
with a 985 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that
the 70 kt hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 85.5W. Land highlights:
58 kt SE and 997 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 23 kt SW and 986 mb
at Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (OMR); 985 mb at 1930 UTC at Carrabelle, FL at 29.9N,
84.7W (MWR). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Regarding the
intensity: "The highest winds at Port St. Joe have been estimated at 75 to 80 miles
per hour from the northwest. The harbor damages were relatively small considering
the force and duration of the storm, which is probably explained by the timely
warnings ... At St. Andrews the winds at their highest were estimated at from 60 to
75 miles per hour and at Carrabelle from 40 to 50 miles with lowest barometer reading
at the latter 29.10 inches [985 mb] at about 2:30 pm on the 15th" (MWR).
Charleston, SC: "Rain fell at excessive rates on the 15th-16th" (OMR).
Apalachicola, FL: The storm of the 15th was of about hurricane intensity" (OMR).
Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1924 Sept. 15, St. Joe, Minimal, Damage $275,000;
Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States – Carolinas and Georgia, 1924
Sept. 16-17, Ga., S.C., Minor, Heavy Rain (Dunn & Miller - Note
"Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds and "Minor"
is for winds less than 74 mph). "Wind damages were not
significant, but heavy rains flooded fields and washed away acres of crops.
The heaviest rainfall was measured at Quincy, in Gadsden County, where 12.93
inches were recorded within twenty-four hours. The Suwannee and Aucilla Rivers
were far above flood stage, and thousands of acres were submerged. The
heaviest damages occurred to cotton, corn, sugarcane, peanut, sweet potato, and
pecan crops" (Barnes). "Sep. 15, 1924, Center Crossed Coast near Apalachicola,
Estimate Lowest 985 mb" (Connor). "1924 Sep, FL, 1NW, Category 1, 985 mb"
(Jarrell et al.).
September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low centered near 30.5N, 82.8W. HURDAT
listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 82.8W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 82.8W. Available observations
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 31.0N, 82.8W. Ship
highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR); 40 kt
SW and 1008 mb at 1545 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 26 kt NW
and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). One other
gale. No other low pressures.
September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front
centered near 35N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at
35.3N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.1N,
75W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt
extratropical low was centered at 35.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and
1003 mb at 13 UTC at 36.5N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 37.8N,
66.5W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 74.9W (COA). No other
gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Cape Henry,
Virginia at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA Hist); 42 kt SE and 999 mb at 11 UTC at Cape
Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low
pressures. Nantucket, MA: "A northeaster of marked intensity from 12:20 p.m. to
2:39 a.m. the 18, the storm was of southern origin..." (OMR).
September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41N,
65W, embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
extratropical low near 41.0N, 62.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones
shows a center near 41.9N, 64.7W. Available observations suggest that the 50
kt extratropical low was centered at 41.5N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW
at 40.6N, 66.1W (MWR); 35 kt WSW and 997 mb at 16 UTC at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA). A
few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 50 kt N at
Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR) at 0417 UTC; 1002 mb at Nantucket
Island, MA at 0540 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several other gales. A few
other low pressures.
September 19: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure associated with
a frontal system centered near 45N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt
extratropical low at 45.5N, 50.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50
kt extratropical low was centered at 45.5N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W at
12 UTC at 43.5N, 54.3W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 45.6N, 53.2W
(COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 35
kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race, Canada at 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM).
No changes are made to either the genesis or decay of this system. Track
changes are minor from the 13th until early on the 18th. From late on
the 18th through the 19th, a significant track alteration is introduced
(substantially farther west than in original HURDAT) based on marine and
Canadian observations. Numerous ship and Gulf coastal data indicates
a weaker system on the 13th and 14th. Winds reduced at 12 UTC on the
13th from 65 to 45 kt and on the 14th from 70 to 50 kt.
The system intensified to a hurricane before making landfall in Florida around
14 UTC on the 15th. (It is noted that an intensification after recurvature toward
the northeast is rather unusual.) No sustained hurricane force winds were recorded,
as 58 kt SE 5 min winds were the highest observed (which reduces to 48 kt 1 min true
wind after correction for the high bias of the anemometers of the era [Fergusson
and Covert 1924] and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds [Powell et al. 1996]).
However, two locations had estimated hurricane force
winds (Port St. Joe and Panama City). Lowest observed pressures were 985 mb
from Carrabelle at 1930 UTC (with estimated 35 to 45 kt at the time)
and 986 mb from Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (with observed 23 kt SW wind).
Both of these occurred after landfall and neither were central pressures
as the winds were still substantial. (Thus the Jarrell et al. assessment
of 985 mb central pressure at landfall is incorrect. It is also noted
that Ho et al. did not have this hurricane in their listing, which
included hurricanes of less than 982 mb.) Taking into account the
distance of Carrabelle and Apalachicola from the center as well as filling
since the landfall at around 14 UTC, the central pressure at landfall is
estimated to be 980 mb. A 980 mb central pressure suggests winds of
73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt
from the subset of those systems that were intensifying. 75 kt is chosen
for landfall intensity, keeping the hurricane as a Category 1 system
at landfall for northwest Florida. Highest sustained winds after landfall
are 49 kt within two hours of 18 UTC on the 15th (41 kt corrected) and
less than gale force at 00 UTC on the 16th. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria
inland wind decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 1995) suggests winds of 57 kt
at 18 UTC on the 15th and 47 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. Given the sparse
coverage of wind observations after landfall, more weight is given to
the Kaplan-DeMaria model. Winds are unchanged in HURDAT from the 55 kt
at 18 UTC on the 15th and 50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. The system is
transitioned to extratropical at 06 UTC on the 17th (six hours earlier
than in HURDAT) based upon land observations showing that a frontal boundary
intercepted the storm earlier than originally indicated. Winds are
boosted slightly late on the 17th through the 19th based upon coastal
and marine observations of winds up to 50 kt.
*******************************************************************************
1924/06 - 2009 ADDITION:
23410 09/20/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23415 09/20*158 226 25 0*159 228 30 0*160 230 35 0*161 232 40 0
23415 09/21*162 234 40 0*163 237 40 0*165 240 40 0*168 245 40 0
23415 09/22*172 252 35 1005*176 261 35 0*180 270 35 0*185 280 35 0
23435 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and
the COADS ship database.
September 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb
centered near 13.5N 22.5W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its
database. Available observations suggest that the system was still a SW-NE open
trough. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 20: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N 23W.
Available observations suggest that the system was near 16N 23W. Ship
highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 16.5N 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA).
September 21: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near
17N 21.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 16.5N 24W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 22: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 20W.
Available observations suggest that the system was near 18N 27W. Ship highlights:
35 kt SE at 17.5N 25.5W at 10 UTC (COA), calm and 1005 mb at 17.5N 24.5W at 02 UTC
(COA).
September 23: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the region. Ship highlights:
No gales or low pressures.
This system likely formed around 00 UTC on the 20th near the Cape Verde Islands.
The 1005 mb peripheral pressure at 17 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least
37 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Based upon this, it is
analyzed that the cyclone became a tropical storm around 12 UTC on the 20th and
winds are analyzed at 40 kt at 18 UTC. This is the peak intensity of the tropical
cyclone and may have continued at this intensity on the 21st (though the
observations were sparse on that date). A possible central pressure of 1005 mb was
observed at 02 UTC on the 22nd and a second ship recorded 35 kt SE winds at 10 UTC.
The tropical cyclone moved slowly west-northwest from the 20th to the 22nd. Due to
the lack of available observations, its existence and status cannot be documented
beyond this date.
*****************************************************************************
1924/07 - 2009 ADDITION:
23410 09/24/1924 M=12 7 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23415 09/24*113 222 25 0*114 236 25 0*115 250 25 0*117 264 25 0
23415 09/25*118 278 30 0*119 292 30 0*120 305 30 0*121 318 30 0
23415 09/26*122 332 35 0*123 346 35 0*125 360 35 0*127 375 35 0
23415 09/27*129 390 40 0*132 405 40 0*135 420 40 0*138 434 40 0
23415 09/28*141 448 40 0*145 462 40 0*150 475 45 0*158 487 45 0
23415 09/29*167 499 45 0*176 511 45 0*185 520 40 0*193 526 40 0
23415 09/30*199 531 35 0*204 536 35 0*210 540 35 0*219 544 35 0
23415 10/01*231 547 35 0*246 549 35 0*260 550 35 0*272 550 35 0
23415 10/02*282 550 40 0*290 550 40 0*300 550 45 0*313 550 45 0
23415 10/03*328 550 45 0*345 549 45 0E360 545 45 0E374 537 45 0
23415 10/04E388 525 45 0E402 510 45 0E415 490 45 0E428 469 45 0
23415 10/05E442 447 50 0E456 424 50 0E470 400 50 0E485 375 50 0
23435 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and
the COADS ship database.
September 24: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not
previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest
that the 25 kt tropical depression was centered near 11.5N, 25.0W. Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 25: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations
suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered near 12.0N, 30.5W. Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low
pressure at 42W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was
centered near 12.5N, 36.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 13.5N, 42.0W. Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N,
46.4W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered
near 15.0N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 15.6N,
46.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures.
September 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Available observations
suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 18.5N, 52.0W.
Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 30: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations
suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 21.0N, 54.0W. Ship highlights:
No gales or low pressures.
October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low
pressure around 55W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm
was centered near 26.0N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
October 2: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day, but
analyzes a SW-NE front extending from the Bahamas to 40N, 60W. Available
observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 30.0N, 55.0W.
Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 53.6W (COA). A few other
gales. No low pressures.
October 3: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low along the front centered
near 37N, 56W. Available observation suggest that the 45 et extratropical low was
centered near 36.0N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at
34.5N, 53.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 53.5W (COA). No other
gales or low pressures.
October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 49W,
embedded in an occluded front. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt
extratropical low was centered near 41.5N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at
03 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW
at 15 UTC at 41.5N, 50.5W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures.
October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 46.2N,
40W attached to the north end of a front. Available observations suggest that the
50 kt extratropical low was centered near 47.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N
and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 42.6W (COA); 35 kt NE at 10 UTC at 46.0N,
39.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW at 19 UTC at 45.0N, 42.0W (COA). No other gales. No low
pressures.
Genesis for this system occurred early on the 24th south of the Cape Verde
Islands, based upon ship, island, and coastal observations. While the
first gale force wind (45 kt) was reported on the 28th, it is estimated
that the system became a tropical storm on the 26th though ship reports
are sparse between the 25th and early on the 28th. Ship observations on
the 30th were able to relatively accurately depict the system's location
and also to indicate that the circulation had weakened. The system is
judged to have weakened to a minimal tropical storm on this date. A gale force
observation again is reported on the 2nd (45 kt), suggesting some
re-strengthening late on the 1st. The system was overtaken by
a frontal boundary by 12 UTC on the 4th, thus extratropical transition is
indicated at that time. Numerous gales up to 50 kt were observed during
its extratropical phase. Late on the 5th the system was absorbed by a larger
extratropical storm. This new tropical storm followed a classic, Cape
Verde-type recurvature track. It was only the fortuitous discovery of
two separate gale force observations in the generally data sparse
eastern North Atlantic that led to its inclusion into HURDAT.
*****************************************************************************
1924/08 - 2009 REVISION:
23410 09/27/1924 M= 4 5 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
23410 09/27/1924 M= 5 8 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
* * ***
23415 09/27* 0 0 0 0*164 860 35 0*171 861 35 0*175 861 35 0
23415 09/27*165 860 25 0*170 860 25 0*175 861 30 0*180 861 30 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
23420 09/28*181 861 35 0*189 862 35 0*200 862 35 0*213 862 40 0
23420 09/28*186 861 30 0*192 862 30 0*200 862 30 0*213 862 35 0
*** ** *** ** ** **
23425 09/29*228 862 45 0*245 865 45 0E263 866 50 0E283 850 50 0
23425 09/29*230 862 40 0*250 865 45 0*270 866 50 999*290 850 55 0
*** ** *** **** ******* **
23430 09/30E304 830 45 0E326 810 35 0E350 785 35 0E375 758 30 0
23430 09/30E310 830 55 0E330 807 55 1001E350 780 60 0E380 755 65 0
*** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** **
(The 1st of October is new to HURDAT.)
23432 10/01E425 730 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0
23435 TS
U.S. Tropical Storm Strike Info:
9/29/1924 2100Z 30.0N 84.0W 55kt FL
Minor changes to the track and to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown
in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Major changes were made to
the intensity while the system was an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these
changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station data,
and Kasper et al. (1998).
September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N,
84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 86.1W.
Available observation suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 17.5N, 86.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.8N,
86.9W. HURDAT listed this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 86.2W.
Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 20.0N, 86.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in the middle of a SSW-NNE
front. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 26.3N, 86.6W.
Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at
27.0N, 86.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt VAR and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.9N, 85.8W
(COA); 35 kt N and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 93.2W (HWM); 25 kt SE and 1002
mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 86.2W (COA). No other gales. A few other low
pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt at 23 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).
Several other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the track: "The disturbance
advanced rapidly north and northeastward and crossed the northwest Florida
coast near Cedar Keys during the late afternoon of the 29th" (MWR). Status:
"Tropical storm/ET cyclone." Surge at Cedar Key: "probably less than 5 feet"
(Kasper et al.). Apalachicola: "The disturbance of the 29th developed over the
East Gulf and passed inland, probably about midway between here and Cedar Keys,
Fla., about 4 p.m. The winds were gentle... they reached the verifying
velocity of 34 miles from the north at 4:17 p.m.; the same velocity occurred at
intervals until 6:24 p.m., then decreased gradually during the night.
Torrential rains occurred on the 28th and 29th; total amount for the two days
was 9.74 inches. The highest tide was about 3 feet, probably about 4:30 p.m.
No damage occurred in this vicinity" (OMR).
September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N,
77.8W embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt
extratropical low at 35.0N, 78.5W. Available observations suggest that the 60
kt extratropical low was centered at 35.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales
or low pressures. Land highlights: 60 kt S at Jacksonville (early in day – OMR);
1001 mb at 0715 UTC at Savannah (central pressure) (OMR); 57 kt W at 16 UTC at
Norfolk, Virginia at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR); 71 kt SE at Atlantic City (no time - MWR);
56 kt SE and 996 mb at 21 UTC and 57 kt S at 12 UTC at New York at
40.8N, 74.0W (OMR); 57 kt SE at Providence at 2316 UTC (OMR). Several other strong
gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: (By the morning of
the 30th) "the storm was over the North Carolina coast with increased intensity.
The disturbance moved rapidly northward and easterly gales were experienced along
the entire Atlantic seaboard" (MWR). Savannah, GA: This storm passed directly over
the station about 2 a.m. of the 30th and, in addition to the rain, gave a maximum
wind velocity of 44 miles from the northwest and a fall in pressure to
29.57 inches" (OMR). New York: "A hurricane of marked intensity and severity,
passing by on the 29th and 30th, caused wide-spread damage throughout the Greater
City, along the coast, and in inland parts of New Jersey and New York State.
The death of several persons was reported, being caused by exposure to the fury of
the wind and rain" (OMR).
October 1: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1000 mb embedded in
the end of a front centered near 50N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. HURDAT did not
previously analyze this day. Available observations suggest that at 00 UTC,
the 55 kt extratropical low was centered near 42.5N, 73.0W. Ship highlights:
None. Land highlights: 56 kt S at Providence, RI at 01 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W
(OMR); 17 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Hartford, Connecticut at 41.8N, 72.7W
(OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures.
Genesis of this tropical storm was begun six hours earlier at 00 UTC on
the 27th due to observations of a well defined circulation by 12 UTC on
the 27th. Minor changes in the track are introduced from the 27th until
the 30th based upon ship and coastal observations. Transition to a tropical
storm was delayed until early on the 29th as plentiful observations on
the 27th and 28th showed at most 25 kt winds associated with the system.
The system deepened significantly on the 29th with a peripheral pressure
dropping to 1002 mb and one gale force (35 kt) report by 12 UTC. 1002 mb
peripheral pressure suggests at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N
pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 29th.
This 1002 mb ship (with concurrent 25 kt wind) suggests a central pressure of
999 mb at 12 UTC on the 29th. On the same day, a strong cold front was approaching
from the west. The system is judged to have become extratropical by 00 UTC on
the 30th, 12 hours later than originally analyzed in HURDAT.
The system made landfall late on the 29th in northwest Florida as a tropical storm
which was undergoing extratropical transition. Peak observed winds near the time
of landfall were 60 kt in Jacksonville. This converts to 50 kt 1 min true after
accounting for the high bias of the instrument at the time and converting from 5
min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It further
intensified as an extratropical storm along the Atlantic seaboard on the 30th with
peak winds of hurricane force. The cyclone’s center went directly over Savannah
early on the 30th and a central pressure of 1001 mb was recorded. The 71 kt
observed 5 min winds in Atlantic City adjust downward to 58 kt. Winds in HURDAT
at 18 UTC on the 30th boosted from 30 kt to 65 kt as a very strong extratropical
storm. An additional six hourly position and intensity were provided for 00 UTC
on the 1st based upon land observations in New England. The system was absorbed
by a larger extratropical low by 06 UTC on the 1st.
*******************************************************************************
1924/09 - 2009 REVISION:
23440 10/12/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23440 10/11/1924 M= 5 9 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** * * ***
(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
23442 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 880 30 0*259 881 35 0
23445 10/12* 0 0 0 0*267 870 50 0*263 890 50 0*259 901 50 0
23445 10/12*263 883 40 0*266 886 45 0*267 890 50 0*263 896 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
23450 10/13*255 911 45 0*249 919 45 0*242 927 40 0*237 931 40 0
23450 10/13*257 905 50 0*249 916 50 0*242 924 50 0*237 932 50 0
*** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** **
23455 10/14*233 934 35 0*230 936 30 0*225 939 20 0* 0 0 0 0
23455 10/14*233 940 50 0*229 948 50 0*225 956 50 0*220 964 50 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
23455 10/15*215 972 50 0*210 980 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
23460 TS
Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Additionally, genesis is now indicated
one day earlier and dissipation shown one day later than originally in HURDAT.
Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS
ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.
October 8-10: Persistent low pressure was found in the northwestern
Caribbean during the 8th to the 10th. However, no closed circulation was present,
nor were there any gale force winds or equivalent in pressure.
October 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 26N
76W with a weak cold front extending back toward the Straits of Florida. The front
and low might have been better described as a trough. Farther to the west in the
central Gulf of Mexico, a weak closed low is apparent from the available
observations near 25.5N 88W. Neither HURDAT nor the MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones analyzed a system on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.8N,
88.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 89.0W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.1N, 88.9W with an 1007 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was
centered at 26.7N, 89.0W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NE at ~0930 UTC at 27.7N,
87.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 27.7N, 87.9W (COA); 30 kt E and
1004 mb at 22 UTC at 27.6N, 90.0W (COA). One other gale. No other low
pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the
intensity: "On the 12th of October a well-defined disturbance developed over
the north-central Gulf of Mexico, but was forced southwestward and apparently
dissipated over the southwestern Gulf on the 14th" (MWR).
October 13: HWM does not analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a
trough of low pressure near 27N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical
storm at 24.2N, 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center
near 25.9N, 92.3W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical
storm was centered at 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at
00 UTC at 26.3N, 91.1W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures.
October 14: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT
listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 93.9W. Available
observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.5N,
93.9W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NW observation from near Tampico (MWR).
Genesis of this system was began 18 hours earlier (12 UTC on the 11th) than
original HURDAT, due to ship observations indicating a closed low had formed
by that time. 50 kt peak intensity retained through early on
the 14th to account for ship observation of the intensity offshore
of Tampico. Thus winds revised upward on the 13th and 14th. Given the rather
sparse observations available on the 14th, one scenario (that was shown in HURDAT
and the Tracks for the Centers of Cyclones) is that the system dissipated over the
open Gulf of Mexico, which would be a rather rare event. However, the ship
offshore of Tampico with 49 kt instead suggests that the cyclone made landfall in
Mexico south of Tampico. This is what is utilized in the reanalysis here.
Dissipation is delayed 18 hours to a last position over Mexico at 06 UTC on the
15th. The movement southwestward across the Gulf is consistent with the steering
influence by the much larger system that becomes a major hurricane in the
Caribbean (storm #10).
********************************************************************************
1924/10 - 2009 REVISION:
23465 10/14/1924 M=10 7 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
23465 10/14/1924 M=10 10 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** ***
23470 10/14*158 820 35 0*158 832 35 0*159 835 35 0*160 838 35 0
23470 10/14*157 835 25 0*161 839 25 0*165 842 30 0*169 844 30 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23475 10/15*161 840 35 0*162 842 35 0*164 844 35 0*166 846 35 0
23475 10/15*173 846 30 0*177 848 35 0*180 850 40 0*183 852 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** **
23480 10/16*168 847 40 0*170 848 45 0*173 849 45 0*176 850 50 0
23480 10/16*186 855 60 0*189 858 70 0*190 860 80 0*189 862 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23485 10/17*178 851 50 0*181 852 55 0*184 852 60 0*187 852 60 0
23485 10/17*188 864 80 0*186 865 85 0*184 865 85 0*183 864 85 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
23490 10/18*190 852 65 0*193 852 70 0*196 851 75 0*200 851 80 0
23490 10/18*183 862 90 0*184 860 95 0*186 858 100 0*191 856 110 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23495 10/19*204 850 90 0*209 849 95 0*215 848 100 0*223 846 105 0
23495 10/19*197 853 120 0*204 850 130 0*213 847 145 0*224 844 145 910
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23500 10/20*232 843 105 0*241 839 100 0*248 834 95 0*253 827 90 0
23500 10/20*234 840 130 0*244 835 115 0*252 830 100 0*255 825 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23505 10/21*257 820 80 0*260 810 60 0*262 802 55 0*266 792 50 0
23505 10/21*258 819 80 975*259 810 70 0*260 801 60 986*263 789 60 0
*** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
23510 10/22*270 776 50 0*272 760 45 0*280 735 40 0*287 715 40 0
23510 10/22*268 774 60 0*273 756 60 0*280 735 55 0*287 714 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** **
23515 10/23*295 699 35 0*306 679 30 0*318 666 25 0* 0 0 0 0
23515 10/23*294 693 45 0*301 672 40 0E310 650 30 0* 0 0 0 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **
23520 HRBFL1
23520 HRBFL1CFL1
****
U.S. Hurricane Strike Info:
10/21/1924 0100Z 25.8N 81.8W 80kt 1 21nmi 975mb BFL1,CFL1
Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Additionally, a brief
extratropical stage is now indicated right before dissipation. Evidence for these
changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, _Climatological Data_, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al.
(1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000).
October 14: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near
15.8N, 84.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 83.5W.
Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered
at 16c5N, 84.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At the same
time [14th of October] the air pressure began to fall in the vicinity of
the Swan Islands. This new disturbance remained nearly stationary until
about the 18th" (MWR).
October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.9N,
84.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.4W.
Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at
18.0N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales. A few observations of 1004 mb. Land
highlights: 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W
(OMR).
October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 17.9N,
84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.9W.
Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N,
86.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 19.0N, 86.3W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 983 mb
at 13 UTC at 19.0N, 86.3W (COA,MWR). No other gales. Several other low pressures.
Land highlights: 24 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR).
October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 20N,
86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 85.2W.
Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 18.4N,
86.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 994 mb at 12 UTC at 17.1N, 87.0W (COA); 45
kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 16.1N, 86.1W (COA). A few other gales. Several
other low pressures. Land highlights: 21 kt S and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Swan
Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures.
October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 20.3N,
85.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.1W. Available
observations suggest that the 100 kt hurricane was centered at 18.6N, 85.8W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 17.3N, 85.8W (MWR). Several
other strong gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 38 kt SE
and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 21 kt SE and 999 mb
at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low
pressures. "A change on this hurricane track is likely, taking in account
our assessment. During many years our hurricane specialist spoke about
the loop of this hurricane track. Millas was the first during his
operational work with this TC. Ortiz recorded a track similar to the Millas
one" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005).
October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 920 mb centered near 21.7N,
84.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 21.5N, 84.8W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 84.6W with a 932 mb
pressure. The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart
shows a 922 mb pressure sometime between 12 UTC on the 19th and 00 UTC on the
20th. Available observations suggest that the 140 kt hurricane was centered at
21.3N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 104 kt E at 23.8N, 84.2W (MWR); >70 kt SE and
924 mb at 20 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); 25 kt SSW and 922 mb at 2030 UTC
at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); >70 kt SSW and 923 mb at 2055 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR).
Several other hurricane force winds. Several other low pressures between
922-950 mb. Land highlights: 38 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at
17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 932 mb at Low Arroyos, Cuba at 22.4N, 84.4W (MWR). No
other recorded gales. Several other low pressures, (Four others record in Cuba
below 960 mb). Regarding the intensity: "Photographs clipped from El Mundo,
Habana, taken in Los Arroyos and Arroyos de Mantua, Pinar del Rio Province,
which suggest that the force of wind was almost comparable to that in a
tornado. The steel wireless tower at La Fe was blown down. Press reports
indicate that in Arroyos de Mantua about a dozen persons were killed and 50
injured and that almost every building in the town sustained heavy damage,
besides the severe damage done to the tobacco crop" (MWR). "Huracan
sin Precedentes, 1924 Oct. 19, Category 5, 932 mb peripheral pressure
observed, estimated central pressure at landfall of 905 mb, estimated
maximum sustained winds 135-145 kt, Extraordinary damages occurred in
the province of Pinar del Rio" (Perez et al.). "We estimated before a SLP
of 905, from the 932 recorded over land and the 917 over the steam ship
Toledo. We made a new reanalysis and estimate a SLP of 915 (from r~0.25 RMW)
over Toledo) and a SLP of 909 (from r~0.66 RMW over land). I propose you
a 910 hPa before and during the approach to Cuba and 915 hPa after that"
(R. Perez, personal communication, 2005). "It had developed greatly in
intensity with a central pressure below 28 inches and hurricane winds.
It began to move northward on the 18th and passed over the extreme western
end of Cuba on the 19th, Los Arroyos reporting a pressure of 27.52 inches
and the S. S. Toledo near Jutias Cay (northwest coast) 27.22 inches ...
Recent reports indicate that the hurricane of October 14-23, 1924 was
one of great intensity. Dr. Jose C. Millas, director, Observatorio
Nacional, Habana, Cuba, writes: `I believe that this hurricane is one
of the most severe ever experienced in our latitudes" (MWR).
October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.8N,
82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 83.4W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 83W. Available
observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 25.2N, 83.0W.
Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 962 mb at 05 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC); 70 kt N
and 962 mb at 07 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC). A few other 70 kt winds. One
other 962 mb pressure. Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm made
landfall near Cape Romano, FL. It was one of the most severe on record in
Cuba. The hurricane weakened considerably prior to its arrival on Florida's
southwestern coast the following day. Winds at Marco Island were estimated at
90 mph, and the barometer there measured at 28.80 inches [975 mb]. The Weather
Bureau reported a twenty-four-hour rainfall total of 23.22 inches during the
passing of this storm, which established a new one-day record in Florida"
(BARNES). Key West: "The center impinging on the west coast of Florida, south
of Punta Rassa and probably near Cape Romano, shortly after 8 p.m. on the 20th
[00 UTC on the 21st]. The storm's center, at its nearest approach to Key West,
was about 90 miles distant at about noon on the 20th. For 17 hours the wind
maintained a velocity averaging 51 miles an hour. While the maximum velocity
(for 5 minutes) was 66 miles an hour from the southwest at 2 p.m. [18 UTC] on
the 20th, there were gusts from 54 to 74 miles an hour. Shipping suffered no
loss. There was no damage except of a minor nature to trees and shrubbery"
(OMR). "Oct. 20, 1924, Central Pressure of 972 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry
Tortugas), 19 nmi radius of maximum wind, Parameters obtained by
interpolation between SS Toledo (off western end of Cuba) and Miami, FL
and applied to the vicinity of Dry Tortugas, FL" (Ho et al.). "Environmental
pressure was 1008 mb and maximum sustained surface wind estimate (at
time of closest approach to Florida Keys) was 80 kt" (Schwerdt et al.).
"The storm struck the Florida coast in the unsettled region south of
Punta Rassa and quickly diminished in intensity, passing off into the Atlantic
just north of Miami" (MWR).
October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.9N,
79.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 80.2W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.0N, 80.2W with a 986 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was
centered at 26.0N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW at 25.5N, 79.4W (MWR);
30 kt NE and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.1W (COA); EYE: at 1520 UTC at
26.3N, 79.4W (MWR). Several other strong gales. Several other low
pressures. Land highlights: 975 mb at Caxambas, Marco Island at 25.9N, 81.6W
(BARNES, Climatological Data); EYE: 0 kt and 986 mb at 1250 UTC at Miami, FL at
25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). Several other gales and low pressures. “Remarking further on
barometer readings, Mr. Hugh J. Goldie of Caxambas, to the south of Ft. Myers,
reported to the Official in Change, Tampa: ‘My three barometers fell to 28.80
inches during the storm. We had wind southeast to south which blew in puffs about
90 miles per hour.’ It is assumed that these barometers were previously compared
at Tampa.” (Climatological Data). Miami: "passed over this station [Miami] at
8 a.m. [13 UTC], the center apparently being only a few miles north of Miami. The
lowest pressure, 29.12 inches [986 mb], occurred at 7:50 a.m. [1250 UTC], and for
a few minutes preceding and following this time the air was practically calm...
wind shifted from east-southeast to northwest... maximum velocity recorded was 34
miles per hour from the northwest at 1:12 pm [1812 UTC]... from the 16th to the
21st inclusive, 12.18 inches of rain fell... damage done by strong winds to avocado
and citrus crops, the loss however, being only about five per cent" (OMR).
"Oct. 21, 1924, 978 mb central pressure, 21 nmi RMW,landfall point 25.9N, 81.7W"
(Ho et al.). "1924 Oct, FL, 1SW, Category 1 maximum for United States, 980 mb
central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.).
October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 28.1N,
73.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 73.5W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 73.8W. Available
observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.0N,
73.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 993 mb at 09 UTC at 26.5N, 74.5W (COA).
A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt N and
1002 mb at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures.
October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32N,
66.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front a little northeast of the center.
HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.8N, 66.6W. Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 31.0N,
65.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane.
All track alterations are minor for this system, though a small
counterclockwise loop was introduced from the 16th to the 18th consistent
with available observations as well as from the analysis by Perez et al.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 14th and early on the 15th, as numerous
ship and coastal observations suggest intensification into a tropical
cyclone likely occurred around 06 UTC on the 15th rather than at genesis
at 00 UTC on the 14th. 1004 mb peripheral pressures from ships and Swan
Island at 12 UTC and 16 UTC suggest winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (up
from 35 kt originally) as the environmental pressures are rather low to
support more wind. A peripheral pressure of 983 mb (with 35 kt NW wind)
at 12 UTC on the 16th suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the south of 25N
pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 45 kt
originally. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (with 70 kt SW wind) at 11 UTC
on the 18th suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind
relationship - 100 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 75 kt previously. The
hurricane was likely rapidly intensifying on the 18th and 19th as extremely
low pressures were recorded over the western tip of Cuba and aboard ships.
The lowest pressure observed in Cuba was 932 mb in Los Arroyos on the 19th,
though it is not clear if this was a peripheral or central pressure. The
lowest ship pressures were 924 mb with 70 kt SE at 2000 UTC on the 19th,
922 mb with 25 kt SSW wind at 2030 UTC, and 923 mb with 70 kt SSW winds
at 2055 UTC from the ship Toledo near Jutias Cay off the northwestern
coast of Cuba. These ship observations suggests that the hurricane made
a close pass just west of the ship's location (the ship was likely inside
the radius of maximum wind) and that the central pressure was likely to be a few mb
lower. The barometer was calibrated by Cuban meteorologists in Havana and was
found to be 5 mb too high (R. Perez, 2009, personal communication) and that 917 mb
is a corrected value from the Toledo. This value suggests a central pressure of
910 mb, based upon the 70 kt winds occurring with corrected pressures of 919 and
918 mb. A 910 mb central pressure suggests winds of 147 kt from the Brown et al.
south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 145 kt is thus utilized for the winds
at 12 and 18 UTC on the 19th, making this a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in
Cuba. This is an upgrade from 105 kt Category 3 hurricane in HURDAT previously.
After impacting western Cuba, the hurricane accelerated to the northeast, weakened
and struck southwest Florida. A 962 mb peripheral pressure (with hurricane force
winds) at 06 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the south of 25N
and 93 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships - 115 kt
used in HURDAT, up from 100 kt originally.
The hurricane made landfall near Cape Romano, Florida at 25.8N, 81.8W
around 01 UTC on the 21st. Marco, FL recorded a 975 mb pressure which
may have been a central pressure. The hurricane also passed over Miami
which had a 986 mb central pressure reading. Using the Ho et al. (1989)
inland pressure decay model, this suggests about 977 mb central pressure
at landfall in southwest Florida given the time over land. Thus 975 mb
is used as central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida, which
is slightly lower than both the Ho et al. (1987) estimate of 978 mb and
the Jarrell et al. estimate of 980 mb. 975 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from south
of 25N and 79 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship.
However, given that the cyclone was weakening from its peak, use of the
pressure-wind relationships for filling storms would be more appropriate: 83
and 75 kt, accordingly. 80 kt chosen for 00 UTC on the 21st (the same as HURDAT
originally), making this a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in southwest
Florida. The 986 mb central pressure value from Miami at 1250 UTC on the 21st
suggests winds of 70 kt from the south of 25N and 65 kt from the north of 25N
pressure-wind relationships (68 and 62 kt for filling cyclones) -
60 kt is chosen for HURDAT (up from 55 kt previously) as the system
was over land.
Late on the 21st of October, the tropical cyclone moved over the Atlantic Ocean.
A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 09 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of at least
55 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for 06 UTC
(up from 45 originally) and 55 kt chosen for 12 UTC (up from 50 originally).
These values are slightly reduced from what could be used due to low environmental
pressures on this date. The system was absorbed within a frontal
boundary around 12 UTC on the 23rd and thus extratropical transition
is indicated at that time (which was not shown originally).
********************************************************************************
1924/11 - 2009 REVISION:
23525 11/05/1924 M=11 8 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23525 11/05/1924 M=10 11 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
** ** ***
23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 800 35 0*132 795 35 0
23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 800 35 0*128 797 35 0
*** *** ***
23535 11/06*135 790 35 0*138 786 35 0*143 783 35 0*149 781 35 0
23535 11/06*132 794 35 0*136 792 35 0*140 790 35 0*145 789 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23540 11/07*155 778 35 0*161 777 35 0*167 775 35 0*173 774 35 0
23540 11/07*150 789 35 0*155 788 35 0*160 785 35 0*166 780 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23545 11/08*178 773 35 0*184 772 40 0*189 770 40 0*193 768 40 0
23545 11/08*174 773 35 0*182 768 40 0*189 765 40 0*196 763 40 0
*** *** *** *** *** ***
23550 11/09*197 765 45 0*201 763 45 0*206 760 50 0*210 757 55 0
23550 11/09*202 762 40 0*206 761 35 0*210 760 35 0*213 760 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
23555 11/10*213 755 65 0*215 752 65 0*218 748 65 0*222 742 70 0
23555 11/10*216 759 50 0*218 758 60 0*221 755 65 0*226 747 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
23560 11/11*225 734 75 0*228 724 80 0*232 712 80 0*238 696 85 0
23560 11/11*234 732 70 0*243 712 70 0*252 695 70 0*258 680 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23565 11/12*248 679 85 0*258 666 85 0*270 651 85 0*277 645 85 0
23565 11/12*262 665 70 0*265 657 70 0*270 651 70 0*277 645 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** ** **
23570 11/13*286 639 85 0*293 634 85 0*302 627 80 0*313 618 80 0
23570 11/13*286 637 65 0*295 625 65 0*305 615 60 0*315 611 55 0
*** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23575 11/14*331 608 75 0*344 597 70 0*362 585 60 0*386 562 50 0
23575 11/14*326 610 50 0*338 610 45 0*350 610 40 0E365 610 40 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** **
(The 15th is removed from HURDAT.)
23580 11/15E412 530 40 0E438 505 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
23585 HR
Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm number 8. Evidence for these changes
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001).
November 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 80.0W. Available observations suggest that
the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 12.5N, 80.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt
WSW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 9.8N, 79.5W (COA). No other gales. No low
pressures.
November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N,
77.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N, 78.3W.
Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at
14.0N, 79.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.9N,
76.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 77.5W.
Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at
16.0N, 78.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N,
76.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 77.0W.
Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at
18.9N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 5
kt SW and 1005 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No
other low pressures.
November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N,
75.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 76.0W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20.5N, 76.3W with an 1004 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was
centered at 21.0N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land
highlights: 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Guantanamo at 20.0N, 75.2W (HWM) and at
Navassa Island at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures.
Regarding the intensity: "On the evening of the 8th [~00 UTC on the 9th], a
tropical disturbance of slight intensity was near Santiago, Cuba" (MWR). "On
the 8th of November a definite cyclonic circulation was noted over Jamaica,
which moved slowly north across eastern Cuba on the 9th accompanied by gales.
It then turned toward the northeast and was encountered by the U.S.S. Concord
in the southeastern Bahamas as a storm of considerable intensity. It continued
in a northeasterly direction, passing [200 miles] southeast of Bermuda on the
13th and was last noted south of the Grand Banks on the 15th" (MWR).
"Tropical Storm, November 8-9, 1924" (Perez et al.).
November 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21N,
74.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 ,t hurricane at 21.8N, 74.8W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 75.1W with an 1002 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered
at 22.1N, 75.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 997 mb at 03 UTC at 21.6N,
76.8W (COA). Several other strong gales and several other pressures between
997 and 1000 mb.
November 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.1N,
68.9W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 71.2W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.1N, 72.9W. Available
observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near 25.2N, 69.5W.
Ship highlights: 71 kt and 996 mb (near eye) at ~00 UTC at 21.6N, 74.3W (MWR).
A few other gales. Several other low pressures.
November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N,
65.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 65.1W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 67.3W. Available
observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near the HURDAT position.
Ship highlights: 60 kt E at 04 UTC at 31.0N, 63.0W (COA); 10 kt NW and 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 27.3N, 67.5W (HWM). Several other strong gales. A few other low
pressures.
November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N,
61.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 62.7W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 63.2W. Available
observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 30.5N,
61.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 58.0W (COA); 35 kt NE
and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 64.8W (COA); 15 kt NNW and 998 mb
at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 63.2W (COA). Several other gales and several
other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At noon, Nov. 13, our position
was 33.3N, 54.2W. While the direction of the wind had not changed noticeably,
we were in the path of the storm center and decided to cross the track and
avail ourselves to the easterly wind. We steered a northerly course,
perpendicular to the storm track and ran before the wind. The barometer fell
and at times we had very strong squalls with rain resembling cloud bursts. The
wind increased to force 7 [35 kts] with high, easterly swells" (River Delaware-
a British steamer).
November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N,
63W at the west end of a W-E warm front and with an occluded front to the
north-northwest of this low. A second, extratropical low was centered near
42N 67W at the same time. HURDAT listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at
36.2N, 58.5W. Available observations suggest that there is no temperature
gradient across the low, and that this system remains tropical. The 40 kt
tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt NW and 1000
mb at 00 UTC at 31.5N, 63.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures.
No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane. Track alterations
are small from the 5th through the 10th and on the 12th and 13th. The
hurricane's position is shifted substantially northeast on the 11th
based upon ship observations near its center. The system was relocated
to the west-southwest on the 14th based upon numerous marine observations
on that date. No changes were made to the intensity from the 5th through
the 8th. Winds reduced on the 9th accounting for available coastal
and ship observations as well as for weakening of the slow moving
system over land (Cuba). Hurricane intensity for this system was
confirmed from ship-based wind observations on the 11th. However,
on the 12th the system displayed a large radius of maximum winds and
a broad central area of low (1000-1005 mb) pressures and weak winds.
The system may have been transitioning on this date to a hybrid-type
cyclone. Winds are reduced on the 12th to a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane
(from 85 kt Category 2 originally) based upon a 60 kt ship report and
the weakening pressure gradient. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb (with 15 kt
winds) at 12 UTC on the 13th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are chosen to be 60 kt,
down from 80 kt originally. Winds are further reduced on the 14th
based upon substantial ship observations showing weakening winds and
filling pressures - 12 UTC winds set to 40 kt down from 60 kt originally.
System is absorbed by a developing extratropical low around 00 UTC
on the 15th (by the extratropical low that was near 42N 67W on the 14th and near
47N 45W on the 15th). Thus the two synoptic positions on the 15th are removed.
********************************************************************************
1924 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION:
1) Historical Weather Map analyses show a residual occluded low that
became a large gale center on 17-19 January in the Eastern Atlantic, well
to the northwest of the Cape Verde Islands. A combination of HWM and
COADS ship observations provides inconclusive verification of this storm
on the 17th since there were no available data within 750 miles of the
analyzed HWM center. However, the observations depict a well-defined
cyclonic circulation on the 18th, particularly delineated by a cluster of
strong gales north and northwest of the center. It then drifted slightly
to the northwest on the 19th and was absorbed by an intense maritime
frontal system early on the 20th. Although the ambient air and
sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical
cyclogenesis, nearly isothermal conditions existed within a few hundred km
of the center. The strongest gale-force winds (peak of 60 kt N at 14 UTC
on the 18th [COA]), however, were measured more than 100 km away from the
center, and some large-scale baroclinicity was still present. Therefore,
this is considered to be an extratropical system and is not added to
HURDAT. It may though have been a subtropical storm, using modern
classification criteria. It is also possible that the system existed
before the 18th.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Jan. 18 22N 32W Extratropical Storm
Jan. 19 23N 33W Extratropical Storm
2) Historical Weather Maps suggest that a Cape Verde low formed quickly in
the Tropical Eastern Atlantic on 22 August from a strong tropical wave
that had moved off of Africa. HWM and COADS observations show that this
closed cyclonic circulation moved WNW from a position about 400 km east of
Sao Tiago in the Cape Verdes on the 22nd to about 100 km south of Sao
Vicente on the 23rd. By the 24th, this system is no longer detectable due
to a lack of available observations; thus its status and existence is
inconclusive on and beyond this date. A single peak wind observation of
35 kt WSW was reported by a ship (COA) at 21 UTC on the 22nd at 15.5N and
21.5W, and the lowest pressure observation was 1009 mb, as recorded by the
same ship four hours earlier. Because there is no other evidence of gale
force winds, is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to
HURDAT. However, it may have been a minimal tropical storm. (Another possibility
is that the gale force wind was part of the monsoonal flow.)
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Aug. 22 15N 20W Tropical Depression
Aug. 23 16N 25W Tropical Depression
3) In the latter part of November, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence
of an area of disturbed weather lingering in the Southwestern Caribbean
Sea with an analyzed closed low of at most 1010 mb. HWM and COADS ship
observations suggest that a tropical depression possibly formed between
Jamaica and eastern Panama on 22 November. Over the next two days, it
became better organized as it tracked generally westward. It then moved
inland and dissipated over Nicaragua during the afternoon of the 24th.
The highest observed winds were 25 kt, recorded by two ships at 13 UTC on
the 23rd at 11.4N, 82.1W and at 01 UTC on the 24th at 13.2N, 82.2W (COA).
Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure observations
associated with this system were 1008 mb (COA), it is not added to HURDAT.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Nov. 22 14N 78W Possible Tropical Depression
Nov. 23 13N 80W Tropical Depression
Nov. 24 13N 83W Tropical Depression
*******************************************************************************
1925/01 - 2009 ADDITION:
23588 08/18/1925 M= 4 1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23588 08/18*290 755 25 0*295 748 25 0*300 740 30 0*305 732 35 0
23588 08/19*310 723 40 0*315 714 45 0*320 705 50 0*328 693 55 0
23588 08/20*339 676 60 0*352 651 70 0*365 615 70 0*378 585 70 0
23588 08/21*391 565 65 0E405 555 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
23588 HR
This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.
August 16 and 17: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary between the southeast
United States and Bermuda. No closed low could be discerned on either
day. One gale force wind (south 35 kt near Bermuda) was observed
on the 17th.
August 18: HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front, with the SW end at 29N, 76W.
HURDAT did not previously include this system in its database. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 74.2W. Available
observations suggest that there was a closed low, and the tropical
depression was centered at 30.0N, 74.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.
August 19: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb
extending from 29N, 72W to 40N, 63W along a SW-NE stationary front. The MWR Tracks
for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.1N, 70.5W. Available observations
suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.0N, 70.5W. Ship
highlights: No gales or low pressures.
August 20: HWM analyzes a bending frontal boundary, but no closed low. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.2N, 60.6W. Available
observations suggest that the low is closed and the Category 1 hurricane was
centered at 36.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 994 mb at 0630 UTC at 34.6N,
63.1W (MWR). No other observed gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity:
"Early in the morning on the 20th, the American S.S. Antinous, about 150 miles to
the northeast of the islands [Bermuda], ran into a gale of short duration that
attained hurricane force. No storm logs have as yet been received from any other
vessel near the Antinous- and there were several not far away- although a heavy and
confused sea was reported" (MWR). "The S.S. Antinous at 2:30 a.m. of August 20 in
latitude 34.6N, and 63.1W passed near the center of a small hurricane (the wind and
pressure are indicated above in ship highlights).This storm began to form in the
remnants of a low-pressure trough on the 18th,about halfway between Bermuda and the
Florida peninsula, moved thence slowly northeastward and apparently reached its
greatest intensity while in the vicinity of the S.S. Antinous. It merged with a
more extensive disturbance to the north, but could still be identified on the
morning of the 21st near latitude 41N, and longitude 52W" (MWR).
August 21: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary, but no closed low. Available
observations suggest that the system became extratropical around 06 UTC at 40.5N,
55.5W. This is the last position analyzed by HURDAT. Ship highlights before
12 UTC: 35 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 03 UTC and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 07 UTC at
42.5N, 62.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 49.5N, 62.5W (COA). No
other gales. One other low pressure.
Genesis for this new hurricane occurred around 00 UTC on the 18th, as
it was determined that a closed low was discernible at that time.
The system formed along on old frontal boundary, but the baroclinicity
had diminished by the 18th and it is suggested that the system
began as a tropical cyclone on that date. Intensification to a tropical
storm likely occurred late on the 18th or early on the 19th, though
few observations were obtained near the system's center around this time.
Evidence for hurricane force was from a ship with 70 kt (Beaufort 12)
and 994 mb at 0630 UTC on the 20th. 994 mb suggests winds of at least
58 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT,
which was also the system's peak intensity. The system moved quickly to the
northeast on the 20th and 21st and by 06 UTC on the 21st was being absorbed into a
large extratropical storm. By 12 UTC on the 21st the system no longer had a closed
circulation.
*******************************************************************************
1925/02 - 2009 ADDITION:
23589 08/25/1925 M= 4 2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
23589 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*300 780 25 0*306 777 30 0
23589 08/26*312 774 30 0*318 770 35 0*325 765 35 0*332 756 35 0
23589 08/27*338 742 35 0*344 723 35 0*350 700 35 0*355 675 35 0
23589 08/28E360 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
23589 TS
This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al.
(1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series,
the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review.
August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.4N,
78.1W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.9N, 77.4W with an
1017 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical
depression was centered at 30.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low
pressures.
August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N,
75.9W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The
MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 74.6W with an
1016 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical
storm was centered at 32.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at
12 UTC at 32.8N, 75.3W (COA); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 75.1W (COA). No
other gales. No low pressures.
August 27: HWM analyzes a SW-NE front in the area, but no closed low. HURDAT
did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 69.1W. Available observations
suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 70.0W. Ship
and station highlights: No gales near center. No low pressures.
August 28: HWM analyzes (at 12 UTC) a frontal system and a very large area of
low pressure of at most 1010 mb all north of 34N and all east of 62W. HURDAT
did not previously contain this system in its database. Available
observations suggest that the system became extratropical at 00 UTC at
36.0N, 64.5W, and this is the last position to be included in the HURDAT
reanalysis. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 40.8N, 58.5W
(COA). No gales. No other low pressures.
This system began along a stationary frontal boundary off of the Georgia-
Florida coast. By the 25th, the system had developed a closed circulation
and had a small amount of baroclinicity (~5F across the center).
It is considered to have become a tropical depression around 12 UTC
on the 25th, though the system may still have had some hybrid
characteristics. By the 26th, the system had lost all of its surface temperature
gradient and thus became completely tropical at the same time that
two separate ships reported gales near the center. It is estimated
that it reached tropical storm strength around 06 UTC on the 26th. On the
27th a NE-SW frontal boundary is depicted near the vicinity of the
storm. However, it instead appears that the front around 12 UTC was
substantially farther north and west of the storm and that the system was
still likely a tropical cyclone. By the 28th at 12 UTC, the strong
front had overtaken and absorbed the system. The last estimated
position for the system is at 00 UTC on the 28th, becoming extratropical.
Overall, this is a short-lived (42 hours as a tropical storm), relatively
weak (35 kt peak wind) tropical storm, though it was confirmed as
such through two separate ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1925/03 - 2009 REVISION:
23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
* *** *
23595 09/06*213 912 40 0*235 939 40 0*245 952 40 0*253 962 40 0
23595 09/06*220 932 30 0*227 942 35 0*235 952 40 0*243 962 45 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
23600 09/07*260 973 40 0*268 983 35 0*275 993 35 0*2831000 30 0
23600 09/07*251 973 45 0*259 983 40 0*267 993 35 0*2771000 30 0
*** ** *** ** *** ***
23605 TS
Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these changes
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database,
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC,
and Dunn and Miller (1960).
September 6: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this
as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 95.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 96W, with an 1006 mb pressure. Available
observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 23.5N,
95.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 22.9N, 93.6W (MWR). No other gales. No
low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 5th of September, the S.S.
Baja California in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico experienced a storm with
winds shifting from north through east to southeast. The storm moved rapidly
northwest to the mouth of the Rio Grande by the evening of the 6th, and caused
heavy rains and moderate gales over the lower Rio Grande valley" (MWR).
"Date: September 6-7; Intensity: Minor; center entered Mexico" (Dunn and
Miller).
September 7: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this
as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 99.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of
Cyclones shows a center near 27.3N, 99.3W. Available observations suggest
that the tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 99.3W. Ship highlights:
No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 37 kt S at 08 UTC at Brownsville
at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR); 1002 mb at 0450 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W
(OMR). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity:
"Heavy rains in the lower portion of the watershed again raised the river to
above flood stage at Rio Grande City and San Benito on the 8th and 9th" (MWR).
No significant changes were made to either the genesis or dissipation
of this tropical storm. The track was altered slightly - the most
noteworthy change was to show landfall in northeast Mexico, rather
than Texas, based upon hourly observations from Brownsville. A peripheral
pressure of 1002 mb from Brownsville at 0450 UTC on the 7th suggests
winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind
relationship. Winds are thus boosted slightly from 40 to 45 kt at 00 UTC on the
7th just before landfall in Mexico. Highest observed winds for this system
were a ship of 35 kt E on the 6th and Brownsville with 37 kt S and
Corpus Christi with 36 kt SE both on the 7th. It is estimated that
45 kt was the peak intensity of this tropical storm.
******************************************************************************
1925/04 - 2009 REVISION:
23610 11/29/1925 M= 6 2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
23610 11/27/1925 M= 9 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
** * * ***
(The 27th and the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
23612 11/27*202 859 30 0*201 858 30 0*200 857 35 0*199 856 35 0
23613 11/28*198 854 35 0*197 852 35 0*195 850 35 0*193 847 35 0
23615 11/29* 0 0 0 0*162 835 35 0*175 840 35 0*185 844 35 0
23615 11/29*191 842 35 0*190 837 35 0*190 835 35 0*193 837 35 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23620 11/30*197 848 35 0*209 853 40 0*223 857 45 0*240 854 50 0
23620 11/30*199 841 35 0*208 846 40 0*220 847 45 0*237 843 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
23625 12/01*259 837 65 0*278 819 60 0*292 808 65 0*302 799 75 0
23625 12/01*255 830 65 0E275 815 60 0E290 805 65 0E300 795 75 0
*** *** **** *** **** *** **** ***
23630 12/02*310 792 85 0*320 783 80 0*333 775 65 0*344 768 55 0
23630 12/02E310 787 80 0E320 781 75 0E333 775 70 0E344 769 65 980
* *** ** * *** ** * ** * *** ** ***
23635 12/03*355 760 45 0*365 752 40 0*376 735 40 0*379 725 35 0
23635 12/03E355 762 60 0E365 754 60 0E372 745 55 0E377 735 55 0
* *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** *** **
23640 12/04*379 717 35 0*378 708 30 0*376 700 30 0*371 689 25 0
23640 12/04E379 724 50 0E378 712 50 0E376 700 45 0E372 690 45 0
* *** ** * *** ** * ** **** *** **
(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
23642 12/05E368 682 40 0E364 677 35 0E360 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0
23645 HRBFL1
U.S. Continental Hurricanes:
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States
Wind Simpson Pressure Affected
12/1/1925 0400Z 26.5N 82.2W 65kt 1 ----- (985mb) SWFL1
Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al.
(1999), originally storm number 2. Genesis was begun two days earlier and
dissipation was indicated one day later for this cyclone. A transformation to
an extratropical cyclone was newly indicated, which occurred five days before
dissipation. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al.
(1987), Barnes (1998), and Kasper et al. (1998).
November 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not
previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest
that the tropical storm was centered at 20.0N, 85.7W. Ship highlights:
35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 13 UTC at 20.7N, 85.8W (COA). No other gales. No low
pressures.
November 28: HWM analyzes an open trough in the northwest Caribbean Sea.
HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available
observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.5N,
85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures.
November 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N,
82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 84.0W.
Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered
at 19.0N, 83.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the
track and intensity: "The tropical cyclone...was central a short distance east
or southeast of Swan Island at 8 a.m. It was of slight intensity at the time,
but increased rapidly in intensity after passing through the Yucatan Channel
during the following night, and by 8 p.m. of the 30th the barometer at Key
West, Fla., had fallen to 29.62 inches (1003 mb) and the wind had shifted to
southwest" (MWR).
November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.4N,
79.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.3N, 85.7W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 85.6W with an 1004
mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was
centered at 22.0N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at
25.5N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 22 UTC at 23.5N, 83.5W (COA); 35
kt NE and 1004 mb at 21 UTC at 25.4N, 85.6W (MWR). One other gale. A few
other low pressures. Land highlights: 1004 mb at 17 UTC at Tampa, FL at
28.0N, 82.5W (OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the
intensity: "At 3:00 pm on the 30th... a disturbance of tropical origin central
slightly west or northwest of the Tortugas. The disturbance moved
northeastward with increased intensity across the Florida peninsula, passing
near and south of Tampa. It was attended by heavy rains, especially in the
right front quadrant, a fall of 14.08 inches occurring at Miami" (MWR).
"Area: S. Fla.; Intensity: Minimal; 50 killed, damage $1,600,000" (Dunn and
Miller). "The bottom of Tampa Bay was reportedly visible in some locations
due to extreme low water levels. In Florida, there were four storm related
deaths" (Kasper et al.). Tampa: "The chief property damage was to electric,
telegraph and telephone wires and poles, trees, signs, windows, tents, automobiles,
cheap roofing, old and flimsy building and buildings under construction. Between
5000 and 6000 telephones were down in Tampa alone, and most of the long distance
wire went down. Electric current was cut off on account of the grounding of many
live wires and danger therefrom. Many big oaks went down in the wind, and in some
cases damaged automobiles and roofs. Electric lights were out in some sections of
the city until the 2nd" (OMR).
December 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.7N,
77.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 80.8W The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 80.1W with a 992 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the extratropical low was
centered at 29.0N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 994 mb at 17 UTC at
28.5N, 79.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW and 996 mb at 09 UTC at 27.7N, 79.0W (MWR); 50 kt
NE and 992 mb at 17 UTC at 29.7N, 79.2W (MWR). A few other gales. Several
other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt N at 1753 UTC at Key West, FL at
24.5N, 81.8W (OMR); 999 mb at 06 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 45 kt
NE at 0609 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 1000 mb at 08 UTC at
Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W; 45 kt N at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR).
Several other gales and several other low pressures. Key West: "The
maximum velocity for the day (30th), and for the month, was 36 miles per
hour from the southwest at 9:25 p.m. However, the wind rapidly veered
from southwest to northwest between 11 p.m. and midnight, and although
it increased in force to a strong gale of 52 miles an hour (5 minute) and 62
miles an hour (one-minute) shortly before 2 p.m. on December 1st, no damage
resulted" (OMR). Regarding the rainfall: "As the month closed, a tropical
storm passing over the Florida Peninsula gave some of the heaviest rains ever
known over the more southern portions. At Miami, total fall of more than 15
inches occurred, 14.10 inches falling in 14 hours" (MWR). "At Tampa the
barometer fell to 29.50 inches (999 mb) and the wind reached a maximum
velocity of 52 miles from the northeast about 1 a.m. of December 1. About
8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of
Titusville, and the pressure at the center was somewhat under 29.50 inches.
Jacksonville reported a maximum wind velocity of 48 miles from the north"
(MWR). Regarding the damage and loss of life: "Fruit was blown from trees...
lowlands were flooded...structures in process of completion suffered
considerably... many small boats were damaged or sunk at anchor. As a result
of the phenomenally high tides and seas, damage to beaches and beach property
from the mouth of the St. Johns southward was very great- only in the millions
can the computation be made...pavilions, small cottages, and even pretentious
structures were undermined, and hotels, whose safety hitherto had never been
questioned, were in imminent danger. The Citrus Exchange estimated the loss
at 300,000 boxes, which, at $2 per box, evidences a formidable sum." At least
55 lives were lost at sea (MWR). Savannah, GA: "The passage of a tropical
storm northward on the 1st and 2nd was attended by a rather heavy rain of
1.71 inches and a high wind of 51 miles NW" (OMR).
December 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33N,
76.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 77.5W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33.5N, 77.4W with a 979 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the strong extratropical low was
centered at 33.3N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 08 UTC at
36.8N, 73.4W (MWR); 70 kt E at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (COA) (same ship as
previous); 70 kt at 29.2N, 81.2W (MWR); and 45 kt E and 979 mb at 13 UTC
near the NC coast (MWR). Land highlights: 61 kt NE at Atlantic City,
NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 988 mb at 1745 UTC at Wilmington, NC at 34.3N, 77.9W
(OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Regarding
the track and intensity: "8 p.m. (01 UTC)...the hurricane center, which was
apparently about 150 miles due east of Savannah, Ga., at that time. The wind
had increased to 42 miles an hour at both Savannah and Charleston. At 8 a.m.
(13 UTC) the hurricane was central about 100 miles south-southeast of
Wilmington, N.C. The storm center passed inland between Wilmington and Cape
Hatteras at about 6 p.m., and out to sea again a short distance south of Cape
Henry during the night" (MWR). "Area: N.C. capes; Intensity: Minimal; Damage
slight" (Dunn and Miller). "In Florida and along the coastal waters of the
eastern states, over fifty lives were lost to the storm" (Barnes). "Landfall
point: 34.9N, 76.3W. Central pressure of 980 mb. 54 nmi RMW. Forward
speed of 15 kt. WB Technical Paper No. 55 implies that this storm was
becoming extratropical and did not have hurricane-force winds when it struck
the NC coast" (Ho et al.). "Environmental pressure 1012 mb, 75 kt maximum
sustained surface wind estimate" (Schwerdt et al.)
December 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N,
74.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 37.6N, 73.5W. The MWR
Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 75W with an 1001 mb
pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt extratropical low was
centered at 37.2N, 74.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR);
20 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 75.8W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1003 mb at
08 UTC at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR). Several other strong gales. A few other low
pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (MWR);
26 kt S and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR).
Several other gales and several other low pressures. "Area Va. Capes to N.J.;
Intensity: Minor; 2 killed" (Dunn and Miller). Norfolk, VA: "The storm caused
winds of strong gale force, but no serious damage was reported in this
immediate vicinity" (OMR).
December 4: HWM analyzes two separate closed lows, one of at most 1005 mb near
37.3N, 71W, and the other of at most 1010 mb near 29.9N, 60.5W. HURDAT listed
this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.6N, 70.0W. The MWR Tracks for
Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N, 69W. Available observations
suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.6N, 70.0W. Ship
highlights: Several observations of 45 kt. Several low pressures between 1002
and 1005 mb.
December 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered at 36N,
67.3W. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available
observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 36.0N,
67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 08 UTC at 34.5N, 57.5W
(COA). A few other gales before 12 UTC. A few other low pressures.
Regarding the track and intensity: "Its center passed close to Horta (Azores)
at 4 a.m. of the 9th, with a barometer reading of 29.32 inches (993 mb) and a
maximum wind velocity of 40 miles an hour from the northeast" (MWR).
Genesis of this system is begun two days earlier than HURDAT, as observations
from HWM and COADS show a well defined vortex on the 27th. Gale force
winds were also observed on the 27th, so the system is analyzed to have
reached tropical storm intensity by 12 UTC on the 27th. For the next two days,
the storm meandered slowly to the east-southeast and a major northward
adjustment to its track is made on the 29th, with no detectable change in intensity. In the 30th, the system intensified as it began accelerating to the north and northeast before reaching the southwest Florida coast early on the 1st.
Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 04 UTC on the 1st near 26.5N 82.2W.
Peak observations in the Gulf were a ship at 00 UTC on the 1st with 50 kt NNW and
1002 mb, Key West with 1003 mb minimum pressure at 03 UTC, and Tampa with 999 mb
minimum pressure and 45 kt NE maximum wind at 06 UTC. As the system was making
landfall in Florida, it was interacting with a strong pre-existing baroclinic zone.
However, HWM did not analyze any frontal features from the 30th through the 5th
with the system, which is consistent with the original HURDAT that kept the system
as a tropical cyclone all the way through December 4th. Reanalysis of this event,
though, suggests that the storm reached the frontal boundary and became
extratropical around 06 UTC, just after landfall of the storm in Florida.
Observations near the center of this system are sparse both in the Gulf of Mexico
and in southwestern Florida near landfall. However, the wind-caused impacts in
Tampa and inland, the storm surges noted (both substantially below normal in Tampa
and above normal near Jacksonville), and 60 kt/996 mb ship observations just off of
the Florida east coast are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall.
Intensity at landfall is maintained at 65 kt from the original HURDAT, making this
a Category 1 hurricane for southwest Florida (“BFL1”).
After passing through Florida and transition to an extratropical storm, the system
re-intensified over the Atlantic Ocean. Three hurricane force ship observations,
a ship peripheral pressure reading of 979 mb, and Wilmington's peripheral pressure
reading of 988 mb confirm that the extratropical system reached hurricane intensity
late on the 1st and early on the 2nd. Peak intensity for this cyclone actually
occurred as an extratropical cyclone, with estimated peak of about 80 kt at 00Z on
the 2nd (down slightly from 85 kt originally in HURDAT) based upon numerous ship and
land based observations. The system made a second landfall in North Carolina as an
extratropical storm late on the 2nd with a central pressure of about 980 mb and
minimal hurricane-force winds. While the system weakened on the 3rd and 4th,
coastal and ship observations indicate a stronger extratropical storm than
originally listed: 55 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd (up from 40 kt) and 45 kt at 12 UTC
on the 4th (up from 30 kt). An additional 18 hours were added to HURDAT for this
system as the occluded and weakening low was still identifiable on the 5th. Despite
the Monthly Weather Review stating that the cyclone continued eastward to near the
Azores on the 9th, daily analysis including the Historical Weather Maps indicates
that a second, extratropical system which formed east of Bermuda on the 4th was the
system that moved toward the Azores.
******************************************************************************
1925 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION:
1) Historical Weather Maps depict an unusual March storm that persisted
nearly three weeks over much of the Subtropical and Central Atlantic.
HWM and COADS observations show a frontal low developing on 5 March about
225 km east of GA. This low moved ENE, quickly intensified into a strong
baroclinic gale center on the 6th, became occluded on the 7th, and then
tracked ESE through the 8th, passing about 200 km south of Bermuda. It
next moved rapidly eastward through the 10th and transitioned to a
quasi-barotropic system, exhibiting nearly isothermal conditions within a
few hundred km of the center even though air and sea-surface temperatures
were much cooler than those typically inherent of a tropical cyclone. It
then decelerated in the Central Atlantic as it moved SE through the 12th.
Following that, it apparently tracked faster towards the ESE, E, and then
ENE until the 17th, passing 675 km WNW of the Canary Islands. On the
17th, the S.S. "El Cantara" reported 50 kt WSW-SW winds and a pressure of
998 mb near the center (MWR and COA). The low turned to the north on the
18th and weakened as it traversed over colder waters. It then moved
quickly to the WNW, W, and WSW through the 20th, passing about 500 km
south of the Azores. Strong gale force winds were observed several
hundred km to the north and west of the system, resulting from a strong
pressure gradient that had developed between the low and a strong polar,
maritime air mass over the North Atlantic. It then decelerated again and
became quasi-stationary through the 23rd, during which time it made a
small cyclonic loop. Finally, it started moving to the WNW on the 24th
and was absorbed by a potent extratropical system early on the 25th in the
Central Atlantic. Although this system had barotropic characteristics for
much of its existence and strong winds in its inner-core on the 17th,
there is insufficient evidence to classify it at any point as a tropical
cyclone. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be partially
considered a possible hybrid or subtropical storm.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Mar. 5 31N 78W Extratropical Storm
Mar. 6 33N 73W Extratropical Storm
Mar. 7 32N 71W Occluded Low
Mar. 8 30N 67W Occluded Low
Mar. 9 30N 62W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 10 29N 55W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 11 28N 54W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 12 28N 53W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 13 27N 48W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 14 27N 43W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 15 28N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 16 29N 31W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 17 31N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 18 34N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 19 35N 32W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 20 34N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 21 33N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 22 32N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 23 33N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
Mar. 24 34N 40W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid
2) Michael Chenoweth obtained observations from Dominica in the Lesser
Antilles that suggested that a strong wave or possible tropical
depression came through the region on the 25th and 26th of September
with pressure dropping to 1010 mb. Historical Weather Maps showed
substantial rainfall and pressure drops in the Lesser Antilles on
the 25th and 26th but no evidence of a closed low. COADS ship data
likewise showed no closed circulation but did have ship observations
of 20 kt ENE on the west side of the system and 25 kt ESE on the east
side of the system. While the system could have been a tropical cyclone,
without confirmation of a closed circulation and because of a lack
of gale force winds this will not be counted as a tropical storm and
not included into HURDAT.
3) Historical Weather Maps show evidence of a cyclonic circulation forming
around the southern extent of a decaying frontal system ENE of Bermuda at
the end of September. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations
indicates that a broad, elongated area of low pressure with a small degree
of baroclinicity was developing along a NNE-SSW oriented trough axis in the
West Central Atlantic on the morning of the 29th. This system was over an
area of SSTs of 25-27 C, and by the afternoon, a tropical depression
formed as it acquired tropical characteristics. It moved to the west until
early on 1 October, then merged with an approaching frontal system from
the west, and became extratropical. The depression had a peak observed
wind of 25 kt (COA), measured by multiple ships on the 29th and 30th; once
it became extratropical, gale force winds of 35-50 kt were observed. The
lowest pressure reading was 1006 mb on the 30th, which would imply a 32 kt
wind speed using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since all
the available wind observations were under gale force during the
tropical phase, it is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a
minimal tropical storm from the 30th until the frontal merger on the 1st.
DAY LAT LON STATUS
Sept. 29 31N 56W Developing Tropical Depression
Sept. 30 31N 59W Tropical Depression
Oct. 1 36N 55W Extratropical Storm
******************************************************************************
1938/04 - 2008 REVISION:
29495 09/10/1938 M=13 4 SNBR= 653 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
29500 09/10* 0 0 0 0*142 215 35 0*144 238 35 0*146 250 35 0*
29505 09/11*148 262 35 0*149 274 35 0*150 285 35 0*152 297 35 0*
29510 09/12*153 310 40 0*154 324 40 0*155 337 40 0*156 348 40 0*
29515 09/13*157 358 40 0*158 371 45 0*160 383 45 0*161 394 50 0*
29520 09/14*162 406 50 0*164 419 55 0*167 432 55 0*169 445 60 0*
29525 09/15*172 457 65 0*174 468 70 0*176 478 75 0*179 490 80 0*
29530 09/16*183 502 80 0*186 516 85 0*189 530 85 0*192 540 90 0*
29535 09/17*194 550 95 0*197 563 100 0*200 575 105 0*202 586 115 0*
29540 09/18*204 596 120 0*207 607 125 0*210 620 125 0*213 636 130 0*
29545 09/19*217 656 130 0*223 678 135 0*232 700 135 0*241 716 140 0*
29550 09/20*250 727 140 0*259 736 140 0*267 743 135 0*280 748 130 0*
29555 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 110 0*352 731 100 938E390 730 85 940*
29555 09/21*298 749 120 0*322 744 110 0*352 731 100 938*390 730 85 940*
*
29560 09/22E434 731 70 967E453 735 45 988E473 770 35 987E454 791 35 0*
29565 HR NY3 CT3 RI3 MA3
In the course of revising the Atlantic track book, a discrepancy was discovered
between HURDAT and the existing (Neumann et al. 1999) track book map for 1938.
The track map for that year showed 1938 #4 making landfall as a hurricane
(NY3, CT3, RI3, MA3) and then becoming extratropical. HURDAT had the hurricane
becoming extratropical at 18Z on the 21st, prior to landfall. The committee agreed,
pending any further reanalysis, to make HURDAT consistent with the track map by
changing the 18Z position to tropical.
********************************************************************************
1958/08 HELENE - 2006 REVISION:
38515 09/21/1958 M=14 8 SNBR= 846 HELENE XING=1 SSS=0
38515 09/21/1958 M=14 8 SNBR= 846 HELENE XING=0 SSS=3
* *
38520 09/21* 0 0 0 0*185 515 25 0*190 542 25 0*195 563 25 0*
38525 09/22*201 583 25 0*207 602 25 0*213 619 25 1015*219 635 30 1014*
38530 09/23*225 648 35 1013*230 658 40 1011*234 669 45 1009*240 682 45 1007*
38535 09/24*247 696 45 1005*257 709 50 1004*267 720 65 1002*272 729 65 998*
38540 09/25*277 734 65 993*283 736 70 987*288 739 75 984*292 743 80 983*
38545 09/26*296 748 85 980*299 754 85 977*303 761 90 967*310 771 105 955*
38550 09/27*317 781 110 943*324 785 110 934*331 782 115 938*339 775 115 943*
38555 09/28*348 758 110 946*358 732 110 950*369 705 105 954*380 683 90 957*
38560 09/29*390 659 85 959*417 619 70 963*457 590 65 966E490 566 65 968*
38565 09/30E520 524 60 972E539 488 60 0E550 450 60 0E562 411 55 0*
38570 10/01E570 373 55 0E573 345 55 0E575 320 50 0E577 289 50 0*
38575 10/02E575 255 50 0E561 212 45 0E543 173 45 0E531 154 45 0*
38580 10/03E522 142 40 0E518 134 35 0E514 125 35 0E510 104 35 0*
38585 10/04E505 73 35 0E516 49 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*
38590 HR
38590 HR NC3
***
Based upon research by the NHC Best Track Change Committee, it was determined
that the existing HURDAT was in error for this hurricane. A major hurricane
impact was observed in North Carolina from this cyclone as depicted in
Monthly Weather Review and Barnes (1998). Based upon existing HURDAT track
and intensity, this impact is estimated to be Category 3 for North
Carolina ("NC3"). However, the eye of the hurricane remained offshore,
so the U.S. landfall indicator ("XING=1") is changed accordingly.
********************************************************************************
1975/05 ELOISE - 2006 REVISION:
47155 09/13/1975 M=12 5 SNBR=1008 ELOISE XING=1 SSS=3
47160 09/13* 0 0 0 0*175 541 25 0*176 552 25 1009*177 563 25 1009*
47165 09/14*178 573 25 1009*179 583 25 1009*180 594 25 1009*181 605 25 1009*
47170 09/15*183 617 25 1009*185 628 25 1009*188 638 30 1007*189 648 30 1007*
47175 09/16*190 656 35 1007*192 667 45 1007*194 675 55 1002*195 684 65 1002*
47180 09/17*196 692 65 997*197 702 60 1000*197 712 55 1000*198 722 50 1000*
47185 09/18*199 733 45 1000*199 745 45 1000*199 757 40 1000*200 770 40 1000*
47190 09/19*200 782 35 1000*199 791 35 1000*199 798 35 1000*198 810 35 1000*
47195 09/20*198 822 35 1000*198 834 35 1000*199 846 35 1006*200 855 35 1006*
47200 09/21*202 864 40 1001*208 871 45 1001*214 878 50 1001*224 885 55 995*
47205 09/22*236 889 60 995*248 894 65 993*258 895 75 986*265 894 85 980*
47210 09/23*273 885 95 968*284 873 105 958*302 863 110 955*330 857 55 982*
47215 09/24*355 843 30 999E365 835 20 1004E370 825 20 1004E375 815 20 1004*
47220 HRAFL3
47220 HRAFL3IAL1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1985/11 KATE - 2006 REVISION:
51925 11/15/1985 M= 9 11 SNBR=1106 KATE XING=1 SSS=2 L
51930 11/15* 0* 0* 0*2110638 35 999*
51935 11/16*2160639 45 998*2170642 50 996*2150648 55 993*2110653 70 987*
51940 11/17*2070660 75 981*2040664 75 984*2070673 75 982*2110688 80 977*
51945 11/18*2140700 80 976*2160718 80 975*2160733 80 975*2190751 85 972*
51950 11/19*2210768 95 967*2210784 95 968*2270802 90 971*2320819 80 976*
51955 11/20*2390835 85 972*2460845 95 968*2520853 105 956*2600860 105 955*
51960 11/21*2680865 105 954*2750866 100 961*2830865 95 965*2920861 85 967*
51965 11/22*3020851 80 975*3150835 65 983*3250815 50 990*3370792 45 996*
51970 11/23*3470762 40 1003*3440735 35 1005*3400720 35 1006E3350705 35 1006*
51975 HRAFL2
51975 HRAFL2IGA1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
1989/02 BARRY - 2007 REVISION:
53315 07/09/1989 M= 6 02 SNBR=1133 BARRY XING=0
53320 07/09 *1280378 25 1015*
53325 07/10*1300399 24 1015*1390421 25 1014*1500446 30 1013*1630469 30 1013*
53325 07/10*1300399 25 1015*1390421 25 1014*1500446 30 1013*1630469 30 1013*
**
53330 07/11*1770482 35 1012*1880492 40 1011*1980504 40 1010*2070518 40 1007*
53335 07/12*2140531 45 1005*2210539 45 1005*2280544 45 1005*2350549 40 1008*
53340 07/13*2380554 40 1012*2400560 35 1014*2390566 35 1016*2370574 30 1017*
53345 07/14*2330581 30 1018
53350 TS
Typographic error corrected.
********************************************************************************
1989/06 FELIX – 2007 REVISION:
53510 08/26/1989 M=16 06 SNBR=1137 FELIX XING=0
53515 08/26*1680210 25 1009*1690217 30 1008*1700222 30 1007*1720229 35 1005*
53520 08/27*1740235 35 1003*1780239 40 1001*1820240 45 1000*1870243 50 0998*
53525 08/28*1910246 50 0996*1970248 55 0995*2000249 50 0995*2050249 50 0995*
53530 08/29*2080253 45 1000*2110260 35 1001*2140269 35 1005*2190278 30 1006*
53535 08/30*2250287 30 1008*2340297 30 1009*2420310 30 1009*2510324 30 1010*
53540 08/31*2630340 30 1010*2760356 30 1010*2890371 30 1010*2970386 30 1010*
53545 09/01*3050397 30 1009*3110411 30 1009*3180408 30 1009*3220409 30 1009*
53550 09/02*3270409 30 1008*3300409 30 1008*3310410 30 1008*3320413 30 1008*
53555 09/03*3320418 35 1005*3340423 35 1005*3350429 35 1005*3380439 35 1005*
53560 09/04*3400452 40 1004*3430463 40 1003*3490475 45 1002*3530481 45 1000*
53565 09/05*3570488 55 0995*3600487 65 0988*3630486 70 0982*3670483 75 0979*
53570 09/06*3690482 75 0979*3720481 75 0979*3740480 70 0982*3760479 70 0984*
53575 09/07*3800478 65 0988*3850477 60 0990*3930476 55 0992*4040470 50 0994*
53580 09/08*4130467 50 0995*4240458 45 0998*4360448 45 1000*4500428 40 1002*
53585 09/09*4650405 35 1005*4650380 37 1002E4650355 40 1000E4550335 45 0997*
53585 09/09*4650405 35 1005E4650380 40 1002E4650355 40 1000E4550335 45 0997*
* **
Wind brought up to next 5 kt increment as per current methodology.
Extratropical status begun slightly earlier in line with extratropical
reintensification of cyclone.
********************************************************************************
1989/08 HUGO - 2006 REVISION:
53685 09/10/1989 M=16 08 SNBR=1139 HUGO XING=1 SSS=4
53690 09/10 *1320200 25 1010*1330218 25 1010*
53695 09/11*1320237 030 1009*1300255 030 1007*1280273 30 1005*1250292 35 1003*
53700 09/12*1250310 040 1002*1250329 045 1000*1250348 045 998*1260367 50 0996*
53705 09/13*1260382 055 994*1270400 055 992*1280418 060 990*1280435 65 0987*
53710 09/14*1290449 070 984*1300463 080 980*1320478 085 975*1360491 90 0970*
53715 09/15*1380505 100 962*1400519 110 957*1420533 125 940*1460546 140 0918*
53720 09/16*1480561 135 923*1510573 130 927*1540584 120 940*1580594 120 0941*
53725 09/17*1610604 120 941*1640615 120 943*1660625 125 949*1690635 125 0945*
53730 09/18*1720641 130 934*1770648 120 940*1820655 110 945*1910664 105 0958*
53735 09/19*1970668 100 959*2070673 090 962*2160680 090 964*2260686 90 0966*
53740 09/20*2350693 090 957*2440701 090 957*2520710 095 958*2630722 95 0953*
53745 09/21*2720734 100 950*2800749 100 950*2900761 110 948*3020775 120 0944*
53750 09/22*3170788 120 935*3350803 085 952*3590817 055 975*3850818 40 0987*
53755 09/23E4220802 035 988E4600745 040 990E4900690 040 992E5100650 40 0993*
53760 09/24E5200620 040 994E5250605 040 993E5300595 040 991E5350585 40 0989*
53765 09/25E5400570 040 983E5600520 040 979E5800460 040 974
53770 HR SC4
53770 HR SC4INC1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that North Carolina
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
*****************************************************************************
1992/02 - ANDREW - 2002 ADDITION:
54545 08/16/1992 M=13 2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW XING=1 SSS=4
54545 08/16/1992 M=13 2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW XING=1 SSS=5
*
54550 08/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*108 355 25 1010
54555 08/17*112 374 30 1009*117 396 30 1008*123 420 35 1006*131 442 35 1003
54560 08/18*136 462 40 1002*141 480 45 1001*146 499 45 1000*154 518 45 1000
54565 08/19*163 535 45 1001*172 553 45 1002*180 569 45 1005*188 583 45 1007
54570 08/20*198 593 40 1011*207 600 40 1013*217 607 40 1015*225 615 40 1014
54575 08/21*232 624 45 1014*239 633 45 1010*244 642 50 1007*248 649 50 1004
54580 08/22*253 659 55 1000*256 670 60 994*258 683 70 981*257 697 80 969
54580 08/22*253 659 55 1000*256 670 65 994*258 683 80 981*257 697 95 969
** ** **
54585 08/23*256 711 90 961*255 725 105 947*254 742 120 933*254 758 135 922
54585 08/23*256 711 110 961*255 725 130 947*254 742 145 933*254 758 150 922
*** *** *** ***
54590 08/24*254 775 125 930*254 793 120 937*256 812 110 951*258 831 115 947
54590 08/24*254 775 125 930*254 793 130 937*256 812 115 951*258 831 115 947
*** ***
54595 08/25*262 850 115 943*266 867 115 948*272 882 115 946*278 896 120 941
54595 08/25*262 850 115 943*266 867 115 948*272 882 120 946*278 896 125 941
*** ***
54600 08/26*285 905 120 937*292 913 115 955*301 917 80 973*309 916 50 991
54600 08/26*285 905 125 937*292 913 120 955*301 917 80 973*309 916 50 991
*** ***
54605 08/27*315 911 35 995*321 905 30 997*328 896 30 998*336 884 25 999
54610 08/28*344 867 20 1000*354 840 20 1000* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
54615 HRCFL4BFL3 LA3
54615 HRCFL5BFL4 LA3
********
U.S. and Bahamian Hurricane Data
--------------------------------
Date/Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central Landfall States
Winds Simpson Pressure Location Affected
8/23/2100Z 25.4N 76.6W 130kt 4 923mb Eleuthera, Ba ---
8/23/2100Z 25.4N 76.6W 140kt 5 923mb Eleuthera, Ba ---
*** *
8/24/0100Z 25.4N 77.8W 125kt 4 931mb Barry Is., Ba ---
8/24/0100Z 25.4N 77.8W 130kt 4 931mb Barry Is., Ba ---
***
8/24/0905Z 25.5N 80.3W 125kt 4 922mb Fender Point CFL4, BFL3
8/24/0905Z 25.5N 80.3W 145kt 5 922mb Fender Point CFL5, BFL4
*** * **** ****
8/26/0830Z 29.6N 91.5W 105kt 3 956mb Pt. Chevreuil LA3
8/26/0830Z 29.6N 91.5W 100kt 3 956mb Pt. Chevreuil LA3
***
After considering the presentations regarding various recommendations for
the revisions of Andrew's best track intensities, the NHC Best Track Change
Committee made alterations to the winds in HURDAT for Hurricane Andrew for
the dates of 22 to 26 August. These changes are made to Hurricane Andrew's
intensity data for the time while the storm was over the Atlantic Ocean just
east of the Bahamas, over the Bahamian islands and south Florida, over the
Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Louisiana. Neither the best track
positions nor the central pressure values of Andrew were adjusted. The
alterations in wind intensity were based upon the Franklin et al. (2003)
methodology, which is consistent with the work of Dunion et al. (2003) and
Dunion and Powell (2002) as discussed earlier. The changes to HURDAT were
applied for these dates as aircraft reconnaissance observations were
available throughout this period and there were limited in-situ surface
observations indicative of the maximum 1 min surface winds. The revisions
make Andrew a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHS at landfall in both Eleuthera
Island, Bahamas and in southeastern Florida. The maximum 1 min surface wind
for Hurricane Andrew at landfall in mainland southeastern Florida near Fender
Point (8 nmi [13 km] east of Homestead) at 0905 UTC 24 August is officially
estimated to be 145 kt. The original best track landfall intensity estimate
was 125 kt. The peak intensity of Andrew, originally assessed at 135 kt, is
now judged to be 150 kt at 1800 UTC 23 August just east of the northern
Bahamas.
Details of presentations made and minutes of deliberations can be found at:
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/index.html
********************************************************************************
1993/05 EMILY - 2006 REVISION:
55545 08/22/1993 M=16 5 SNBR=1176 EMILY XING=1 SSS=3
55545 08/22/1993 M=16 5 SNBR=1176 EMILY XING=0 SSS=3
*
55550 08/22*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1990526 30 1020*
55555 08/23*2050536 30 1020*2130548 30 1020*2230560 30 1020*2320571 30 1020*
55560 08/24*2430578 30 1020*2540586 30 1020*2670595 30 1020*2760600 30 1019*
55565 08/25*2800603 30 1018*2790605 30 1017*2800604 35 1016*2820604 40 1015*
55570 08/26*2830607 45 1013*2790610 55 1010*2740612 60 1007*2690617 65 1004*
55575 08/27*2660624 60 1000*2640630 60 997*2630635 60 992*2640644 65 982*
55580 08/28*2660652 75 981*2700661 75 982*2740669 75 981*2800676 75 976*
55585 08/29*2860682 70 973*2930688 70 978*3000692 70 979*3060697 70 978*
55590 08/30*3120702 70 977*3150708 70 976*3180714 75 975*3200722 75 974*
55595 08/31*3240730 80 972*3290738 85 970*3360747 95 965*3450752 100 962*
55600 09/01*3560749 100 960*3660744 100 962*3750727 95 965*3820707 90 969*
55605 09/02*3900685 90 971*3920660 90 972*3920636 90 973*3900614 85 974*
55610 09/03*3860596 80 975*3810583 75 979*3750577 70 985*3690575 60 994*
55615 09/04*3640576 50 999*3600576 40 1002*3580575 35 1001*3610572 30 1006*
55620 09/05*3670569 30 1008*3740564 30 1009*3800557 25 1010*3870548 25 1011*
55625 09/06*3900530 25 1012*3930511 25 1013E3980494 25 1014*0000000 0 0*
55630 HR NC3
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 3 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
1995/15 OPAL - 2006 REVISION:
57000 09/27/1995 M=10 15 SNBR=1201 OPAL XING=1 SSS=3
57005 09/27 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*191 873 25 1004*
57010 09/28*194 875 25 1004*194 879 25 1004*193 882 25 1003*193 884 25 1003*
57015 09/29*194 884 25 1003*195 884 25 1003*196 883 25 1003*198 882 30 1003*
57020 09/30*201 882 30 1002*206 883 30 1002*211 885 35 1001*214 891 40 1000*
57025 10/01*213 899 45 994*211 907 45 987*209 912 45 986*208 916 50 985*
57030 10/02*207 919 55 984*208 921 60 980*210 923 65 973*212 923 65 972*
57035 10/03*217 922 70 970*222 920 75 969*228 916 80 968*235 910 85 965*
57040 10/04*245 901 100 953*259 894 110 935*273 885 130 919*290 877 110 938*
57045 10/05*310 868 80 950*332 862 50 974*354 857 30 982E385 835 40 986*
57050 10/06E405 823 40 989E420 805 40 991E433 784 35 997E445 765 30 1002*
57055 HRAFL3
57055 HRAFL3IAL1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
2004/01 ALEX - 2006 REVISION:
63090 07/31/2004 M= 7 1 SNBR=1311 ALEX XING=1 SSS=1
63090 07/31/2004 M= 7 1 SNBR=1311 ALEX XING=0 SSS=1
*
63095 07/31*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*3030783 25 1010*
63100 08/01*3100788 25 1009*3150790 25 1009*3160791 30 1009*3160792 35 1009*
63105 08/02*3150793 35 1007*3140794 40 1005*3130790 50 992*3180787 50 993*
63110 08/03*3240782 60 987*3300774 70 983*3420764 85 974*3530752 85 972*
63115 08/04*3600737 80 974*3680721 80 973*3730702 85 973*3780683 95 965*
63120 08/05*3850660 105 957*3950631 105 957*4080596 100 962*4270550 90 970*
63125 08/06*4450493 75 978*4610442 65 984*4700375 50 987E4740327 30 992*
63130 HR NC1
As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".
********************************************************************************
2005/4 DENNIS – 2007 REVISION:
64140 07/04/2005 M=15 4 SNBR=1329 DENNIS XING=1 SSS=3
64145 07/04*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1200608 25 1010*
64150 07/05*1220625 30 1009*1250642 30 1008*1300659 35 1007*1360673 40 1005*
64155 07/06*1430685 45 1000*1470697 50 995*1510709 55 991*1560719 60 989*
64160 07/07*1620730 70 982*1670741 80 972*1760749 90 967*1850761 100 957*
64165 07/08*1940771 120 951*2030784 110 953*2090795 130 938*2200806 120 941*
64170 07/09*2270816 100 960*2340825 75 973*2430834 80 967*2520842 90 962*
64175 07/10*2610850 110 942*2720858 125 935*2850863 120 930*2990869 110 942*
64180 07/11*3150877 45 970*3260885 30 991*3390888 25 997*3530891 20 1002*
64185 07/12*3640892 20 1003*3710890 15 1005*3770887 15 1007*3810883 15 1008*
64190 07/13*3850878 15 1009*3890872 15 1010L3920865 15 1010L3920858 15 1010*
64195 07/14L3920857 10 1009L3900856 10 1009L3870856 10 1010L3840856 10 1010*
64200 07/15L3810858 10 1009L3790862 10 1010L3810864 10 1012L3840866 10 1012*
64205 07/16L3860868 10 1011L3940865 10 1013L4020862 10 1013L4080852 10 1014*
64210 07/17L4130841 10 1013L4220832 10 1013L4310823 10 1013L4390814 10 1012*
64215 07/18L4460805 10 1010L4580798 10 1009*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*
64220 HRAFL3
64220 HRAFL3IAL1
****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.
********************************************************************************
2005/11 KATRINA – 2007 REVISION:
64560 08/23/2005 M= 9 11 SNBR=1336 KATRINA XING=1 SSS=3
64565 08/23*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*2310751 30 1008*
64570 08/24*2340757 30 1007*2380762 30 1007*2450765 35 1006*2540769 40 1003*
64575 08/25*2600777 45 1000*2610784 50 997*2620790 55 994*2620796 60 988*
64580 08/26*2590803 70 983*2540813 65 987*2510820 75 979*2490826 85 968*
64585 08/27*2460833 90 959*2440840 95 950*2440847 100 942*2450853 100 948*
64590 08/28*2480859 100 941*2520867 125 930*2570877 145 909*2630886 150 902*
64595 08/29*2720892 140 905*2820896 125 913*2950896 110 923*3110896 80 948*
64600 08/30*3260891 50 961*3410886 40 978*3560880 30 985*3700870 30 990*
64605 08/31E3860853 30 994E4010829 25 996*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*
64610 HRCFL1LA3MS3AL1
64610 HRCFL1BFL1LA3MS3AL1
****
Revision indicated that Katrina also impacted Southwest Florida as a Category 1
hurricane (BFL1) without any alteration to existing HURDAT data.
********************************************************************************
2005/15 OPHELIA – 2007 REVISION:
64790 09/06/2005 M=18 15 SNBR=1340 OPHELIA XING=1
64795 09/06*0000000 0 0*2580786 25 1009*2630783 25 1010*2680783 25 1010*
64800 09/07*2740785 30 1006*2790788 35 1003*2870792 40 1000*2880793 45 997*
64805 09/08*2880793 45 994*2870796 50 994*2860796 55 988*2860795 60 988*
64810 09/09*2860793 65 990*2890793 55 990*2930791 55 983*2980785 65 983*
64815 09/10*3020775 60 983*3090769 60 984*3150766 65 976*3170762 70 977*
64820 09/11*3180759 70 977*3170759 75 978*3160757 70 978*3140759 65 978*
64825 09/12*3120762 60 980*3120766 60 985*3150769 55 988*3170773 60 989*
64830 09/13*3180777 60 989*3190779 60 990*3210780 60 989*3230781 60 988*
64835 09/14*3260781 65 985*3290780 70 980*3340777 75 980*3390775 75 979*
64840 09/15*3420769 75 979*3450763 70 982*3470758 65 984*3470756 65 986*
64845 09/16*3460751 60 987*3470748 55 993*3540744 50 995*3640736 55 993*
64850 09/17*3730727 55 995*3870714 50 1000*4000697 50 997*4160673 50 995*
64855 09/18E4320649 45 996E4470621 45 999E4620589 45 999E4760556 45 999*
64855 09/18E4320649 45 996E4480626 45 1000E4620599 45 1000E4740552 45 999*
*** *** **** *** **** *** ***
64860 09/19E4840518 45 1000E4900488 45 1001E4950457 45 1000E5000421 45 999*
64860 09/19E4840523 45 1000E4900488 45 1001E4950457 45 1000E5000421 45 999*
***
64865 09/20E5090385 45 998E5150347 40 1000E5220305 40 1003E5280265 40 1001*
64870 09/21E5380220 40 998E5530177 35 998E5760146 35 998E5980119 35 996*
64875 09/22E6170084 35 993E6360045 35 993E6560010 35 994E6750019 30 995*
64875 09/22E6170084 35 993E6360045 35 993E6560010 35 994E6753581 30 995*
****
64880 09/23E6883534 30 997*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*
64880 09/23E6880066 30 997*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*
****
64885 HR NC1
Alterations to track and central pressure on the 18th and 19th were introduced
due to new data uncovered as the system was an extratropical cyclone near Nova
Scotia. See the Tropical Cyclone Report for more details: http://www.nhc.noaa.
gov/pdf/TCR-AL162005_Ophelia.pdf . Changes to the longitude introduced for the
22nd and 23rd to correctly indicate passing the Greenwich
Longitude.
********************************************************************************
2005/22 WILMA – 2007 REVISION:
65105 10/15/2005 M=12 22 SNBR=1347 WILMA XING=1 SSS=3
65110 10/15*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*0000000 0 0*1760785 25 1004*
65115 10/16*1760788 25 1004*1750790 30 1003*1750792 30 1003*1750794 30 1002*
65120 10/17*1740796 30 1001*1690796 35 1000*1630797 40 999*1600798 45 997*
65125 10/18*1580799 55 988*1570799 60 982*1620803 65 979*1660811 75 975*
65130 10/19*1660818 130 946*1700822 150 892*1730828 160 882*1740834 140 892*
65135 10/20*1790840 135 892*1810847 130 901*1830852 130 910*1860855 130 917*
65140 10/21*1910858 130 924*1950861 130 930*2010864 125 929*2030867 120 926*
65145 10/22*2060868 120 930*2080870 110 935*2100871 100 947*2130871 85 958*
65150 10/23*2160870 85 960*2180868 85 962*2240861 85 961*2310854 90 963*
65155 10/24*2400843 95 958*2500831 110 953*2620810 100 950*2800788 105 955*
65155 10/24*2400843 95 958*2500831 110 953*2620810 95 950*2800788 105 955*
***
65160 10/25*3010760 110 955*3330720 100 963*3680679 90 970*4050635 75 976*
65165 10/26E4250600 60 978E4400575 55 982E4500550 50 986E4550520 40 990*
65170 HRBFL3CFL2
Winds reduced slightly while Wilma was centered over South Florida to better
indicated weakening that occurred over land. See the Tropical Cyclone Report
for more details: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf
********************************************************************************