********************************************************************************
1871/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.
Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. 999 mb
central pressure provides guidance of 47 kt using the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen in best track.
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
1871/01 - 2003 REVISION:
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5 1 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
03920 06/01*241 810 40 0*241 821 40 0*242 836 40 0*247 846 40 0
03925 06/02*252 854 50 0*258 861 50 0*261 873 50 0*265 886 50 0
03930 06/03*268 898 50 0*270 911 50 0*273 924 50 0*277 933 50 0
03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 50 0*303 960 40 0
03935 06/04*282 941 50 0*289 950 50 999*297 956 40 0*303 960 40 0
**
03940 06/05*311 961 40 0*320 961 40 0*332 958 30 0*350 950 30 0
03945 TS
Winds not reduced after landfall occurred until well-inland. Winds
decreased at 12Z on the 4th for more realistic decay.
********************************************************************************
1871/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1871/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) was to
extend track of storm one full day into the SE United States to
accommodate a typical decay of the hurricane to tropical depression
strength, as suggested by the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995). Partagas and Diaz (1995b) did make large changes to
the track found in Neumann et al. (1993), though these are found to be
reasonable. 952 mb central pressure provides guidance of 101 kt using
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in
the best track. 955 mb central pressure provides guidance of 99 kt
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
used in the best track. Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements.
1871/03 - 2003 REVISION:
03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 134 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
03870 08/14/1871 M=10 3 SNBR= 137 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
*** *
03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*268 743 80 0
03875 08/14*265 724 80 0*266 730 80 0*267 736 80 0*267 743 80 0
***
03880 08/15*269 750 90 0*269 756 90 0*270 765 100 0*270 773 100 952
03880 08/15*268 750 90 0*268 758 90 0*268 767 100 0*268 777 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03885 08/16*271 780 100 0*272 785 100 955*273 791 100 0*274 795 100 0
03885 08/16*268 785 100 952*268 791 100 955*268 795 100 0*269 798 100 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03890 08/17*275 796 100 0*276 799 100 0*277 800 100 0*279 801 100 0
03890 08/17*270 801 100 0*272 805 90 0*276 811 80 0*283 817 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
03895 08/18*282 803 90 0*287 804 90 0*290 805 90 0*294 806 90 0
03895 08/18*290 821 70 0*297 825 60 0*304 823 60 0*308 819 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
03900 08/19*300 806 80 0*307 806 80 0*315 805 80 0*322 798 80 0
03900 08/19*313 814 50 0*318 808 60 0*321 802 60 0*323 796 60 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
03905 08/20*325 788 80 0*327 776 80 0*327 766 80 0*324 764 80 0
03905 08/20*325 788 60 0*327 776 60 0*326 768 60 0*324 764 60 0
** ** *** *** ** **
03910 08/21*320 761 80 0*317 763 80 0*315 765 80 0*311 771 80 0
03910 08/21*320 761 60 0*317 763 60 0*314 765 60 0*312 771 60 0
** ** *** ** *** **
03915 08/22*310 780 80 0*310 786 90 0*310 795 90 0*311 804 90 0
03915 08/22*311 780 60 0*310 786 60 0*310 795 60 0*311 804 60 0
*** ** ** ** **
03920 08/23*312 814 90 0*313 824 60 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0
03920 08/23*312 814 60 0*313 824 50 0*314 835 40 0*314 845 30 0
** **
03925 HR GA2DFL1
03925 HRCFL3DFL1AFL1
**** ****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-8/18/1871$* 0000Z 28.2N 80.3W 80kt 1 (965mb) DFL1
3-8/17/1871$* 0200Z 27.1N 80.2W 100kt 3 955mb CFL3,DFL1,AFL1
** ***** ***** ***** ***** * ******* **** ****
3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 90kt 2 (965mb) GA2,DFL1
3-8/23/1871 0000Z 31.2N 81.3W 60kt TS ----- ---
**** ** ******* ********
Hurricane is revised from the previously accepted analysis of Partagas
and Diaz due to inclusion of work by Ho (1989). In particular, additional
observations were provided from New Smyrna, Fairview, Ocala, Picolata,
Tampa, Jacksonville (FL), and Savannah (GA). These land-based measurements
from Ho's study were key in providing the track alteration to one that
made landfall in central east Florida, passed over Ocala, moved west of
Jacksonville, then back over water off of southern Georgia. However, Ho's
intensity analysis of a 945 mb central pressure is likely too low an
estimation as a 955 mb central pressure recorded by the ship "Victor"
(as recorded in Partagas and Diaz 1995b) occurred very near the coast,
along Jupiter. Hurricane is re-analyzed to come ashore early on the 23rd
as a tropical storm in Georgia since there is no evidence that it
reintensified to a hurricane after weakening to a tropical storm while
over Florida.
********************************************************************************
1871/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who
made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
These track changes are found to be reasonable. 965 mb central
pressure provides guidance for 95 kt utilizing the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. 962 mb central
pressure suggests 98 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship
- 100 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon
above central pressure measurements. This hurricane is known as
"Santa Juana" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.
1871/04 - 2003 REVISION:
04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
04035 08/17/1871 M=14 4 SNBR= 139 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
04040 08/17*112 307 40 0*115 322 40 0*118 339 40 0*123 355 40 0
04045 08/18*129 374 50 0*135 392 50 0*140 410 50 0*142 425 50 0
04050 08/19*143 445 60 0*145 464 60 0*147 480 70 0*149 499 70 0
04055 08/20*151 522 80 0*153 545 80 0*154 564 90 0*158 582 90 0
04060 08/21*164 600 100 0*171 616 100 0*177 629 100 965*182 640 100 0
04065 08/22*189 653 100 962*195 665 100 0*200 675 90 0*207 686 90 0
04070 08/23*212 696 90 0*220 710 90 0*225 723 90 0*232 735 90 0
04075 08/24*241 750 90 0*250 764 90 0*257 776 90 0*263 786 90 0
04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 819 50 0
04080 08/25*270 795 90 0*277 805 90 0*283 813 70 0*289 822 50 0
***
04085 08/26*294 825 40 0*299 831 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0
04085 08/26*294 831 40 0*299 838 40 0*305 843 40 0*309 845 40 0
*** ***
04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*320 835 30 0
04090 08/27*313 845 30 0*317 844 30 0*320 840 30 0*321 835 30 0
***
04095 08/28*322 831 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 820 30 0*324 810 30 0
04095 08/28*322 830 30 0*322 825 30 0*323 821 30 0*324 810 30 0
*** ***
04100 08/29*325 799 40 0*327 786 40 0*330 775 50 0*340 761 50 0
04105 08/30*355 743 50 0*373 724 50 0*395 705 60 0*420 685 60 0
04110 HRCFL2DFL1
Track adjusted to provide for more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1871/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1871/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 5. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Robert Myhan" and
"Lizzie M. Merrill".
********************************************************************************
1871/07: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend out the track of the storm an additional one day to the 7th
of October based upon suggestion in the Partagas and Diaz writeup
due to the ship "Robert Cadwell". Track otherwise unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6. Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United
States. The best track provided appears to describe the full life
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm
strength). Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon loss of steamships "Hall" and "Twelfth Era".
********************************************************************************
1871/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon reports from ships "Nellie Antrim" and
"Armida" as well as destruction in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
********************************************************************************
1872/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States. The
best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its
dissipation below tropical depression strength).
1872/01 - 2003 REVISION:
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 141 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5 1 SNBR= 144 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 911 40 0
04260 07/09*235 920 40 0*241 918 40 0*246 916 40 0*251 912 40 0
***
04265 07/10*258 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0
04265 07/10*257 908 50 0*263 904 50 0*270 900 50 0*277 896 50 0
***
04270 07/11*284 893 50 0*292 891 50 0*300 890 50 0*305 890 50 0
04275 07/12*309 891 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0
04275 07/12*309 890 40 0*313 891 40 0*316 893 40 0*320 895 40 0
***
04280 07/13*325 895 30 0*330 894 30 0*335 890 30 0*342 885 30 0
04285 TS
Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1872/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track
changes are found to be reasonable. The storm reached hurricane status
based upon observations from several ships. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from
its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its
dissipation as an extratropical cyclone).
********************************************************************************
1872/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from several ships.
********************************************************************************
1872/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force based upon report from the ship "Tare".
********************************************************************************
1872/05: Track considerably altered from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
The track chosen is a compromise between that shown in Neumann et al.
(1993) and that advocated by Partagas and Diaz. The reasoning is that
observations in the 1872 _Monthly Weather Review_ show that 7 1/2 inches
of rain occurred in Norfolk , which is unlikely to be produced by a separate
extratropical storm alone as is what is suggested by Partagas and Diaz
to have caused the gales and low pressures throughout the middle
Atlantic states. Additionally, the U.S. Army Signal Corp did provide
overland tracks of extratropical storms, none of which matched up to
the one that Partagas and Diaz suggested to have occurred. This new
track takes it across Florida a bit farther south than both previous tracks
to allow for a turn northward near the ship "Cardenas", then the new track
brings the system ashore as a tropical storm in North Carolina just a bit
farther east of Neumann et al.'s landfall. The new track then stays east of
Neumann et al.'s track while over the middle Atlantic states to correspond
with the the northeast to north winds over Washington and the low pressures
measured in New York City. After leaving New England, the new track rejoins
the original Neumann et al. track.
1872/05 - 2003 REVISION:
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 143 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7 5 SNBR= 146 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04400 10/22*234 893 40 0*240 883 40 0*247 873 40 0*257 862 40 0
04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 50 0*290 803 50 0
04405 10/23*267 848 50 0*276 833 50 0*284 818 40 0*290 803 40 0
** **
04410 10/24*300 790 60 0*313 785 70 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0
04410 10/24*300 790 50 0*313 785 60 0*326 782 70 0*336 779 60 0
** **
04415 10/25*343 777 50 0*350 775 50 0*357 772 40 0*365 769 40 0
04420 10/26*375 765 40 0*386 758 40 0*397 748 40 0*406 738 40 0
04425 10/27*413 726 40 0*418 713 40 0E424 692 40 0E429 672 40 0
04430 10/28E436 650 40 0E445 625 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04435 HR
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 23rd and 24th.
********************************************************************************
1873/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Georgia. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1873/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. 962 mb central pressure
suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used
in best track. Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
status for the two days before the above central pressure measurement
was made at latitude 44N. The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as
an extratropical cyclone).
1873/02 - 2003 REVISION:
04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 147 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
04550 08/13/1873 M=16 2 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
04555 08/13*139 250 40 0*140 260 40 0*140 270 40 0*141 281 40 0
04560 08/14*141 293 50 0*142 306 50 0*143 320 50 0*144 330 50 0
04565 08/15*145 344 50 0*145 359 50 0*145 373 50 0*146 384 50 0
04570 08/16*147 397 60 0*148 412 60 0*150 427 60 0*153 440 60 0
04575 08/17*156 455 70 0*160 470 70 0*165 490 70 0*169 505 70 0
04580 08/18*175 520 70 0*182 536 70 0*187 550 70 0*195 564 70 0
04585 08/19*202 579 80 0*212 595 80 0*220 610 80 0*229 621 80 0
04590 08/20*239 635 80 0*249 646 80 0*260 656 80 0*268 666 80 0
04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 683 90 0*310 684 90 0
04595 08/21*278 673 90 0*290 678 90 0*303 682 90 0*310 684 90 0
***
04600 08/22*317 685 90 0*325 686 90 0*333 685 90 0*343 683 90 0
04605 08/23*352 680 100 0*360 676 100 0*370 670 100 0*383 664 100 0
04610 08/24*395 658 100 0*409 646 100 0*420 635 90 0*430 614 90 0
04615 08/25*437 589 90 962*444 566 90 0*450 550 80 0*457 543 80 0
04620 08/26*460 541 80 0*465 541 80 0*470 540 70 0*474 540 70 0
04625 08/27*478 539 70 0*482 537 70 0E485 535 60 0E494 526 60 0
04630 08/28E504 513 60 0E510 498 60 0E520 480 50 0E530 460 50 0
04635 HR
Minor track alteration on the 21st for more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1873/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Pressure reading of 992 mb not in hurricane's center (at 12 UTC, 19th of
September) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the
SE United States. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force
in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction that occurred in Tallahassee,
Florida; storm regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic based upon above
peripheral surface pressure report along with several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1873/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.
********************************************************************************
1873/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track reasonably shown in Neumann et al.
(1993). These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the SE United States. Used an accelerated decay
rate over Cuba to account for enhanced topography. Pressure reading
of 969 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 91 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track. Pressure reading of 971 mb not
in hurricane's center (on 00 UTC, September 29th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track. Estimate of 959 mb for
central pressure at landfall in SW Florida from Ho (1989) appears
reasonable and matches SLOSH modeling work by Jarvinen (1990).
959 mb central pressure suggests 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for the best track. Storm tide
value of 14' at Punta Rassa, Florida from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status on the 28th of
September based upon peripheral surface pressure reading of 969 mb and
destruction that occurred in Jacmal, Haiti. Storm regained major
hurricane status on the 7th of October based upon the estimate of central
pressure of 959 mb and surge/destruction in Punta Rassa.
1873/05 - 2003 REVISION:
04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
04690 09/26/1873 M=15 5 SNBR= 153 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
04695 09/26*147 623 40 0*148 631 40 0*150 640 50 0*153 651 50 0
04700 09/27*157 665 60 0*160 676 60 0*162 690 70 0*166 701 70 0
04705 09/28*169 711 80 0*174 723 90 0*180 730 100 0*190 739 90 0
04710 09/29*197 745 90 0*202 755 80 0*202 765 60 0*202 771 50 0
04715 09/30*201 778 40 0*200 784 40 0*200 790 40 0*201 796 40 0
04720 10/01*201 801 40 0*201 806 40 0*200 810 40 0*200 814 40 0
04725 10/02*200 818 50 0*200 821 50 0*200 825 50 0*200 828 50 0
04730 10/03*200 831 60 0*200 836 60 0*200 840 70 0*200 846 70 0
04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*206 861 80 0
04735 10/04*200 851 70 0*201 856 70 0*202 860 80 0*204 861 80 0
***
04740 10/05*210 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0
04740 10/05*208 864 80 0*212 865 80 0*215 865 90 0*219 864 90 0
***
04745 10/06*224 861 90 0*230 859 90 0*237 855 100 0*247 841 100 0
04750 10/07*262 825 100 959*281 803 80 0*297 786 80 0*311 771 80 0
04755 10/08*324 756 90 0*337 741 90 0*350 726 80 0*363 709 80 0
04760 10/09*375 685 70 0*388 661 70 0E395 645 60 0E400 630 60 0
04765 10/10E405 615 60 0E410 600 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04770 HRBFL3CFL2DFL1
Track slightly altered to provide a more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1874/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
********************************************************************************
1874/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon a report from "a sailing vessel".
********************************************************************************
1874/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure reading of 980 mb
not in storm's center (on 18 UTC, 7th of September) suggests winds of
at least 73 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track as it is determined that the storm had already
undergone extratropical transition by this point. Storm determined to
have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1874/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas. The best
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation
below tropical depression strength).
1874/04 - 2003 REVISION:
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 154 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6 4 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
04910 09/02*204 946 40 0*207 950 40 0*212 953 40 0*215 956 40 0
04915 09/03*220 959 40 0*224 962 40 0*229 965 40 0*234 968 40 0
04920 09/04*239 970 50 0*244 971 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0
04920 09/04*239 971 50 0*244 974 50 0*250 976 50 0*255 978 50 0
*** ***
04925 09/05*261 980 40 0*267 981 40 0*273 982 30 0*278 983 30 0
04930 09/06*283 984 30 0*288 985 30 0*292 985 30 0*297 985 30 0
04935 09/07*303 985 30 0*310 984 30 0*317 984 30 0*325 983 30 0
04940 TS
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.
********************************************************************************
1874/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1874/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Mexico, Florida and the eastern United States. A pressure reading
of 996 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 984 mb
suggests 71 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 987 mb suggests 67 kt
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen
for best track. A central pressure of 980 mb suggests 73 kt using the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen as it is determined that
the storm transitioned to extratropical. The storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force from the 984 mb central pressure and reports from
the ship "Emma D. Finney". The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an
extratropical storm).
1874/06 - 2003 REVISION:
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 156 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7 6 SNBR= 159 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 50 0
04875 09/25*175 864 40 0*181 871 40 0*185 875 50 0*190 880 40 0
**
04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 40 0*212 888 40 0*222 885 40 0
04880 09/26*196 884 40 0*204 886 30 0*212 888 30 0*222 885 40 0
** **
04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*241 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0
04885 09/27*232 880 50 0*242 875 50 0*252 865 60 0*268 851 60 0
***
04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*295 825 60 0*310 810 70 0*324 801 70 984
04890 09/28*282 836 70 0*298 823 60 0*314 810 70 0*328 800 80 981
*** *** *** *** *** ** ***
04895 09/29*339 795 70 987*354 789 60 0*368 780 50 0*389 760 50 0
04895 09/29*340 790 70 0*352 780 60 0*368 770 50 0*389 755 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
04900 09/30*409 736 60 0*427 716 60 0E443 700 60 0E460 680 60 980
04905 10/01E480 655 50 0E500 630 50 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
04910 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
6-10/28/1874 0400Z 29.1N 82.8W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1
6-10/28/1874 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 (985mb) AFL1
**** ****
6-10/28/1874 1900Z 32.6N 80.0W 70kt 1 984mb SC1,NC1
6-10/28/1874 1800Z 32.8N 80.0W 80kt 1 981mb SC1,NC1
**** **** ** ***
Unrealistically small weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing
over the Yucatan of Mexico. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Mexico. Winds reduced accordingly on the 25th
and 26th.
Recent research by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina
that there was a measurement of 981 mb from Georgetown which does appear
to be a central pressure value. (The hurricane appears to have maintained
intensity or slightly intensified between Charleston (984 mb) and
Georgetown (981 mb).) 981 mb suggest winds of 74 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track in part based upon
destruction that occurred in Charleston. The track is adjusted slightly to
the east at and after landfall to accommodate this new data (included in
full below):
Sept. 28, 1874, from the weather diary of Alexander Glennie at Georgetown, SC.
Wind strength was recorded in a numerical scale from 1-6, with 1 indicating a
very light breeze and 6 indicating a violent storm. Total precipitation at
Georgetown was 1.5 inches, which suggests it didn't receive the brunt of the
rainfall.
* Morning and Forenoon (probably sunrise, as the temperature observation is
at sunrise): 72 F, SE wind at 5, Rain, Gale
* Noon and Afternoon (temperature reading is at 2 pm): 73 F, E wind at 6,
heavy Gale Rain; wind changed 3 pm to W.. Bar [barometer] at 3 pm 28.96
* Evening and Night (temperature reading is at 9 pm): 65 F, SW 3.
The News and Courier, Tuesday, Sept. 29, 1874, p. 1.
THE GREAT GALE OF 1874
A MEMORABLE DAY-FULL DETAILS OF THE AWFUL STORM.
The long immunity which Charleston has enjoyed from disastrous
gales was interrupted yesterday by a disaster which has probably destroyed
over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property. In the early part
of the present month everybody was on the lookout for the equinoctial
storm, because there exists a kind of tradition that severe and disastrous
equinoxes occur once in every twenty years, and it is just twenty years
since the destructive gale of 1854. But when the 21st of the month had
passed without bringing the disagreeable visitor people began to think
that Charleston would after all escape the dreadful infliction. For over
a fortnight the wind had been blowing steadily from the east, and at times
the weather had assumed a threatening aspect, but not sufficiently so to
warrant the apprehension of a gale. On Sunday evening at a late hour it
began to blow stiffly in puffs and to rain, and by daylight the wind had
increased considerably, blowing from the east and southeast. The steamer
Dictator, which arrived in the morning, reported heavy weather at sea, but
the captain failed to observe any indications of the coming blow. About
half-past six or seven o'clock in the morning the wind grew stronger, with
heavy squalls and severe puffs, which created general apprehensions. At
eight o'clock it was evident that
THE GALE WAS UPON US.
The sea was heaving and tossing in the harbor, and the rapidly
encroaching tide began to flood the wharves and streets. The squalls kept
constantly increasing in strength, and the masters of vessels in port
began to look anxiously to their moorings. At nine o'clock the tide had
risen so high that it covered all the wharves on the eastern front of the
city and flooded the streets to the depth of several feet. Many of the
wharves were washed up, and several vessels parted from their moorings and
were driven on shore.
THE SCENE FROM THE WHARVES
at this time was terrific. In every direction drift wood, bales of
cotton, wrecked boats and debris were being tossed about. The wind,
whistling through the rigging of the shipping, made melancholy music, and
the blinding rain falling in torrents rendered efforts to save anything
almost useless. The tide rose to a great height, in many instances
lifting the flooring from the piers and rendering it extremely hazardous
for anybody to stand in the vicinity. The sea in the harbor rolled
mountain high, and the waves dashed over the piers in huge rollers. At
Accommodation wharf a bark was driven from her moorings high up on the
landing into the wharf office of Campbell Wylly & Co., but was blown off a
gain when the wind shifted. So great was the force of the wind that the
bowsprit of the vessel entered the second story of the building, which was
of brick, and cut it completely in two, making a clean split. At the
wharf of the Sullivan's Island steamers the waves washed clear over the
wood work, and the anxious crowd who had gathered there to hear tidings
from friends on the Island were fairly driven back by the blinding rain
and rapidly rising waters. East Bay and Calhoun street were flooded with
water to such a depth as to
FLOAT THE CARS
of the Enterprise Railway from the track. All the wharves above Market
street were more or less damaged, but those below that point suffered the
most. At Vanderhorst wharf, a large flat loaded with phosphate rock
intended for the ship Border Chieftain parted the fastenings, and was
blown into three sloops in the dock, sinking them almost immediately. The
flat was then lifted by the waves and thrown transversely across the dock,
making a complete bridge between the two piers. The British bark
Beltiate, which had lately arrived from Liverpool and was anchored in the
stream, was blown from her moorings despite two heavy anchors held by
seventy-five and forty-five feet of iron chain and dragged into the dock
between Boyce and Atlantic wharf. The wharf on the extreme southern limit
of the eastern water front was completely washed away, and the piers
immediately adjoining on the north, at which were moored the steamers City
Point and Dictator, were also badly damaged. The work of destruction
continued without interruption until about half-past twelve, when
THE WIND MODULATED
for a short time, and then shifted around to the south and west, when it
again blew with full force for about an hour, tearing the slate and tin
from the roofs of many buildings and blowing down trees and fences in
every direction. The change in the direction of the wind, however, had
the effect of turning the tide, and in an incredible short time the waters
began to fall, and people began to breathe easier. As soon as the wind
shifted the rain ceased to fall, and the streets, which had up to this
time been dangerous to pedestrians on account of the falling shingles,
signs, and fences, were now crowded with people who had come out to view
the effects of the storm.
********************************************************************************
1874/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Jamaica and Cuba.
Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to take into account the
enhanced topography. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon description of severe damage in Jamaica.
1874/07 - 2003 REVISION:
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5 7 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
05025 10/31*135 784 40 0*141 783 40 0*147 781 50 0*151 781 50 0
05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 775 80 0
05030 11/01*157 779 60 0*160 778 60 0*164 776 70 0*171 774 80 0
***
05035 11/02*177 771 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 50 0
05035 11/02*177 772 90 0*184 770 70 0*191 766 60 0*199 761 60 0
*** **
05040 11/03*205 758 50 0*210 754 50 0*215 750 60 0*222 744 60 0
05045 11/04*231 739 70 0*237 734 70 0*245 730 70 0*255 725 70 0
05050 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds
brought up to 60 kt at 18Z on the 2nd, since the storm had not yet made
landfall in Cuba.
********************************************************************************
1875/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/02: The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September
to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported
in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. However, the other
track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that
shown in Neumann et al. (1993) were large, but reasonable. 982 mb
central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement
and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 2. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central
pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A
pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC,
September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based
upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique,
Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure.
A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b). Storm regained
hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico
based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in
Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall.
********************************************************************************
1875/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
********************************************************************************
1875/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the
ship "E.E. Ruckett".
********************************************************************************
1876/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 970 mb central pressure suggests
82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1876/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States. Used accelerated decay rate to
take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba. 990 mb
central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure
suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.
985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as
storm was inland at this position. A central pressure of 980 mb at
landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean based
upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and
991 mb central pressure measurements. Storm is determined to have
regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land
(Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated
central pressure at landfall.
1876/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 70 0*180 621 70 0
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 80 0*180 621 90 0
** **
05240 09/13*180 634 70 0*181 643 70 990*182 653 70 990*184 666 70 991
05240 09/13*180 634 100 0*180 646 100 0*181 660 90 0*183 676 70 991
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05245 09/14*187 684 70 0*190 701 60 0*192 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
05245 09/14*186 692 70 0*189 707 60 0*193 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
*** *** *** *** ***
05250 09/15*201 748 50 0*204 761 50 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
05250 09/15*201 748 70 0*204 761 60 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
** **
05255 09/16*217 796 50 0*229 800 50 999*245 800 60 0*266 794 60 0
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 60 985
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 70 985
**
05265 09/18*382 773 50 0*408 781 40 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
05265 09/18*382 773 60 987*408 781 50 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
** *** **
05270 09/19*430 745 30 0*427 730 30 0*423 715 30 0*420 700 30 0
05275 HR NC1
05275 HR NC1 VA1
***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1,VA1
***
Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage
and occasional F3 destruction. Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally
thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be
peripheral pressure measurements. Thus this hurricane is estimated
here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major
hurricane. Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track
and intensity. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship. Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and
rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest
increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship.
These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall. A central
pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane
transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt. Due to the
small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the
best track. Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal
communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained
hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon
moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 14th and 15th. Observations of sustained hurricane force
winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane
History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early
on the 18th. A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest
winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for best track because of inland location. The hurricane is known as
"San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003).
********************************************************************************
1876/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2.
********************************************************************************
1876/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an
accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography. The storm is
determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from
the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua.
********************************************************************************
1876/05: Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The first
is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest
Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de
Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The second major
change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near
Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994).
Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz.
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 973 mb
central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen. 976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best
track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure
observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind
observations from Key West, Florida.
1876/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
05355 10/12*120 790 40 0*122 790 40 0*124 790 50 0*126 790 50 0
05360 10/13*128 790 50 0*130 791 50 0*132 792 50 0*135 792 50 0
05365 10/14*138 794 50 0*141 795 50 0*144 796 50 0*147 797 50 0
05370 10/15*150 798 50 0*154 799 50 0*158 800 50 0*162 801 50 0
05375 10/16*166 802 50 0*170 803 50 0*174 804 60 0*178 805 60 0
05380 10/17*182 806 70 0*186 807 70 0*190 808 80 0*194 809 80 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 816 90 0*212 818 90 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 815 90 0*212 817 90 0
*** ***
05390 10/19*217 819 90 0*221 819 90 0*227 820 90 0*236 820 90 971
05390 10/19*217 819 100 0*223 822 100 0*227 823 100 958*236 823 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05395 10/20*247 819 90 973*260 813 90 0*275 805 80 0*288 796 80 976
05400 10/21*300 788 80 0*310 779 80 0*319 767 80 0*325 749 80 0
05405 10/22*330 726 80 0*333 698 80 0*335 678 70 0*335 666 70 0
05410 10/23*338 656 70 0*339 646 70 0*340 635 60 0*342 620 60 0
05415 HRBFL2CFL1
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for
this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of
102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the
best track. This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a
Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). The original listing
of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be,
instead, a peripheral pressure. The track is shifted slightly to the west to
take into account this new center fix location. The hurricane is known as El
Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).
********************************************************************************
1877/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1877/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over SE United States after final landfall in Florida. Storm is determined
to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the description of winds and
effects along the Gulf coast. The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1877/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "Harlcy John"
and from wind reports at St. Paul Island, Canada.
********************************************************************************
1877/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over the eastern United States. Storm tide is reported as 12' for St.
Marks, Florida from Barnes (1998). Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane intensity based upon storm tide in St. Marks as well as reports from
the ship "Sarah Hall".
05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 172 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
05655 09/21/1877 M=15 4 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
05660 09/21*117 555 50 0*117 565 50 0*117 577 60 0*118 591 60 0
05665 09/22*118 605 70 0*118 620 70 0*117 633 80 0*116 644 80 0
05670 09/23*116 658 90 0*116 670 90 0*117 680 90 0*118 691 90 0
05675 09/24*121 703 90 0*123 714 90 0*127 725 90 0*130 736 90 0
05680 09/25*133 746 80 0*137 759 80 0*140 770 80 0*143 780 80 0
05685 09/26*147 791 70 0*150 801 70 0*153 810 70 0*157 816 70 0
05690 09/27*161 821 70 0*167 826 70 0*171 831 70 0*177 836 70 0
05695 09/28*182 843 70 0*189 851 70 0*195 855 70 0*201 859 70 0
05700 09/29*206 861 70 0*212 864 70 0*219 868 70 0*224 870 70 0
05705 09/30*227 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*237 875 70 0*244 876 70 0
05705 09/30*229 871 70 0*234 873 70 0*239 875 70 0*244 877 70 0
*** *** ***
05710 10/01*247 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 876 80 0*265 876 80 0
05710 10/01*249 878 80 0*254 878 80 0*260 877 80 0*265 876 80 0
*** ***
05715 10/02*271 875 90 0*275 873 90 0*280 870 90 0*288 864 90 0
05720 10/03*295 859 100 0*301 853 90 0*307 845 70 0*317 833 50 0
05725 10/04*328 821 40 0*339 808 40 0E350 793 50 0E369 774 50 0
05730 10/05E393 749 60 0E408 724 60 0E420 695 50 0E435 660 50 0
05735 HRAFL3 GA1
Track adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1877/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1877/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).
********************************************************************************
1877/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable.
********************************************************************************
1877/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). The best track provided appears to
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as
a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
********************************************************************************
1878/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Florida.
1878/01 - 2003 REVISION:
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
05795 07/01*254 873 40 0*254 866 40 0*255 860 40 0*256 850 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 30 0
**
05805 07/03*273 796 40 0*280 783 40 0*287 770 40 0*294 756 40 0
05810 TS
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida,
even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model. In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was
used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd.
********************************************************************************
1878/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated
decay rate to account for enhance topography. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang".
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
1878/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
05910 08/08*150 605 40 0*149 610 40 0*147 615 40 0*146 619 40 0
05915 08/09*146 624 40 0*146 628 40 0*145 633 40 0*145 641 40 0
05920 08/10*144 649 40 0*144 656 40 0*143 665 40 0*142 676 40 0
05925 08/11*141 686 40 0*140 700 40 0*140 713 40 0*141 730 40 0
05930 08/12*143 746 50 0*145 761 50 0*150 775 50 0*159 786 50 0
05935 08/13*166 796 50 0*174 806 50 0*180 815 50 0*187 825 50 0
05940 08/14*195 833 60 0*202 841 60 0*210 850 60 0*215 856 60 0
05945 08/15*220 861 70 0*225 868 70 0*228 875 70 0*229 881 70 0
05950 08/16*230 890 70 0*230 896 70 0*230 903 70 0*230 911 70 0
05955 08/17*230 921 70 0*230 930 70 0*230 940 70 0*230 948 70 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*227 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*228 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
***
05965 08/19*225 992 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
05970 HR
Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1878/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day
to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb
central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely
high latitude and cold waters. Storm determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb
central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at
Magdalene Islands, Canada.
********************************************************************************
1878/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 996 mb central pressures suggests
55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track. 972 mb central pressure suggests
84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track. 975 mb central pressure suggests
78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings
as well as several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:
Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown
in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 3. These include indicating a loop in the track from
the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track.
Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in
Partagas and Diaz. A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's
center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least
72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's
center (at 06 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC
on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th)
suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th)
suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States. Used an accelerated
decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean
based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad,
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports. The storm
regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several
ship reports. The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in
the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990
and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York",
as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
1878/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
05940 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0
05945 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0
05950 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 80 0*190 730 70 0*196 739 70 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0
** *** ** ***
05960 09/05*199 746 70 0*202 756 60 0*205 766 60 0*207 771 60 0
05960 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0
*** *** *** ***
05965 09/06*211 778 50 0*214 783 50 0*217 786 50 0*221 793 50 0
05965 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05970 09/07*222 799 50 0*226 804 50 0*230 806 50 0*237 809 50 0
05970 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05975 09/08*246 810 60 0*252 810 60 0*260 815 60 0*266 821 60 0
05975 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0
*** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
05980 09/09*266 829 70 0*259 831 70 0*255 834 70 0*252 831 70 0
05980 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
05985 09/10*251 826 70 0*252 818 70 0*260 811 60 0*270 808 50 0
05985 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
05990 09/11*279 806 50 0*288 806 60 0*297 806 70 0*305 806 70 0
05990 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
05995 09/12*312 806 80 0*317 806 80 0*325 805 80 0*345 801 60 0
05995 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0
*** *** *** ***
06000 09/13*368 798 50 0E392 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
06000 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
*** ***
06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
********
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Landfall
Winds State
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0100Z 24.7 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$ 2100Z 24.7 80.9 60 FL
* ***** ****
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0600Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0200Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
*****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/10/1878$ 1000Z 25.7N 81.3W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1
***** ***** ***** **** * ******* **** ****
5-9/12/1878 1000Z 32.2N 80.5W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
**** **** *****
Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work
by Ho (1989). In particular, additional observations were provided from
Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in
both track and intensity. Observations from Key West showed that the
system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21 UTC on the
7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly
thereafter. All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north
and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified. Early on the 10th,
it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12 UTC
on the 10th, likely north of Tampa. Observations from St. Augustine showed
that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02 UTC on the 11th
with a central pressure of 985 mb. (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is
in conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the
observer may have had a high bias at the former station. However, strong
winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a
combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient
induced by a strong ridge to the north. This ridge also blocked the storm
and induced a slow motion for the same days.) The hurricane's track was
altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data. The 985 mb
central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the
Atlantic at 06 UTC on the 11th . From this 985 mb central pressure and that
the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure
was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure-
decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987). A 970 mb central pressure suggests
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
is chosen for the winds at landfall. Winds are reduced on the 4th to
account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola. Track also
adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon
re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000). Assignment of
Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000).
1878/05 - 2004 REVISION:
06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06080 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06085 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0
06090 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0
06095 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0
06100 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0
06105 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0
06110 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0
06115 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0
06120 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0
06125 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0
06130 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0
06135 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0
06140 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0
06145 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
06150 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06150 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) SC1,GA1
***
After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds: 1855/05 and 1878/05. In this case,
the assignment of Category 1 hurricane impact for North Carolina does not
appear consistent with landfall in southern South Carolina. The original
assessment of Category 1 conditions for North Carolina were based upon
observed 65 kt winds at Cape Lookout (see above). It has subsequently
been learned since 2000 that the 4 cup Robinson anemometer of the time had a
severe high bias. These 5 min observed winds of 65 kt convert to 50 kt
after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to
53 kt after converting from a 5 min to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al.
1996). While peak 1 min winds were likely somewhat higher than this somewhere
in North Carolina, direct and indirect evidence suggests that only tropical
storm conditions impacted the state. There were three other peak observations
available between Myrtle Beach, SC and Cape Lookout, NC: Smithville, NC (now
Southport) - SE 42 kt, Wilmington, NC - SE 26 kt, Sloop Point, NC (northeast
of Wilmington near Top Sail Beach) - 55 kt (estimated), and Cape Lookout.
Thus these other measurements are also consistent with tropical storm
conditions in North Carolina and North Carolina is removed from
the listing as having sustained hurricane force conditions from this
hurricane.
********************************************************************************
1878/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.
938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined
to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon
reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps". The
hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based
upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship
reports.
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
06165 09/24*151 719 40 0*155 719 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 720 50 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 723 70 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 722 70 0
***
06175 09/26*180 724 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 50 0
06175 09/26*180 723 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 40 0
*** **
06180 09/27*195 726 50 0*197 726 50 0*201 726 60 0*205 726 60 0
06180 09/27*195 726 40 0*197 726 40 0*201 726 50 0*205 727 60 0
** ** ** ***
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 728 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 729 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
***
06190 09/29*224 733 80 0*227 734 80 0*232 735 80 0*236 735 80 0
06195 09/30*239 735 90 0*242 735 90 0*247 735 90 0*254 735 90 0
06200 10/01*258 735 100 0*263 734 100 0*268 733 100 0*274 731 100 0
06205 10/02*276 731 110 0*280 731 110 0*285 730 110 0*289 729 110 0
06210 10/03*293 726 120 0*298 725 120 0*302 721 120 0*308 719 120 0
06215 10/04*314 715 120 0*319 711 120 0*325 706 120 0*333 700 120 0
06220 10/05*339 693 110 0*344 686 110 0*350 677 110 0*360 666 110 0
06225 10/06*373 648 110 0*385 626 110 0*397 605 110 0*407 583 110 0
06230 10/07*417 555 110 0*427 519 110 0*435 485 110 938*448 443 100 0
06235 10/08*462 395 100 0*475 355 100 0*485 310 90 0*495 270 90 0
06240 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds
slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola
and accounting for reasonable weakening.
********************************************************************************
1878/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. 982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The
storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic
Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central
pressure reading.
1878/08 - 2003 REVISION:
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06250 10/09*235 913 40 0*246 911 40 0*256 906 40 0*263 901 40 0
06255 10/10*268 896 50 0*273 891 50 0*281 881 50 0*292 866 50 0
06260 10/11*306 838 50 0*315 808 50 0*327 781 60 0*335 766 60 0
06260 10/11*306 838 40 0*315 808 40 0*327 781 50 0*335 766 60 0
** ** **
06265 10/12*345 750 70 0*358 736 70 0*370 725 70 0*388 705 70 0
06270 10/13*402 681 70 0*418 651 70 0*429 626 70 982*438 597 70 0
06275 10/14*445 568 70 0*452 533 70 0*455 500 70 0*455 475 70 0
06280 10/15E455 440 60 0E455 409 60 0E455 375 60 0E455 340 60 0
06285 HR
Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over
Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model.
********************************************************************************
1878/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7. Note
that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on
the 16th of October. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1878/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8. 951 mb
central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. The storm is
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the
951 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1878/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 9. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 975 mb
central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this
point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting
higher winds than 78 kt). The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an
extratropical storm). The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S.
states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the
central pressure reading.
1878/11 - 2003 REVISION:
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06285 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0
06290 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 70 0*212 824 70 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0
** **
06300 10/21*219 824 70 0*225 823 70 0*232 820 70 0*244 810 70 0
06300 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0
** *** ** *** **
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*312 780 80 0
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0
***
06310 10/23*340 776 90 0*365 775 80 0*389 770 80 975*405 760 70 0
06310 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
06315 10/24*422 740 60 0*427 716 60 0*425 689 60 0*415 666 60 0
06315 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0
**** *** **** *** ** * *** ** * **
06320 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0
06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
11-10/23/1878 0100Z 34.4N 77.6W 90kt 2 (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
11-10/23/1878 0400Z 34.8N 77.1W 90kt 2 (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
***** ***** ***** *******
Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this
system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused
damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate.
Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st,
accordingly.
Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until
the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000). Changes
do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina.
They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond
to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. 90 kt is kept
for landfall intensity. Additional observations were obtained from the
new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003). A 10 foot storm tide was observed
in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and
12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003).
********************************************************************************
1878/12: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 10. Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its
impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm
intensity).
********************************************************************************
1879/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1879/02: Only substantial change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to alter
the track near the U.S. eastern seaboard to accommodate observations
described in Ho (1989). Track has otherwise reasonable though large
alterations by Partagas and Diaz (1995b) from that shown in Neumann et al.
(1993), originally storm number 1. Inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
Ho (1989) estimated 971 mb at landfall in North Carolina with a small radius
of maximum wind (16 n mi). 971 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the
subtropical wind-pressure relationship. However, due to the small RMW,
winds are chosen for the best track to be 100 kt. This is the basis for
determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity. 979 mb
central pressure (while back over water) suggests winds of 74 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen to take into account the
small RMW. 984 mb central pressure (twice) suggest winds of 69 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, again because of small
RMW. The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as
a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
1879/02 - 2003 REVISION:
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8 2 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06430 08/13*190 580 40 0*190 590 40 0*190 600 40 0*190 613 40 0
06435 08/14*191 629 40 0*192 645 40 0*192 656 40 0*195 668 40 0
06440 08/15*197 680 40 0*201 690 40 0*205 700 50 0*212 711 50 0
06445 08/16*217 721 60 0*225 729 60 0*232 736 70 0*242 746 70 0
06450 08/17*252 756 80 0*265 769 80 0*277 776 90 0*293 784 90 0
06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 90 979
06455 08/18*312 784 100 0*328 779 100 0*345 768 100 971*373 754 80 979
**
06460 08/19*395 734 80 984*414 708 80 984*433 680 70 0*448 654 60 0
06460 08/19*395 734 70 0*414 708 70 984*433 680 60 0*448 654 60 0
** *** ** **
06465 08/20*465 617 60 0*482 583 60 0*493 550 50 0*502 515 50 0
06470 HR NC3 VA1 MA1
06470 HR NC3 VA2
*** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA1
2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 971mb NC3,VA2
***
2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 80kt 1 984mb MA1
2-8/19/1879 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 60kt TS 984mb (None)
** ** ******
Analysis of this hurricane's impacts in Virginia by Roth and Cobb (2001)
from wind and storm surge caused damage suggest that Category 2 conditions
are more representative of what occurred in and around Norfolk, Virginia.
(Note that Category 1 sustained windspeeds were observed in Cape Henry,
Virginia before the anemometer was destroyed by the wind. Presumably
higher winds would have been measured if the anemometer continued to
function.) A storm surge of 7' (personal communication - B. Jarvinen,
total storm tide of 8' from Roth and Cobb) was observed at Norfolk. (No
changes were needed to the 6 hourly intervals in HURDAT.)
Boose et al. (2001) did not include this hurricane in their publication
on New England hurricanes. Boose (personal communication) indicated
that their analysis found only F0 damage in Massachusetts, New York and
Rhode Island, not reaching their criterion for hurricane-intensity impacts.
The original supposition that the hurricane retained a tight RMW at a second
landfall in Massachusetts (after landfall in North Carolina) does not
have much substantiation, though the 984 mb central pressure is valid.
Given the observations of only 40 kt in New England and lack of hurricane-
wind caused damages it appears that either the RMW stayed offshore, the
hurricane had weakened or both was true. The 979 mb central pressure
at 1930Z on the 18th had been utilized to support a 90 kt wind at 18Z,
under the supposition that the small RMW would cause the maximum winds to
be substantially higher than the northern wind-pressure relationship
suggested winds (of 74 kt). This has been reduced slightly down to 80 kt
at 18Z on the 18th. The 984 mb central pressure is used directly to
estimate the peak winds while the hurricane made landfall - 69 kt from the
northern pressure-wind relationship. Thus 70 kt chosen for the best track
at 06Z on the 19th, reduced from 80 kt. Highest estimated wind in New
England is 60 kt, as the RMW with hurricane force winds likely remained
offshore.
********************************************************************************
1879/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2. These track changes appear to be reasonable. Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of
Mexico and the SE United States. 982 mb estimated central pressure at
landfall in Texas suggest 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports
from the ship "Elvina". The storm reintensified into a hurricane in the
Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction reported in Orange, Texas and the
estimated central pressure value.
1879/03 - 2003 REVISION:
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6 3 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
06465 08/19*167 811 60 0*171 821 60 0*175 830 60 0*180 841 60 0
06470 08/20*185 854 70 0*191 865 70 0*197 876 70 0*202 890 60 0
06475 08/21*210 903 60 0*220 915 60 0*230 925 70 0*240 930 70 0
06480 08/22*250 935 70 0*261 938 70 0*273 940 80 0*281 941 80 0
06480 08/22*250 935 80 0*261 938 80 0*271 940 90 0*281 942 90 0
** ** *** ** *** **
06485 08/23*290 943 80 982*300 944 70 0*310 943 50 0*322 938 40 0
06485 08/23*293 944 90 964*308 942 70 0*323 938 60 988*335 933 50 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
06490 08/24*335 928 40 0*350 916 40 0*360 905 40 0*372 886 40 0
06490 08/24*344 926 40 0*352 916 30 0*360 905 30 0*368 886 30 0
*** *** *** ** ** *** **
06495 HRCTX1 LA1
06495 HRCTX2 LA2
**** ***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
3-8/23/1879 0300Z 29.5N 94.4W 80kt 1 982mb CTX1,LA1
3-8/23/1879 0200Z 29.6N 94.4W 90kt 2 964mb CTX2,LA2
**** **** ** * *** **** ***
Details of this hurricane near and after landfall were reconsidered given
the information from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) of a possible central
pressure of 988 mb inland at Shreveport, Louisiana. The central pressure
decay relationship from Ho et al. (1987) is utilized along with a
10 hour over land trek by the hurricane to estimate a 964 mb central
pressure at landfall. The Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
suggests winds of 95 kt - 90 kt chosen for the best track at landfall.
The 988 mb central pressure at Shreveport suggests winds of 65 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT. The track and
intensity were adjusted accordingly on the 22nd and 23rd. Decay stage of
this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land
inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track,
leading to slight revisions downward in intensity on the 24th.
********************************************************************************
1879/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. Morgan City's sea level pressure of 972 mb not in
storm's center (at 12 UTC, the 1st of September) suggests winds of at
least 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached major
hurricane status at landfall based upon destruction described in Morgan
City, Louisiana as well as the peripheral pressure report.
1879/04 - 2003 REVISION:
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 192 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5 4 SNBR= 195 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06505 08/29*235 885 50 0*237 888 50 0*240 891 50 0*242 893 50 0
06510 08/30*244 896 70 0*247 900 70 0*250 903 80 0*254 906 80 0
06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 916 100 0*273 916 100 0
06515 08/31*258 910 90 0*262 913 90 0*268 915 100 0*273 916 100 0
***
06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 916 110 0*299 911 90 0
06520 09/01*278 917 110 0*283 916 110 0*288 915 110 0*299 911 90 0
***
06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 40 0
06525 09/02*312 905 60 0*324 899 50 0*335 885 40 0*348 871 30 0
**
06530 HR LA3
Track altered slightly on the 31st and 1st to provide a more realistic
smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the
best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1879/05 - 2003 REVISION:
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5 5 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06540 10/03*145 776 40 0*154 786 40 0*162 795 40 0*172 804 40 0
06545 10/04*182 814 40 0*191 821 40 0*200 830 40 0*207 839 40 0
06550 10/05*216 846 40 0*224 854 40 0*231 859 40 0*237 864 40 0
06555 10/06*244 869 50 0*250 874 50 0*258 879 50 0*267 884 50 0
06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 40 0
06560 10/07*280 889 50 0*293 893 50 0*312 900 40 0*330 905 30 0
**
06565 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track unaltered from
Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1879/06 - 2003 REVISION:
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8 6 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06575 10/09*142 560 40 0*142 572 40 0*143 585 40 0*144 599 40 0
06580 10/10*146 614 40 0*148 632 40 0*150 650 40 0*152 664 40 0
06585 10/11*154 681 40 0*157 700 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 736 50 0
06590 10/12*167 751 50 0*175 768 50 0*181 783 50 0*187 793 50 0
06595 10/13*192 803 50 0*200 811 50 0*204 819 50 0*210 826 50 0
06600 10/14*217 831 50 0*225 835 50 0*232 839 50 0*241 841 50 0
06605 10/15*249 843 50 0*259 845 50 0*268 848 50 0*277 851 50 0
06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 40 0
06610 10/16*287 856 50 0*299 864 50 0*313 871 40 0*330 880 30 0
**
06615 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1879/07: Storm was originally #8 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized
for inland winds over Florida. Storm is documented to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1879/08: Storm was originally #9 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These track changes are found
to be reasonable. Central pressure of 968 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, in part because the
hurricane had transitioned to an extratropical storm about six hours
previously. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based
upon the central pressure measurement and several ship observations.
1879/08 - 2003 REVISION:
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4 8 SNBR= 199 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
06770 11/18*217 735 60 0*225 735 60 0*235 735 60 0*242 735 60 0
06775 11/19*252 735 70 0*263 735 70 0*280 735 80 0*306 730 80 0
06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0*390 680 80 0*425 648 80 968
06780 11/20*335 720 90 0*363 700 90 0E390 680 80 0E425 648 80 968
* *
06785 11/21*458 618 70 0*493 587 60 0*530 555 50 0*550 540 50 0
06785 11/21E458 618 70 0E493 587 60 0E530 555 50 0E550 540 50 0
* * * *
06790 HR
Despite the description in the original writeup of an extratropical stage
beginning on the 20th, no such stage was indicated in HURDAT. This is now
corrected for the 20th and 21st.
********************************************************************************
1879 - Additional Notes:
1. The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b)
and storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually
exist as a tropical cyclone. Following the suggestion by Partagas and
Diaz, this event was instead determined to be an unusually early, long-
lasting and intense "norther" (cold front). Additional investigation for
this system found that the September 1879 issue of _Monthly Weather
Review_ showed no track drawn for this storm, nor any record of
significant rainfall in any of the Florida stations. A researcher at the
time - Loomis (1881) - also did not identify this system as being a
tropical storm. The first report that did put together a track for this
storm was Garriott (1900); however, no supporting documentation was
provided by Garriott for how the track was determined. All subsequent
track books and climatologies have reproduced Garriott's track as is.
Thus, there appears to be no corroborating evidence in support of the
track apparently first provided by Garriott (1900), this system is
removed as a tropical storm from the database.
********************************************************************************
1880/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas. The best track
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1880/01 - 2003 REVISION:
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5 1 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06695 06/21*267 865 40 0*268 873 40 0*270 880 40 0*272 886 40 0
06700 06/22*275 894 40 0*278 901 40 0*280 910 40 0*280 916 40 0
06705 06/23*280 923 40 0*280 928 40 0*281 934 40 0*282 940 40 0
06710 06/24*283 945 40 0*284 950 40 0*286 955 40 0*288 959 40 0
06715 06/25*291 963 40 0*295 966 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
06715 06/25*291 963 30 0*295 966 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
** **
06720 TS
Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Estimate from Ho (1989) of 931 mb at landfall in Mexico just south of the
United States-Mexico border corresponds to 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt chosen for best track. This, along
with the extreme destruction in Matamoros, Mexico and Port Isabell and
Brazos, Texas, is the basis for determining that this storm reached major
hurricane intensity. When the hurricane crossed into the United States at
about 06 UTC on the 13th of August, it is estimated that the central
pressure had filled to 943 mb which corresponds to 117 kt - 110 kt chosen
for best track because hurricane was inland by this point. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Mexico and Texas. The best track provided appears to describe the full
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below
tropical storm intensity).
1880/02 - 2003 REVISION:
06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 198 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
06725 08/04/1880 M=11 2 SNBR= 201 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3
***
06730 08/04*160 598 40 0*159 618 40 0*160 640 40 0*161 655 40 0
06735 08/05*162 670 50 0*162 684 50 0*165 698 50 0*166 711 50 0
06740 08/06*167 725 60 0*167 738 60 0*170 751 70 0*171 763 70 0
06745 08/07*172 775 80 0*175 786 80 0*177 800 90 0*181 811 90 0
06750 08/08*185 821 90 0*189 831 90 0*192 840 90 0*196 846 90 0
06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*202 860 90 0*207 866 90 0*210 874 70 0
06755 08/09*200 853 90 0*204 860 90 0*207 867 90 0*210 874 70 0
*** ***
06760 08/10*212 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*222 904 60 0
06760 08/10*213 881 60 0*216 889 50 0*220 896 60 0*223 904 60 0
*** ***
06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 920 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0
06765 08/11*226 911 70 0*230 919 70 0*234 926 80 0*237 933 80 0
***
06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*242 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0
06770 08/12*240 938 90 0*243 944 100 0*247 950 110 0*252 960 120 0
***
06775 08/13*257 969 130 931*261 976 110 943*265 985 70 0*271 995 60 0
06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 40 0*3101010 40 0
06780 08/14*2781002 50 0*2861010 40 0*2971015 30 0*3101010 30 0
** **
06785 HRATX3
Track altered slightly on the 9th to the 12th to provide a more realistic
smooth track. Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the
best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
987 mb central pressure corresponds to 68 kt from the southern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 980 mb central
pressure corresponds to 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure corresponds
to 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
chosen for best track. The observations of winds and central pressures
of 987 mb and 980 mb from Jamaica and Cuba are the basis for determination
that this storm reached hurricane intensity. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its
dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
********************************************************************************
1880/04: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995) is to remove
the track from September 2nd as the storm is determined to have decayed
below tropical storm strength by then. The track is otherwise unchanged
from that of Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track of Neumann et al. (1993). 972 mb central
pressure corresponds to 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 18 UTC on the 25th of August)
suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track. A pressure reading of
993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 31st of
August) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over the S.E. United States. Storm is determined to be a hurricane
based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements both in the
Atlantic and again in the Gulf of Mexico.
1880/04 - 2003 REVISION:
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9 4 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06835 08/24*247 575 50 0*249 586 50 0*250 597 50 0*252 607 50 0
06840 08/25*255 618 60 0*257 628 60 0*260 638 60 0*262 650 60 0
06845 08/26*264 661 70 0*266 673 70 0*267 685 80 0*269 696 80 0
06850 08/27*271 709 90 0*272 721 90 0*273 734 90 0*274 744 90 0
06855 08/28*275 754 90 0*277 765 90 0*278 775 90 0*279 785 90 0
06860 08/29*280 794 90 972*281 801 90 0*282 806 90 0*283 811 70 0
06865 08/30*284 816 60 0*285 821 60 0*287 826 60 0*290 833 70 0
06870 08/31*294 841 70 0*298 850 70 0*302 860 60 0*307 870 60 0
06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 40 0*335 891 40 0
06875 09/01*314 878 50 0*322 884 40 0*330 890 30 0*335 891 30 0
** **
06880 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1
Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
********************************************************************************
1880/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. A pressure reading of 987 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 30th of August) suggests
winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 977 mb central pressure
corresponds to 79 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports and pressure
measurements.
********************************************************************************
1880/06: No major changes from this newly documented storm from
Partagas and Diaz (1995). 987 mb central pressure corresponds to
67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen
for best track. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
utilized for inland winds over Florida. Storm determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading,
destruction at Cape Henry, Virginia and reports from the ship
"T.H.A. Pitts".
1880/06 - 2003 REVISION:
06960 09/06/1880 M= 6 6 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
06965 09/06*239 886 40 0*242 884 40 0*246 880 40 0*249 876 40 0
06970 09/07*252 873 40 0*256 870 40 0*260 866 40 0*266 863 40 0
06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 50 0
06975 09/08*271 860 50 0*277 856 50 0*287 846 50 0*301 831 40 0
**
06980 09/09*317 804 60 0*335 781 70 987*353 765 70 0*370 743 70 0
06985 09/10*389 720 70 0*408 689 70 0*423 660 70 0*432 639 70 0
06990 09/11E440 617 60 0E447 591 60 0E453 567 60 0E460 542 60 0
06995 HR NC1
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida. Winds reduced accordingly on the 8th.
********************************************************************************
1880/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Pressure
reading of 982 mb (at 12 UTC on the 8th of September) not in the
hurricane's center suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon peripheral
pressure reading and wind reports from several ships.
********************************************************************************
1880/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 7. These track changes are found to be reasonable. 928 mb central
pressure (twice) corresponds to 118 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt chosen for best track. The storm is
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon these two
central pressure measurements.
********************************************************************************
1880/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 8. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.
The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity both in the
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic based upon several ship
observations.
********************************************************************************
1880/10: No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1995). 970 mb central pressure corresponds to
85 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen due to cooler SSTs in October. 979 mb central pressure
corresponds to 76 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen partially due to cooler SSTs in October.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these
central pressure readings and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1880/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995), except to
add 12 and 18 UTC positions for the 20th of October to accommodate
beginning of track portrayed. Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann
et al. (1993), originally storm number 9. 991 mb central pressure
corresponds to 61 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
60 kt chosen. The best track provided appears to describe the full
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical
storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).
********************************************************************************