******************************************************************************** 1921/01 - 2009 REVISION: 22325 06/15/1921 M=12 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2 22325 06/16/1921 M=11 1 SNBR= 518 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** ** * (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 22330 06/15*141 789 35 0*144 797 35 0*148 805 35 0*150 815 35 0 22335 06/16*153 824 35 0*156 832 40 0*158 840 40 0*160 848 45 0 22335 06/16*165 824 30 0*165 832 30 0*165 840 30 0*165 847 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22340 06/17*161 856 45 0*162 864 45 0*165 872 40 0*170 882 35 0 22340 06/17*165 853 35 0*167 860 40 0*171 867 45 0*177 877 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22345 06/18*175 891 35 0*181 902 40 0*187 912 45 0*193 921 55 0 22345 06/18*187 891 40 0*196 906 35 0*203 920 45 0*208 930 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 22350 06/19*199 931 60 0*204 936 60 0*210 943 75 0*216 947 75 0 22350 06/19*212 935 50 0*216 938 50 0*220 940 50 0*224 942 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22355 06/20*221 950 80 0*227 952 85 0*233 954 85 0*238 956 85 0 22355 06/20*228 945 60 0*232 947 60 0*237 950 65 0*242 952 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22360 06/21*242 957 85 0*247 959 85 0*251 960 85 0*256 961 85 0 22360 06/21*247 953 65 0*251 954 65 0*255 955 70 0*260 956 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22365 06/22*260 961 85 0*267 962 80 0*276 962 75 0*287 963 65 0 22365 06/22*265 956 75 0*270 957 80 0*276 958 80 0*285 959 80 980 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22370 06/23*299 965 50 0*310 966 45 0*321 967 40 0*332 965 40 0 22370 06/23*296 960 50 0*309 961 40 0*321 962 30 0*332 961 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22375 06/24*343 961 35 0*355 956 30 0*366 953 30 0*375 951 30 0 22375 06/24*343 957 30 0*353 953 30 0*363 950 30 0*369 949 30 0 *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22380 06/25*381 950 30 0*385 949 30 0*389 948 25 0*394 947 20 0 22380 06/25*373 948 30 0*376 948 30 0*379 948 25 0*383 948 20 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22385 06/26*399 947 20 0*404 947 15 0*408 947 15 0* 0 0 0 0 22385 06/26*388 949 20 0*394 950 15 0*400 952 15 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22390 HRBTX2 22390 HRBTX1CTX1 ******** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 1-6/22/1921 1800Z 28.6N 95.9W 80kt 1 17nmi 980mb BTX1,CTX1 Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while genesis is indicated to have occurred one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual station and ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bunnemeyer [1921] and Day [1921]), Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). June 15: Observations from HWM and COADS shows somewhat low pressures (~1009 mb), but a closed circulation does not exist. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 80.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present. "This storm apparently developed over the Western Caribbean Sea about the 14th and was carried northwestward" (MWR). June 16: HWM and COADS indicate a possible closed circulation near 16.5N, 84W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 84.0W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were present. "The 16th...Disturbance of moderate intensity over western Caribbean Sea central near coast of Honduras southwest of Swan Island this morning apparently moving slowly northwestward" (MWR). June 17: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 87W, just offshore of Honduras. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 16.5N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center is slightly northeast of the HWM position. Ship highlights: 45 kt E at 19.0W, 86.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 30 kt E and 1002 mb at 16.9N, 86.6W at 12 UTC (COA). "By the morning of the 17th the disturbance had increased somewhat in intensity" (MWR). June 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 93.5W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 18.7N, 91.2W. Available observations suggest that the center east of the HWM estimate. Station highlights: 45 kt SE at Progresso at 12 UTC (MWR). "During the following night [17th-18th] the disturbance passed inland over British Honduras in the vicinity of Belize, continuing its slow northwestward movement" (MWR). June 19: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 94.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.0N, 94.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 20N, 93W (a.m.) and at 21N, 93.5W (p.m.). Available observations and continuity suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were present. "The storm entered the southwestern Gulf of Mexico during the early morning of the 19th" (MWR). June 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 24N, 95.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.3N, 95.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22N, 94.2W (a.m.) and at 23.5N, 94.7W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at 23.0N, 94.7W at 13 UTC (MWR). June 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25N, 95W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 25.1N, 96.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center 24.8N, 95.5W (a.m.) and at 26N, 96W with 991 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is to the northeast of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 22.8N, 94.8W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 42 kt NE at Corpus Christi at 2240 UTC (MWR). "[On] the late afternoon of the 21st ... special observations indicated its position some-distance off the Rio Grande" (MWR). June 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 97W, just offshore southern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 27.6N, 96.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 22.5N, 96.5W (a.m.) and at 24.5N, 96.5W with 996 mb (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the center is just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 26.5N, 95.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 70 kt ENE at 28.0N, 95.0W at 1135 UTC (MWR); Calm and 980 mb at 28.0N, 95.0W at 16 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 59 kt NE and 1003 mb at Corpus Christi at 1130 UTC (OMR); 52 kt SE and 995 mb at Galveston at 2340 UTC (OMR). Estimated central pressure at landfall in Texas - 954 mb, radius of maximum wind - 17 nmi, landfall position - 28.5N, 96.2W (Ho et al.). Estimated maximum 1 min surface wind at landfall - 99 kt, Environmental pressure - 1010 mb (Schwerdt et al.) Estimated minimum central pressure for life of storm (and at landfall) - 979 mb (Connor). "Minimal intensity" at landfall in Texas (Dunn and Miller). Category 2 for North Texas coast with central pressure estimate of 979 mb (Jarrell et al.). Category 2 for North Texas coast (Neumann et al.) Category 2 for central Texas coast (HURDAT). "The tropical storm that swept northward over the Texas coast, passing northward over Matagorda Bay to the westward of Galveston on the 22nd gave a tide of about 5 feet above mean low tide, though the tide was above 7 feet in West Bay near the causeway, and considerable of the track of the Gulf, Colorado, & Santa Fe Railroad was washed out between Virginia Point and Highland Bayou. Several launches and other small boats were sunk, and the fishing pier on the north jetties was damaged to some extent. Crops in this vicinity were damage to a greater or lesser degree, while some windows were broken and some trees were blown down. The damage in this immediate vicinity will probably amount to $8,000.00 or more" (Galveston - Original Monthly Record). "A hurricane occurred on the 22d, the center passing about 50 miles west of Houston in a northerly direction. The damage by wind and rain was confined to prostrating some shade trees, breaking windows, blowing down signs, and beating down plants and flowers" (Houston - Original Monthly Record). "During the night of the 21st-22d the storm caused a maximum wind velocity of 68 miles an hour from the northeast at Corpus Christi and a strong northeast gale and high sea at Point Isabel, and by 8 a. m. of the 22d the wind was blowing 42 miles an hour from the east at Galveston, with rising tide. Special observations at 10 a. m. showed rising pressure at Corpus Christi and slowly falling pressure at Galveston and Houston ... The wind reached a velocity of 60 miles an hour from the southeast at both Galveston and Houston, and the lowest barometer reading at a land station was 29.37 inches at Houston at 5:40 p. m. of the 22nd ... a storm tide of 4 feet at Corpus Christi Pass" (MWR). "Later reports showed a north-northwest movement and a fully developed hurricane. The storm center crossed the Texas coast line at Matagorda Bay and moved nearly due north over Palacios, Wharton, and Wallis, Tex., the last-named place being about 40 miles west of Houston, Tex., the nearest approach to a regular Weather Bureau station" (MWR). "The center passing in a northerly direction over Palacios, Wharton and Wallis, each of which reported a distinct calm, with wind coming from northwest and west after the calm" (MWR). June 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 32N, 95W, inland over eastern Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 96.7W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 32N, 96W with 1004 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 94.5W with 1004 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is closer to the MWR estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 28.9N, 94.5W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 50 kt SE and 995 mb at Houston at 00 UTC (OMR). "the storm continued to move slowly northward, with diminishing intensity, over the eastern portions of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, thence northeastward over the Lake region" (MWR). June 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 94W, inland over the Arkansas-Oklahoma border. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 36.6N, 95.3W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 36N, 94W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 94W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is between the HURDAT and HWM/MWR positions. Station highlight: 20 kt S and 1004 mb at Fort Smith at 12 UTC (HWM). June 25: HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW from Missouri to Texas. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 38.9N, 94.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m. and p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is south of the HURDAT position and is still a closed, barotropic circulation. No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed. June 26: HWM does not indicate a low or trough. HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 40.8N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates the center at 38N, 94W (a.m.) and at 40N, 93.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is farther south and west of the HURDAT estimate, but that the center - while identifiable - is becoming indistinct. No gales (or implied by pressures) were observed. June 27: The tropical cyclone has dissipated. Despite this, the MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a reformation and movement toward the east over the next three days, a drop southward on the 30th and 1st of July, then a movement to the northeast on the 2nd. The system that was tracked from the 27th onward was a separate, baroclinic storm. The genesis of this hurricane is delayed from the 15th to the 16th because of evidence that a closed circulation did not exist until the latter date. It is noted that Tropical Storm Gamma in 2005 may be an close analog for the developmental phase of this hurricane in 1921. The track has minor modifications for the remainder of the hurricane's lifetime. The intensity is reduced on the 16th, as tropical storm status was not reached until early on the 17th according to available observations. Peripheral pressure of 1002 mb on the 17th suggests at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Additionally, the intensity is reduced from the 19th until early on the 22nd as observations indicate that hurricane status was not reached until the 20th. A central pressure measure of 980 mb just before landfall in Texas on 16 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of 76 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship. (The central pressure at landfall indicated by Jarrell et al. and Connor before them was 979 mb - likely a roundoff error.) Ho et al.'s estimate of 954 mb is due to their application of the Schloemer (1954) equation with the 995 mb peripheral pressure in Houston. Such an application from a far-removed observation has quite large errors. Apparently, they were not aware of the ship with a 980 mb central pressure measurement. Likewise, the Schwerdt et al. estimate of maximum wind is overestimated. Analyses show that landfall occurred around 18 UTC at 28.6N, 95.9W. The highest observed winds from this hurricane were 59 kt at Corpus Christi (which reduces down to 49 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]) and two ship reports of Beaufort 12 (~70 kt). Ho et al.'s estimate of 17 nmi RMW is somewhat smaller than the 22 nmi that climatology for this central pressure and latitude would suggest (Vickery et al. 2000). Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at landfall are boosted up to 80 kt. This makes the hurricane a high end Category 1 system at landfall for the central and north Texas coast. (The landfall location is very close to the boundary between the two regions and sustained hurricane force winds were likely to impact both portions of the state). This is a reduction from the Category 2 indicated earlier in Jarrell et al. and HURDAT and substantially lower than the Category 3 hurricane that Ho et al.'s central pressure would have suggested. The highest observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) were 52, 33 and 25 kt for 00, 06 and 12 UTC on the 23rd, respectively. (The 52 kt reduces to 43 kt after adjustment.) A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model gives 49, 37, and 26 kt, accordingly. Given the somewhat sparse data coverage for this storm after landfall, winds are kept at 50 kt at 00 UTC, reduced from 45 to 40 kt at 06 UTC, and kept at 30 kt at 12 UTC. ******************************************************************************** 1921/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22425 09/06/1921 M= 3 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22425 09/04/1921 M= 5 2 SNBR= 519 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 4th and 5th are new to HURDAT.) 22426 09/04* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 950 30 0*211 952 30 0 22427 09/05*213 953 30 0*214 954 30 0*215 955 30 0*217 957 30 0 22430 09/06* 0 0 0 0*214 938 60 0*215 953 60 0*216 961 70 0 22430 09/06*218 959 35 0*219 961 40 0*220 965 50 0*222 970 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22435 09/07*217 969 70 0*219 978 70 0*224 986 60 0*232 989 60 0 22435 09/07*224 976 70 0*226 981 55 0*228 986 45 0*232 989 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** ** 22440 09/08*240 988 50 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22440 09/08*238 988 35 0*248 987 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** 22445 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), while genesis for this system is indicated to be two days earlier than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. September 2 and 3: HWM and COADS observations indicate a trough is present in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 4: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the trough had organized enough to be considered a closed low near 21N, 95W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 99W, inland over Mexico. Available observations suggest that the center at 21.5N, 95.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 6: HWM indicates an open trough over the western Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 95.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 21N, 96W with 996 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is farther north and west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "There were signs of a disturbance over the southwest Gulf of Mexico, as indicated by reports by radio from vessels in that region" (MWR). September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 22N, 99W, inland over Mexico. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 98.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows places the system at 22N, 97W (a.m.) and at 23N, 98W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position north of HURDAT is most reasonable, with the center going inland just north of Tampico around 03 UTC according to observations from that station. Ship highlights: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.3N, 97.8W at 01 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 24 kt NW and 1003 mb in Tampico at 03 UTC (Mex). "It passed on to the Mexican coast during the 7th and was dissipated" (MWR). Estimated minimum central pressure during its lifetime (and likely at landfall in Mexico) - 992 mb (Connor). September 8: HWM and COADS observations indicate that the tropical cyclone has dissipated, but its remnants continued to move northward into Texas. "There is reason to believe that the phenomenal rains in southern Texas on the 9th and 10th were associated with this disturbance" (MWR). Minor intensity, 51 people killed from subsequent flooding (Dunn and Miller). Genesis for this hurricane is begun two days earlier (on the 4th) when observations were sufficient to close off a circulation center. The track has minor adjustments made for this system for the remainder of its lifetime (3 more days). Intensity of 70 kt at landfall in Mexico retained, as provided by confirmation of hurricane force winds (Beaufort 12) and a pressure of 996 mb from a ship at 01 UTC on the 7th. An 992 mb estimated minimum center pressure at landfall was suggested by Connor. However, it is likely that the central pressure at landfall was somewhat lower, given the 996 mb measured simulataneously with 70 kt wind estimate. A central pressure of 985 mb is suggested here. This suggests winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship, which is retained in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 7th. Landfall time moved forward to around 03 UTC at 22.5N, 97.8W. Winds are reduced after landfall on the 7th in accordance with the earlier landfall time as well as from available Mexican observations. It is to be noted that the remnants from this hurricane caused very large rainfall (up to 23") in Texas and resulting extensive flooding from the 8th to the 10th of September. 215 people were killed and over $19 million damage was caused as a result. Three articles in the Monthly Weather Review were in the September 1921 edition about these impacts. However, these effects occurred after the tropical cyclone had dissipated. ******************************************************************************** 1921/03 - 2009 REVISION: 22450 09/08/1921 M= 9 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22450 09/06/1921 M=12 3 SNBR= 520 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 6th and 7th are new to HURDAT.) 22451 09/06*100 400 40 0*100 420 40 0*100 440 45 0*101 460 45 0 22452 09/07*102 481 50 0*103 503 50 0*104 525 50 0*105 543 50 0 22455 09/08*102 551 60 0*110 573 65 0*116 586 70 0*122 598 70 0 22455 09/08*106 559 60 0*107 575 65 0*110 590 70 0*116 604 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22460 09/09*131 611 70 0*139 623 70 0*147 636 70 0*150 649 70 0 22460 09/09*124 618 90 0*132 632 95 0*140 645 100 0*146 655 100 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22465 09/10*153 661 75 0*157 676 75 0*163 690 80 0*172 693 80 0 22465 09/10*151 663 100 0*157 670 100 0*163 676 100 0*169 680 100 961 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22470 09/11*180 695 85 0*189 696 80 0*198 696 80 0*206 697 80 0 22470 09/11*176 683 110 0*183 685 110 0*190 686 90 0*198 687 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22475 09/12*215 697 85 0*223 697 90 0*231 697 95 0*239 697 95 0 22475 09/12*207 688 95 0*216 690 95 0*225 692 95 0*235 692 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22480 09/13*248 697 100 0*256 696 100 0*264 695 105 0*272 692 105 0 22480 09/13*247 693 100 0*259 694 100 0*270 695 105 0*277 695 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22485 09/14*280 689 105 0*287 685 105 0*295 680 105 0*303 676 105 0 22485 09/14*283 695 105 0*289 695 105 0*295 692 105 0*302 687 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22490 09/15*311 670 100 0*319 662 100 0*325 657 95 0*344 635 95 0 22490 09/15*309 678 100 0*316 666 100 0*323 651 95 0*333 633 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22495 09/16*360 610 90 0*380 583 90 0*401 551 90 0E439 503 85 0 22495 09/16*346 612 90 0*363 587 90 0*385 555 90 0*412 523 85 964 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (The 17th is new to HURDAT.) 22496 09/17*445 492 80 0E480 461 75 959E520 430 70 0E565 400 65 0 22500 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Day 1921), Perez (1971), Boose et al. (2002), and newspaper accounts from Michael Chenoweth. September 6: HWM, COADS and MWR observations indicate that a closed circulation with gale force winds existed near 10N, 44W. Ship highlights: 45 kt S at 10.2N, 45.8W at 1715 and 20 UTC (MWR). September 7: HWM, COADS and MWR observations do not show a closed circulation, though data is quite sparse near the location that the system may be at. Ship highlight: 35 kt SSW at 00 UTC at unknown location (MWR). "The one originating southeastward of the Windward Islands probably on the 7th or 8th, formed at a point unusually far south, about due east of the Island of Trinidad" (MWR). September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 10.5N, 59W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 11.6N, 58.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is between these two estimates. Ship highlight: 55 kt at 13.1N, 59.6W at 16-18 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 996 mb pressure at Grenada (PR). "This disturbance made its appearance the morning of the 8th to the southeastward of Barbados" (MWR). September 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 14.5N, 63.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is farther to the south and west of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt WSW, SW and S at 13.3N, 63.5W, 13.2N, 63.5W, and 13.1N, 63.6W at 1030, 1105, and 1230 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 996 mb at St. Lucia (Perez). "...crossed the Grenadines during the night of the 8th and passed on to the Caribbean Sea ... In the beginning the area affected by the hurricane was rather large and damage was caused at both Trinidad and Barbados ... Upward of 80 lives were lost and in the Windward Islands great numbers of people were rendered homeless" (MWR). Newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Wed., Sept. 14, 1921 - Grenada, Sept. 12. At 1 p.m. Thursday 8th, it became apparent that the storm would probably strike Grenada, which it did about 4:30 p.m., coming from W.N.W. and increasing in force at 7 p.m. There was a short lull from about 10.30 to 11.30 when the wind shifted, coming with redoubled force from E.N.E. Such information as has been received give serious accounts of damage done to estates, plantations and gardens in the out districts. Numerous peasant houses have been completely destroyed and some more substantial buildings damaged. One hundred thousand pounds is a moderate estimate of loss to nutmeg and cocoa plantations, which will require at least seven years to re-establish. Crops of ground provisions have also been completely ruined. Telephone communication with the out districts still have been lost. As far as known two lives have been lost. Anxiously awaiting news from Carriacou." _Voice of St. Lucia_, "Sat., Sept. 10, 1921 - Weather bulletins. Barbados 8th Sept. 5 a.m. -- S.S. Guiana and Canadian Beaver put to sea this morning not yet returned. Wind southeast, strong and gusty. Barometer 29.77 steady. Dominica 7:45 a.m. barometer 29.99 northeast cloudy. St. Vincent 8th Sept. 6:15 p.m. Barometer 29.72 Weather continuous threatening wind bow blowing in very heavy gusts from north-east. Branches being blown from trees. Trinidad 9.30 p.m. Barometer corrected reading 29.725 Wind strong and variable, now SW. Heavy rain. Grenada, 1 p.m. Barometer corrected 29.825. Wind moderate now. Sea rough. Barbados 9 Sept. 6a.m. barometer 29.86 with upwards tendency. Fresh wind NE, rain. 10 a.m. Barometer 29.76 NE squally, sea rough from southeast. St. Lucia, 9 Sept. at 6 this morning the local reading was 29.852. Wind NE 2.30 p.m. Barometer 29.702 NE 4 p.m. 29.734. Barbados, 9 Sept. - Yesterday morning opened with rain accompanied by strong winds which gradually increased until about 10 a.m. when it blew with greater force. Trees in many places lost some of their branches and in others they were wholly upturned. The waves broke on 10 fathoms of water in Carlisle Bay, S.S. Guiana and S.S. Canadian Beaver put out to sea on account of the unsafe condition of the harbor. Considerable damage reported to have been done inland by the high winds but particulars are not yet to hand. One telegraph pole was blown down about 4 miles from town. St. Vincent, 9 Sept. From about 4:30 p.m. yesterday it started to blow a gale from NE which continued until about 11 p.m. with very rough sea. Trees were uprooted. Serious damage to telegraph and telephone lines. No telephone communications with out districts. It is found that much damage done to crops and property. Wind has abated. Sea still rough. Cable hut at Prospect partly destroyed. Trinidad, 9th. At 3 p.m. yesterday the storm had increased in intensity to a heavy gale which continued with torrents of rain up to nightfall. Many lighters and small craft have been sunk or driven ashore at Port of Spain and San Fernando and two fatalities are reported, one from drowning and one from electrocution by coming into contact with fallen electric light wires. The rain ceased about 10 p.m. but the wind continued high until daylight this morning. There has been much interruption of telegraphic communications. Trinidad, 8th. Wireless reports from Tobago. We have been having very heavy rains and winds since 4 a.m. this morning. R.M.S. Belize reports unable work ... on account of very rough sea. At Plymouth ten fishing boats and schooner driven ashore totally destroyed. Very high winds and rain continuing. Barbados 9th Barometer 29.97 wind SE sea still rough. Guiana and Canadian Beaver not yet returned to port. Weather clear. Grenada, 9th. The storm reached Grenada at 5 p.m. yesterday and reached its highest intensity at midnight." September 10: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 16.5N, 68.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.3N, 69.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest the position is farther east than both of these estimates. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and NW at 17.2N, 67.9W at 12-16 and 1915 UTC (NCDC); 961 mb and calm at 17.2N, 67.9W at 1820 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 55 kt and 1005 mb at Cabo Rojo at 04 UTC (Perez). "After passing the Grenadines, however, the area affected appeared to contract somewhat" (MWR). September 11: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb on the northern coastline of Dominican Republic near 19N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 19.8N, 69.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 19N, 69W (a.m.) and 21N, 69.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest the position is closer to, but farther east of the HWM and MWR positions. Ship highlight: 992 mb and 60 kt NNW at 18.5N, 69.3W (MWR). This hurricane was designated "San Pedro" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Perez). A stronger hurricane than indicated in HURDAT (by about 10 kt) is recommended to better match the observed wind damage that occurred in Puerto Rico (Boose et al.) "Its center crossed Haiti and then pursued a northerly course" (MWR). September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 23N, 70W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.1N, 69.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 23N, 69.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 69.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest the center is farther south and east of all of these estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE at 25.7N, 66.5W (MWR); 989 mb at 22.6N, 69.0W (NCDC). September 13: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb near 27.5N, 70.5W. HURDAT lists this as Category 3 hurricane at 26.4N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position at 26.5N, 69W with 992 mb (a.m.) and 28N, 68W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is north of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 999 mb and 70 kt NNE at 28.9N, 71.3W at 1352 UTC (MWR); 967 mb at 27.8N, 69.8W at 15 UTC (MWR). September 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 29N, 69W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.5N, 68.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 29.5N, 67W (a.m.) and 31N, 66W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: four 70 kt ship reports (NCDC and COA); 995 mb and 50 kt S at 30.4N, 61.8W at 2230 UTC (MWR). " ... to have again increased in size only after the storm reached the higher latitudes in mid-ocean" (MWR). September 15: HWM indicates a closed low of 950 mb at 32N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 65.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a position of 32.5N, 64.5W with 984 mb (a.m.) and 33.5N, 63.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and MWR positions. Ship highlights: numerous 70 kt ship reports (COA, NCDC, MWR); 980 mb and 70 kt SW at 32.3N, 64.9N at 1300-1430 UTC (NCDC). Station highlight: 87 kt SW and 984 mb at Prospect Hill, Bermuda at 13 and 15 UTC (NCDC). "...passing the Bermudas on the 15th ... The disturbance was of rather small diameter but of great intensity throughout its course. It is reported to have caused considerable damage to shipping, buildings, and crops and to have caused the loss of a number of lives in the eastern islands of the West Indies and the Bermudas ... Its center passed near the Bermudas the morning of the 15th, when the pressure fell to near 29 inches with winds of hurricane force" (MWR). September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 40N, 56W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 40.1N, 55.1W. Available observations suggest the center is to the south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 982 mb and 70 kt WSW at 37.6N, 54.7W at 05 UTC (MWR); 991 mb and 70 kt SW at 37.5N, 54.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 964 mb and calm at 40.6N, 53.7W at 1730 UTC (MWR). September 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 960 mb at 52N, 43W, with a cold front extending off to the southwest and a warm front extending off to the southeast. Ship highlights: 970 mb and 70 kt SW at 47.5N, 42.0W at 01 UTC (MWR); Calm and 959 mb at 04 UTC and 70 kt NW at 0430 UTC at 46.8N, 45.0W at 0430 UTC (MWR). September 18: System is absorbed into a larger extratropical storm. "This storm was in the vicinity of Iceland on the 22d" (MWR). (The storm in question was likely a separate extratropical system that absorbed the hurricane, rather than the transformed hurricane itself.) Genesis for this major hurricane is begun two days earlier on the 6th based upon ship reports. Minor alterations are made to the track for the duration of the system's lifetime. Intensity significantly increased on the 8th to the 11th based upon newspaper accounts of hurricane impacts in the Lesser Antilles as well as the 961 mb central pressure measurement at 1820 UTC on the 10th, which suggested winds of 99 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt indicated for that synoptic time. Given the intensification up until then, it is likely that the cyclone continued to intensify a bit more before making landfall on the Dominican Republic around 06 UTC on the 11th. Thus a 110 kt Category 3 major hurricane is estimated to have struck that country. The system likely weakened back to a a Category 2 (90 kt) after landfall. After moving back over water on the 12th, the hurricane likely reintensified to major hurricane status sometime on the 13th. Lowest observed peripheral pressure during the 13th to the 15th was 967 mb, which suggests winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 105 kt are retained in HURDAT during the 13th and 14th. An observation of 87 kt was measured in Bermuda late on the 15th before the anemometer was toppled, which converts to 71 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and converting to peak 1-min winds (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Additionally, a peripheral pressure of 980 mb was observed late on the 15th in Bermuda, suggesting winds of at least 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt retained in HURDAT late on the 15th, keeping this as a Category 2 (almost Category 3) impact in Bermuda, which is consistent with wind- caused damage on the island. Late on the 16th, a central pressure of 964 mb was observed, which suggests winds of 87 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship; 85 kt is retained in HURDAT. Available observations suggest that the hurricane maintained tropical characteristics for longer than indicated in HURDAT by about a half day. Finally, the track of the system is extended for an additional day on the 17th as an extratropical storm moving swiftly off to the northeast. ******************************************************************************* 1921/04 - 2009 REVISION: 22505 09/10/1921 M= 4 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22505 09/08/1921 M= 7 4 SNBR= 521 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * (The 8th and 9th are new to HURDAT). 22510 09/08*230 634 35 0*233 639 35 0*235 643 35 0*236 646 35 0 22510 09/09*238 649 35 0*240 652 35 0*242 655 35 0*244 658 35 0 22510 09/10*232 640 35 0*254 647 35 0*259 647 35 0*264 648 35 0 22510 09/10*246 661 35 0*248 663 35 0*250 665 35 0*254 665 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22515 09/11*270 648 35 0*276 647 35 0*282 647 35 0*288 645 35 0 22515 09/11*259 663 35 0*266 660 45 0*275 655 55 0*285 650 65 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22520 09/12*293 643 35 0*298 640 40 0*304 638 50 0*319 626 55 0 22520 09/12*295 644 75 0*305 638 80 0*315 630 80 0*326 621 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22525 09/13*334 615 60 0*348 602 60 0*360 590 45 0*374 575 30 0 22525 09/13*337 611 80 0*348 601 80 0*360 590 80 0*373 575 80 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** *** ** (The 14th is new to HURDAT.) 22525 09/14*387 555 80 0*401 530 80 979E415 495 75 0E430 455 70 0 22530 TS 22530 HR ** Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as genesis occurring two days earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC and _Monthly Weather Review_ (Day 1921). September 5-7: A figure from the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" show a center for this tropical cyclone near 22N, 53W on the 5th, 22.5N, 57W on the 6th, and 23N, 61W on the 7th. Tannehill (1952) also provides a track back to the 5th. However, inspection of available observations from HWM and COADS show no evidence of a closed circulation on these dates. September 8: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 23.5N, 64.3W, though data on the north and west sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 23.5N, 64W. Ship highlight: 35 kt S at 23.5N, 63.5W at 08 UTC (COA). September 9: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 24.2N, 65.5W, though data on the north and west sides were somewhat sparse. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 25N, 66W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 10: Observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a closed, non-baroclinic low was near 25N, 66.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 25.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 66.5N. Ship highlights: 35 kt S at 24.5N, 66.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt SE at 28.9N, 63.5W at 20 UTC (MWR). September 11: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 27N, 64W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.2N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 66.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 45 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 30.8N, 63.9W at 2322 UTC (MWR). September 12: HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 64W, with a warm front extending east-northeastward out from the center. (However, available observations cast doubt on the reality of such a frontal analysis.) HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 30.4N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 32N, 63W. Available observations suggest a position near the MWR estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 985 mb at 30.8N, 63.9W at 0126 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 992 mb at 30.8N, 64.4W at 03 UTC (COA). "It is a remarkable coincidence that at the time the southern hurricane [storm #3] was centered north of Haiti that the steamship Capillo reported by radio having encountered on the 12th a hurricane of small diameter, barometer below 29 inches, near and immediately southeast of the Bermudas, moving rapidly northeast. This disturbance was separate and distinct from the primary disturbance herein referred to [storm #3]" (MWR). September 13: HWM does not analyze the system as a closed low, but has a stationary front extending to the southwest and a warm front extending to the east, near a center near 37N, 58W. However, available observations from HWM and COADS indicates a center near 36N, 59W, with no frontal features actually present. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 36N, 59W at 12 UTC. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 37N, 56.5W. Ship highlight: 50 kt SW at 31.5N, 61.5W at 00 UTC (COA). September 14: HWM depicts an extratropical low centered near 48N, 53W with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending southeast. MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 43N, 48W. However, available observations indicate that a separate center of the pre-existing tropical cyclone could be discerned near 41.5N, 49.5W. The cold front appears to have just begun interacting with the tropical cyclone, so extratropical transition is likely to have begun around 12 UTC on this date. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 04 UTC (NCDC); calm and 979 mb at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt N at 41N, 51W at 0930 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNW and 982 mb at 41N, 51W at 10 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NW and 992 mb at 41N, 51W at 12 UTC (NCDC). "[This storm] attained great severity over the steamer lanes as [it] passed into higher latitudes (MWR). September 15: The remnants of the tropical cyclone had been absorbed into the larger extratropical cyclone. Genesis for this tropical cyclone is begun two days earlier (8th) than previously provided in HURDAT, based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Minor track alterations were made for the 10th through the 13th based upon ship observations provided by HWM, COADS, MWR and NCDC data. The tropical cyclone track is extended an extra day through the 14th as indicated by available observations. It transitioned to an extratropical cyclone during 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th as it was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. Multiple ship observations on the 12th and 14th indicate hurricane force winds. A 985 mb peripheral pressure on the 12th suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT on the 12th based upon the pressure and that the hurricane force winds were observed on the weak (left) semi-circle. A 979 mb central pressure at 09 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of 74 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship; 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC and 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Thus based upon multiple observations of hurricane force and supporting pressure readings, this system was upgraded to a hurricane for three days of its lifetime (late on 11th to early on the 14th). ******************************************************************************* 1921/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22535 10/16/1921 M= 8 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22535 10/15/1921 M=10 5 SNBR= 522 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 22537 10/15* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*240 840 30 0*255 830 30 0 22540 10/16* 0 0 0 0*307 776 35 0*317 762 40 0*331 738 40 0 22540 10/16*270 818 30 0*285 803 35 0*300 785 45 0*317 760 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22545 10/17*345 714 40 0*358 685 45 0*370 660 45 0*382 631 45 0 22545 10/17*335 730 55 0*353 695 60 0*370 660 60 0*382 630 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 22550 10/18*394 601 45 0*404 571 50 0*411 541 50 0*415 511 50 0 22550 10/18E394 602 60 0E404 574 60 0E411 545 60 0E415 513 60 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22555 10/19*417 480 50 0*419 450 50 0*420 420 50 0*422 394 50 0 22555 10/19E418 485 60 0E420 457 60 0E422 430 60 0E422 405 60 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** * *** ** 22560 10/20*423 373 45 0*423 355 45 0*422 342 40 0*418 328 40 0 22560 10/20E423 385 60 0E423 373 60 0E422 360 60 0E418 345 65 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22565 10/21*412 318 40 0*407 309 35 0*400 300 35 0*392 290 35 0 22565 10/21E412 330 70 0E407 315 70 0E400 305 65 0E392 300 60 0 * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** * *** ** 22570 10/22*383 287 35 0*373 290 35 0*367 300 35 0*363 307 35 0 22570 10/22E384 298 55 0E377 298 50 0E370 300 45 0E365 305 40 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** ** **** *** ** 22575 10/23*360 315 35 0*358 321 35 0*356 330 30 0*356 340 30 0 22575 10/23E360 311 35 0E358 318 35 0E356 325 30 0E356 330 30 0 * *** * *** * *** * *** (The 24th is new to HURDAT.) 22572 10/24E355 332 35 0E355 340 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22580 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999). The extratropical designation was made for seven days of the cyclone’s liftetime, while originally the system never made the transition to extratropical. Major changes were made to the intensity while as an extratropical cyclone. In addition, genesis for this cyclone was indicated one day earlier and dissipation one day later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 23.5N, 86W. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 24N, 82W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26N, 81.5W with 1011 mb (p.m.). Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center at 24N, 84W. No gale force winds (or equivalent from pressure) were observed near the system, though some gales were observed well to its northeast as a result of a large pressure gradient between it and a strong ridge. October 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 31.7N, 76.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 30N, 79W (a.m.) and at 35N, 72W with 1004 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that a position close to the MWR Tracks of Lows is most accurate. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 34.0N, 76.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt NE at 34.3N, 75.1W at 21 UTC (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 66W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 37.0N, 66.0W at 12 UTC. Ship highlight: 60 kt ENE and 998 mb at 38.4N, 65.8W at 12 UTC (COA). October 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 41N, 54.5W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed this system as a tropical storm at 41.1N, 54.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the HWM is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 988 mb at 39.1N, 58.9W at 10 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 991 mb at 39.4N, 59.1W at 12 UTC (COA). October 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 42N, 42W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system had acquired extratropical characteristics with well-defined temperature contrasts near the storm's center. HURDAT analyzed this system as a tropical storm at 42.0N, 42.0W at 12 UTC. Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that the center is farther west than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 990 mb at 40.5N, 48.4W at 10 UTC (MWR); 25 kt WSW and 977 mb at 42N, 43W at 12 UTC (HWM). October 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 42.5N, 34W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was an extratropical cyclone becoming occluded by this date. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 42.2N, 34.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was farther west than both the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 43.2N, 29.0W at 12 UTC (COA); 25 kt S and 986 mb at 41.5N, 37.5W at 02 UTC (COA). October 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 40N, 31W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was an occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 40.0N, 30.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and HURDAT estimates. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 991 mb at 41.6N, 31.7W at 07 UTC (MWR). October 22: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 32W with no frontal features. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical storm at 36.7N, 30.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system was slightly farther north than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 45 kt N at 38.5N, 34.5W at 02 UTC (COA); 45 kt N and 1006 mb at 39.4N, 34.4W at 02 UTC (COA); 25 kt NNE and 996 mb at 37.3N, 30.2W at 12 UTC (COA). October 23: HWM analyzed a distinct closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36.5N, 32.5W with a cold front approaching from the west. However, available HWM and COADS observations suggest that the system was a weakening occluded extratropical cyclone. HURDAT analyzed the system as a tropical depression at 35.6N, 33.0W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system was farther east than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 34.5N, 32.5W at 14 UTC (COA). October 24: HWM analyze a cold front extending from north of 45N, 35W down to 35N, 35W. Available HWM and COADS observations indicate that the system was absorbed by this front by this time. Genesis is begun for this tropical storm a day earlier (15th) in the Gulf of Mexico than shown originally in HURDAT. Minor track changes are made from the 16th to the 23rd based upon available ship observations. The track is extended a half day on the 24th as indicated by data from HWM and COADS ship measurements. A major change in structure is to include an extratropical storm stage from the 18th until dissipation on the 24th. The original HURDAT did not have the system undergoing extratropical transition, though observations clearly indicate its transformation to a baroclinic storm on the 18th. The intensity is boosted on the 17th to just below hurricane force based upon Beaufort 11 (~60 kt) ship observations as well as a peripheral pressure of 998 mb. (This pressure suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship.) Intensity kept substantially higher than HURDAT on the 19th through the 21st (as an extratropical system) due to numerous high wind/low pressure ship measurements. Winds actually increased to hurricane force late on the 20th and on the 21st, though the system was extratropical at the time. However, since the estimated maximum 1 min surface winds during its tropical cyclone stage were 60 kt on the 17th, this system is listed as reaching tropical storm, not hurricane, intensity at its peak as a tropical cyclone. ******************************************************************************* 1921/06 - 2009 REVISION: 22585 10/20/1921 M=11 6 SNBR= 523 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=3 22590 10/20*123 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*137 806 35 0*143 809 40 0 22590 10/20*127 801 35 0*131 804 35 0*135 806 35 0*138 809 40 0 *** *** *** 22595 10/21*148 812 45 0*153 815 50 0*158 818 50 0*162 821 55 0 22595 10/21*142 812 45 0*146 815 50 0*150 818 50 0*155 822 55 0 *** *** *** *** *** 22600 10/22*166 824 65 0*170 827 70 0*175 830 75 0*181 834 80 0 22600 10/22*160 826 65 0*165 830 70 0*170 835 75 0*176 840 80 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22605 10/23*187 838 85 0*194 843 90 0*202 848 95 0*210 854 100 0 22605 10/23*183 845 90 0*191 850 100 0*200 853 110 0*209 854 120 941 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22610 10/24*218 858 110 0*226 860 115 0*234 860 120 0*243 857 120 0 22610 10/24*218 855 120 0*228 855 120 0*238 855 120 0*247 852 120 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22615 10/25*251 852 120 0*260 846 115 0*269 840 105 0*278 831 90 952 22615 10/25*256 848 120 943*264 844 115 0*271 839 110 0*278 831 105 952 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22620 10/26*285 820 85 0*290 809 80 0*291 796 75 0*289 780 75 0 22620 10/26*285 822 80 0*290 810 70 0*295 796 75 0*295 780 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 22625 10/27*286 763 80 0*284 746 80 0*281 731 85 0*279 718 85 0 22625 10/27*294 763 80 0*292 746 80 0*290 731 75 0*287 718 75 0 *** *** *** ** *** ** 22630 10/28*276 705 85 0*274 693 75 0E272 680 70 0E271 667 70 0 22630 10/28*284 707 75 0*281 697 75 0*278 688 75 0*273 678 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** **** *** ** **** *** 22635 10/29E270 655 70 0E271 642 70 0E272 630 70 0E274 613 70 0 22635 10/29*268 667 70 0*266 655 70 0*265 640 70 0*270 620 60 0 **** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** ** 22640 10/30E310 552 70 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22640 10/30E285 590 50 0E305 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** 22645 HRBFL3DFL2 22645 HRBFL3AFL2DFL1CFL1 ************ U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/25/1921 2000Z 28.1N 82.8W 105kt 3 18nmi 952mb BFL3,AFL2,DFL1 Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), as well as indicating extratropical transition occurring two days later than originally shown. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_ (Bowie 1921 and Day 1921), Cline (1926), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). October 17-19: Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate that a trough formed in conjunction with significant pressure falls in the western Caribbean on the 17th. This trough persisted but did not develop a closed circulation until the 20th. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 20: HWM indicates that a closed low formed with at most 1007.5 mb pressure near 14N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.7N, 80.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was slightly south of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 20 kt W and 1004 mb at 12.7N, 80.5W at 19 UTC (COA). "A disturbed condition was first noted to the southwest of Jamaica about the 20th" (MWR). October 21: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 15N, 81.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the HWM position is more accurate than HURDAT. Ship highlights: 15 kt E and 993 mb (likely biased too low - 997 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.7N, 82.0W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt S and 996 mb (likely biased too low - 1000 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.3N, 81.9W at 23 UTC (COA). October 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb as 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.5N, 83.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 17N, 83W (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of HURDAT's estimate. Station highlights: 70 kt SW at Swan Island at ~20 UTC (MWR); 989 mb at Swan Island at ~16 UTC (MWR). Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 998 mb (likely biased too low - 1002 mb may be a better estimate) at 15.2N, 81.8W at 00 UTC (COA); two other ship reports of 35 kt (COA). "Passing north-northwestward from the position southwest of Jamaica, the cyclone passed near and to the east of Swan Islands on the morning of the 22d" (MWR). October 23: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 20N, 84.5W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.2N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 20N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 20N, 85W (a.m.) and 21.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than HURDAT's estimate. Ship highlights: Calm and 941 mb at 21.5N, 85.5W at ~22 UTC (MWR); 50 kt reported three times (MWR and COA). "Passing Swan Islands the cyclone reached the Yucatan Channel during the 23d, its center passing near Cape San Antonio, Cuba. It seems to have acquired its maximum intensity in this region..." (MWR). October 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 23.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane at 23.4N, 86.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center 23.5N, 85.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 23.5N, 85W (a.m.) and 25.5N, 85W (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position is more accurate than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 959 mb at 24.0N, 85.2W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt E and 986 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 30 kt S (~2330 UTC) and 1004 mb (21, 22, 23 UTC) at Key West (Cline). According to reports from Sand Key station, eight miles south of Key West, "The heavy seas from the southeast, south, and southwest rolled in over the reef and practically washed away the island that had slowly built up since the hurricane of September 1919" (MWR). Regarding the storm track, "...during the 24th, with high pressure breaking down in front and under the influence of a southwest current in the upper air, the hurricane recurved..." (MWR). October 25: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 83.5W, right offshore of western Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.9N, 84.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 27N, 83.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates at center at 27N, 83.5W with 975 mb (a.m.) and at 28.5N, 81.5N with 990 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the position was north and east of HURDAT. Ship highlights: Calm and 943 mb at 25.6N, 84.4W at 03 UTC (MWR); ~90 kt SE at 25.6N, 84.4W at 01 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: Calm and 952 mb at Tarpon Springs at 19 UTC (MWR). 59 kt S at Tampa at 1918 UTC (MWR). With regard to landfall, "At Tarpon Springs the barometer as read by Mr. A. P. Albaugh showed a reading of 28.12 inches and at the same time the wind was a dead calm which lasted an hour or more, following 2:15 p.m. of October 25" (MWR). Furthermore, Cline (1926) provides this account from Dr. Albaugh: "1:20 p.m. Wind southeast and stronger; our highest wind from 1:30 to 2:00 p.m.; about 2:15 p.m. wind getting lighter; about 2:40 p.m. almost calm and remained so for one hour or more, then started from the northwest and heightened for one hour or more then grew lighter." According to the Tampa Weather Bureau office, "The highest tide...reached 10.5 feet above mean low water at 2 p.m. as calculated afterwards by the United States engineers. This is by far the highest ever recorded, the previous record [1848] being 5.55 feet" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "An east-west line at the evening observation of the 24th, bisecting the State about Titusville, showed the wind to be east-southeast and south below, and northeast above, the line of demarcation. The morning reports of the 25th...Gales were blowing east of the Suwanee River, attended by torrential rains in much of the central and north-central portion of the peninsula...The center of the hurricane passed inland just north of Tampa" (MWR). Also, "...[at Tampa] the greatest hourly precipitation intensity occurred eight hours before passage of the cyclonic center and at Jacksonville...it occurred five hours before passage of the cyclonic center." (Cline 1926). Regarding tides and storm surge, "Egmont and Sanibel Island: Both were practically covered by water. Fort Myers: Tide was 12 to 18 inches higher than previous records for 30 to 35 years. Punta Gorda: Tide was 7 feet above normal high tide at 3 p.m. of 25th; water was in streets off city. Punta Rassa: Tide was 6 feet above normal high water. Boca Grande: tide 5 feet 4 inches above normal high tide at 7:15 a.m. Clearwater: Tide 5 feet above normal high tide, 1:30-4 p.m. St. Petersburg: Tide 8 feet 5 inches above mean low water at 2 p.m." (MWR). "In Tampa the tide swept over the seawall along Bayshore Drive and into some of the finest homes in the city. The flooding was even more severe at Palmetto Beach, Edgewater Park, and DeSoto Park, where no seawall offered protection. These areas suffered the greatest damages; some houses had water lapping at second-story windows, and many were demolished by breaking waves" (Barnes). The total number of hurricane-related deaths is unknown; however, Barnes states that "at least eight died on the west coast." Damage included a citrus crop loss of 800,000 to 1,000,000 boxes of fruit valued at more than $1 million, truck crops and fertilizer adjacent to the coast totaling at least $1 million, salt water flooding of agricultural areas (MWR). "At St. Petersburg all four downtown piers were badly damaged or destroyed. Many vessels of all sizes and descriptions were wrecked in the storm, including the Home Line's `Genevieve' and the trawler `Hynoptist', which crashed into the Atlantic Coast Line pier, dashing its crew of seven into the raging waters. The steamer `Pokonoket' was washed ashore high on the grounds of the Tampa Bay Hotel, and the Wilson Line's steamer `Favorite' was also driven ashore and totally wrecked" (Barnes). "The damage to residences, docks, warehouses, buildings, bridges, and miscellaneous property at Tampa, Tarpon Springs, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Punta Gorda, Marco, Caxambus, and Fort Myers; in short, along the coast from a point near Cedar Keys, southward, will exceed $1,000,000, and the aggregate of losses will probably total $3,000,000" (MWR). October 26: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 80W, just off the east coast of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.1N, 79.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28.5N, 79.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center at 28.5N, 79.5W with 990 mb (a.m.) and at 28.5N, 77W with 992 mb (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the center was farther north than HURDAT. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 991 mb at 27.5N, 78.5W at 19 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 988 mb at 28.5N, 78.0W at 19 UTC (NCDC). Station highlights: 56 kt NE at Jacksonville between 00 and 12 UTC 26th (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at Tampa (00 and 01 UTC) and Titusville (01 UTC) (MWR/Cline/OMR). "After crossing the Florida Peninsula the storm moved almost due east" (MWR). According to the Tampa Weather Bureau office, "It began to rain about 4 a.m. Sunday, October 23, and continued with hardly a break until 9:15 p.m. of the 25th. The total recorded rainfall was 8.53 inches, but much more probably fell and was blown out of the gage" (MWR). From the Jacksonville Weather Bureau office, "It will be seen that the greatest rainfall occurred near the path and over the upper-right front and the lower-right rear quadrants as the storm center approached the coast and progressed northeastward across the peninsula" (MWR). "Significant losses were reported to crops and farms in the inland portions of the state as the hurricane crossed over to the Atlantic" (Barnes). "The damage on the east coast, while considerable locally, was altogether of little moment when compared with that which befell the west coast" (MWR). October 27: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 71W. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 28.1N, 73.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicated a center at 28N, 74.5W (a.m.) and 28N, 72W (p.m.). Available observations suggest that the center was farther north than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 996 mb at 30.0N, 73.1W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt ESE and 981 mb at 28.3N, 70.5W at 18 UTC (MWR). Regarding the track, "...a great HIGH was bearing down from the north and under its influence the storm, which had lost considerable intensity while crossing Florida, was forced to take a new path to the east-southeast..." (MWR). October 28: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 69W, with a cold front extending south and west. HURDAT listed this as a strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC. However, available observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near the storm. The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.). The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a center near 27.5N, 69W (a.m.) and near 27.5N, 66.5W (p.m.). Available observations indicate that the MWR "Summary" position may be a better fit than the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 979 mb at 27.2N, 68.7W at 00 UTC (COA); 60 kt ship report five times (NCDC). October 29: HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1000 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W, with a cold front extending to the south of the storm and a warm front extending to the east of the storm. HURDAT listed this as a strong extratropical storm at 27.2N, 63.0W at 12 UTC. However, available observations suggest that in reality no fronts existed at this time near the storm. Available observations suggest that the center was farther south and west of the HURDAT estimates. Ship highlights: 35 kt N at 27.2N, 68.0W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt WSW at 24.1N, 64.3W at 12 UTC (HWM); 30 kt WNW and 1001 mb at 23.5N, 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 30 kt ENE and 1001 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W at 20 UTC (COA). October 30: HWM indicates a large extratropical storm centered near 38.5N, 48.5W with a strong cold front extending to the southwest. This system absorbed the tropical cyclone earlier on the 30th. Ship highlight: 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 29.5N, 59.5W. at 00 UTC (COA); 30 kt and 1002 mb at 34.4N, 41.4W at 06 UTC (COA). Minor track changes are introduced for the duration of the the hurricane. This system is retained as a tropical cyclone for an additional day and a half as indicated by available ship observations before transitioning into an extratropical storm. Storm track is extended an extra 6 hours on the 30th to better match available observations showing that this system was absorbed into a larger extratropical cyclone around 12 UTC on the 30th and also to provide a more realistic translational velocity at the end of the storm. No changes are made to the intensity for the cyclone's first three days. The 997 mb peripheral pressure on the 21st (adjusted from 993 mb raw) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 55 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 21st. Late on the 22nd, Swan Island reported 70 kt SW (~20 UTC) and 989 mb minimum pressure (~16 UTC). The 70 kt converts down to 57 kt after adjusting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). The 989 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 80 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 22nd. At 22 UTC on the 23rd, a 941 mb pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 118 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship. 120 kt is thus chosen for HURDAT, an increase from the original value of 100 kt at 18 UTC on the 23rd. At 03 UTC on the 25th, a 943 mb pressure in the eye was measured, which suggests winds of 117 from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships suggest 118 kt and 112 kt for the south and north of 25N latitude, respectively. With the central pressure observation occuring near 25N, a constant intensity of 120 kt is therefore retained through 00 UTC and then reduced to 115 kt at 06 UTC. Another ship went through the eye around 1520 UTC on the 25th and measured a pressure of at most 958 mb. However, based upon lower pressure observed later at landfall in Tarpon Springs with a longer calm period, this measurement is probably biased high relative to the central pressure at that time. The difference may be due to an incorrectly calibrated barometer, the ship not passing through the center of the eye, a measurement taken while not in while in the center of the eye, or some combination of the preceding. The hurricane made landfall in southwest Florida with a central pressure of 952 mb measured in Tarpon Springs at 1940-2040 UTC on the 25th. 952 mb suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship suggests 103 kt from the north of 25N associations. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested an environmental pressure of 1006 mb, maximum 1 min surface wind at the coast of 98 kt, suggesting a low end Category 3 hurricane. Ho et al. analyzed a landfall position of 27.9N, 82.8W with a 952 mb central pressure and an RMW of 18 nmi. Such an RMW is close to the average value for that latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), thus 105 kt is chosen for intensity at landfall, making the storm a Category 3. This is in agreement with HURDAT, Neumann et al., and Jarrell et al. Highest observed winds for this system from Tampa at 1918 UTC on the 25th were 59 kt, which converts to 49 kt after adjustment. However, the landfall position from Ho et al. is too far south given the clearcut eye passage over Tarpon Springs. A landfall position of 28.1N 82.8W is used instead, which retains the original HURDAT position at 18 UTC on the 25th. Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the 00 and 06 UTC synoptic times on the 26th were 50 kt and 45 kt from ship observations in the Gulf of Mexico. (Highest land based winds were 49 kt around 00 UTC [Jacksonville] and 37 kt around 06 UTC [Charleston and Savannah].) A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 78 and 70 kt at 00 and 06 UTC, respectively. Winds in HURDAT are reduced from 85 to 80 kt at 00 UTC and 80 to 70 kt at 06 UTC, accordingly. (The winds could have been reduced even further; however, due to the dearth of station data, higher winds might have possibly occurred.) For the Florida regional breakdown, the hurricane is considered a Category 3 impact in Southwest Florida (BFL3), a Category 2 impact in Northwest Florida (AFL2), and Category 1 impact in Northeast Florida (DFL1) and in Southeast Florida (CFL1). After passing back over the Atlantic, a 988 mb peripheral pressure observation at 19 UTC on the 26th suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is retained in HURDAT for 18 UTC on the 26th. Available observations on the 27th and early on the 28th suggest that the hurricane did not reattain Category 2 intensity. Winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 75 kt on the 27th and 28th, accordingly. On the 28th, 979 mb and 984 mb peripheral pressures were measured from ships. These suggest winds of at least 76 and 71 kt, respectively. 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT, which is a slight increase from the original database. Available observations indicate a weakening of the system late on the 29th and on the 30th as it was being absorbed by a larger extratropical low. ******************************************************************************* 1921/07 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 11/19/1921 M= 7 7 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22827 11/19*209 650 25 0*212 660 25 0*215 670 30 0*218 680 30 0 22827 11/20*221 690 30 0*223 700 35 0*225 710 35 0*227 720 40 0 22827 11/21*228 729 40 0*229 737 45 0*230 745 50 0*229 752 50 0 22827 11/22*228 758 45 0*227 765 45 0*225 775 40 0*223 788 40 0 22827 11/23*222 803 35 0*221 815 35 0*220 825 30 0*220 834 30 0 22827 11/24*221 843 30 0*223 852 30 0*225 860 25 0*227 864 25 0 22827 11/25*229 865 25 0*232 865 25 0*235 865 25 0*240 865 25 0 22828 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the _Monthly Weather Review_. November 19: The Historical Weather Map does not indicate any significant features in the vicinity of this system. The Monthly Weather Review's Track of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22N 68.5W (p.m.) with a pressure of 1009 mb. Available observations suggest that a tropical cyclone had formed on this date and was near 21.5N 67W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 19th there was a LOW near Porto Rico that moved westward with all the characteristics of a tropical hurricane, which was most unusual for so late in the season" (MWR). November 20: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough along 72W with a cold front situated over the Florida peninsula to the Carolinas. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 22.5N 71.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.) and near 22.5N 73W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center was near 22.5N 71W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 21.5N 64.5W at 08 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1013 mb at 21.5N 63.5W at 12 UTC (COA). November 21: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough/cold front boundary extending from Cuba northeastward across the Bahamas to west of Bermuda. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 21.5N 74.5W (a.m.) and near 22.5N 76.5W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center was near 23N 74.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE (no time) and 30 kt NE and 1007 mb (no time) at 23.7N 74.4W from the S.S. Mexican (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 25.9N 75.7W (COA). November 22: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure over the western Bahamas and central Cuba with a dissipating cold front extending northeastward toward Bermuda. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center 22.5N 78W (a.m.) and 23N 80.5W with 1009 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22.5N 77.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE at 24.7N 80.6W at 05 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1014 mb at 24.2N 82.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 22 UTC (COA). November 23: The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure over western Cuba. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 82.5W and 1009 mb (a.m.) and 23N 85W (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22N 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 25.2N 80.2W at 00 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 36 kt NE at Sand Key (MWR). "On the 23rd and 24th the center was in the western Caribbean Sea, and on the latter date in began to fill in, as by the 25th it had practically disappeared. This was a moderate depression and limited in extent, as only one of the many vessels that were in its path reported winds of gale force" (MWR). November 24: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north of the Yucatan of Mexico. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Low Areas indicate a center near 23N 87.5W (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 22.5N 86W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. November 25: The Historical Weather Map indicates a weak trough north of the Yucatan of Mexico. Available observations suggest a center was near 23.5N 86.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. This tropical cyclone formed early on the 19th of November east of the Turks and Caicos Islands, though observations were sparse in this location. Genesis occurred with no suggestions of interactions with a frontal boundary or baroclinic forcing. The analyzed track is nearly due west for the first five days of its lifetime with a slow turn to the northwest as it was decaying over the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Several observations from the 20th through the 23rd indicate that tropical storm intensity of this system was reached. Data from the S.S. Mexican on the 21st are the reason for analyzing a peak intensity of 50 kt. Highest observed winds at a land station were 36 kt sustained in Sand Key, FL on the 23rd. The cyclone did interact with the tail end of a frontal boundary on the 21st and 22nd, but it appears that the cyclone was well south of the main baroclinic zone of this front and that the cyclone remained a separate entity throughout its lifetime. Analyses from Cuban meteorologists at the time (Ramon Perez, personal communication, 2008) suggested that this system was a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba. The observed gales were located well-removed from the center northwest of the cyclone, suggesting that the system had some subtropical storm characteristics. At landfall in Cuba late on the 22nd, the cyclone’s peak winds had weakened to around 40 kt, primarily occurring in the Florida Straits and the Keys. The system continued to weakened after passing through Cuba and it is estimated to have dropped to tropical depression intensity on the 23rd and dissipated late on the 25th. No significant impacts of this cyclone were observed in the Bahamas, Cuba or Florida. ********************************************************************************* 1921 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION: 1) This cyclone had its origins as an extratropical storm along a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of March. By the 28th and 29th, the system occluded and may have gained some tropical (or subtropical) cyclone characteristics. The cyclone weakened below gale force by late on the 29th and was absorbed by a frontal boundary from a large extratropical cyclone early on the 30th. However, the cyclone remained very large, with little evidence of strong, or strengthening, winds near the center. Also an isothermal analysis also seems to support primarily a baroclinic system throughout its lifetime. Thus the cyclone is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar. 25 37N 43W Extratropical Low Mar. 26 34N 41W Extratropical Low Mar. 27 30N 43W Extratropical Low Mar. 28 33N 47W Extratropical Low - Occluded Mar. 29 36N 52W Extratropical Low - Occluded Mar. 30 --N --W Absorbed 2) The Historical Weather Maps show a cold front that moves into the Gulf of Mexico on 14 May. The front becomes stationary by the 16th as a closed low formed along the front in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The cyclone - which did not exhibit any gales during its duration - weakened on the 17th. It appears that the cyclone remained baroclinic throughout its lifetime, so it is not added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 14 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico May 15 --N --W Cold front in Gulf of Mexico May 16 27N 84W Extratropical low May 17 27N 85W Extratropical low (closed?) 3) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" in _Monthly_Weather_Review_ (MWR) for June 1921 indicate a system moving northeast from the Northwestern Caribbean on 1 Jun across Cuba early on 2 Jun. It continued ENE through the central Bahamas, turning towards the north on the 4th and passing about 150 km west of Bermuda on the 5th before turning back to the right early on the 6th. COADS and Historical Weather Map observations show some evidence of a weak circulation with tropical characteristics nearly along this track from the 1st through the 2nd, which then encounters an approaching cold front on the 3rd. Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) also show an analyzed low pressure area in the Western Caribbean on the 1st that is coincident with the MWR center position. However, the track diverges from MWR beyond that point, as the analyzed low lingers in the Caribbean through the 4th before dissipating; and observations do not support a closed circulation in this location beyond the 1st. The HWMs then show a weak analyzed low on the 5th and 6th nearly coincident with the MWR positions that formed as a baroclinic wave along the frontal system. This low was analyzed until the 7th and then weakened as it accelerated northeast towards Cape Race. No gale force winds were noted before the 6th, by which time the low was clearly extratropical. Because maximum wind observations were 20 knots and the lowest believable pressure from a COADS ship observation was 1005 mb on the 1st, it was probably only a tropical depression in the barotropic stage and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jun. 1 19N 85W Tropical Depression Jun. 2 23N 78W Tropical Depression Jun. 3 25N 73W Tropical Depression (becoming extratropical) Jun. 4 28N 66W Extratropical Storm Jun. 5 32N 67W Extratropical Storm Jun. 6 35N 62W Extratropical Storm Jun. 7 42N 55W Extratropical Storm 4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS, and the July 1922 issue of _Monthly_Weather_Review_ in the "Storms and Weather Warnings" section suggest an area of low pressure formed in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico northwest of Cedar Key on the morning of 5 July along a surface trough axis oriented ENE-WSW. The system moved slowly in a general westward direction just south of the Gulf Coast as a distinct entity through 7 July. It appears to have deteriorated to an open inverted trough on the 8th and 9th with no evidence of westerly or northwesterly winds, despite maximum five-minute wind observations of 34 and 35 knots recorded at Galveston and Corpus Christi, respectively, on the 8th and a COADS ship observation of 25 kt at 28.9N and 91.6W on the 9th. (Moreover, the two gale reports convert to 30 and 31 kt, respectively, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It is possible that a closed circulation did exist on these dates, but that there were not enough observations on the sound side of the system to be certain. A closed circulation was again analyzed in the Historical Weather Maps on the 10th, as it moved inland near Galveston towards Houston. The low then drifted northwest over north Texas on the 11th before dissipating. Since no ship or station observations reported gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure), it is considered to be only a tropical depression as a closed circulation and is therefore not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul. 5 29N 84W Tropical Depression Jul. 6 28N 86W Tropical Depression Jul. 7 28N 89W Tropical Depression Jul. 8 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~92W (closed?) Jul. 9 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~94W (closed?) Jul. 10 30N 96W Tropical Depression Jul. 11 32N 98W Tropical Depression (dissipating) 5) Historical Weather Maps (HWMs) indicate that a low pressure area formed in a weakness that had developed in a westward extension of the Bermuda high over southeast GA, northeast FL, and the Northeast Gulf of Mexico on 28 July. The HWMs and COADS ship observations show that this system was only a weak tropical depression, which moved slowly northward and made landfall over Apalachicola on the morning of the 29th. It then turned towards the NNE and then NE on the 30th, moving over GA, and dissipated by the 31st over the Carolina piedmont. Maximum winds were 20 kt or less, and the lowest ship and station pressure observations were 1013 mb on the 30th. This system is consequently not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jul. 28 28N 85W Tropical Depression Jul. 29 30N 85W Tropical Depression Jul. 30 32N 83W Tropical Depression 6) This system is depicted as an extratropical cyclone on the Historical Weather Maps over the Atlantic north, then east of Bermuda from September 8th through the 13th. Genesis for this cyclone is begun on the 9th of September when the storm obtained a closed circulation distinct from the surface trough associated with a frontal boundary. It appears that the system came closest to becoming a tropical storm (or subtropical storm) on the 9th and 10th, before becoming a strong extratropical storm on the 11th and 12th as it quickly moved westward across the North Atlantic. Because the cyclone apparently never fully lost its frontal characteristics, it will not be added into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sep. 8 --- --- Frontal Boundary Sep. 9 37N 67W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 10 40N 57W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 11 43N 40W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 12 51N 23W Extratropical Cyclone Sep. 13 54N 16W Extratropical Cyclone 7) The 23 September Historical Weather Map shows a low pressure system analyzed in the western Bay of Campeche about 50 km northeast of Veracruz. The low formed that morning, as the surface pressure at Veracruz dropped 3 mb from the previous day to 1010 mb. This system apparently moved westward and was inland by the evening. It produced large amounts of rainfall over eastern and central Mexico. By the morning of the 24th, it had already dissipated over the mountains northeast of Mexico City. The maximum winds registered from Veracruz and a couple of COADS ship observations were 25 kt. Since no gale force winds were evident, the lowest pressure reading was 1009 mb, and the low moved inland rather quickly, this system was probably just a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 23 20N 95W Tropical Depression 8) Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicates that a closed cyclonic circulation formed at the tail end of a decaying cold front in the Bay of Campeche on 5 October. The system, which was devoid of baroclinic characteristics, moved inland towards the southeast and dissipated over Central America by the morning of the 6th. 35 kt winds were reported at Veracruz and Villhermosa on the 5th, but surface pressures at these stations were 1009 and 1007 mb, respectively. (Moreover, these convert to only 30 kt, after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). A COADS ship observation at 21.0N and 97.3W shows a wind speed of 30 kt. Since no observations gale force winds or equivalent in pressure, this system is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. However, it could have potentially been a tropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 5 19N 94W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************** 1922/01 - 2009 REVISION: 22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 524 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22620 06/12/1922 M= 5 1 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 35 0*163 834 40 0 22625 06/12* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*155 823 25 0*163 834 25 0 ** ** 22630 06/13*171 843 40 0*178 853 40 0*183 862 40 0*188 871 35 0 22630 06/13*171 845 25 0*178 856 25 0*183 865 30 0*185 870 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22635 06/14*192 881 35 0*196 890 35 0*201 900 35 0*206 911 35 0 22635 06/14*187 876 30 0*190 885 30 0*195 895 25 0*201 908 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22640 06/15*210 924 35 0*215 938 40 0*220 950 40 0*227 960 45 0 22640 06/15*207 923 30 0*213 940 35 0*220 955 40 0*230 967 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 22645 06/16*233 968 45 0*241 976 40 0*249 982 35 0*2751000 30 0 22645 06/16*240 977 45 0*250 986 35 0*260 995 30 1006*2701002 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** *** ** 22650 TS Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. June 12: Historical Weather Map and COADS data indicate that no closed low was developed by this date, though easterly winds up to 30 kt were observed in the northwestern Caribbean. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 82.3W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "This disturbance seemingly had its inception over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on the 12th, although the indications were that it was of but minor intensity. Nevertheless, it caused torrential rains in the vicinity of the Swan Islands during the 12th and 13th" (MWR). June 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low existed on this day. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 86.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 17.2N, 87.3W. Available observations do confirm that weak closed low existed just west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 13th there were indications of an imperfectly organized disturbance in the Gulf of Honduras" (MWR). June 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed a broad low pressure of at most 1010 mb region over Honduras and Nicaragua. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 20.1N, 90.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 19.3N, 91.3W. Available observations suggest a center over Mexico southwest of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "During its movement westward through British Honduras and Yucatan, press reports tell of torrential rains and unprecedented floods in Salvador, and it is probable that similar conditions prevailed in the adjoining republics, but confirmation of this statement is lacking" (MWR). June 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center at 22N, 95.1W with a central pressure of 1003 mb. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 21.5N, 94.5W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicated a possible center west of the HURDAT and MWR summary plot estimates. Ship highlight: 10 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 22.3N, 96.3W at 12 UTC (COA). "The morning of the 15th meteorological observations by radio fro vessels in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico disclosed the presence of a disturbance of moderate intensity central off the port of Tampico, Mexico" (MWR). June 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis showed no closed low in the region. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 24.9N, 98.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot shows a center over Mexico at 26.5N, 100W. The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 99.5W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that a closed low did exist near the Tracks of Lows estimate. Station highlight: 10 kt W and 1005 mb at Monterrey (HWM). "The cyclone passed inland during the morning of the 16th immediately south of the Rio Grande" (MWR). June 17-23: The tropical cyclone dissipated, but associated rainfall over the next couple of days resulted in destructive flooding in the lower Rio Grande valley from the 18th through the 23rd. "[The cyclone] passed up the valley of that [Rio Grande] river, attended by excessive rains which resulted in unprecedented floods in the lower Rio Grande valley ... The flood waters reached the Rio Grande first from the San Juan, a tributary from Mexico entering the river just above Rio Grande City, Tex. The river rose at this station to 26.5 feet, a stage exceeded by 0.3 foot the great flood of September, 1919. A second rise caused by water coming down the main channel of the Rio Grande took the stage at Rio Grande City to 29.5 feet, 14.5 feet above flood stage, on June 22. This is the highest stage reached at this station since 1909, when the estimated stage was 30 feet. The water that caused the record rises came into the river above Eagle Pass, where the river reached a stage of 45.6 feet on the 19th, or 29.6 feet above flood stage. The Southern Pacific and International bridges were washed away, and stores and houses on the west side of Commercial Street were damaged. At Piedras Negras, the town on the Mexican side of the river, several blocks of houses were destroyed. The crest moved rapidly downstream between high river banks with stage at Laredo of 43.9 feet, 15.9 feet above flood stages, on the 20th. The flood reached the lower Rio Grande while the river was still swollen by water from the San Juan. Tow crests moved toward the Gulf, but the flat nature of the Lower Valley, with a fall of less than a foot to the mile, together with the many levees built in recent years, caused the crests of the two floods to merge into one, producing unprecedented conditions. The crest stage at Mission, Tex., was 28.4 feet, 4.4 feet above flood stage on the 23d ... The flooded districts ranged in width from 6 to 20 miles across Hidalgo County; and 20 to 40 miles across Cameron County. A corresponding inundation occurred in Mexico ... It is estimated that 30,000 acres of agricultural lands were inundated with loss of crops. The was much damage to levees, bridges, roads, irrigation systems, transportation lines, and buildings of all kinds. Many towns from the western border of Hidalgo County to the Gulf suffered complete or partial inundation, with great property losses ... Much damage would have resulted from the great overflow at any time of the year, but the flood, coming as it did in the height of the growing season, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of crops. Another million will have to be spent to repair levees, roads, buildings, and to put the irrigation systems in working order. Few, if any, lives were lost on the American side of the Rio Grande, which is remarkable when the magnitude of the flood is considered" (MWR). Genesis for this system is unchanged from that indicated in HURDAT, though as a tropical depression rather than a tropical storm. This is consistent with that shown also in the MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" track plot. Track changes introduced for the duration of this tropical storms were minor. While no explicit gale force winds were observed, a peripheral pressure of 1006 mb from a ship on the 15th suggests winds of at least 32 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure- wind relationship - 40 kt retained in HURDAT. A pressure (possibly a central pressure) of 1006 mb at Monterrey on the 16th suggests winds of at least 32 kt - 30 kt chosen as the center was inland by this time. (The sea level pressure value from Monterrey may be suspect because of its high elevation, but the 6.4 mb drop from 12 UTC on the 15th to 12 UTC on the 16th is consistent with a moderate tropical storm making landfall on the coast.) Only minor changes were made to the system during its decay, but it is to be noted that the remnants of this tropical storm caused one of the largest flooding events ever for the Lower Rio Grande valley. ******************************************************************************** 1922/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 525 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22655 09/13/1922 M=14 2 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 22660 09/13*104 468 35 0*107 488 35 0*110 500 40 0*112 509 40 0 22660 09/13*104 468 30 0*107 481 30 0*110 493 30 0*112 505 35 0 ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22665 09/14*116 519 45 0*120 529 50 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0 22665 09/14*116 517 40 0*120 529 45 0*126 540 50 0*134 552 55 0 *** ** ** 22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 65 0*164 598 70 0 22670 09/15*142 564 60 0*151 577 60 0*158 588 70 0*164 598 80 0 ** ** 22675 09/16*170 609 80 0*176 619 85 0*181 629 90 0*187 639 95 0 22675 09/16*170 609 90 0*176 619 100 0*181 629 100 0*187 639 100 0 ** *** *** *** 22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 674 105 0 22680 09/17*193 649 100 0*200 659 100 0*206 668 105 0*212 672 105 0 *** 22685 09/18*219 679 105 0*225 681 110 0*232 682 110 0*240 682 115 0 22685 09/18*219 673 105 0*225 674 105 0*232 675 105 0*240 676 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22690 09/19*249 681 115 0*258 680 115 0*265 678 120 0*273 673 120 0 22690 09/19*249 677 105 0*258 678 105 0*265 678 105 0*273 676 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22695 09/20*279 670 125 0*286 665 125 0*292 660 125 0*299 655 130 0 22695 09/20*279 673 105 0*286 669 105 0*292 665 105 0*299 661 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22700 09/21*306 650 130 0*313 643 130 0*321 632 130 0*335 615 130 0 22700 09/21*306 657 100 0*313 653 100 0*323 648 100 960*336 638 100 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22705 09/22*358 590 130 0*382 564 125 0*400 540 115 0E412 523 105 0 22705 09/22*351 620 100 0*367 600 95 0*380 575 90 0*390 550 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **** *** *** 22710 09/23E423 506 95 0E434 490 95 0E446 465 90 0E459 432 90 0 22710 09/23E400 525 80 0E410 500 75 0E420 475 75 0E435 445 75 971 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22715 09/24E473 390 90 0E487 344 85 0E498 300 85 0E502 277 80 0 22715 09/24E455 400 75 0E475 344 75 0E490 295 75 0E500 260 75 952 *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** 22720 09/25E505 255 80 0E508 222 80 0E510 204 75 0E511 191 75 0 22720 09/25E505 230 75 0E508 200 75 939E510 175 75 0E510 158 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22725 09/26E511 176 70 0E511 158 70 0E510 140 70 0E509 101 70 0 22725 09/26E508 143 70 0E505 130 65 0E500 120 60 0E495 110 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22730 HR Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995), and observations provided by Mark Guishard of the Bermuda Weather Service. September 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed circulation on this date. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 11N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available observations do indeed suggest a closed circulation was present near 11N, 49.3W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis indicates no closed circulation on this date. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 12.2N, 54.3W. HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 54W at 12 UTC. Available observations do show a closed circulation near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a NE-SW oriented trough extending from 17N, 58W to 12N, 65W. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 14.9N, 58.4W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.8N, 58.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest a center near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The hurricane] originated in low latitudes east of the Lesser Antilles, the French S.S. Mont Rose encountering it about 200 miles east of Martinique. This vessel received slight damage" (MWR). September 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center near 17.7N, 62W with a pressure of 1002 mb. HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.1N, 62.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation near the HURDAT position. Station highlights: 70 kt NW and 968 mb pressure at Barbuda at 0530 UTC (MWR); calm wind (eye) at Barbuda at 0545 UTC (MWR). "The next period began with the reporting of a fully developed hurricane to the east of the Windward Islands. Moving northwest, this storm passed near Barbuda of the Leeward group on the morning of the 15th of September (lowest barometer reading 28.58 inches ... a very intense storm of small diameter, which was noted at Barbuda and Bermuda" (MWR). September 17: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center near 21N, 64.9W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.6N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations do indicate a closed center near the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 50 kt and 1004 mb at 22.2N, 67.1W (MWR). September 18: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center 23.7N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 66W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.2N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed east of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 19: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted no closed circulation or trough. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center 26.1N, 66.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 67.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed near the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 20: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 31N, 75W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south and west. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 28.4N, 66.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28N, 67W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 29.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed west of the HURDAT estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 21: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 32N, 71W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" show a center at 31.8N, 64.4W with 1003 mb pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32N, 64.5W. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 32.1N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations do confirm a closed circulation existed substantially west-northwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt E and 967 mb at 32.1N, 64.8W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 70 kt NE-WNW-W at Bermuda at 1230-1330 UTC (Tucker); 967 mb (near eye) at Bermuda 1240 UTC (Tucker); 965 mb and 15 kt at Bermuda at 1245 UTC (Guishard). "After recurving the hurricane passed near Bermuda on the morning of the 21st (lowest barometer reading 28.57 inches)" (MWR). “Observations from Fort Prospect Observatory…8 to 8:10am worst period before the lull, the velocity estimated at over 100 mph…8:45 a.m. 28.51 inches, winds fell to 18 mph…from 8:45am onwards until 11am the wind continued at hurricane force, and only an estimate of the velocity can be given, at times during these gusts the velocity must have reached well over 100 mph” (Royal Gazette and Colonist Daily, Sep. 23, 1922 – provided by Mark Guishard). "Early next [21st] morning the winds made up from E.N.E., the force gradually increasing till by 8 a.m. it had a velocity of one hundred and twenty miles an hour. The North Shore [of Bermuda] presented a most magnificent spectacle with furious waters carrying rocks, several tons in weight, and tossing them like pebbles. The centre of the storm passed right over the islands, for at 9 a.m. came the lull, lasting nearly an hour. But as is so often the case, when the winds of the second half of the storm sprang at the land, now from the southwest, it had renewed vigor. And it was during this second half of the hurricane that most of the damage was sustained. By early afternoon the sun was shining brightly and all was over. Short as this storm was, it was most severe as the destruction it its wake mutely testified. A great deal more damage was done than by the hurricane of the previous year and one fatality was recorded, -- that of a sailor from H.M.S. "Capetown" who fell overboard at the Dockyard owing to all lights having been blown away ... Vegetation suffered enormously, owners of banana plantations being among the heaviest losers. Other damage was general and severe, -- the streets were full of fallen trees, roofs were shattered, walls blown out, shutters wrenched away. The Bermuda Cathedral not only lost the Cross from the western end, but the roof was damaged badly by its fall. Along the Paget short, all the wharfage was swept away, and the bungalows were blown off White's Island into the Harbour. The old City Hall on Front Street in Hamilton was partly destroyed ... The tide was at its highest since 1899. A normal tide rise it two to three feet, but with this hundred-and-twenty-mile an hour hurricane behind it, it rose eight feet and flooded many houses around the harbours, besides pounding down wharfage and frontage along the shores. Flatts Bridge, and many roads, were under water. On the South Shore, crested waves of sixty feet in height formed a magnificent picture. Between 8 and 9 a.m. a wind velocity of 120 m.p.h. was recorded at the Dockyard. A scene of desolation was left in its wake. The dock in the Cambre was half-sunk by the Dockyard authorities with H.M.S. "Capetown" inside. H.M.S. "Valerian" lost her after-mast, H.M.S. "Dartmouth" her foretopmast, while H.M.S. "Constance" broke adrift from her bowlines. ... Apart from private losses, the Colonial Government was faced with a repair bill of some fifty thousand pounds sterling consequent on this hurricane ... Part of a report on Hurricane of Thursday, 21st September at Bermuda, as set down in the Record Book at H. M. Dockyard - ... The velocity of the wind during the heaviest squalls (after the centre had passed) was estimated as being somewhere between 110-120 mph" (Tucker). September 22: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone near 37N, 68W with a warm front extending off to the east and a warm front extending to the south. However, HWM did not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of the hurricane. HURDAT lists this as a Category 4 hurricane at 40N, 54W at 12 UTC. Available observations do suggest a closed circulation existed substantially south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1003 mb at 39.6N, 61.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt ENE at 40N, 65W at 12 UTC (HWM). "[The hurricane] continued northeastward into the steamer lanes and was encountered by a large number of vessels before reaching the English coast in a modified form ... the storm enlarged its area enormously in the northern latitudes and retained much of its vortical energy" (MWR). September 23: The Historical Weather Map analysis depicted an extratropical cyclone of at most 1005 mb at 43.5N, 48W with a warm front extending to the east and a cold front extending down to the south and west. This system is the hurricane, which by this time has become baroclinic in structure. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 44.6N, 46.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and west of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt at 43.3N, 44.7W (MWR); 971 mb central pressure at 43.3N, 44.7W at 16 UTC (MWR). September 24: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 50N, 29W with a warm front extending to the east and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 49.8N, 30W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt N at 49.7N, 29.7W (MWR); 70 kt WNW and 968 mb at 49N, 21W at 23 UTC (MWR); 25 kt ESE and 952 mb (possible central pressure) at 50N, 23.8W at 17 UTC (MWR). September 25: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluding extratropical cyclone of at most 975 mb at 50N, 19W with an occluded front extending to the east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 51N, 20.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 956 mb at 02 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SSE and 944 mb at 51.2N 19.0W at 06Z (MWR). "From the 24th to the 26th... the storm developed into one of the most violent encountered in years. Especially interesting was the newspaper account of the experience of the Cunard liner Aquitania which was evidently near the center on the 25th. Some idea of the force of the sea can be gathered by the fact that 10 ports on the "B" deck 50 feet above the water line were smashed in, and 40 feet of the teak-wood coping which inclosed the windows on the shelter dec, 50 feek above the water line, were swept away" (MWR). September 26: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an occluded extratropical cyclone of at most 985 mb at 52N, 13W with an occluded front extending to the north and east. HURDAT lists the system as an extratropical cyclone at 51N, 14W at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center was south and east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 986 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 01 UTC (COA); 70 kt W and 989 mb at 47.5N, 14.5W at 05 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 974 mb at 49.5N, 10.5W at 13 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 35 kt S and 992 mb at Skokholm Island at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt SE and 982 mb at Valencia Island at 12 UTC (HWM). No change was made in the genesis of this hurricane, though the transition from tropical depression to tropical storm was delayed 18 hours based upon substantial ship observations found on the 13th. Minor track changes were made on the 13th-14th, the 17th-20th, and the 24th. Larger track alterations were made on the 21st-23rd and 25th-26th based upon available observations. A peripheral pressure of 968 mb early on the 16th in Barbuda suggests winds of at least 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - winds are boosted from 85 to 100 kt at 06 UTC. A near-eye pressure of 967 mb from the Dockyard in Bermuda on the morning of the 21st indicates a central pressure of about 960 mb. 960 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced from 130 down to 100 kt at 12 UTC. In both cases, the winds were increased slightly above the suggested pressure-wind relationship because of the smaller than usual size of the hurricane. It is noted that the 120 mph (104 kt) "recorded" in Bermuda was actually a visual estimate rather than an anemometer reading. Nevertheless, it is consistent with a major hurricane (Category 3) passing over a portion of Bermuda. It is analyzed that the hurricane became a very vigorous extratropical storm early on the 23rd. A central pressure reading of 971 mb on 16 UTC on the 23rd suggests winds of 81 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - winds are reduced from 90 to 75 kt at 18 UTC as the system had already transitioned to an extratropical storm structure and would have weaker winds for the same pressure. The winds are then kept at 75 kt from the 23rd until the 25th, as the system maintained itself as a strong extratropical low. The system finally weakened to below hurricane-force winds on the 26th as it began impacting Great Britain. This hurricane is one of the strongest on record to have directly impacted Bermuda, in this case as a Category 3 with maximum sustained winds of about 100 kt. ******************************************************************************* 1922/03 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 09/18/1922 M= 7 3 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22827 09/18*288 794 30 0*289 792 30 0*290 790 35 0*291 787 35 0 22827 09/19*292 785 40 0*293 782 40 0*295 780 45 0*297 778 50 0 22827 09/20*299 776 55 0*302 773 60 0*305 770 65 0*308 765 70 0 22827 09/21*312 760 70 0*316 755 70 0*320 750 70 0*323 745 70 0 22827 09/22*326 740 70 0*330 735 70 0*335 730 70 0*343 722 65 0 22827 09/23*355 712 60 0*366 700 55 0*375 690 50 0*381 684 45 0 22827 09/24*385 682 40 0*383 681 35 0*390 680 35 0*392 680 35 0 22827 09/25E394 680 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22828 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tannehill (1952). September 17: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a cold front stretching across Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico. No low center is shown. September 18: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect near 30N 78W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions of 27N 82W and 1012 mb pressure (17th PM), 29N 80W 1013 mb (18th AM), 30N 79W 1011 mb (18th PM). No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "In September a disturbance moved from the Gulf into Florida near Tampa on the 17th and into the Atlantic. It was of slight force" (Tannehill). "Another [disturbance] developed off the east Florida coast, the first evidences of it appearing the morning of the 18th...This disturbance increased in intensity and moved slowly northwestward during the 18th" (MWR). September 19: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a frontal boundary extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, across Florida, then off toward Bermuda. No low center is shown, though the cold and warm fronts intersect near 29N 77W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed positions of 31N 78W and 1009 mb pressure (19th AM) and 31.5N 76.5W (19th PM). Ship highlights: numerous 35 kt winds. Station highlights: 36 kt N wind at Jacksonville (MWR). "On the morning of the 19th its center was near 30N and longitude 78W, and moving more to the northward, but slowly" (MWR). September 20: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 31N 76W with a warm front extending east of the low and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the cyclone as stationary on the 20th at 31.5N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 1010 mb from the Paloma at 06Z at 31.2N 76.7W (MWR); 30 kt N and 1003 mb at 12Z at 30.8N 79.2W (COA). "From its position on the 19th this disturbance advanced north and then northeastward and passed off Cape Hatteras in an easterly direction on the 22d" (MWR). September 21: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 31N 71W with a warm front extending east of the low and a cold front extending southwest of the low. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 33N 74.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and 34N 73W with 1000 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1007 mb at 12Z at 36.5N 73W (COA); 50 kt N and 998 mb at 12Z at 32.4N 76.9W (COA). Station highlights: 43 kt N at Hatteras (MWR); 42 kt NE at Atlantic City (MWR). "No observations have been received of the lowest barometer readings in the immediate center of this disturbance, but the fact that winds of hurricane velocity occurred off the North Carolina coast would lead to the supposition that the disturbance was one of major intensity, but not actually of tropical orgin. So far as known no American vessels were destroyed in either of these disturbances. It is a fact of importance, however, that the Diamond Shoals Lightship was blown 12 miles from its moored position by the second of these disturbances" (MWR). "From the 18th to the 22d there was a second tropical storm...This was central on the 18th near latitude 29N, longitude 79W, and moved slowly northeastward until the 22d, when the center was near latitude 35N, 70W. It was only natural that this disturbance should be confused with the one just described [Storm #2, 1922], as on the 18th, 19th, and 20th the centers of the two areas of low pressure were not far apart. This disturbance, while of a tropical nature was not fully developed, and no unusually low barometric readings were reported" (MWR). September 22: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N 71W with a dissipating occluded front extending northeast of the low, a warm front extending east of the occluded front, and a cold front extending southwest of the occluded front. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed the low at 35N 70.5W with 1003 mb (a.m.) and 36N 69W with 1002 mb (p.m.). Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 993 mb at 12Z at 33.3N 74W (COA). September 23: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38N 68W with no frontal boundaries in the vicinity. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed low. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 24: The Historical Weather Map series depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N 68W with an extratropical cyclone to the northeast of the system. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones did not analyze the system as a closed low. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1009 mb at 0Z at 33.4N 72.1W (COA); 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 16Z at 40.5N 67.5W (COA). Despite the start of the track on the 17th by Tannehill, a closed low first became evidence early on the 18th just east of the Florida peninsula. The frontal structure depicted from the 18th until the 22nd does not appear to be valid, as little to no temperature gradient is analyzed near the system's center. The cyclone is analyzed to have achieved tropical storm intensity around 12Z on the 18th based upon numerous reports of 30 kt and the first report of gale force winds at 01Z on the 19th. The cyclone slowly intensified on the 18th and 19th and the winds were aided to some degree by the strong gradient to the north of the storm in conjunction with a high pressure center over New England. The system slowly moved toward the northeast from the 18th through the 22nd. The ship the SS Paloma recorded winds of 60 kt SE near the center early on the 20th. A ship from COADS recorded winds 60 kt NE with 1007 mb at 12Z on the 21st and then 60 kt NE with 993 mb at 12Z on the 22nd. Using this last observation, one can estimate a central pressure of about 987 mb. This would suggest winds of 64 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. With the high environmental pressures, winds would be expected to be higher than the standard relationship. Based upon these, it is estimated that the system reached minimal hurricane intensity from late on the 20th until the 22nd. This is consistent with the statement in _Monthly Weather Review_ about "winds of hurricane force off the North Carolina coast", though no explicit data could be found that verified this. The cyclone likely weakened as it moved closer to New England on the 23rd, though little data was in the vicinity of the system on that date. The system was absorbed into an extratropical cyclone on the 24th, just southeast of New England. The cyclone did cause sustained tropical storm force winds in Florida, North Carolina, and New Jersey. Given the influence of the strong gradient to the north of the cyclone for a few days, the system did exhibit some hybrid characteristics. Additionally, this cyclone may have had some Fujiwara interactions with storm #2, a strong but small hurricane that directly struck Bermuda. ******************************************************************************* 1922/04 - 2009 REVISION: 22775 10/14/1922 M= 9 4 SNBR= 527 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22775 10/11/1922 M=12 4 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** (The 11th to the 13th are new to HURDAT.) 22780 10/11*120 755 25 0*120 758 25 0*120 760 25 0*120 763 25 0 22780 10/12*120 765 25 0*120 767 25 0*120 770 25 0*122 772 25 0 22780 10/13*125 774 25 0*129 776 25 0*135 780 25 0*143 785 25 0 22780 10/14*164 804 35 0*167 807 35 0*170 810 35 0*172 811 35 0 22780 10/14*152 790 30 0*162 795 30 0*170 800 30 0*176 805 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22785 10/15*174 813 35 0*176 815 35 0*179 817 35 0*182 820 40 0 22785 10/15*179 810 30 0*181 815 30 0*182 820 35 0*184 823 40 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22790 10/16*185 823 40 0*188 826 45 0*191 830 50 0*194 834 50 0 22790 10/16*186 825 45 0*188 827 50 0*191 830 60 0*193 833 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** ** *** *** ** 22795 10/17*198 839 60 0*201 843 65 0*204 848 75 0*207 853 85 0 22795 10/17*195 837 70 0*199 841 75 0*204 845 80 0*207 852 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 22800 10/18*209 857 85 0*210 862 80 0*210 867 70 0*210 872 70 0 22800 10/18*207 859 95 0*206 866 95 0*205 873 85 0*205 879 65 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22805 10/19*211 878 70 0*209 885 70 0*208 890 70 0*207 895 70 0 22805 10/19*204 884 55 0*204 889 50 0*203 895 50 0*202 900 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22810 10/20*206 899 75 0*204 903 80 0*202 907 80 0*200 911 80 0 22810 10/20*201 906 60 0*200 913 65 0*198 918 70 0*196 921 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22815 10/21*198 914 80 0*196 918 70 0*194 921 65 0*191 924 35 0 22815 10/21*194 924 70 0*191 926 70 0*188 928 70 0*185 930 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22820 10/22*187 927 35 0*183 937 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22820 10/22*183 932 45 0*181 934 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** 22825 HR Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records (for Swan Island), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. October 11: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low had formed near 12N 76W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "Reports have come out of the Magdalena Department of Columbia of a storm which swept that region during the 48 hours between October 10 and 11, with great destruction to the banana plantations" (MWR). October 12: Historical Weather Map analyzed no significant features in the vicinity of the system. Available observations suggest a closed low was near 12N 77W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 13: Historical Weather Map analyzed an area of disturbed weather near 14N 77W. Aailable observations suggest a closed low was near 13.5N 78W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 14: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1005 mb near 23N, 83W with a warm front extending to the northeast and a dissipating cold front extending to the south. The center analyzed in HWM is actually storm #3. HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricane during 1922 track chart notably did not show a center on this date for storm #4. Available observations indicate that storm #4 had a closed low near 17N, 80W and storm #3 was in existence nearby over western Cuba. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the 14th, falling barometer, wind shifts, and squally weather were reported by a vessel immediately southwest of Jamaica" (MWR). October 15: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 79.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 17.9N, 81.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 17.8N, 81.2W. Available observations suggest a closed center just northwest of the HURDAT estimate. Station highlight: 19 kt W and 1005 mb at Swan Island at 21 UTC (OMR). October 16: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.1N, 83W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 18.3N, 82.9W. Ship highlights: 60 kt at 18.1N, 83.4W (MWR); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 18.1N, 83.4W at 2030 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 26 kt W and 1003 mb at Swan Island at 2015 UTC (OMR). "In contrast to the preceding disturbance [storm #3], this storm developed rapidly both in intensity and area, becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" (MWR). October 17: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 20.5N, 85W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.4N, 84.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 19.1N, 84.9W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones showed a center near 19.5N, 84W (a.m.). Available observations indicate a center just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 21.3N, 84.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 18.6N, 83.3W at 00 UTC (COA); 40 kt E and 1000 mb at 21.2N, 84.7w at 12 UTC (HWM). October 18: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 21N, 86W with a dissipating cold front north of the low across the southern Gulf of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart showed a center at 20N, 87.1W with 984 mb central pressure. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones has a center near 20N, 87W with 984 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just inland over the Yucatan of Mexico. Ship highlights: 70 kt WNW and 996 mb at 20.1N, 86.1W at 0030 UTC (MWR); 55 kt S and 984 mb at 20.2N, 87.1W at ~12 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 35 kt NW and 1008 mb at Peto at 12 UTC (HWM); 30 kt N and 1004 mb at Progreso at 20 UTC (MEX). "Moving at first west- northwest it crossed the Yucatan Peninsula ... The governor of Quintana Roo, eastern Province of Yucatan [ ] telegraphed that the entire coast had been lashed by a severe storm, destroying property and crops and causing some loss of life. The islands of Mujeras and Cozumel, off the northeastern coast of Yucatan, were reported to have been swept bare. Newspaper dispatches from Yucatan reported the foundering of several small vessels" (MWR). October 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 20.5N, 89W over the Yucatan of Mexico with a dissipating cold front indicated west of the low and a stationary front shown northeast of the low. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.8N, 89w at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 shows the low at 20.3N, 89.3W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the center near 20N, 89.5W with 998 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations indicate that the system was southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlights: 20 kt SSE and 999 mb at 20.2N, 87.2W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt NW and 1001 mb at 20N, 91.9W at 20 UTC (COA); 45 kt and 1001 mb at 19.7N, 92W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlight: 40 kt N and 1000 mb at Campeche at 12 UTC (HWM); 40 kt ENE and 1001 mb at Progreso at 13 UTC (MEX). October 20: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 19.5N, 91W just leaving the coast of Mexico. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.N, 90.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Hurricanes during 1922 track chart shows the center at 19.2N, 92W. Available observations indicate a center southwest of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 70 kt SE and 996 mb at 20.2N, 92.1W at 11 UTC (MWR). Station highlight: 52 kt NW at Veracruz (MWR). October 21: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 18.5N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 19.4N, 92.1W at 12 UTC. Available observations indicate the center was southwest of the HURDAT estimate, just offshore of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche. Ship highlight: 70 kt NW at 19.5N, 95.5W at 10 UTC (COA). "[The hurricane] was last charted on the 21st, decreased in energy and modified in form after its passage across land areas, in the vicinity of Frontera in the Province of Tabasco, Mexico ... The following press dispatch from Mexico city, dated October 22: Reports received here from Vera Cruz, Progresso, Tampico, Tuxpan, and other reports indicated that the storm which has swept the Gulf of Mexico in these regions during the past few days has done considerable damage to shipping. Several small vessels were sunk. the Ward liners Esperanza and Morro Castle are still outside Vera Cruz unable to enter the harbor after having fought the waves for two days" (MWR). October 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 21N, 94.5W. HURDAT had dissipated the system by 12 UTC and had a final position for it as a tropical storm at 18.3N, 93.7W at 06 UTC. Available observations suggest that the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC over mainland Mexico near 18N, 94W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NNE at 19.5N, 95.5W at 02 UTC (COA). "This storm dissipated after moving inland, but heavy rains continued for a day or two longer over the eastern States of Mexico" (MWR). Genesis for this hurricane was begun three days later than originally indicated in HURDAT based upon available observations. Otherwise, changes in track for this system are relatively minor. Intensity is adjusted upward on the 16th based upon an observed 60 kt ship report. (However, the statement in MWR regarding "becoming a severe hurricane by the 16th" does not appear to be corroborated with any observations. Minimal hurricane intensity, while achieved 12 hours earlier than that originally shown in HURDAT, is analyzed here to have occurred on the 16th at 18 UTC.) A peripheral pressure of 984 mb on the 18th suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. The press reports from the eastern coast of the Yucatan of Mexico suggest that at least Category 2 hurricane conditions impacted the region. Winds are boosted to 95 kt (borderline Category 2/3 conditions) accordingly, though it is possible that this system achieved major hurricane status before landfall on the 18th. Winds are decreased after landfall on the 19th to tropical storm intensity, which is consistent with numerous ship and station observations available. The system is analyzed to have regained hurricane intensity early on the 20th based upon observed hurricane force winds from a ship report. Category 1 hurricane intensity is retained until landfall after 18 UTC on the 21st, six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT. Dissipation over the mountainous region of Mexico occurred early on the 22nd, similar to that already shown in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************* 1922/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 3 SNBR= 526 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22735 10/12/1922 M= 6 5 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** * 22740 10/12*162 830 35 0*168 821 35 0*175 818 35 0*180 817 35 0 22740 10/12*165 845 25 0*165 842 25 0*165 840 25 0*167 837 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22745 10/13*186 817 40 0*192 818 40 0*198 820 35 0*205 824 40 0 22745 10/13*170 834 30 0*174 831 30 0*180 830 35 0*190 830 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** 22750 10/14*212 828 40 0*220 833 40 0*228 837 40 0*237 841 40 0 22750 10/14*202 830 35 0*215 830 35 0*228 830 35 0*242 834 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** 22755 10/15*248 845 45 0*258 849 45 0*266 853 45 0*273 857 45 0 22755 10/15*253 840 45 0*261 847 45 0*266 853 45 0*270 858 45 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22760 10/16*279 861 45 0*284 864 45 0*289 868 45 0*294 871 45 0 22760 10/16*273 863 45 0*276 868 40 0*280 872 35 0*286 875 30 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22765 10/17*299 874 40 0*304 877 40 0*308 879 35 0*312 882 30 0 22765 10/17*293 877 30 0*300 878 25 0E308 879 25 0E316 880 25 0 *** *** *** *** ** * **** *** ** 22770 TS Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #3. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001). October 11: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a substantial frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern Caribbean Sea. No closed circulation is yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 12: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a stationary frontal boundary stretching northeast-southwest across the northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 17.2N, 82.2W. Available observations indicate that the baroclinic zone with the front was rather weak and that a closed circulation may have existed west of the original HURDAT position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "A slight disturbance [was noted] in the northwestern Caribbean on the 12th and moved northwest and north without gaining any great intensity, a sort of abortive hurricane" (MWR). October 13: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical low centered near 20N, 82W with at most 1010 mb pressure with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 82.0W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 19.1N, 82.8W. Available observations suggest that the front had weakened and that the cyclone was likely centered near 18N, 83W. Ship highlight: 35 kt NE and 1016 mb at 24.8N, 78.9W at 12 UTC (COA). October 14: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows an extratropical low centered near 23N, 83.5W with at most 1005 mb pressure with a warm front extending to the northeast and a cold front extending to the south. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 22.8N, 83.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 21.8N, 83.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 22N, 83W with 1009 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations suggest that the system exhibited a tropical storm structure and was centered just east of the HURDAT estimate. Ship highlight: 25 kt S and 1005 mb at 24.6N, 83.4W at 23 UTC (MWR); 42 kt NE at 25.2N, 85.7W (MWR). This system is analyzed to be a tropical depression at landfall in Cuba, instead of a tropical storm as currently in HURDAT (Perez et al.) October 15: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a northwest to southeast oriented trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico with a warm front extending off to the northeast. The southern end of the trough is associated with storm #4. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 26.6N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 26N, 85.2W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 26.5N, 85W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations do indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate and that it may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was still present. Ship highlights: 25 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W at 09 UTC (COA); 42 kt W at 26N, 85.7W (MWR). Station highlights: 42 kt S at Sand Key (MWR). October 16: The Historical Weather Map analysis shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 28N, 87.5W with a warm front extending off to the northeast. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 28.9N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 28.8N, 88.1W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 28N, 86W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations do indicate that a closed low was present southwest of the HURDAT estimate and that may have had a tropical storm structure, though some surface baroclinicity was still present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 17: The Historical Weather Map analyzes no closed low, but does indicate a cold front extending over the northern Gulf of Mexico and a warm front extending over the southeastern United States. HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 30.8N, 87.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR "Hurricanes during 1922" chart gave a position of 31N, 87.8W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows the system at 30.5N, 87.5W with 1013 mb pressure (a.m.). Available observations possibly indicate that a closed low was present near the HURDAT estimate, but it was being absorbed into the frontal boundary. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "[The system passed] inland on the Gulf coast between Mobile and Pensacola on the 17th" (MWR). Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 12th, but as a tropical depression. Track changes introduced for the duration of this system were relatively small alterations. While Perez et al. (2000) consider this system as causing less than tropical storm impact in Cuba on the 14th, minimal tropical storm intensity was retained based upon gale force winds recorded in the Florida Straits north of Cuba while the broad center of the system was still just south of Cuba. The 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 14th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt retained at 18 UTC. 1003 mb peripheral pressure early on the 15th suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT. The system weakened below tropical storm intensity in the northern Gulf of Mexico late on the 16th before making landfall around 09 UTC on the 17th as a tropical depression. Thus the XING category was changed from a "1" to a "0". The system was absorbed within a new frontal boundary later on the 17th. The cyclone did exhibit some hybrid characteristics throughout its lifetime and in the modern era may be been categorized as a subtropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1922 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION: 1) The "Weather of North America and Adjacent Oceans" section in the May 1922 MWR reported that a ship encountered a "cyclonic" storm that had impacted the coast of Columbia on 11-12 May. Historical Weather Map (HWM) analyses do not display any circulation or anomalous cyclonic curvature in the Caribbean during this time. However, a combination of HWM and COADS observations shows evidence of a trough axis in the Southwestern Caribbean oriented NNE-SSW along 79-80W on the 11th. A weak circulation then formed on the 12th north of eastern Panama and it appears to have drifted slowly NW without gaining strength before moving inland over southern Nicaragua on the 15th. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure reading was 1008 mb on 12 May, this system is determined to be a tropical depression and is hence not added to HURDAT. It is possible that the depression existed before the 12th, but there are no available observations showing a closed circulation. DAY LAT LON STATUS May 12 10N 81W Tropical Depression May 13 11N 82W Tropical Depression May 14 12N 83W Tropical Depression May 15 13N 84W Inland and Dissipating 2) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the June 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system moving ESE off the Carolina coast near Wilmington late on 14 June and then east and ENE into the Western Atlantic to north of Bermuda through the evening of the 15th. Historical Weather Maps and COADS data show an a weak frontal boundary extending from KY through NC and then ENE into the Atlantic with no apparent circulation on the 14th. As the front moved south and the western extent decayed on the 15th, a weak low formed to its south about 250 km east of Jacksonville. This low appears to have acquired tropical characteristics, as ship observations indicate only a marginal temperature gradient and warm SSTs. By the morning of the 16th, the front had dissolved west of 72W, but the residual, broad circulation moved east and was elongated about an east-west trough axis. It then dissipated during the afternoon. Since no gale force winds are evident and the lowest pressure was 1013 mb, it was probably a weak tropical depression and is therefore not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS June 15 30N 79W Tropical Depression June 16 30N 76W Tropical Depression 3) Historical Weather Maps (HWM) observations hint that a possible Cape Verde low existed in the Eastern Atlantic at the end of July and beginning of August. A combination of HWM and COADS data shows just an open wave/shear line extending SSW of the Cape Verde Islands on 31 July. However, on 1 August evidence exists of a weak tropical depression forming about 325 km SW of the southern islands. The depression apparently moved to the north on the 2nd and then NNE on the 3rd, where it was located about 100 km south of Sao Vicente. Due to a lack of available corroborating observations, its existence and status is inconclusive beyond the 3rd. Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure reading was just below 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 3rd, it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 1 13N 26W Tropical Depression Aug. 2 14N 26W Tropical Depression Aug. 3 16N 25W Tropical Depression 4) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" diagram in the August 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system forming in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico on the morning of 17 August. It tracked NE across north Florida on the 18th, moved offshore and paralleled the U.S. East Coast on the 19th, moved over Nova Scotia late on the 20th, and then crossed Newfoundland on the 21st at increasing forward speed. HWM analyses only show open inverted troughs over the Eastern Gulf and the Southeast U.S. coast on the 17th and 18th, respectively, and no coherent feature on the 19th; a well-defined baroclinic low embedded within a mid-latitude storm system is analyzed though about 200 km east of Long Island on morning of the 20th. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that there was a weak, broad cyclonic circulation over the Eastern Gulf on the 17th elongated NE-SW. It moved on a path similar to the MWR low-centers track and strengthened slightly before merging with the mid-latitude system and becoming extratropical early on the 20th. It then deepened to 995 mb on the 21st and accelerated northeastward to a final position about 450 km SSE of the southern tip of Greenland on the 23rd. Peak winds were 25 kt from multiple ships observations (COA) during the barotropic phase, except for one 35 kt SSE wind reported at 12 UTC on the 19th at 32.5N, 77.0W. Norfolk also reported a peak 5-minute wind of 30 kt S on the 19th, which converts to 27 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Because there is evidence of only a single gale-force wind observation, this system is considered to be entirely a tropical depression before merging and is not added to HURDAT. However, it could have possibly been a minimal tropical storm from the 19th to early on the 20th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 17 27N 85W Tropical Depression Aug. 18 28N 84W Tropical Depression Aug. 19 32N 79W Tropical Depression Aug. 20 35N 70W Extratropical Storm Aug. 21 43N 56W Extratropical Storm Aug. 22 52N 42W Extratropical Storm Aug. 23 57N 39W Extratropical Storm 5) Historical Weather Maps show an inverted surface trough forming in the vicinity of an old frontal wave off the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Atlantic coast on 2-3 September. A broad, weak circulation is hinted around the trough axis initially as it moved slowly to the southwest. The trough then moved across Florida on 6 September and then rapidly across the Gulf of Mexico 7-9 September. A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggests that there was just a weakness with light winds on the 2nd in the western extension of a surface ridge, south of the frontal boundary aligned east of the Delmarva peninsula. However, a small cyclonic circulation, centered about 200 km east of the NC Outer Banks, is apparent on the 3rd. Although it was near the Gulf Stream and SSTs are near 26C, there was still a slight meridional temperature gradient and peripheral pressures were high. The system appears to have drifted southward on the 4th, intensified slightly, and become totally barotropic. By the 5th, the circulation was no longer discernible, but an open inverted trough persisted from the Carolina coast across northeast FL and into the NE Gulf. The observations support the trough moving SW on the 6th and then westward through the Gulf without a closed circulation reforming, despite a maximum 5-minute wind observation of 37 kt at Pensacola on the 6th (which converts to 33 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a 1-minute peak wind [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). Since there was only a viable circulation on the 3rd and 4th with a peak wind of 25 kt S from a ship (COA) at 34.4N and 71.8W and a minimum pressure of 1011 mb on the 4th, the system is classified as a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. It could also be considered to be a hybrid system on the 3rd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 3 36N 75W Tropical Depression Sept. 4 35N 75W Tropical Depression 6) The Historical Weather Map analysis on 10 September shows an inverted trough occurring within a weakness in the Bermuda High off of the U.S. Southeast Coast, which was in phase with a tropical wave axis to the SSW. Although this feature is not analyzed the next day, HWM and COADS ship observations suggest that a small, concentrated cyclonic circulation with barotropic attributes had formed on the 11th several hundred km east of the GA and SC coastline. This circulation though is not present on the 12th, as it either had dissipated or was absorbed by a cold front that had moved offshore the East Coast north of Jacksonville. Since the peak winds were well below gale force and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1013-1014 mb, this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 11 320 760 Tropical Depression 7) A combination of Historical Weather Map and COADS ship observations show a strong tropical wave had moved off the African coast and into the Eastern Atlantic on the 19-20 September, while station pressures at Sao Tiago and Sao Vicente in the Cape Verde Islands fell steadily fell during this time. On the 21st, the observations suggest that a closed circulation may have possibly organized to the ESE of the Cape Verdes. This system intensified as it moved west on the 22nd and was near the island of Fogo. By the 23rd, the system is no longer detectable due to a lack of available observations, and its status and existence is therefore inconclusive on and beyond this date. Peak wind speeds of 25 kt were reported by ships (COA) on the 22nd at 01 UTC at 13.5N, 22.5W (southwest) and at 12Z at 17.5N, 24.5W (east). Sao Tiago recorded a peak 35 kt S wind at 12 UTC on the 22nd, which converts to 31 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). Since there was no other evidence of gale-force winds and the lowest available pressure reading was 1010 mb at Sao Vicente on the 22nd, this system is classified just as a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. It though may have been a minimal tropical storm on the 22nd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 21 15N 20W Possible Tropical Depression Sept. 22 15N 24W Tropical Depression 8) The "Tracks of Centers of Low Areas" chart in the October 1922 MWR shows a low-pressure system forming in the North Central Gulf of Mexico on 2 October and moving slowly westward until making landfall and dissipating north of Corpus Christi on the morning of the 5th. MWR also reported that a disturbance of "moderate intensity" had developed over the Gulf on the 2nd and moved slowly westward before weakening and dissipating on the 4th, in which the lowest reported pressure was 1006 mb at Burrwood, LA and the highest station wind observation was 28 kt at Pensacola (which converts to 25 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrument and adjusting from a 5-minute to a peak 1-minute wind value [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]). A combination of HWM and COADS observations suggest that a tropical depression likely formed about 450 km south of Panama City, FL on the 2nd and moved to about 500 km south of Mobile, AL on the 3rd. While it appears to have continued westward on the 4th and 5th, there are no available observations on the south side confirming a closed circulation. Therefore, it may have degraded to an open wave on those days. The highest wind from a ship observation (COA) was 35 kt NE at 18 UTC on the 2nd at 28.5N, 89.5W. In addition to Burrwood, the lowest pressure from a ship observation was 1006 mb at 28.0N, 88.8W on the 3rd at 11 UTC, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship. Since no other gale-force winds are evident, this system is not added to HURDAT. However, it might have been a minimal tropical storm on the 2nd and 3rd. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 2 26W 86W Tropical Depression Oct. 3 26W 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 4 26W 91W Possible Tropical Depression Oct. 5 26W 94W Possible Tropical Depression 9) Genesis of this system began as an extratropical low developing along a pre-existing frontal boundary on the 25th of October. The baroclinic nature of the cyclone diminished over the next two to three days. By early on the 28th, the system is characterized as a tropical cyclone (though today it may instead have been called a subtropical cyclone). Gale force (35 kt) winds were present on the 26th while it was still an extratropical cyclone. (Available observations do not support the idea presented in Monthly Weather Review that there were two separate systems - one from the 26th to the 27th and one from the 28th to the 30th. Instead, a single system occurred here which prescribed a slow clockwise loop in the Gulf of Mexico between the 27th and 29th, which is very similar to that shown in the MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclone plot.) Pressure of 1002 and 1003 mb were observed from ships on the 28th and 29th. However, given that the environmental pressures were quite low, these do not provide definitive evidence of gale force winds on those dates. Peak obseved winds over land of 37 kt for 5 min in Pensacola on the 29th adjust to 31 kt 1 min true winds after accounting for the high bias of the instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to 1 min (Powell et al. 1996). The cyclone was close to (and may have been) a tropical storm on the 28th and 29th. The system weakened on the 30th and was likely of most tropical depression intensity when it made landfall around late on the 30th between Mobile and Gulfport. The last position for this system was early on the 31st, while dissipating over the Louisiana/ Mississippi border. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 25 25N 93W Extratropical Storm Oct. 26 28N 91W Extratropical Storm Oct. 27 27N 88W Extratropical Storm - Occluding Oct. 28 26N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 29 28N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 30 29N 88W Tropical Depression Oct. 31 --- --- Dissipated over Mississippi 10) Historical Weather Map and COADS observations suggest that a low-pressure center formed in the western Bay of Campeche on 22 November. It appears oriented along an unanalyzed trough axis stretching ENE-WSW over the Gulf of Mexico that connects to a stationary front in the Florida Straits (HWM). The low apparently moved ENE into the Central and Eastern Gulf on the 23rd and 24th but was no longer discernible by the morning of the 25th. Although three ships (COA and MWR) recorded at least gale force winds on the 23rd and SSTs were 25-26 C, the gales were far removed from the center and there was a substantial large-scale temperature gradient over the Gulf. Given that the ambient temperatures were nearly isothermal only in close proximity of the center, this system most likely had experienced baroclinic cyclogenesis and is not added to HURDAT. However, it may have been a hybrid. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 22 21N 95W Developing Extratropical Storm Nov. 23 23N 91W Extratropical Storm Nov. 24 24N 86W Extratropical Storm ****************************************************************************** 1923/01 - 2009 ADDITION: 22826 06/22/1923 M= 8 1 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 22826 06/22* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*200 950 25 0*200 948 25 0 22826 06/23*200 945 25 0*201 943 25 0*202 940 25 0*203 937 25 0 22826 06/24*205 934 25 0*207 932 25 0*210 930 25 0*215 929 25 0 22826 06/25*222 929 25 0*230 928 30 0*240 925 30 0*255 919 35 0 22826 06/26*275 910 40 0*295 898 40 0*310 880 35 0*317 860 30 1006 22826 06/27*319 840 30 0*320 820 30 0*320 800 40 0*320 782 40 0 22826 06/28*320 765 45 0*322 750 50 0*325 735 50 0*330 720 45 0 22826 06/29E340 705 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22826 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original Monthly Records station data. June 22: Historical Weather Map analyzed a broad low of at most 1010 mb centered near the Mexican coast at 18.5N, 95W. Available observations suggest a center farther north near 20N, 95W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 23: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered inland in Mexico near 17.5N, 93.5W. Available observations suggest a center substantially farther northwest near 20.2N, 94W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 24: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb centered near 20N, 93.5W. Available observations suggest a center north-northeast of that estimate near 21N, 93W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 25: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 25N, 94W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a position near 28N, 91W with 1007 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center southeast of the HWM estimate at 24N, 92.5W. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. June 26: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb along the Mississippi-Alabama coastline near 30N, 88W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center at 30.5N, 88.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a position at 31N, 88W. Station highlights: 43 kt SW at 08 UTC and 17 kt W and 1008 mb at 1540 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). "On the evening of the 25th...a disturbance of slight intensity [was] off the Louisiana coast. The disturbance advanced east-northeastward during the night of the 25th and during the 26th it passed off the South Atlantic coast in the vicinity of Charleston. It was attended by excessive rains over a narrow belt extending from the Louisiana coast eastward to the Atlantic coast and by winds of more than 40 miles an hour in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla." (MWR). June 27: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb along the South Carolina-Georgia coastline near 32.5N, 80W. Also seen in HWM is a developing extratropical cyclone north of the system with a frontal boundary extending along 37N. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a position of 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb. Available observations suggest just south of the HWM estimate at 32N, 80W. Ship highlights: 25 kt NW and 1002 mb at 32.1N, 80.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt WSW at 30.5N, 80W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 1004 mb at Savannah at 1030 UTC (OMR); 1001 mb at Charleston at 2150 UTC (OMR). "From the 26th to the 28th westerly to southerly gales were reported from the area between the Bermudas and Hatteras" (MWR). June 28: Historical Weather Map analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 35N, 73.5W. A complex extratropical cyclone was north and west of the system with an associated frontal boundary stretching along 39N. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones no longer shows the system, though they do identify two centers for the complex extratropical storm. Available observations suggest a center near 32.5N, 73.5W, substantially farther south than the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW and 1005 mb at 29.8N, 74.8W at 09 UTC (COA); 45 kt S and 1000 mb at 32.1N, 72.3W at 11 UTC (MWR). June 29: Historical Weather Map analyzed a cold front along the mid-Atlantic coast in conjunction with an extratropical cyclone centered in New England. The system appears to have been absorbed within the strong southwesterly flow of the extratropical cyclone in advance of the cold front. Genesis for this new tropical storm is begun on the 22nd in the Bay of Campeche. The system - started as a tropical depression - drifted slowly northeastward for three days with no change in intensity. Organization of the tropical cyclone increased on the 25th and 26th as it accelerated north-northeastward. The cyclone clipped the southeastern point of Louisiana and moved inland over extreme southern Mississippi and Alabama. It is estimated that the cyclone made landfall over Louisiana's Mississippi Delta around 05 UTC on the 26th. Pensacola reported gale force winds for three hours (only gale force reported at the coast). Their peak of 43 kt at 08 UTC reduces to 36 kt true after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). The lowest pressure recorded along the coast was also at Pensacola with 1008 mb concurrent with 17 kt wind, suggesting about a 1006 mb central pressure at 1540 UTC. Thus the system was a low-end (about 40 kt) tropical storm at landfall in the Gulf coast. The system then turned toward the east weakened slightly over land. It regained tropical storm intensity as it reached the Atlantic off of the Georgia-South Carolina coast just before 12 UTC on the 27th. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb late on the 27th in Charleston suggests winds of at least 46 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen at 00 UTC on the 28th for HURDAT because of the quite low environmental pressures. A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb at 11 UTC on the 28th suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. A 50 kt ship report was also recorded at about this time, which supports the use of 50 kt for HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 28th. The system quickly became indistinct from the much larger extratropical cyclone to its north and west and it likely lost its closed circulation around 00 UTC on the 29th, if not earlier. Thus it is indicated to be extratropical in its last position at 00 UTC on the 29th. ****************************************************************************** 1923/02 - 2009 REVISION: 22830 08/30/1923 M=12 1 SNBR= 528 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22830 09/01/1923 M=10 2 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** ** * *** (The 30th and 31st are removed from HURDAT.) 22835 08/30* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*247 690 35 0 22840 08/31*251 693 35 0*257 696 35 0*262 698 35 0*265 700 35 0 22845 09/01*269 701 35 0*273 701 35 0*278 700 35 0*284 699 35 0 22845 09/01*294 730 25 0*297 722 25 0*300 715 25 0*303 708 25 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22850 09/02*290 698 35 0*296 696 40 0*302 692 40 0*308 688 40 0 22850 09/02*306 702 30 0*308 698 30 0*310 695 30 0*312 694 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22855 09/03*313 684 45 0*319 679 45 0*323 674 50 0*326 669 50 0 22855 09/03*313 694 30 0*313 693 30 0*315 690 30 0*319 682 35 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22860 09/04*328 664 55 0*330 659 55 0*332 653 60 0*334 645 60 0 22860 09/04*324 672 40 0*330 661 45 0*335 650 50 0*340 638 55 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22865 09/05*335 635 65 0*336 624 70 0*338 614 70 0*342 606 75 0 22865 09/05*344 623 60 0*348 610 65 0*352 600 70 0*356 592 75 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 22870 09/06*349 597 80 0*355 593 80 0*360 590 85 0*363 588 85 0 22870 09/06*359 586 80 0*362 582 80 0*365 580 85 0*367 579 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22875 09/07*366 587 85 0*368 587 90 0*371 587 90 0*374 587 85 0 22875 09/07*369 579 85 0*370 580 90 0*371 580 90 0*371 580 85 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22880 09/08*376 586 85 0*378 586 80 0*381 585 80 0*385 585 75 0 22880 09/08*371 581 85 0*372 583 80 0*375 585 80 0*380 587 75 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22885 09/09*392 585 75 0*401 585 70 0*410 585 70 0*430 580 65 0 22885 09/09*387 589 75 0*395 590 70 0*405 588 70 0*418 582 65 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22890 09/10E458 568 55 0*476 555 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22890 09/10E435 575 55 0E454 565 45 0E475 550 40 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22895 HR Major changes to the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1. Genesis for this cyclone was delayed two days compared to that originally in HURDAT. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. August 30: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18 UTC at 24.7N, 69.0W. Available observations indicate that no surface trough nor a closed low were yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "There were indications furnished by abnormal wind directions, the evening of the 29th that there was a disturbance some distance to the eastward of the island of St. Martin...There were some indications of this disturbance as a depression north of the Lesser Antilles during the last day or so of August" (MWR). August 31: HWM analyzes no features of interest, near the HURDAT listed it as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 69.8W. Available observations indicate that while a surface trough was present near 70W, no closed low was yet present. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 1: HWM analyzes a SW-NE cold front extending from the northwest Bahamas to north of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.8N, 70.0W. Available observations indicate that there was a closed low along the depicted front, a 25 kt tropical depression, and it was centered near 30.0N, 71.5W. Observations also indicate that the front had in reality dissipated. No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 30.5N, 68.5W. There is no longer a front through the low. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm located near 30.2N, 69.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.5N, 68W. Available observations indicate that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was located near 31.0N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressure were observed. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 32N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 32.3N, 67.4N. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.5N, 67W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was near 31.5N, 69.0W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressures were observed. September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of 1005 mb located near 34N, 65.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 33.2N, 65.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 34N, 65W. Available observations and interpolation from analyzed intensity on the 5th suggest that the low intensified to a 50 kt tropical storm and was located near 33.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: No gale force winds or low pressured were observed. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb located near 33.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 33.8N, 61.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 61W with a pressure of 993 mb. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm intensified to 70 kt and was centered near 35.2N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 993 mb at 06 UTC at 36.0N, 61.0W (MWR). Regarding the intensity, "...characteristics of a hurricane were noted on the morning of September 5 near latitude 36N and longitude 61W, the S.S. Evergreen City reporting a pressure of 29.32 inches [993 mb] with force 10 [50 kt] (Beaufort wind scale) from the northeast. The storm appeared to be of small diameter, forming a small part of a larger depression or trough of low pressure extending northeast from Bermuda. Previously a rather ill-defined depression had been traced as it recurved around Bermuda; but it was not until the 5th that either low barometer or high wind was detected" (MWR). September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 35N, 59.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 36.0N, 59.0W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 59.5W. Available observations indicate that the center of this cyclone was near 36.5N, 58.0W. Unfortunately, few observations are near the system's center, so that the 85 kt in HURDAT found originally is unchanged. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1013 mb at 20 UTC at 40.5N, 58.5W (COA). September 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 36N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 37.1N, 58.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 37N, 58W. No observations were available near the center of the hurricane, so the 90 kt analyzed in HURDAT is unchanged. The position is estimated to be near the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones analysis. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt were recorded. There were no observations of low pressures. "Meanwhile, a high-pressure area had obtruded itself into the path of the storm and its direction of motion was changed from northeast to north-northwest and greatly retarded" (MWR). September 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb located near 37N, 58W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 38.1N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 38N, 58W. Available observations indicate that the center was near 37.5N, 58.5W. However, no data were available near the hurricane's center, so the 80 kt originally listed in HURDAT is unchanged. Ship highlights: Multiple observations of 35 kt were recorded. 25 kt W and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 59.5W (HWM). September 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of 995 mb near 41N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 41.0N, 58.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 41N, 58W with a pressure of 995 mb. Available observations indicate that the 70 kt hurricane was located near 40.5N, 58.8W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 39.5N, 56.7W (COA); 50 kt S and 989 mb at 19 UTC at 41.0N, 58.5W (MWR). "The center of the storm was again noted on the morning of the 9th as it crossed the steamer lanes near latitude 41N, longitude 58.3W, the S.S. Emergency Aid recording a pressure of 29.20 inches [989 mb] at 3 p.m. with a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the south. The storm was now under the influence of a LOW moving along the northern border and, being caught in its attendant upper currents, was carried rapidly north-northeast, but with diminishing intensity over the colder waters of the Labrador Current" (MWR). September 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb, located near 48.5N, 55.5W, at the boundary of a cold front to the southwest and a warm front to the southeast. HURDAT ended this storm at 06 UTC on the 10th with winds of 45 kt and a location at 47.6N, 55.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a low near 47N 56W, with a pressure of 998 mb. Available observations suggest that the low became extratropical and the winds weakened to 40 kt. The center was located near 47.5N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 56.5W (COA); 10 kt S and 998 mb at 15 UTC at 47.5N, 52.8W (COA). Station highlights: 25 kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM). Genesis for this system was delayed 30 hours because of a lack of a closed low on the 30th and 31st of August, despite suggestions in Monthly Weather Review and in HURDAT that the system began earlier than the 1st of September. Based upon numerous observations of weak winds and high pressures, the tropical cyclone was kept as a tropical depression until late on the 3rd. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 0540 UTC on the 5th suggest winds of at least 59 kt from both the subtropical and northern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT (confirming hurricane intensity), down slightly from 70 kt originally. Peak intensity of 90 kt on the 7th retained given the lack of inner core observations to make reasonable alterations. A 989 mb peripheral pressure value at 19 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of at least 64 kt from the northern pressure- wind relationship - 65 kt retained in HURDAT as the system was undergoing extratropical transition at that point in time. Dissipation of the system was delayed 6 hours, as a closed extratropical low could still be analyzed at 12 UTC on the 10th. Except for the large changes to the track on the 30th and 31st (with the removal of those two dates from HURDAT), the only other large alteration to the track occurred on the 1st as the system was analyzed to be substantially further northwest than originally in HURDAT. ******************************************************************************** 1923/03 - 2009 ADDITION: 22896 09/07/1923 M= 5 3 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22896 09/07*117 194 30 0*123 197 30 0*130 200 35 0*137 203 35 0 22896 09/08*145 207 40 0*152 211 40 0*160 215 45 0*167 220 45 0 22896 09/09*175 226 45 0*183 233 45 0*190 240 40 0*195 247 40 0 22896 09/10*200 254 35 0*205 262 35 0*210 270 35 0*215 278 30 0 22896 09/11*220 286 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22896 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 7: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 12.5N, 21.5W. Available observations suggest the center is east- northeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1007 mb at 13.5N, 17.5W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt SSW and 1010 mb at 12.5N, 17.5W at 21 UTC (COA). September 8: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 18.5N, 22.5W. Available observations indicate that the center is substantially south-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight: 1003 mb at 17.5N, 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA). September 9: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19.5N, 26W. Available observations indicate that the center is east-southeast of the HWM estimate. Ship highlight: 35 kt SE and 1011 mb at 18.5N, 22.5W at 01 UTC (COA). September 10: Historical Weather Map shows a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24N, 26W. Available observations are quite sparse near the system, but they suggest that it was centered substantially to the south-southwest of the HWM estimate. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. September 11: Historical Weather Map shows an open trough halfway between the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. Available observations are insufficient for determining if a closed circulation still existed because of the lack of data. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun on 00 UTC of the 7th of September, southeast of the Cape Verde Islands. Two gale force wind reports late on the 7th are the basis for upgrading it from a tropical depression to tropical storm by 12 UTC. A peripheral pressure (possibly a central pressure) of 1003 mb on the 8th suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt chosen in HURDAT for late on the 8th. This windspeed is also analyzed to be the peak intensity of the system. Available observations late on the 9th and on the 10th suggest that the system was weakening as in moved north-northwestward in the extreme eastern North Atlantic. The system is brought down to tropical depression intensity late on the 10th and the last position for the system is given at 00 UTC on the 11th. However, due to the sparse data coverage, it is possible that this system continued over the open Atlantic beyond the 11th. It is noted that the system appears similar in location, time of year and intensity to both TS Florence (1964) and TS Debby (2006). ******************************************************************************** 1923/04 - 2009 ADDITION: 22896 09/10/1923 M= 6 4 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22896 09/10*270 730 25 0*280 725 25 0*290 720 30 0*300 714 30 0 22896 09/11*310 707 35 0*320 699 35 0*330 690 40 0*340 680 45 0 22896 09/12*350 670 50 0*360 658 60 0*370 645 70 0*390 628 70 0 22896 09/13*420 610 70 0E450 588 60 0E475 560 50 0E485 525 45 0 22896 09/14E490 480 40 0E488 425 35 0E485 380 30 0E480 360 30 0 22896 09/15E475 350 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 22896 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and the Monthly Weather Review. September 10: The Historical Weather Map series analyzes a cold front intersecting a warm front near 33N 74W. However, observations suggest that the frontal structure south of 35N likely was not actually present. Available observations indicate a center near 29N 72W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 11: The Historical Weather Map depicts a weak low of at most 1020 mb pressure near 36N 67W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations suggest that the frontal structure did not exist in reality south of 40N. Available data indicate a center near 33N 69W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 12: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1000 mb pressure near 37N 70W with a cold front extending toward the southwest and a warm front extending toward the northeast. However, observations indicate that the front structure did not actually exist south of 40N. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 37.5N 64W with 996 mb (a.m.) and at 42N 59.5W with 986 mb (p.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 37N 64.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1016 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N 65.2W (COA); 60 kt SW and 997 mb at 19 UTC at 36N 64.7W from the S.S. Emergency Aid (MWR); 60 kt NW and 986 mb at 23 UTC at 42.1N 61.7W from the S.S. City of Joseph (MWR). "A severe storm of short duration appeared...The next disturbance also developed north of the Tropics but well within the Gulf Stream, and was first noted to be of hurricane intensity when the S.S. Emergency Aid... recorded a pressure of 29.42 inches and winds as high as force 11, on the morning of September 12, near latitude 36N and longitude 64.5W. This storm was carried northeast much more rapidly than the preceding one and by 4 p.m. was near latitude 42N and longitude 60W, the S.S. City of St. Joseph recording a pressure of 29.11 inches and wind force 12 from the northwest" (MWR). September 13: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 49N 57W with a warm front extending east-southeastward and a cold front extending toward the south. The Monthly Weather Review's Tracks of Centers of Cyclones analyzed a position at 47N 54.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.). Available observations suggest a center near 47.5N 56W as an extratropical cyclone. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 995 mb at 08 UTC at 45.5N 56.5W (COA); 45 kt WSW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 46.5N 55.5W (COA). "Like its predecessor, it showed a marked loss of intensity upon striking colder water and there was but little indication of it on the following morning [13th]" (MWR). September 14: The Historical Weather Map depicts a low of at most 1015 mb pressure near 48N 38W with a dissipating stationary boundary extending toward the southwest. Available observations suggest a center near 48.5N 38W as an extratropical cyclone. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. September 15: The Historical Weather Map depicts a trough extending NW-SE from near 50N 40W to 42N 32W with no closed low. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. This cyclone formed early on the 10th between the Bahamas and Bermuda. It likely reached tropical storm status early on the 11th. The system apparently quickly intensified on the 11th and 12th and weakened nearly as rapidly on the 13th. The 986 mb peripheral pressure - measured at the same time of 70 kt winds - supports winds of at least 67 kt from the high latitude pressure-wind relationship. It is estimated that the cyclone peaked at 70 kt late on the 12th and early on the 13th. Despite frontal boundaries being drawn on the Historical Weather Map series from the 10th to the 12th, analyses of the rather numerous ship observations suggest instead that no frontal boundaries were present near the system on those dates. The cyclone likely became extratropical early on the 13th when it was a couple hundred nm south of Newfoundland. It is noted that the 1923 Monthly Weather Review "Tropical Disturbances during the Hurricane Season of 1923" considered this system as a hurricane and included it in the track map for the year - "Hurricane Tracks in 1923". It is curious that with such designation in MWR that this cyclone was not included into HURDAT. It is guessed that the choice by Ivan Tannehill in his 1938 and 1952 "Hurricanes" editions to leave this system out was why it was not carried as an Atlantic hurricane in future climatology studies and databases. ******************************************************************************** 1923/05 - 2009 REVISION: 22900 09/24/1923 M=11 2 SNBR= 529 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 22900 09/24/1923 M=11 5 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0*203 683 55 0*212 703 55 0*216 713 60 0 22905 09/24* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*210 730 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 22910 09/25*221 722 65 0*226 729 70 0*231 736 70 0*237 745 75 0 22910 09/25*215 733 45 0*220 736 50 0*225 740 55 0*231 745 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 22915 09/26*243 752 80 0*248 757 80 0*254 761 85 0*260 763 85 0 22915 09/26*237 751 65 0*243 757 65 0*250 761 65 0*258 763 65 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22920 09/27*265 764 90 0*271 764 90 0*277 763 95 0*283 761 95 0 22920 09/27*267 764 65 0*275 764 65 0*283 763 70 0*289 761 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22925 09/28*289 758 100 0*296 753 100 0*302 748 100 0*307 743 105 0 22925 09/28*294 758 80 0*298 753 85 0*302 748 90 0*306 743 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22930 09/29*312 738 105 0*316 733 105 0*320 727 105 0*325 719 105 0 22930 09/29*309 738 100 0*312 733 105 0*315 727 105 0*318 720 105 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 22935 09/30*330 709 105 0*337 696 100 0*345 683 95 0*355 665 95 0 22935 09/30*321 711 105 0*324 700 100 0*330 687 95 0*342 670 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 22940 10/01*378 632 90 0*391 619 90 0E417 601 85 0E430 595 80 0 22940 10/01*360 645 90 0*385 615 85 0E417 590 80 0E442 580 75 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22945 10/02E443 590 75 0E456 586 70 0E470 580 70 0E486 570 60 0 22945 10/02E457 576 70 0E464 575 65 0E470 575 60 0E480 570 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22950 10/03E504 548 55 0E521 528 50 0E537 506 45 0E552 482 40 0 22950 10/03E500 553 50 0E525 523 50 0E550 490 45 0E570 460 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 22955 10/04E565 456 40 0E578 429 40 0E590 400 40 0E610 340 40 0 22955 10/04E585 430 45 0E595 400 45 0E600 370 45 0E603 340 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 22960 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, miscellaneous ship observations provided by NCDC, and Tucker (1995). September 24: HWM analyzes an open wave at 12 UTC in the vicinity of Hispanola. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm located at 21.2N, 70.3W. Available data indicate that low became closed at 18 UTC on the 24th. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 19.5N, 66.5W (COA). No low pressures were observed. "During September 23 unsettled conditions were noted to the southeast of Turks Island, the barometer falling slowly and wind shifts indicating the presence of a disturbance" (MWR). September 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 23.1N, 73.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 22.5N, 74W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 22.5N, 74.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 1011 mb ~12 UTC at 23.4N, 74W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures were observed. "[The storm] was more definitively located on the morning of the 25th, when the S.S. Tulsa reported a wind force of 10 [50 kt] from the northeast, pressure 29.86 inches [1011 mb] in latitude 23.4N, longitude 74W" (MWR). September 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.5N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 25.4N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 25N, 76W with an 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 65 kt hurricane was near 25.0N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSW at 28.5N, 71.8N (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 994 mb at 15 UTC at 28.5N 71.8W (MWR). A few other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at ~12 UTC at Nassau, Bahamas at 25.1N, 77.5W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "American S.S. Hera: Gale began on the 26th, wind SSE. Lowest barometer 29.34 inches [994 mb] at 10 a.m. on the 26th, wind SSE., 5 [20 kt], in latitude 28.5N, longitude 71.8W. End on the 27th, wind S. Highest force of wind 10 [50 kt], SSW.; shifts SSE.-S" (MWR). "The storm was moving northwest at this time and passed just east of Nassau, Bahamas, on the 26th, the morning barometer reading 29.54 inches [1000 mb] and wind 40 m.p.h. [34 kt] from the northwest" (MWR). September 27: (No HWM analysis was available for this date.) HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 27.7N, 76.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 27.5N, 76W and 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 70 kt hurricane was at 28.3N, 76.3W. Ship highlights: 50 kt ENE at 29.6N, 76.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N, 76.6W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 989 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N 74.5W (COA). "However, a large high-pressure area was now blocking its forward motion and the storm, though not diverted from its recurve to the northeast, showed very little movement during the next two or three days, but gradually increased its area of influence and its intensity with winds of gale force over a large area and wind force as high as 11 [60 kt] reported by vessels which approached its center" (MWR). September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N 75W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low at 30N, 75W and 994 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 90 kt hurricane was near the HURDAT location. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 1006 mb at 00 UTC at 32.0N, 74.1W (COA); 70 kt E and 1003 mb at 07 UTC at 32.7N, 74.7W (NCDC); 60 kt SE and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 74.0W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 31N and 73W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 32.0N 72.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 31.5N, 73W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was near 31.5N, 72.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NNE and 994 mb at 01 UTC at 32.1N, 76W (NCDC); 35 kt SSW and 986 mb at 12 UTC at 29.7N 70.3W (COA). Several other strong gales and low pressures. "It was not until the morning of the 29th that the eastward movement of the HIGH allowed a strenghtening of the southwest drift aloft and a corresponding acceleration in the northeastward movement of the storm. The hurricane was now near latitude 31.5N and longitude 73W with lowest pressure somewhat below 29 inches [982 mb]" (MWR). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 970 mb near 33.5N, 70W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 34.5N 68.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 33.2N, 69.8W with a 969 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that center of the 95 kt hurricane was near 33.0N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE at 34.8N 70.7W (MWR); 50 kt E and 969 mb at 11 UTC at 33.3N 69W (MWR/NCDC). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 70 kt at Bermuda at 32.4N, 64.7W ~18 UTC (Tucker). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "British S.S. Maraval: Gale began on the 29th, wind ESE. Lowest Barometer 28.98 inches [981 mb] on the 30th, wind ESE., in latitude 34.8N., longitude 70.7W. End on the 30th, wind NW. Highest force of wind 12 [70 kt], NE" (MWR). October 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 43.5N, 61W, with a large temperature gradient existing across the low. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt extratropical system at 41.7N, 60.1W. The MWR tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 41.5N, 59.5W with a 965 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 80 kt extratropical low was near 41.7N, 59.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 965 mb at 06 UTC at 41.5N, 59.0W (MWR). 70 kt S and 988 mb at 40.3N, 58.8W (MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity, "At 2 a.m. [6 UTC] ... (October 1) the S.S. West Cobalt reported passing through the storm near latitude 41.5N, and longitude 59W, with lowest barometer 28.50 inches [965 mb] and wind force 12 [70 kt]" (MWR). October 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 980 mb near 47N, 58W with a SW-NE cold front to the south of the low, and a W-E warm front to the north of the low, hinting that the low is becoming occluded. A huge temperature gradient persists across the low. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt extratropical system at 47N, 58W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows the center of the low near 47N, 58W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was near 47.0N, 57.5W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WSW at 00 UTC at 42.5N, 59.5W (COA); 977 mb at 00 UTC at 45.6N 61.2W (MWR). Several other gales and low pressures. "Turning northward to western Newfoundland, the hurricane lost intensity over colder water" (MWR). October 3: HWM analyzes a closed, occluded low of at most 985 mb near 56N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical system at 53.7N, 50.6W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near 55.0N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 990 mb at 19 UTC at 54.5N 46.5W (COA); 35 kt WSW and 999 mb at 23 UTC at 54.5N 47.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 983 mb at 15 UTC at 54.5N 45.5W (COA). A few other observed low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes the closed, occluded low of at most 1000 mb near 61N, 30W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical system at 59N, 40W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was near 60.0N, 37.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 64.2N 22.0W (HWM); 25 kt E and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 64.9N, 23.7W; 45 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 22 UTC at 60.5N, 35.5W (COA). Genesis of this system was delayed twelve hours due to numerous observations indicating a closed low had not formed until after 12 UTC on the 24th of September. A 994 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 26th suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical pressure- wind relationship - 65 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 85 kt. Transition to a hurricane is delayed from early on the 25th to 12 UTC on the 26th. A 989 mb peripheral pressure on the 27 suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 95 kt. Peak intensity of 105 kt in HURDAT for the 29th and early on the 30th is retained, due to lack of inner core observations with which to make alterations. A 969 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the subtropical pressure- wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT. A 965 mb pressure observation (may have been a central pressure) on the 1st suggests winds of 86 kt (or more, if the pressure was perpheral) from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in HURDAT as the system had transformed into an extratropical storm by this time. No changes were made to the dissipation of the cyclone. Most track changes for this hurricane were small, except for the 12 hr delay to genesis and a larger east-northeast adjustment on the 4th. Hurricane force winds reported in Bermuda on the 30th and the track of the system’s center well to the west of the island are indicative of the very large size of this hurricane. ******************************************************************************** 1923/06 - 2009 REVISION: 22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 3 SNBR= 530 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 22965 10/12/1923 M= 6 6 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 920 35 0*119 938 35 0*134 944 35 0 22970 10/12* 0 0 0 0*104 930 35 0*119 938 40 0*134 945 40 0 *** ** *** ** 22975 10/13*148 948 40 0*160 951 40 0*171 953 35 0*180 954 40 0 22975 10/13*148 951 40 0*160 956 40 0*171 960 35 0*182 961 30 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** 22980 10/14*189 953 45 0*198 950 55 0*207 947 65 0*216 942 70 0 22980 10/14*194 957 30 0*205 952 35 0*215 947 40 0*224 942 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 22985 10/15*224 937 75 0*233 932 80 0*242 927 85 0*256 918 85 0 22985 10/15*231 937 50 0*236 931 55 0*242 924 60 0*254 916 65 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 22990 10/16*277 911 85 0*300 912 60 0*320 916 40 0E337 917 35 0 22990 10/16*272 910 70 0*292 910 70 983*315 910 50 991*337 912 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** **** *** ** 22995 10/17E352 918 30 0E368 919 30 0E385 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0 22995 10/17*357 914 45 0*375 917 35 0*390 920 30 0* 0 0 0 0 **** *** ** **** *** ** **** 23000 HR LA1 23000 HR LA1 MS1 *** U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 6-10/16/1923 0600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 45nmi 983mb LA1,MS1 Minor changes to the track and large changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Revision to this cyclone include removal of the extratropical stage for the last 18 hours of its existence. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Mexican station observations provided by Ricardo Prieto and Jorge Sanchez-Sesma. October 12: HWM analyzes an area of low pressure pertaining to an open tropical wave off of the Pacific Coast of El Salvador. HURDAT closes the low at 06 UTC with minimal tropical storm status. At 12 UTC, HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 11.9N 93.8W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was the same as HURDAT's previous position of 11.9N, 93.8W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 12.8N, 93.2W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. october 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb over southern Mexico at 17N, 96W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 95.3W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 17.1N, 96.0W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 15.9N, 99.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Oaxaca, Mexico (HWM). No other gales or low pressures. "[This system] apparently originated in low latitudes off the Pacific coast of Guatemala and was central on the morning of the 13th of October southeast of the Mexican Pacific port of Salina Cruz on the Gulf of Tehuantepec. It moved rapidly northward across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the western Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 22N, 94.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 20.7N 94.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 21.5N, 94.7W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 22 UTC at 21.5N, 97.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 23.5N, 93W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 24.2N 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24.7N, 92.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E at 22 UTC at 27.5N, 90.5W (COA); 35 kt SE and 992 mb at 20 UTC at 28.2N 91.8W (COA). Several other gales after 18 UTC. Several other low pressures after 12 UTC. Regarding the intensity and damage (Pensacola, FL): "The gales which began during the late afternoon of the 15th and continued through the 17th, caused great anxiety, and interrupted port and business activities, but the damage was comparatively slight, amounting in the aggregate to about $5,000..." (OMR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 30N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm, inland at 32.0N 91.6W. The MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center inland near 32N, 92W, with a 990 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 31.5N, 91.0W. Ship highlights: 65 kt E and 989 mb at 01 UTC at 28.3N, 92.0W (MWR); 50 kt ESE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 27.8N 91.3W (MWR). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 56 kt SE at 13 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (MWR/OMR); 990 mb at 07 UTC at Morgan City at 29.7N 91.2W (MWR); 991 mb (likely central pressure) in the "morning" at Vicksburg (MWR). Storm surge: 7' above MLT at 09 UTC at Gulfport at 30.4N 89.1W (OMR). Regarding the intensity, "Radio reports were received [~02 UTC] from the S. S. El Siglo in lat. 28.3N, long. 92W, and from the S. S. Corning in lat. 27.3N, long. 91.5W, indicating that the storm had developed hurricane intensity. The former reported a barometer reading of 29.22 inches [989 mb] and a wind velocity of 74 miles an hour from the east, and the latter a barometer reading of 29.18 inches [988 mb] and a wind velocity of 64 miles an hour from the east, with a two-hour pressure fall of 0.20 inch" (MWR). "The storm center reached the coast at about 1 a.m. [06 UTC] on the 16th, near longitude 91.5 west, slightly west of Morgan City, La. ... a lowest reading of 29.25 inches at Morgan City at 1:20 a.m. to 2:45 a.m. (MWR)." From Mobile, Alabama OMR: The highest velocity was 60 miles from the southeast at 7a.m. ... A maximum stage was reached at about 7 a.m. ... according to the information supplied by City Engineer Wright Smith was 5.5 feet above mean low tide" (OMR). "At Biloxi: The tide ... reached the highest stage at about 4 a.m. (10 UTC), October 16th, estimated at 8 feet above mean low tide" (OMR). 985 mb central pressure minimum for the lifetime of the hurricane (and also at landfall) (Connor). Hurricane not addressed in Ho et al. or Schwerdt et al., implying that the landfall central pressure was higher than 981 mb (their criterion for inclusion). "Tropical Cyclones in Lousiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - Oct. 16 - Louisiana - Minimal. Tropical Cyclones in Florida - Oct. 16 - Pensacola - Minor - Center Louisiana coast" (Dunn and Miller). "By the following morning [16th] it had crossed the Louisiana coast and was central near Vicksburg, Miss., with a pressure of 29.26 inches [991 mb]; and during the night of the 16th dissipated over Arkansas and southern Missouri. The contour of the isobars was considerably distorted from the ideal by a strong pressure gradient from northeast fo southwest over the United States, which tended to squeeze the isobars together on the northeast quarter of the storm and throw them wide apart to the southwest. The closing up of the isobars was especially effective in the vicinity of Pensacola, Fla., which was about 250 miles from the path of the center but recorded the highest wind velocity (64 miles from the southeast) of any land station. The storm in general lacked the intensity near the center that we normally expect of a true hurricane" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a stationary front west of the remnance of the tropical cyclone. HWM did not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 38.5N, 92W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.5N, 92w and an 1000 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was 39.0N, 92.0W. Land highlights: 25 kt S and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Saint Louis at 38.7N 90.3W (HWM). 997 mb at 17 UTC at Meridian at 32.3N, 88.8W (OMR). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 17th a disturbance that had moved up the Mississippi Valley from the Gulf of Mexico appeared to call for southeast warnings [for the Great Lakes]" (MWR). No changes were made to the (somewhat rare) genesis of this hurricane in the Northeast Pacific basin. A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb on the 12th of October suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. A lower value of 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT because of the low environmental pressures, though this is an increase over the 35 shown originally. The system likely made landfall in southeastern Mexico as a 40 kt tropical storm around 06 UTC on the 13th. The cyclone moved into the Gulf of Mexico just before 00 UTC on the 14th and began to reintensify. A peripheral pressure of 992 mb suggests winds of at least 56 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship and at least 59 kt for the subset of those systems intensifying north of 25N. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 15th, down from 85 kt originally. Thus the onset of hurricane intensity is delayed from 12 UTC on the 14th originally to 18 UTC on the 15th, as suggested by numerous relatively weak observations taken within the cyclone on those dates. The cyclone made a U.S. landfall near 29.2N 91.0W around 06 UTC on the 16th. The ship the Corning at 01 UTC just before landfall measured a peripheral pressure of 987 mb (along with a concurrent 50 kt ESE wind). At the same time, another ship - the El Siglo - observed 65 kt E with 989 mb. Lowest pressure observed on the coast was 990 mb at Morgan City, but this may not have been a central pressure as the cyclone moved just east of the city. However, Vicksburg - well inland - recorded a likely central pressure of 991 mb. A run of the inland pressure decay model (Ho et al.) gives a central pressure at the coast of 983 mb. This value would also be a good match with the ship reports close to the coast as well. 983 mb central pressure at landfall is slightly deeper than the 985 mb estimate from Connor (which was used in Jarrell et al.) this pressure suggests a wind of 69 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Given the counteracting influences of a fast forward speed (~22 kt) and quite low environmental pressure (1001 mb outer closed isobar), 70 kt is chosen as the landfall winds. This is down substantially from the 85 kt winds originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 1 assessment for Louisiana. Impacts of this system were spread quite a distance along the Gulf Coast to the right of track, suggesting a rather large RMW (~45 nmi). Given the storm surge peak values of 8' at Biloxi and 7' at Gulfport, minimal hurricane force winds likely occurred in along the Mississippi. Thus both Mississippi and Louisiana are indicated as receiving Catetory 1 hurricane conditions. Peak winds observed after landfall (within 2 hr of synoptic time) were: 56 kt at 12 UTC on the 16th, 52 kt at 18 UTC, and 53 kt at 00 UTC on the 17th. These reduced to 46, 43, and 44 kt after taking into consideration adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds and accounting for the high bias of anemometers of the era - Fergusson and Covert (1924) and Powell et al. (1996). A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model gives 48, 33, and 25 kt, respectively. Because of the higher winds observed, winds in HURDAT are chosen at 50, 45, and 45 kt accordingly - substantially higher than the 40, 35, and 30 kt originally. The decay phase of this system was analyzed as a tropical depression, rather than going through an extratropical phase as no baroclinic development or absorption occurred. ******************************************************************************* 1923/07 - 2009 REVISION: 23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 5 SNBR= 532 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23095 10/15/1923 M= 5 7 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * *** 23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*227 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*250 615 35 0 23100 10/15*216 638 35 0*226 630 35 0*236 623 35 0*246 618 35 0 *** *** *** 23105 10/16*264 609 35 0*277 606 35 0*289 603 35 0*300 603 35 0 23105 10/16*256 614 40 0*267 612 45 0*280 610 50 0*293 610 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23110 10/17*310 606 35 0*320 612 35 0*331 620 40 0*343 633 40 0 23110 10/17*307 611 55 0*321 613 55 0*335 620 55 0*346 631 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23115 10/18*355 650 40 0*366 667 40 0*378 680 45 0*390 690 45 0 23115 10/18*355 644 55 0*362 658 55 0*370 670 55 0*381 680 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23120 10/19*402 698 45 0*413 705 40 0*425 710 35 0*437 713 30 0 23120 10/19*395 690 55 0*405 700 50 0*425 710 45 994E445 718 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ******* *** ** 23125 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 22.5N, 62.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 23.6N, 62.3W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was in the same location given by HURDAT, at 23.6N, 62.3W. Ship highlights: 15 kt SE and 986 mb at 22 UTC at 19.2N, 62.2W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. "A disturbance became apparent just north of the Leeward Islands and began to move north-northeastward" (MWR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 25.5N, 62.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 28.9N 60.3W. Available observations suggest that center of the 50 kt tropical storm was 28.0N. 61.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 29.5N 62.5W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 29.5N, 63.5W (COA); 45 kt SSW and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 28.5N, 59.7W (MWR); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 57.2W (MWR). One other gale. One other low pressure. "...But with the strengthening of a large high pressure area to the north and northeast, the storm was slowed up and deflected to the northwest" (MWR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb near 34.5N, 61W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 33.1N 62.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33N 62.5W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 33.5N 62.0W. Ship highlights: 40 kt NE and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 60.0W (HWM); 35 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA); 30 kt NW and 999 mb at 16 UTC at 33.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. "It passed just northeast of Bermuda on the 17th" (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb near 36.5N, 68W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 37.8N 68.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N and 67.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 55 kt tropical storm was 37.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 37.0N 66.0W (COA); 45 kt NE and 1004 mb at 13 UTC at 39.2N, 70.6W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. October 19: HWM analyzes a N-S occluded front well inland from the coast with a W-E warm front extending eastward from the occluded front near North Carolina. HWM indicates that the system had moved inland and was located northwest of Boston, near 42.4N, 71W, with Boston's pressure reading being 999 mb at 12 UTC. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 42.5N, 71.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.4N, 71W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 50 kt extratropical low was the same as the previous HURDAT position of 42.5N, 71.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE and 987 mb at 01 UTC at 40.2N 69.6W (MWR); 30 kt SW and 982 mb at 05 UTC at 40.0N, 70.0W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Nantucket, MA at 41.3N, 70.1W (MWR); 997 mb at 0515 UTC at Nantucket, MA; 994 mb (central pressure) at 1040 UTC at Boston. No other gales. Several other low pressures. "[It] crossed the Atlantic coast near Nantucket, Mass., on the night of October 18th and was still in evidence near Boston the following morning. The storm lack the intensity necessary to be classed as a hurricane, but the shape and distribution of the isobars showed a close resemblance to this type" (MWR). No alterations were made for the genesis of this tropical storm. Peripheral pressures of 999 mb on the 16th and 17th suggest winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 35 kt at 18 UTC on the 16th and 40 kt at 18 UTC on the 17th). A 998 mb peripheral pressure measurement on the 18th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 45 kt previously). The system on the 18th was moving northwest into an increasingly baroclinic environment. A 982 mb peripheral pressure was measured on the 19th, though the ship appears to have about a 5 mb low bias when a time series for it is considered. Thus 987 mb peripheral pressure (both from this ship and a separate 987 mb ship observation) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt chosen for HURDAT at 00 UTC as the storm was embedded in low environmental pressure and was slower moving than is typical for systems in this region (up from 45 kt previously). It is estimated that the system made landfall in Massachusetts around 09 UTC on the 19th near 41.3N 70.6W with maximum sustained winds of around 50 kt. Peak observed winds along the coast were 42 kt in Nantucket early on the 19th. After landfall, the weakening cyclone was absorbed in a large extratropical storm moving in from the west. Decay phase of the system is changed in that previously there was no extratropical transition. ******************************************************************************* 1923/08 - 2009 REVISION: 23130 10/16/1923 M= 4 6 SNBR= 533 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23130 10/16/1923 M= 6 8 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*213 929 35 0*220 919 35 0 23135 10/16* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*205 950 35 0*210 940 35 0 *** *** *** *** 23140 10/17*229 913 35 0*242 905 40 0*260 895 45 0*282 889 45 0 23140 10/17*218 930 35 0*228 916 40 0*240 900 45 0*265 889 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** 23145 10/18*306 890 40 0E329 892 35 0E351 895 30 0E372 887 25 0 23145 10/18*300 890 50 992*329 891 40 997E355 892 35 0E375 887 30 0 *** ** **** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** ** 23150 10/19E394 875 25 0E415 859 25 0E435 840 25 0E462 815 25 0 23150 10/19E395 875 30 0E415 859 35 0E435 840 35 0E454 822 35 0 *** ** ** ** *** *** ** (The 20th and 21st are new to HURDAT.) 23151 10/20E472 806 35 0E491 790 35 0E510 770 35 0E530 745 35 0 23152 10/21E555 715 30 0E585 680 30 0E625 640 30 0E670 600 30 0 23155 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station dat from NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 13: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18N 113.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 18.5N, 105.5W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 99.5W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt SE and 1006 mb at Manzanillo, Mexico at 19.0N, 104.3W (HWM). No other gales. A few low pressures of 1005 mb at 12 UTC between 21-25N and 106-108W. October 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 108.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 45 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 19.5N, 107.0W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt W and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Islas Marias, Mexico at 21.4N, 106.5W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered in Mexico, near 19.3N 102.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of a 35 kt Northeast Pacific tropical storm was 20.0N, 103.0W. Ship highlights: No gales and no low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt S and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at Salina Cruz, Mexico at 16.2N, 95.0W (HWM). No other gales. Several low pressures of between 1002 and 1005 mb. October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 21.3N, 92.9W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.5N, 95.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 27.2N, 88.3W (MWR); 20 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 27.2N, 90.9W (HWM); 20 kt SSW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 94.5W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Veracruz, Mexico at 19.2N, 96.1W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Tampico, Mexico at 22.3N, 97.9W (HWM). No gales. All other available land observations are low pressures (< 1006 mb). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 24.8N, 89.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.0N, 89.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.5N, 89.1W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was 24.0N, 90.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE at 18 UTC at 30.5N, 87.1W (COA); 45 kt NW at 27.0N, 91.1W (MWR); 20 kt SSE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 28.7N, 89.0W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 54 kt SE at 01 UTC at Pensacola at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 997 mb at 21 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR). Storm tide 4+' at Apalachacola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm [storm #5] moved northward, with rapidly decreasing energy, and was quickly followed by another [this storm] from the Gulf moving rapidly northward over nearly the same territory, which likewise brought heavy rains over the immediate Mississippi Valley and northward into the Great Lakes region during the 17th and 18th, and to most districts to the eastward during the following 36 hours. In fact this was the most widespread storm of the month..." (MWR). October 18: HWM analyzes an asymmetric low of at most 1000 mb that merged with a cold front centered over the southeastern U.S. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 35.1N, 89.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 36N, 88.6W with a 997 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 35.5N, 89.2W. Ship highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 90.5W (HWM); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 27.1N, 87.2W (HWM). No gales. One other low pressure. Land highlights: 50 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 50 kt S and 999 mb at 02 UTC at Pensacola, FL at 30.5N, 87.2W (OMR); 33 kt SE and 996 mb at 00 UTC at Mobile, Alabama at 30.7N, 88.1W (OMR)- min pressure at Mobile of 996 mb at 01 UTC; 10 kt N and 996 mb at Cairo, Illinois at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 89.2W (HWM). Several other gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At 8 p.m. [on the 17th] (00 UTC on the 18th) its center was between Mobile and New Orleans, and shortly thereafter a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles an hour from the southeast was registered at Mobile and 56 miles an hour from the southeast at Pensacola" (MWR). October 19: HWM analyzes an extratropical low of at most 995 mb near 44.5N 84W with a warm front extending northeast of the low and a cold front extending to the south of the low. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt extratropical low at 43.5N 84W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 44N 84W with a 991 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt extratropical low was near 43.5N 84W. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 37 kt SW at Toledo, Ohio (MWR); 37 kt NW at Grand Haven, Canada (MWR); calm and 993 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit, Michigan (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a closed extratropical low of at most 1000 mb near 51N 77W with a warm front extending northeast from the low and a cold front extending south of the low. HURDAT did not document the storm on this date. Available observations indicate that the center of the 35 kt extratropical low was near the HWM position. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 20 kt SW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Colombiere, Canada (HWM). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb near 62.5N 63.5W at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT did not document the storm on this date. Avialbel observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 62.5N 64W. Ship highlights: none. Station highlights: 20 kt E and 985 mb at 12 UTC at Godthab, Greenland (HWM). No gales. A few other low pressures. Observational evidence is convincing that a moderate tropical storm was in existance along the west coast of Mexico on the 13th and 14th, it made landfall around 00 UTC on the 15th near Tepio and was inland in west central Mexico near Guadalajara at 12 UTC on the 15th. On the next day, a tropical storm was occurring in the Bay of Campeche. Because of the extreme mountainous terrain of central Mexico, it is unlikely that the two cyclones were, in fact, part of one continuous tropical cyclone track. Instead, it is judged that remnants from the first may have contributed toward development of the second tropical storm. Thus the genesis for this existing Atlantic basin tropical cyclone is retained at 12 UTC on the 16th, though in a location substantially farther west than originally seen in HURDAT. 999 mb pressures at 12 UTC on the 16th from both Veracruz and Tampico suggest winds of least 49 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 35 kt is retained in HURDAT because of the extremely low environmental pressures at that time. A 995 mb peripheral ship pressure at 12 UTC on the 27th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is retained in HURDAT for the same reason as above. Landfall occurred along the Mississippi coastline around 01 UTC on the 18th with a central pressure of about 992 mb (based upon Mobile's minmum of 996 mb with 37 kt SE wind). 992 mb central pressure suggests winds of 58 kt from the new north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship - winds of 50 kt are chosen for HURDAT (up from 40 kt) due to the very low environmental pressures somewhat counteracted by the quick forward speed (~32 kt). Highest obseved winds were 54 kt in Pensacola at 01 UTC on the 17th and 50 kt at Pensacola at 00 and 02 UTC on the 18th. However, the peak on the 17th was primarily due to storm number 5. Transition to an extratropical storm was delayed by 6 hours until 12 UTC on the 18th, as the frontal boundary and the storm would not have coincided until then. An additional two days (October 20th and 21st) were added to HURDAT, as observations and the HWM analyses indicate that the extratropical storm existed longer than originally recognized. While large changes were made to the track near the beginning of the cyclone and to both the track and intensity near the cyclone's end, relatively small alterations were made on the 17th through the 19th. Together, storms 5 and 7 represent a rather rare event with both making landfall in the north central Gulf coast only about 42 hours apart. ******************************************************************************* 1923/09 - 2009 REVISION: 23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 7 SNBR= 534 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23160 10/24/1923 M= 4 9 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*183 612 35 0*190 610 35 0*198 606 35 0 23165 10/24* 0 0 0 0*193 598 35 0*200 600 35 0*207 602 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23170 10/25*207 605 35 0*215 604 35 0*224 605 35 0*233 611 35 0 23170 10/25*214 604 35 0*222 606 35 0*230 610 35 0*238 618 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23175 10/26*242 622 40 0*251 638 45 0*261 656 45 0*274 666 45 0 23175 10/26*247 630 40 0*256 642 40 0*265 650 40 0*277 652 35 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23180 10/27E287 669 45 0E320 643 45 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23180 10/27E290 650 35 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** **** *** ** 23185 TS Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #7. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, NCDC's Original Monthly Record station data, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 18.5N, 57.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 19.0N, 61.0W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 20.0N, 60.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 22.2N, 61.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 22.4N, 60.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 35 kt tropical storm was 23.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 25 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 12 UTC at 23.5N 60.5W (COA). October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb that merged with a front and became elongated, centered in the vicinity of 26N, 66W. There is no temperature gradient across the low, however. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 26.1N, 65.6W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 40 kt tropical storm was 26.5N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt SE and 995 mb at 12 UTC at 27.8N, 63.9W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 27: HURDAT listed that the low became extratropical at 00 UTC with the last position at 06 UTC and 45 kt winds. Available observations suggest that the low became extratropical at 18 UTC on the 26th, and the last advisory is at 00 UTC on the 27th with 35 kt winds. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW at 20 UTC at 41.0N, 60.0W (COA); 30 kt SSW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 53.5W (COA); 25 kt NNW and 1001 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 57.4W (COA). No other gales. A few other low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this tropical storm. A peripheral pressure of 1006 mb on the 25th suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 35 kt retained in HURDAT. The 995 mb pressure value recorded from a ship on the 26th in COADS is listed as 1003 mb in Historical Weather Map and from comparison with surrounding data suggests that HWM is correct. 1003 mb peripheral pressure values suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT (down from 45 kt) as the system was undergoing extratropical transition. Change to extratropical is retained at 00 UTC on the 27th, which is not as early as seen in Historical Weather Map analysis for 12 UTC on the 26th. While no gales were observed with this system during its tropical cyclone stage, the data are relatively sparse from the 23rd until the 26th. Thus as the cyclone is already classified in HURDAT as a tropical storm, it will be retained as such because of the moderate probability that gale force winds actually existed. ****************************************************************************** 1923 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION: 1) A combination of Historical Weather Maps and COADS ships observations shows a remnant gale center on 4 January in the Subtropical Central Atlantic left behind by a decaying mid-latitude storm system. This circulation moved NW on the 5th and was located well east of Bermuda. By the 6th, it had been absorbed by a cold front approaching from the west. Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, the low had acquired barotropic characteristics. However, gale-force wind observations of 35 kt from three independent ships at 03, 07, and 19 UTC on the 4th were recorded more than 100 km from the center, while weaker winds were observed at closer distances. Therefore, this low was likely still extratropical and is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a subtropical storm using modern classification criteria. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan. 4 27N 47W Extratropical Storm Jan. 5 30N 50W Extratropical Storm 2) On 19 June, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of a cyclonic circulation at the tail end of an old, zonally-oriented surface front over the Atlantic, north of the Western Bahamas and east of Florida. HWM and COADS observations indicate that a tropical depression formed in this area and moved generally north to a position about 450 km east of Savannah on the 21st. It was absorbed by a cold front sweeping down the U.S. East Coast on the 22nd. The peak wind recorded by a ship observation (COA) was 25 kt NE at 12 UTC on the 19th at 30.9N and 79.5W. Since there were no gale force winds and the lowest believable pressure readings were 1012 mb on the 20th and 21st (COA), this system is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS June 19 28N 77W Tropical Depression June 20 30N 78W Tropical Depression June 21 32N 77W Tropical Depression 3) The 1923 _Monthly Weather Review_ indicated that "From the 9th to the 12th [of October] low pressure prevailed in the Caribbean Sea and vessels in the Gulf of Mexico experienced northeasterly to easterly gales". Examination of the Historical Weather Maps do indicate that a low pressure in the western Gulf was attached to the western end of a frontal boundary on the 7th and 8th. By the 9th, the frontal boundary was dissipating. Moderate east to northeast winds prevailed over the northern half of the Gulf from the 9th to the 11th, primarily under the influence of a strong high pressure over the southeast U.S. Only one gale force wind was observed (10th from COADS), well-away from the possible low pressure center. Moreover, on the 10th and 11th a well-defined circulation center is not evident from available observations. It is possible that this system did tranform briefly to a tropical storm, or perhaps a subtropical storm, especially on the 8th or 9th. But no gale force winds or low pressures were observed in direct connection to the cyclone. Thus this system is not included into HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 7 23N 94W Extratropical Low Oct. 8 24N 94W Extratropical Low Oct. 9 23N 92W Extratropical Low Oct. 10 22N? 91W? Open Trough? Oct. 11 --N --W Open Trough 4) This system - originally storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity as a tropical cyclone. Evidence for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Monthly Weather Review, station data from the Original Monthly Records, and personal communication from R. Perez (2005). 23005 10/14/1923 M=16 4 SNBR= 531 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23010 10/14* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*104 803 35 0*108 802 35 0 23015 10/15*112 802 35 0*117 801 35 0*123 801 35 0*130 801 35 0 23020 10/16*138 802 35 0*146 803 35 0*152 804 35 0*156 805 35 0 23025 10/17*160 805 35 0*163 806 35 0*167 807 35 0*171 807 35 0 23030 10/18*174 808 35 0*177 809 35 0*181 808 35 0*185 807 35 0 23035 10/19*191 805 40 0*197 801 40 0*204 796 40 0*211 790 40 0 23040 10/20*220 783 35 0*229 775 35 0E239 770 35 0E252 767 40 0 23045 10/21E267 766 40 0E281 764 40 0E292 762 45 0E299 758 50 0 23050 10/22E306 753 55 0E313 748 60 0E320 744 60 0E326 742 60 0 23055 10/23E333 742 60 0E339 743 60 0E346 746 60 0E357 751 55 0 23060 10/24E374 756 50 0E392 760 45 0E408 761 40 0E422 765 35 0 23065 10/25E436 769 35 0E448 767 30 0E463 758 30 0E475 731 25 0 23070 10/26E480 695 25 0E482 657 25 0E485 625 30 0E493 598 30 0 23075 10/27E501 572 35 0E509 545 35 0E517 517 35 0E525 488 40 0 23080 10/28E534 459 40 0E542 430 40 0E550 400 40 0E557 379 45 0 23085 10/29E564 360 45 0E570 344 45 0E576 326 45 0E585 293 40 0 23090 TS October 14: HWM analyzes a closed, elongated low of at most 1005 mb entirely over South America. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm located at 10.4N, 80.3W. Available observations suggest that the low is not closed. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 7.1N, 80.9W (COA); 5 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 12.5N, 75.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. October 15: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity of HURDAT's tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 12.3N, 80.1W. Available observations suggest that there is a 25 kt tropical depression centered near 12.3N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 16: HWM does not analyze a closed low in the vicinity on HURDAT's tropical storm. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.2N, 80.4W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression is at 15.2N, 82.0W. Ship highlights: 10 kt S and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 81.6W (COA); 10 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 77.4W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 3 kt E and 1005 mb at 0 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 8 kt E and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (HWM/OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 81W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 80.7W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 16N, 82W. Ship highlights: 25 kt WSW and 1003 mb at 21 UTC at 12.5N, 80.5W (COA). No gales. Several other low pressures (> 1006 mb). Land highlights: 10 kt E and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a large closed low of at most 1005 mb centered on the coast of Central America near 15N, 84W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 18.1N, 80.8W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression is centered near 18.1N, 81.5W. Ship and land highlights: No gales. Several low pressures between 1003 and 1005 mb. October 19: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21N, 78.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 20.4N, 79.6W. Available observations or lack thereof suggest that the low is not closed on this day. Ship highlights: 35 kt W and 1011 mb at 12 UTC at 16.2N, 84.8W (HWM); 10 kt NNW and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 24.3N, 81.7W (COA). 1 other gale. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 9 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low pressures. October 20: HWM analyzes a SSW-NNE front extending from south of Cuba up the eastern seaboard of the U.S. HWM does not analyze a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 23.9N, 77.0W. Available observations suggest that this is a 25 kt tropical depression centered at 23.9N, 77.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 21: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1005 mb along a SSW-NNE stationary front centered near 29N, 76.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 29.2N, 76.2W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low is centered at 29.2N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 22: HWM analyzes a stationary front off the east coast of the U.S. There is no closed low on the HWM map. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 32.0N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27N, 76W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that there is a 50 kt extratropical low near 32.0N, 74.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1017 mb at 12 UTC at 36.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 36.5N, 72.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 43 kt N at Cape Henry, VA at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA HIST.). A few other gales. No low pressures. "The severe storm of the 22d-25th of October, which developed north of the Bahamas and moved northward to Hatteras and thence north-northwestward to extreme northwest Pennsylvania, was formed and maintained by the usual processes attending extra-tropical storms and bore no resemblance to a hurricane" (MWR). October 23: HWM analyzes a front with a sharp temperature and pressure gradient from off the coast of NC to NJ. HWM analyzes the lowest pressure to be at most 1005 mb, but it is very elongated and does not resemble a closed low. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt extratropical low at 34.6N, 74.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34N, 75W with an 1003 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that this 75 kt extratropical low was centered at 34.6N, 74.6W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 1014 mb at 12 UTC at 38.8N, 73.9W (COA); 15 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 32.6N, 76.7W (COA). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures between 999 and 1005 mb. Land highlights: 71 kt NE at Atlantic City at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Hatteras at 35.3N, 75.6W (HWM). Several other strong gales from NC to MA. No other low pressures. October 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 40N, 77.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 40.8N, 76.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center inland near 40.2N, 78W with an 1002 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that this 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 40.8N, 76.1W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 73.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 01 UTC at 40.5N, 72.5W (COA); 25 kt SE and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 36.1N, 75.0W (COA). One other gale and one other low pressure. Land highlights: 47 kt SE at New York 40.8N, 74.0W (MWR); 20 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Harrisburg, PA at 40.3N, 76.5W (HWM). One other gale. A few other low pressures. October 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 45N, 77W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 46.3N, 75.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center over Canada near 46N, 76.5W. Available observations suggest that this 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 46.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures were observed. October 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 46N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt extratropical low at 48.5N, 62.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 47.5N, 64W with a 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered near 48.5N, 62.5W. Ship highlights: no gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 1002 mb at 12 UTC at Chatham at 47.0N, 65.5W (HWM); 10 kt NW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Sydney at 46.2N, 60.2W (HWM). No gales and no other low pressures. October 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb embedded in an occluded front located south-southwest of the southern tip of Greenland near 52N, 48.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 51.7N, 51.7W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt extratropical low was centered near 51.7N, 51.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 11 UTC at 52.5N, 47.5W (COA); 25 kt SSW and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 54.0N, 47.8W (COA). No other gales. All other observations are low pressures. Land highlights: No gales. October 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb in an occluded front near 55N, 37W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 55.0N, 40.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 55.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR); 45 kt N and 970 mb at 17 UTC at 53.3N, 43.2W (MWR). Several other gales. All observations are low pressures. October 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 975 mb at the end of a stationary front centered near 57.5N, 27.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical storm at 57.6N, 32.6W. Available observations indicate that the 50 kt extratropical storm was centered near 57.6N, 32.6W. Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 976 mb at 07 UTC at 55.5N, 33.5W (COA); 50 kt WNW and 977 mb at 13 UTC at 55.5N, 31.5W (COA); 50 kt NW at 22 UTC at 56.5N, 29.5W (COA); 10 kt W and 964 mb at 10 UTC at 56.5N, 28.5W (COA). Several other gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 30 kt E and 986 mb at 12 UTC at Reykjavik, Iceland at 64.2N, 22.0W (HWM). One other low pressure. This system became a tropical depression around 00 UTC on the 15th, about twelve hours after that originally indicated. No gale force winds were observed from the 14th through the 18th. Numerous low pressure observations (less than 1006 mb) were taken, but the environmental pressures were around 1008 mb, so none of these suggest gale force winds were present on these dates. On the 19th, the system became elongated northeast-southwest (and may no longer have had a well-defined closed center) as a strong cold front approached from the northwest. Two 35 kt west winds were observed on this date, but were more than 300 nmi from the center, which suggests a structure more descriptive of a monsoonal low or developing extratropical low. On the 20th, a well-defined closed center could no longer be located as the strong frontal boundary approached, but the lack of a closed low may have been due on this date to sparse data. HURDAT originally had the system becoming extratropical on the 20th at 12 UTC, but the timing of this appears to be about 6-12 hours too early. By 12 UTC on the 21st, the system had transformed into a purely extratropical storm with gales developing on the 22nd. (It is possible that the original tropical depression dissipated completely late on the 19th/early on the 20th and that a separate extratropical low developed on the 21st. This scenario is consistent with the Monthly Weather Reviews description of the system: "There was evidence that a disturbance was forming [on the 16th and 17th] between the Island of Jamaica and the Isthmus of Panama ... Over the western Caribbean Sea pressure continued low with some evidence of a slight disturbance central southwest of Jamaica. Following a slight rise in pressure over the western Caribbean Sea, Cuba and the vicinity of the Bahama Islands on the 20th, the barometer again began to fall over Cuba and the Bahamas region during the 21st, and by the morning of the 22d a disturbance of slight intensity had developed with its center near Nassau, Bahama Islands.") The extratropical storm became quite intense with hurricane force winds reported on the 23rd. HURDAT continued the system through the 29th of October, but the Historical Weather Map series suggest that the system remained a separate extratropical storm until the 2nd of November in the far North Atlantic. Because the system had no direct gales associated with it from the 14th until the 19th while it was a tropical cyclone, this system is removed from HURDAT as it likely never reached tropical storm status. This assessment is in agreement with Cuban meteorologist Ramon Perez, who stated that "This system looks like a low pressure or a tropical depression over Cuba. It does not look like a tropical storm, as Neumann and Ortiz tracked. A copy of several of our historical weather maps are attached." (These maps are included.) Thus the removal of this system from HURDAT is consistent with both the Cuban assessment as well as from U.S. Weather Bureau (in the Monthly Weather Review) descriptions at the time of the system. In our assessment, this cyclone had a large circulation with peak winds below gale-force and with no well-defined center. However, it is possible that a well-defined center did exist embedded within the large circulation envelope, but that it was just not sampled from the available observations. The system (if we are correct that no well-defined center was present) is likely somewhat analogous to Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, but without gale force winds present. 5) Historical Weather Maps and COADS ship observations show large, residual occluded lows on 16-17 October in the Eastern Atlantic near the Azores, 4-6 November in the Western Atlantic to the east and northeast of Bermuda, and 23-24 November in the Subtropical Central Atlantic. While all exhibited ambient temperatures that had become nearly isothermal towards the center, significant large-scale air and sea-surface temperature gradients still existed. Also, any available gale-force wind observations were located far away from the center. Consequently, these systems are considered to be extratropical gale centers and are not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Oct. 16 39N 23W Extratropical Storm Oct. 17 39N 25W Extratropical Storm DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 4 30N 58W Extratropical Storm Nov. 5 36N 63W Extratropical Storm Nov. 6 35N 60W Extratropical Storm DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 23 27N 58W Extratropical Storm Nov. 24 28N 56W Extratropical Storm ******************************************************************************* 1924/01 - 2009 REVISION: 23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 535 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23190 06/18/1924 M= 4 1 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 *** 23195 06/18* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*176 876 40 0*180 885 35 0 23195 06/18*176 852 35 0*178 866 40 0*180 880 40 0*182 894 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 23200 06/19*184 895 35 0*187 904 35 0*190 913 35 0*193 922 40 0 23200 06/19*184 907 30 0*187 919 30 0*190 930 35 0*194 940 40 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** *** 23205 06/20*195 931 40 0*197 939 40 0*200 948 40 0*203 958 40 0 23205 06/20*199 949 40 0*204 957 40 0*210 965 40 0*217 972 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23210 06/21*206 968 40 0*209 979 40 0*212 990 35 0*214 998 25 0 23210 06/21*225 978 35 0*235 983 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23215 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. June 17: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Available observations show that no closed low existed on this date. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures were observed. "Pressure fell gradually over the northwestern Caribbean Sea during the 15th-17th, the decrease in that time amounting to 0.14 inch at Tela, Spanish Honduras, and Belize, British Honduras, and 0.04 inch at Swan Island" (MWR). June 18: HWM analyzes an open trough over Central America and the northwestern Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.6N, 87.6W. Available observations do suggest a closed low exists near 18N, 88W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressures were observed. "The first disturbance, which was followed from the 18th to the 20th of June from the northwestern Caribbean to the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, caused heavy rains but apparently no high winds" (MWR). June 19: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 92.5W of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 19.0N, 91.3W. Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one does it may be somewhat west of the HURDAT position near 19N, 93W. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. June 20th: HWM analyzes a closed low over southern Mexico near 17N, 98W of at most 1007.5 mb. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 20.0N, 94.8W. Available observations are ambiguous if a closed low exists, but if one does it may be somewhat northwest of the HURDAT position near 21N, 96.5W, mainly because of low pressure observed in Tampico, MX. Station highlight: 1005 mb at Tampico (MWR). June 21st: HWM indicates no significant features near the system in question. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm inland over eastern Mexico at 21.2N, 99.0W. Available observations do suggest that the system had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds or equivalent in pressure were observed. Genesis is begun 12 hours earlier than original HURDAT with this tropical cyclone, as it had a fairly well-defined circulation at 12 UTC on the 18th. Alterations – mainly minor - were introduced to the track for all dates, though the changes on the 20th and 21st were quite large adjustments to the northwest, mainly due to the MWR observation of 1005 mb pressre at Tampcio. Winds are reduced below tropical storm intensity on the 19th as the cyclone transited the Yucatan. A peripheral pressure observation - 1005 mb at Tampico on the 20th was measured – which does suggest at least winds of 37 kt from the Brown et al. (2006) south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. However, environmental pressures were low, suggesting lower winds than usual for the given pressure observation. 40 kt is retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 20th. Dissipation of the cyclone is revised to be 12 hours earlier than originally shown in HURDAT. This is mainly because the original track had it make landfall in Mexico too late compared with available observations suggest. No tropical storm force winds were observed with this cyclone. However, as is fairly typical for Central America and the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, observations were quite sparse. Additionally, the location and time of year of this system do match that expected by climatology. Thus the cyclone will be retained in HURDAT, though evidence for keeping it in is somewhat mixed. ******************************************************************************* 1924/02 - 2009 ADDITION: 23190 07/28/1924 M= 3 2 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23195 07/28* 0 0 0 0*285 785 30 0*300 775 35 0*315 765 40 0 23195 07/29*330 755 40 0*345 744 45 0*360 730 50 0*372 714 55 0 23195 07/30*382 697 55 0*390 679 50 0*395 660 45 0E400 640 40 0 23215 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. July 27: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low with at most a 1015 mb central pressure situated near 28.5N, 84W at the tail end of a cold front that extended off the Carolinas through central Florida. However, examination of HWM and COADS data reveals that the system was better described as an open trough, oriented east-northeast to west-southwest. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. July 28: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most 1015 mb centered near 31.2N, 77.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.1N, 79.7W with an 1014 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary had dissipated and a center of the 35 kt tropical storm was near 30.0N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1013 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 77.5W (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1011 mb at 21 UTC at 32.5N, 77.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. July 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in an occluded front of at most 1015 mb centered near 36N, 73W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 34.9N, 73.3W. Available observations suggest that the frontal boundary had instead dissipated and that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 36.0N, 73.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNW and 1015 mb at 09 UTC at 33.5N, 75.5W (COA). 45 kt N and 999 mb at 22 UTC at 37.2N, 70.3W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 29th there was a disturbance central near Hatteras that moved northeastward along the coast ... vessels in the southernly quadrant reported moderate to strong gales" (MWR). July 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 39N, 63.8W, attached to the end of a weak front, but just south of a W-E stationary front. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 42.8N, 60W. Available observations suggest that the weak front attached to the system had dissipated, but that the stationary front the system was approaching from the south was a more significant baroclinic feature. The 50 kt tropical storm was centered near 39.5N, 66.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt W at 12 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (COA); 30 kt NW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 37.3N, 65.6W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1003 mb at ~ 14 UTC at 41.0N, 66.0W (MWR). No other gales or low pressures. "On the 31st [it] covered the region between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia" (MWR). Genesis of this new tropical storm is begun at 06 UTC on the 28th of July east of Florida, as it was likely still an open trough up until that time. The system's origins were from a frontal boundary and it - especially on the 28th - may still have had some hybrid characteristics. The temperature gradients were quite weak on the 28th and 29th, with a value of ~5F in 5 degree latitude diameter and nearly 0F in 5 degree longitude on the 28th and ~5F in 5 degree latitude and ~4F in 5 degree longitude on the 29th. The system was upgraded to a tropical storm late on the 28th based upon two 35 kt ship reports. The system peaked in intensity with an estimated 55 kt late on the 29th and early on the 30th as it moved north-northeastward, paralleling the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. This intensity was supported by a 999 mb pressure, which suggested at least 50 kt from both the subtropical and high latitude pressure-wind relationships. Highest observed winds in the tropical storm were 45 kt late on the 30th. The storm weakened afterwards, moving into the cool waters south of Nova Scotia. It likely became extratropical late on the 30th, as it merged with a stationary front. The statement in Monthly Weather Review regarding the system being between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia on the 31st is incorrect, as that was judged to be due to a strong baroclinic system moving in from the west. ******************************************************************************* 1924/03 - 2009 REVISION: 23220 08/16/1924 M=13 2 SNBR= 536 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23220 08/16/1924 M=13 3 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=1 * *** * 23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 540 35 0*110 552 35 0*115 561 35 0 23225 08/16* 0 0 0 0*105 546 25 0*110 560 25 0*116 575 25 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23230 08/17*120 570 35 0*126 580 35 0*134 591 35 0*142 604 35 0 23230 08/17*123 590 30 0*130 604 30 0*138 615 30 0*145 623 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23235 08/18*150 613 35 0*159 626 35 0*168 635 35 0*176 645 40 0 23235 08/18*152 629 30 0*160 635 30 0*168 640 30 0*176 646 35 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23240 08/19*185 655 40 0*194 664 40 0*202 672 45 0*210 679 45 0 23240 08/19*185 653 40 0*194 660 40 0*202 667 45 0*210 673 50 0 *** *** *** *** ** 23245 08/20*217 685 50 0*225 691 55 0*232 698 60 0*240 706 60 0 23245 08/20*217 679 55 0*225 685 60 0*232 692 60 0*240 701 60 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 23250 08/21*250 715 65 0*259 724 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0 23250 08/21*250 712 65 0*259 722 70 0*267 731 75 0*273 737 80 0 *** *** 23255 08/22*276 740 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0 23255 08/22*276 742 85 0*279 745 90 0*280 748 95 0*281 750 100 0 *** 23260 08/23*282 752 100 0*282 754 105 0*283 756 105 0*283 759 105 0 23260 08/23*282 753 100 0*282 757 105 0*283 762 105 0*283 766 105 0 *** *** *** *** 23265 08/24*282 762 110 0*282 766 110 0*282 769 110 0*282 775 115 0 23265 08/24*282 770 105 0*282 773 105 0*282 775 100 0*286 777 95 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23270 08/25*298 771 115 0*307 769 115 0*318 765 115 0*330 760 110 0 23270 08/25*294 779 90 0*302 777 85 0*312 770 85 969*327 763 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 23275 08/26*344 755 110 0*360 743 105 0*379 729 100 0*406 703 90 0 23275 08/26*344 755 90 0*363 743 90 963*385 729 85 0*409 703 80 968 ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** 23280 08/27E435 672 85 0E463 631 80 0E482 598 75 0E498 560 65 0 23280 08/27E435 672 75 0E463 631 65 0E490 598 60 0E510 560 55 0 ** ** *** ** *** ** 23285 08/28E518 526 55 0E538 488 50 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0 23285 08/28E525 526 50 0E540 488 45 0E553 452 45 0* 0 0 0 0 *** ** *** ** 23290 HR 23290 HR NC1 MA1 *** *** U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 8/26/1924 0400Z 35.5N 74.8W 65kt 1 34nmi RMW 963mb NC1 8/26/1924 1900Z 41.2N 70.2W 65kt 1 40nmi RMW 968mb MA1 (Both were close approaches, but not landfall.) Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather Review_, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Boose et al. (2001). August 16: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 tropical storm at 11.0N, 55.2W. Available observation suggest that the center of the 25 kt tropical depression was at 11.0N, 56.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 17: HWM analyzes rotation over the Leeward Islands but does not analyze a low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.4N, 59.1W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was at 13.8N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "A disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the Lesser Antilles" (MWR). August 18: HWM analyzes an elongated (SW - NE), closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14.5N, 67.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.8N, 63.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 30 kt tropical depression was at 16.8N, 64.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 21.2N, 67.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 20.2N, 67.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20N, 67.7W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt tropical storm was at 20.2N, 66.7W. Ship highlights: 50 kt S at 23.8N, 66.8W (MWR); 35 kt E and 1011 mb at 00 UTC at 21.5N, 64.5W (COA); 35 kt ESE and 1012 mb at 08 UTC at 22.5N, 63.5W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It moved northwest, reaching the Virgin Islands on the 19th without any increase in intensity. It was accompanied by heavy rain but no damaging winds" (MWR). August 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.3N, 68.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 23.2N, 69.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.7N, 70.8W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt tropical storm was at 23.2N, 69.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It increased gradually, however, both in intensity and size after passing to the north of Porto Rico and within three days, when its center was in about latitude 27.5N, and longitude 74.5W, the winds near the center had increased to hurricane force" (MWR). August 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.7N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 26.7N, 73.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 73.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 75 kt hurricane was at 26.7N, 73.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW and 993 mb at 19 UTC at 26.7N, 73.7W (MWR); 60 kt and 1000 mb (MWR); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 73.8W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. August 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 28.5N, 75.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 28.0N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 76W with a 992 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 95 kt hurricane was at 28.0N, 74.8W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 74.0W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. August 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 27.1N, 79W. HURDAT listed this as an 105 kt hurricane at 28.3N, 75.6W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.1N, 77W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 105 kt hurricane was at 28.3N, 76.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.9N, 73.8W (COA); 35 kt SE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 28.8N, 73.5W (COA); 20 kt NW and 1002 mb at 20 UTC at 26.7N, 79.6W (COA). One other gale. Several other low pressures between 1002 and 1005 mb. August 24: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 27.3N, 76.1W. HURDAT listed this as an 110 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 76.9W. The MWR Tracks for Center of Cyclones shows a center near 28.7N, 78W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 100 kt hurricane was at 28.2N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 972 mb (no time or position) (MWR); 60 kt N and 996 mb at 05 UTC at 28.8N, 78.4W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 998 mb at 00 UTC at 29.6N, 77.9W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "It did not start north again until the night of the 24th, meanwhile developing the greatest intensity just north of the Bahamas with hurricane velocities and barometer readings as low as 28.70 inches [972 mb]" (MWR). August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 30.8N, 78.2W, with a front a little to the northwest of the low. HURDAT listed this as an 115 kt hurricane near 31.8N, 76.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 77W. It showed a 972 mb pressure at 00 UTC slightly south-southwest of the position at 12 UTC. Available observations suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 31.2N, 77.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 31.5N, 74.8W (COA); 70 kt SSW and 984 mb at 21 UTC at 31.5N, 75.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 973 mb at 32.0N, 76.5W (MWR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC); 38 kt E and 997 mb at 22 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR/NCDC). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Regarding the location/intensity: "At noon [16 UTC], [the center] was very accurately located by three vessels near latitude 32N, and longitude 76.5W" (MWR). Savannah: "Tropical storm... moved rapidly northward, passing about 100 miles east of Savannah" (OMR). Wilmington: "Rain set in at about 4:20 a.m. [0920 UTC], continuing with a few short interruptions until 6:30 p.m. [2330 UTC]. Winds at Wilmington shifted from ENE-N-NW-WNW between the morning of the 25th and early on the 26th. The storm center passed an estimated distance of 100 to 120 miles to the eastward of the station. Morehead City and Beaufort indicate that severe winds were experienced at those places, causing some damage to property on shore and small craft in the harbor" (OMR). August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 39N, 72.5W, with the west edge of a warm front just to the northeast of the low. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 37.9N, 72.9W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38.1N, 72.5W. It showed a 971 mb pressure at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 75.5W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 85 kt hurricane was at 38.5N, 72.9W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 986 mb at 17 UTC at 39.1N, 68.1W (MWR); 35 kt NE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 40.0N, 72.4W (COA). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Land highlights: 64 kt NW at 03 and 04 UTC and 975 mb at 02 and 03 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR); 68 kt N at 16 UTC at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (OMR); 20 kt E and 972 mb at 19 UTC at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. "Maximum sustained winds reached 72 mph at Cape Henry" (VA Hurricanes). Norfolk: "Heavy rain and winds of strong gale force accompanied the storm. A number of trees were blown down and there was other minor damage" (OMR). Block Island: "The gale commenced during the early morning, reaching 78 miles at 11 a.m.; continued with hurricane force until 2 p.m. with an extreme of 82 miles per hour" (OMR). Providence: Damage to shipping, boats, telephone lines, trees, poles, fruit crops, and electricity (OMR). Nantucket Island: "The tropical storm which passed to the south of the station at 2:00 pm was of great intensity doing extensive damage to the water front" (OMR). Near North Carolina: Central pressure of 972 mb, radius of maximum wind 34 nmi, no landfall (Ho et al.). Near Massachusetts: Central Pressure of 960 mb, radius of maximum wind 40 nmi, "storm becoming extratropical" (Ho et al.). Two reports of F2 and numerous reports of F1 structural damage in New England, analyzed a 60 nmi radius of maximum wind (Boose et al.). "1924 Aug. 25, Cape Hatteras, Minimal, Center offshore ... 1924 Aug. 26, R.I., Cape Cod, Minimal, Severe at Block Island" (Dunn and Miller - Note "Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds). Jarrell et al. did not consider this system to cause hurricane impacts in either North Carolina or in New England. "Environmental pressure of 1006 mb, Maximum Sustained Surface Wind Estimate [felt offshore due to bypass] of 84 kt near North Carolina and 79 kt near Massachusetts" (Schwerdt et al.). August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low, now embedded in an occluded front, of at most 980 mb centered near 49N, 59W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt extratropical low at 48.2N, 59.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 48.2N, 59.5W with a 981 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the center of the 60 kt extratropical low was at 49.0N, 59.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW at 12 UTC at 43.0N, 60.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 40 kt NE and 983 mb at 12 UTC at Harrington H., Canada at 50.5N, 59.5W (HWM); 35 kt SW and 980 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No other gales. Several other low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 58.9N, 42.5W, at the end of an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt extratropical low at 55.3N, 45.2W. Available observations suggest that the center of the 45 kt extratropical low was at 55.3N, 45.2W. Ship highlights: 15 kt NW and 976 mb at 12 UTC at 53.5N, 46.8W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. Land highlights: 20 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Ray, Canada at 47.6N, 59.4W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. The most significant track alteration was done on the 17th with a shift 150 nmi to the west-northwest of the original HURDAT location based upon ship and island observations showing an earlier track across the Lesser Antilles. Minor changes to the track were introduced for the remainder of the hurricane's lifetime. The system's development into a tropical storm was delayed until late on the 18th based upon numerous ship and island station observations. This is consistent with the Monthly Weather Review's assessment of "a disturbance of slight intensity appeared over the Lesser Antilles". Observation of 993 mb peripheral pressure late on the 21st suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, down from 80 kt originally. Little in the way of inner core observations were available until the 25th. Intensity of 95 kt and 105 kt on the 22nd and 23rd are retained and 105 kt is the peak intensity for this cyclone, though this could not be verified by observations. At an unknown time on the 25th the ship Harvester reported a surface pressure of 973 mb with a wind of 35 kt east with a peak wind of 70 kt (force 12) east-southeast. The weakening of the wind at time of lowest pressure suggests a measurement inside the radius of maximum wind near the eye and an estimate of 969 mb central pressure is made (assuming about 1 mb drop per 10 kt wind). 969 mb pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt chosen for HURDAT down from 115 kt at 12 UTC and 110 kt at 18 UTC. Winds are lowered accordingly from the 22nd through the 25th. Early on the 26th the hurricane made a close pass to the east of North Carolina with 64 kt 5 min northwest winds and 975 mb pressure recorded at Hatteras. Ho et al. (1987) analyzed a central pressure of the hurricane as it was bypassing Hatteras of 972 mb, though this value appears to be too high given the hurricane force winds being observed with 975 mb pressure recorded. A central pressure early on the 26th is estimated to be about 963 mb, which suggests winds of 92 and 88 kt from the subtropical and northern pressure-wind relationships, accordingly. Winds are chosen at 90 kt for 00 and 06 UTC on the 26th, down from 110 and 105 kt originally. (This is similar to the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near the Carolinas.) 115 kt previously from late of the 24th until 12 UTC on the 25th were the peak intensity of this hurricane. In these revisions, the peak is reached later – late on the 25th and early on the 26th with a reduced peak intensity of 90 kt. The observed 64 kt at Hatteras reduces down to 53 kt after correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996). However, given the impact along portions of the Outer Banks, it is estimated that at least minimal sustained hurricane force (Category 1) winds occurred in North Carolina. Thus this hurricane is counted as a Category 1 hurricane strike in North Carolina, though it remained offshore and did not make a landfall. After passing the Carolinas, the hurricane accelerated off to the northeast and passed just offshore of Massachusetts. Key observations at Nantucket were a minimum pressure of 972 mb and winds of 20 kt east at 19 UTC on the 26th, suggesting that the island was very close to the center of the system. Ho et al.'s analysis of 960 mb central pressure thus appears to be too deep and 968 mb is instead utilized. Structurally, this system had begun transitioning to an extratropical storm, but likely retained enough tropical characteristics to consider it a New England hurricane impact. (As an example, Boston's temperatures/dew points went from 65F/64F at 12 UTC on the 26th before the system's passage to 70F/65F at 12 UTC on the 27th after the passage. Thus any surface baroclinicity appears to be minimal or non-existent near New England.) 968 mb central pressure suggests winds of 84 kt from the northern pressure- wind relationship. A RMW of 40 nmi is larger than that suggested from climatology for this latitude and central pressure (33 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000). The hurricane was accelerating northeastward at 30-35 kt around the time of closest approach to New England, which while fast is close to climatological for this region. Thus winds are reduced to 80 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th, down from 90 kt originally. (This is similar to the 79 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al. near Massachusetts.) A peak 5 min wind of 68 kt was recorded at Block Island at 16 UTC, which adjusts downward to 55 kt after accounting for bias and conversion to 1 min. Thus only Massachusetts is considered a Category 1 hurricane strike from this system. Characterization of system as a Category 1 hurricane in New England is also consistent with Boose et al.'s assessment based upon structural damages in the area. No change is made to when the system underwent extratropical transition (at 00 UTC on the 27th). Winds are reduced on the 27th and 28th consistent with relatively lower intensity indicated by Canadian and marine observations of a large, but weaker extratropical storm. ******************************************************************************* 1924/04 - 2009 REVISION: 23295 08/26/1924 M=12 3 SNBR= 537 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23295 08/26/1924 M=12 4 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** 23300 08/26*137 500 35 0*137 532 35 0*138 546 35 0*140 558 35 0 23300 08/26*137 480 35 0*137 495 35 0*138 510 35 0*140 525 40 0 *** *** *** *** ** 23305 08/27*144 570 40 0*149 581 40 0*153 590 45 0*156 598 50 0 23305 08/27*144 540 45 0*149 555 55 0*153 570 65 0*156 586 75 0 *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23310 08/28*161 606 55 0*166 613 65 0*171 620 65 0*176 627 70 0 23310 08/28*161 602 85 0*166 618 95 965*171 630 95 0*176 638 95 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** 23315 08/29*183 634 75 0*190 640 80 0*196 646 80 0*199 649 85 0 23315 08/29*181 644 95 0*185 649 95 967*190 654 95 0*195 659 95 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23320 08/30*202 651 85 0*204 653 85 0*207 656 85 0*211 658 85 0 23320 08/30*200 663 90 0*205 667 90 0*210 670 90 0*213 672 90 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23325 08/31*214 660 90 0*218 662 90 0*222 665 90 0*226 668 90 0 23325 08/31*215 674 90 0*216 676 90 0*218 678 90 0*220 680 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23330 09/01*231 671 90 0*236 675 90 0*241 678 90 0*246 681 90 0 23330 09/01*223 681 90 0*226 682 90 0*230 683 90 0*236 684 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23335 09/02*252 684 90 0*258 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*272 688 85 0 23335 09/02*243 685 90 0*252 686 90 0*263 687 85 0*275 688 85 0 *** *** *** *** 23340 09/03*284 689 85 0*300 688 80 0*319 685 80 0*341 680 80 0 23340 09/03*289 689 85 0*305 688 80 0*322 685 80 0*341 680 80 0 *** *** *** 23345 09/04*363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0 23345 09/04E363 670 75 0E386 660 75 0E408 648 70 0E430 631 70 0 * 23350 09/05E451 611 65 0E472 587 55 0E492 560 50 0E506 524 45 0 23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 362 35 0 23355 09/06E513 492 40 0E520 460 35 0E521 426 35 0E518 386 35 0 *** 23360 HR Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. August 26: HWM analyzes an open trough east-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands near 54W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.8N, 54.6W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 13.8N, 51.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 19N, 58.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 15.3N, 59.0W. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 15.3N, 57.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 15.7N, 63.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 17.1N, 62.0W. Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 17.1N, 63.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 965 mb at ~0730 UTC at Cudjoc Head, Montserrat, at 16.7N, 62.2W (MWR). Regarding the intensity: "The center passed over Cudjoc Head, Montserrat at 3:30 a.m. of the 28th with readings on nearby barometers as low as 28.50 inches. Estimates of 100 to 110 miles per hour were made at Montserrat and Antigua between 3 a.m. and 4 a.m." (MWR). August 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.8N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 64.6W. Available observations suggest that the 95 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 65.4W. Ship highlights: 35 kt and 1009 mb at 16 UTC at 20.5N, 66.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: 967 mb at 0530 UTC at Tortola, Virgin Islands at 18.8N, 64.9W (MWR); 967 mb at 06 UTC at St. John at 18.3N, 64.8W (MWR). One other gale. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The center was again exactly located as it passed over the western end of Tortola of the Virgin group. The lowest reading at this point was 28.56 inches at 1:30 a.m. of the 29th... The islands in the direct path of the center of the hurricane were almost completely devastated by the wind and by flood waters from the extremely heavy rainfall" (MWR). "Great damage was done by the storm in these Islands [Virgin Islands]. A number of lives were lost, hundreds of houses were destroyed and thousands damaged, and much damage was done to crops" (MWR). "At 2 a.m. of the 29th the center with a reading of 28.56 inches passed over the eastern end of the island of St. John. The western end of the island of Tortola experienced hurricane winds from 6 p.m. of the 28th to 6 a.m. of the 29th... winds estimated about 100 to 110 miles an hour. The observer at St. Thomas estimated the wind at 110 miles per hour from the north-northeast between midnight and 2 a.m. of the 29th" (MWR). August 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 20.8N, 66.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 20.7N, 65.6W. The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a center near 19.8N, 66.3W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.0N, 67.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 21.8N, 65.1W (COA); 35 kt E and 1012 mb at 12 UTC at 21.5N, 63.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 31: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 20.8N, 66.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 22.2N, 66.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 67.6W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 21.8N, 67.8W. Ship highlights: Four obs of 35 kt. 15 kt SW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 19.1N, 66.7W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 23.2N, 68.4W. HURDAT listed this as a 90 kt hurricane at 24.1N, 67.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 24N, 69W. Available observations suggest that the 90 kt hurricane was centered at 23.0N, 68.3W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1009 mb at 04 UTC at 24.9N, 68.3W (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 24.4N, 68.1W (COA). One other gale. One other low pressure. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 25.7N, 71.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 26.3N, 68.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclone shows a center near 26.2N, 69.2W, with a 982 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 26.3N, 68.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 983 mb at 16 UTC at 26.7N, 66.2W (MWR); 40 kt SE and 982 mb at 12 UTC at 26.7N, 68.5W (HWM); 50 kt SW and 988 mb at 23 UTC at 27.9N, 68.7W (COA). One other gale and one other low pressure. September 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 32.1N, 68.7W. A cold frontal boundary is analyzed in HWM a few hundred miles northwest of the hurricane. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 31.9N, 68.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.9N, 67.9W. Available observations suggest that the 80 kt hurricane was centered at 32.2N, 68.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt SSW and 999 mb at 12 UTC at 30.7N, 67.4W (MWR); 45 kt SW and 985 mb at 03 UTC at 29.8N, 69.0W (COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Its center passed about 150 miles...west of Bermuda...Bermuda reported a wind velocity of 36 miles an hour from the southwest the morning of September 3" (and 1008 mb pressure) (MWR). September 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N, 65W, now embedded within a frontal boundary with a strong temperature gradient across the low. HURDAT listed this as a a 70 kt extratropical low at 40.8N, 64.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: 50 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 40.9N, 63.2W (COA); 45 kt NE and 980 mb at 14 UTC at 41.2N, 65.1W (MWR). Several other gales. Several other low pressures. September 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb in an occluded front centered near 49N, 55.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 49.2N, 56.0W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of attached to the end of a front centered near 50.5N, 41.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 52.1N, 42.6W. Available observations suggest that HURDAT's previous observations need not be changed. ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. Large alterations to the track were made on the 26th and 27th with positions significantly farther east than originally in HURDAT due to ship observations on the 26th and Lesser Antilles station data on the 27th. A large change was also made for the very last HURDAT position at 18Z on the 6th to provide a more realistic acceleration in accordance with observations. Changes for track from the 28th through the 3rd were minor, with no track corrections for the 4th through 12Z on the 6th. A possible central pressure of 965 mb at 0730Z on the 28th from Montserrat suggests winds of 95 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt chosen for 06 and 12Z (above the 65 kt in HURDAT previously) and winds bumped up on the 26th and 27th appropriately to indicate a stronger system than recorded originally. Additional possible central pressures of 967 mb on the 29th from Tortola at 0530Z and St. John at 06Z suggest winds of 93 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt chosen for HURDAT on the 29th. Description of damages and estimates of winds support (at least) a high end Category 2 hurricane in the islands, which is an upgrade from Category 1 originally indicated. Few observations were available near the hurricane's center from the 30th through the 1st, so no changes to the intensity (of 90 kt) were indicated. A 982 mb peripheral pressure reading from ship at 12Z on the 2nd indicates winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 kt retained in HURDAT. A peripheral pressure of 985 mb from a ship at 03Z on the 3rd suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 85 and 80 kt retained in HURDAT for 00 and 06Z, respectively. Extratropical transition is indicated here at 00Z on the 4th, six hours earlier than originally, due to timing of the fronts arrival upon the hurricane. A 980 mb peripheral pressure at 14Z on the 4th suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt retained in HURDAT as the system has already become extratropical. ******************************************************************************* 1924/05 - 2009 REVISION: 23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 4 SNBR= 538 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23365 09/13/1924 M= 7 5 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 * *** 23370 09/13*240 830 60 0*254 852 60 0*260 860 65 0*266 866 70 0 23370 09/13*240 845 35 0*248 855 40 0*255 865 45 0*262 872 45 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23375 09/14*271 869 70 0*277 872 70 0*282 874 70 0*287 874 70 0 23375 09/14*269 877 50 0*276 879 50 0*282 880 55 0*286 876 60 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23380 09/15*291 871 70 0*296 865 65 0*300 860 65 0*303 855 55 0 23380 09/15*290 870 65 0*293 862 70 0*296 855 75 980*299 849 55 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 23385 09/16*306 848 50 0*310 839 45 0*314 828 45 0*319 813 40 0 23385 09/16*302 843 50 0*305 836 45 0*310 828 40 0*318 817 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23390 09/17*328 790 40 0*340 770 40 0E353 744 40 0E366 720 40 0 23390 09/17*329 802 35 0E341 782 40 0E353 758 45 0E367 723 45 0 *** *** ** **** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23395 09/18E382 691 40 0E394 667 40 0E410 628 40 0E422 595 40 0 23395 09/18E383 697 45 0E400 670 45 0E415 645 50 0E428 620 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23400 09/19E434 565 40 0E445 533 40 0E455 500 40 0E473 414 40 0 23400 09/19E439 595 50 0E448 570 50 0E455 545 50 0E460 520 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23405 HRAFL1 U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 9/15/1924 1400Z 29.7N 85.3W 75kt 1 No RMW estimate 980mb AFL1 Major changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original Monthly Records, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Barnes (1998). September 12: HWM indicates a trough in the northwestern Caribbean and southeast Gulf of Mexico. A closed low does not yet exist for this system, despite gale force wind observations. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE at 09 UTC at 25.5N, 80.5W (COA) and 35 kt ENE at 13 UTC at 24.5N, 80.5W (COA). A short article in Monthly Weather Review (May 1930, page 210, by "A. J. H." suggested that this system began as a tropical storm in the northeast Pacific from the 7th to the 9th, crossed the Mexican highlands on the 10th and 11th, re-emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on the 12th, and redeveloped on the 13th. A similar scenario was suggested by P. Vazquez Schiaffino of the Encargado del Observatorio de Mazatlan in an unpublished letter entitled "Ciclon tropical de Septiembre 6 - 16 de 1924". However, examination of all available observations strongly suggests that storm 4 instead formed independently in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the 13th. September 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N, 86.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 26.0N, 86.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26N, 87W with an 1008 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 25.5N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "On the morning of the 13th of September a disturbance was noted in the central portion of the Gulf of Mexico" (MWR). September 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 28.1N, 86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 70 kt hurricane at 28.2N, 87.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 28.2N, 87.7W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.2N, 88.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 21 UTC at 27.0N, 86.8W (COA); 35 kt SW and 1008 mb at 23 UTC at 27.2N, 87.2W (COA); 25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at 27.9N, 87.6W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. September 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 30N, 84.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 30.0N, 86.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 85.6W with a 985 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered at 29.6N, 85.5W. Land highlights: 58 kt SE and 997 mb at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR); 23 kt SW and 986 mb at Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (OMR); 985 mb at 1930 UTC at Carrabelle, FL at 29.9N, 84.7W (MWR). Several other strong gales and low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "The highest winds at Port St. Joe have been estimated at 75 to 80 miles per hour from the northwest. The harbor damages were relatively small considering the force and duration of the storm, which is probably explained by the timely warnings ... At St. Andrews the winds at their highest were estimated at from 60 to 75 miles per hour and at Carrabelle from 40 to 50 miles with lowest barometer reading at the latter 29.10 inches [985 mb] at about 2:30 pm on the 15th" (MWR). Charleston, SC: "Rain fell at excessive rates on the 15th-16th" (OMR). Apalachicola, FL: The storm of the 15th was of about hurricane intensity" (OMR). Tropical Cyclones in Florida, 1924 Sept. 15, St. Joe, Minimal, Damage $275,000; Tropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic States – Carolinas and Georgia, 1924 Sept. 16-17, Ga., S.C., Minor, Heavy Rain (Dunn & Miller - Note "Minimal" is an Intensity Classification of 74 to 100 mph Maximum Winds and "Minor" is for winds less than 74 mph). "Wind damages were not significant, but heavy rains flooded fields and washed away acres of crops. The heaviest rainfall was measured at Quincy, in Gadsden County, where 12.93 inches were recorded within twenty-four hours. The Suwannee and Aucilla Rivers were far above flood stage, and thousands of acres were submerged. The heaviest damages occurred to cotton, corn, sugarcane, peanut, sweet potato, and pecan crops" (Barnes). "Sep. 15, 1924, Center Crossed Coast near Apalachicola, Estimate Lowest 985 mb" (Connor). "1924 Sep, FL, 1NW, Category 1, 985 mb" (Jarrell et al.). September 16: HWM analyzes a closed low centered near 30.5N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 31.4N, 82.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 31N, 82.8W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 31.0N, 82.8W. Ship highlights: 42 kt NE at 23 UTC at Charleston, SC at 32.8N, 80.0W (OMR); 40 kt SW and 1008 mb at 1545 UTC at Jacksonville, FL at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR); 26 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at Apalachicola, FL at 29.7N, 85.0W (OMR). One other gale. No other low pressures. September 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb in an occluded front centered near 35N, 75W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 35.3N, 74.4W. The MWR Tracks of Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 35.1N, 75W with a 999 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 35.3N, 75.8W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NNE and 1003 mb at 13 UTC at 36.5N, 75.5W (COA); 35 kt S and 999 mb at 20 UTC at 37.8N, 66.5W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 74.9W (COA). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Cape Henry, Virginia at 36.9N, 76.0W (VA Hist); 42 kt SE and 999 mb at 11 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Nantucket, MA: "A northeaster of marked intensity from 12:20 p.m. to 2:39 a.m. the 18, the storm was of southern origin..." (OMR). September 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 41N, 65W, embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low near 41.0N, 62.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 41.9N, 64.7W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered at 41.5N, 64.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW at 40.6N, 66.1W (MWR); 35 kt WSW and 997 mb at 16 UTC at 41.5N, 63.5W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 50 kt N at Nantucket Island at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR) at 0417 UTC; 1002 mb at Nantucket Island, MA at 0540 UTC at 41.3N, 70.1W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. September 19: HWM analyzes an elongated trough of low pressure associated with a frontal system centered near 45N, 50W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt extratropical low at 45.5N, 50.0W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered at 45.5N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W at 12 UTC at 43.5N, 54.3W (COA); 15 kt SW and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 45.6N, 53.2W (COA). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Cape Race, Canada at 46.7N, 53.1W (HWM). No changes are made to either the genesis or decay of this system. Track changes are minor from the 13th until early on the 18th. From late on the 18th through the 19th, a significant track alteration is introduced (substantially farther west than in original HURDAT) based on marine and Canadian observations. Numerous ship and Gulf coastal data indicates a weaker system on the 13th and 14th. Winds reduced at 12 UTC on the 13th from 65 to 45 kt and on the 14th from 70 to 50 kt. The system intensified to a hurricane before making landfall in Florida around 14 UTC on the 15th. (It is noted that an intensification after recurvature toward the northeast is rather unusual.) No sustained hurricane force winds were recorded, as 58 kt SE 5 min winds were the highest observed (which reduces to 48 kt 1 min true wind after correction for the high bias of the anemometers of the era [Fergusson and Covert 1924] and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds [Powell et al. 1996]). However, two locations had estimated hurricane force winds (Port St. Joe and Panama City). Lowest observed pressures were 985 mb from Carrabelle at 1930 UTC (with estimated 35 to 45 kt at the time) and 986 mb from Apalachicola at 1740 UTC (with observed 23 kt SW wind). Both of these occurred after landfall and neither were central pressures as the winds were still substantial. (Thus the Jarrell et al. assessment of 985 mb central pressure at landfall is incorrect. It is also noted that Ho et al. did not have this hurricane in their listing, which included hurricanes of less than 982 mb.) Taking into account the distance of Carrabelle and Apalachicola from the center as well as filling since the landfall at around 14 UTC, the central pressure at landfall is estimated to be 980 mb. A 980 mb central pressure suggests winds of 73 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship and 76 kt from the subset of those systems that were intensifying. 75 kt is chosen for landfall intensity, keeping the hurricane as a Category 1 system at landfall for northwest Florida. Highest sustained winds after landfall are 49 kt within two hours of 18 UTC on the 15th (41 kt corrected) and less than gale force at 00 UTC on the 16th. A run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland wind decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 1995) suggests winds of 57 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th and 47 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. Given the sparse coverage of wind observations after landfall, more weight is given to the Kaplan-DeMaria model. Winds are unchanged in HURDAT from the 55 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th and 50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th. The system is transitioned to extratropical at 06 UTC on the 17th (six hours earlier than in HURDAT) based upon land observations showing that a frontal boundary intercepted the storm earlier than originally indicated. Winds are boosted slightly late on the 17th through the 19th based upon coastal and marine observations of winds up to 50 kt. ******************************************************************************* 1924/06 - 2009 ADDITION: 23410 09/20/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23415 09/20*158 226 25 0*159 228 30 0*160 230 35 0*161 232 40 0 23415 09/21*162 234 40 0*163 237 40 0*165 240 40 0*168 245 40 0 23415 09/22*172 252 35 1005*176 261 35 0*180 270 35 0*185 280 35 0 23435 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 19: Historical Weather Map analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 13.5N 22.5W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the system was still a SW-NE open trough. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 20: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N 23W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 16N 23W. Ship highlights: 10 kt SE and 1005 mb at 16.5N 22.5W at 17 UTC (COA). September 21: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 21.5W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 16.5N 24W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 22: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1010 mb centered near 17N 20W. Available observations suggest that the system was near 18N 27W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE at 17.5N 25.5W at 10 UTC (COA), calm and 1005 mb at 17.5N 24.5W at 02 UTC (COA). September 23: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the region. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. This system likely formed around 00 UTC on the 20th near the Cape Verde Islands. The 1005 mb peripheral pressure at 17 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 37 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Based upon this, it is analyzed that the cyclone became a tropical storm around 12 UTC on the 20th and winds are analyzed at 40 kt at 18 UTC. This is the peak intensity of the tropical cyclone and may have continued at this intensity on the 21st (though the observations were sparse on that date). A possible central pressure of 1005 mb was observed at 02 UTC on the 22nd and a second ship recorded 35 kt SE winds at 10 UTC. The tropical cyclone moved slowly west-northwest from the 20th to the 22nd. Due to the lack of available observations, its existence and status cannot be documented beyond this date. ***************************************************************************** 1924/07 - 2009 ADDITION: 23410 09/24/1924 M=12 7 SNBR= 545 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23415 09/24*113 222 25 0*114 236 25 0*115 250 25 0*117 264 25 0 23415 09/25*118 278 30 0*119 292 30 0*120 305 30 0*121 318 30 0 23415 09/26*122 332 35 0*123 346 35 0*125 360 35 0*127 375 35 0 23415 09/27*129 390 40 0*132 405 40 0*135 420 40 0*138 434 40 0 23415 09/28*141 448 40 0*145 462 40 0*150 475 45 0*158 487 45 0 23415 09/29*167 499 45 0*176 511 45 0*185 520 40 0*193 526 40 0 23415 09/30*199 531 35 0*204 536 35 0*210 540 35 0*219 544 35 0 23415 10/01*231 547 35 0*246 549 35 0*260 550 35 0*272 550 35 0 23415 10/02*282 550 40 0*290 550 40 0*300 550 45 0*313 550 45 0 23415 10/03*328 550 45 0*345 549 45 0E360 545 45 0E374 537 45 0 23415 10/04E388 525 45 0E402 510 45 0E415 490 45 0E428 469 45 0 23415 10/05E442 447 50 0E456 424 50 0E470 400 50 0E485 375 50 0 23435 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database. September 24: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the 25 kt tropical depression was centered near 11.5N, 25.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 25: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered near 12.0N, 30.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 26: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low pressure at 42W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 12.5N, 36.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 13.5N, 42.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 14N, 46.4W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 15.0N, 47.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1008 mb at 12 UTC at 15.6N, 46.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. September 29: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered near 18.5N, 52.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 30: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered near 21.0N, 54.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 1: HWM does not analyze a closed low, but analyzes a trough of low pressure around 55W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered near 26.0N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. October 2: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day, but analyzes a SW-NE front extending from the Bahamas to 40N, 60W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered near 30.0N, 55.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SE and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 53.6W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. October 3: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low along the front centered near 37N, 56W. Available observation suggest that the 45 et extratropical low was centered near 36.0N, 54.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSE and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at 34.5N, 53.5W (COA); 30 kt SW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 35.2N, 53.5W (COA). No other gales or low pressures. October 4: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 41N, 49W, embedded in an occluded front. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered near 41.5N, 49.0W. Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE at 03 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NE at 07 UTC at 41.5N, 51.5W (COA); 45 kt NNW at 15 UTC at 41.5N, 50.5W (COA). A few other gales. No low pressures. October 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 46.2N, 40W attached to the north end of a front. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt extratropical low was centered near 47.0N, 40.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt N and 1007 mb at 12 UTC at 45.5N, 42.6W (COA); 35 kt NE at 10 UTC at 46.0N, 39.0W (COA); 35 kt NNW at 19 UTC at 45.0N, 42.0W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. Genesis for this system occurred early on the 24th south of the Cape Verde Islands, based upon ship, island, and coastal observations. While the first gale force wind (45 kt) was reported on the 28th, it is estimated that the system became a tropical storm on the 26th though ship reports are sparse between the 25th and early on the 28th. Ship observations on the 30th were able to relatively accurately depict the system's location and also to indicate that the circulation had weakened. The system is judged to have weakened to a minimal tropical storm on this date. A gale force observation again is reported on the 2nd (45 kt), suggesting some re-strengthening late on the 1st. The system was overtaken by a frontal boundary by 12 UTC on the 4th, thus extratropical transition is indicated at that time. Numerous gales up to 50 kt were observed during its extratropical phase. Late on the 5th the system was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm. This new tropical storm followed a classic, Cape Verde-type recurvature track. It was only the fortuitous discovery of two separate gale force observations in the generally data sparse eastern North Atlantic that led to its inclusion into HURDAT. ***************************************************************************** 1924/08 - 2009 REVISION: 23410 09/27/1924 M= 4 5 SNBR= 539 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23410 09/27/1924 M= 5 8 SNBR= 546 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 * * *** 23415 09/27* 0 0 0 0*164 860 35 0*171 861 35 0*175 861 35 0 23415 09/27*165 860 25 0*170 860 25 0*175 861 30 0*180 861 30 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23420 09/28*181 861 35 0*189 862 35 0*200 862 35 0*213 862 40 0 23420 09/28*186 861 30 0*192 862 30 0*200 862 30 0*213 862 35 0 *** ** *** ** ** ** 23425 09/29*228 862 45 0*245 865 45 0E263 866 50 0E283 850 50 0 23425 09/29*230 862 40 0*250 865 45 0*270 866 50 999*290 850 55 0 *** ** *** **** ******* ** 23430 09/30E304 830 45 0E326 810 35 0E350 785 35 0E375 758 30 0 23430 09/30E310 830 55 0E330 807 55 1001E350 780 60 0E380 755 65 0 *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** *** *** ** (The 1st of October is new to HURDAT.) 23432 10/01E425 730 55 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 23435 TS U.S. Tropical Storm Strike Info: 9/29/1924 2100Z 30.0N 84.0W 55kt FL Minor changes to the track and to the intensity (while a tropical cyclone) shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Major changes were made to the intensity while the system was an extratropical cyclone. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station data, and Kasper et al. (1998). September 27: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.5N, 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.1N, 86.1W. Available observation suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 17.5N, 86.1W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 28: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.8N, 86.9W. HURDAT listed this system as a 35 kt tropical storm at 20.0N, 86.2W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 20.0N, 86.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. September 29: HWM analyzes a closed low embedded in the middle of a SSW-NNE front. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt extratropical low at 26.3N, 86.6W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 27.0N, 86.6W. Ship highlights: 35 kt VAR and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at 26.9N, 85.8W (COA); 35 kt N and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 22.5N, 93.2W (HWM); 25 kt SE and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at 26.8N, 86.2W (COA). No other gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 35 kt at 23 UTC at Pensacola (OMR). Several other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the track: "The disturbance advanced rapidly north and northeastward and crossed the northwest Florida coast near Cedar Keys during the late afternoon of the 29th" (MWR). Status: "Tropical storm/ET cyclone." Surge at Cedar Key: "probably less than 5 feet" (Kasper et al.). Apalachicola: "The disturbance of the 29th developed over the East Gulf and passed inland, probably about midway between here and Cedar Keys, Fla., about 4 p.m. The winds were gentle... they reached the verifying velocity of 34 miles from the north at 4:17 p.m.; the same velocity occurred at intervals until 6:24 p.m., then decreased gradually during the night. Torrential rains occurred on the 28th and 29th; total amount for the two days was 9.74 inches. The highest tide was about 3 feet, probably about 4:30 p.m. No damage occurred in this vicinity" (OMR). September 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 35N, 77.8W embedded in an occluded front. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt extratropical low at 35.0N, 78.5W. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt extratropical low was centered at 35.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 60 kt S at Jacksonville (early in day – OMR); 1001 mb at 0715 UTC at Savannah (central pressure) (OMR); 57 kt W at 16 UTC at Norfolk, Virginia at 36.8N, 76.5W (OMR); 71 kt SE at Atlantic City (no time - MWR); 56 kt SE and 996 mb at 21 UTC and 57 kt S at 12 UTC at New York at 40.8N, 74.0W (OMR); 57 kt SE at Providence at 2316 UTC (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: (By the morning of the 30th) "the storm was over the North Carolina coast with increased intensity. The disturbance moved rapidly northward and easterly gales were experienced along the entire Atlantic seaboard" (MWR). Savannah, GA: This storm passed directly over the station about 2 a.m. of the 30th and, in addition to the rain, gave a maximum wind velocity of 44 miles from the northwest and a fall in pressure to 29.57 inches" (OMR). New York: "A hurricane of marked intensity and severity, passing by on the 29th and 30th, caused wide-spread damage throughout the Greater City, along the coast, and in inland parts of New Jersey and New York State. The death of several persons was reported, being caused by exposure to the fury of the wind and rain" (OMR). October 1: HWM analyzes an elongated, closed low of at most 1000 mb embedded in the end of a front centered near 50N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. HURDAT did not previously analyze this day. Available observations suggest that at 00 UTC, the 55 kt extratropical low was centered near 42.5N, 73.0W. Ship highlights: None. Land highlights: 56 kt S at Providence, RI at 01 UTC at 41.8N, 71.4W (OMR); 17 kt SW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at Hartford, Connecticut at 41.8N, 72.7W (OMR). Several other gales. A few other low pressures. Genesis of this tropical storm was begun six hours earlier at 00 UTC on the 27th due to observations of a well defined circulation by 12 UTC on the 27th. Minor changes in the track are introduced from the 27th until the 30th based upon ship and coastal observations. Transition to a tropical storm was delayed until early on the 29th as plentiful observations on the 27th and 28th showed at most 25 kt winds associated with the system. The system deepened significantly on the 29th with a peripheral pressure dropping to 1002 mb and one gale force (35 kt) report by 12 UTC. 1002 mb peripheral pressure suggests at least 40 kt from the Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 50 kt is retained in HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 29th. This 1002 mb ship (with concurrent 25 kt wind) suggests a central pressure of 999 mb at 12 UTC on the 29th. On the same day, a strong cold front was approaching from the west. The system is judged to have become extratropical by 00 UTC on the 30th, 12 hours later than originally analyzed in HURDAT. The system made landfall late on the 29th in northwest Florida as a tropical storm which was undergoing extratropical transition. Peak observed winds near the time of landfall were 60 kt in Jacksonville. This converts to 50 kt 1 min true after accounting for the high bias of the instrument at the time and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). It further intensified as an extratropical storm along the Atlantic seaboard on the 30th with peak winds of hurricane force. The cyclone’s center went directly over Savannah early on the 30th and a central pressure of 1001 mb was recorded. The 71 kt observed 5 min winds in Atlantic City adjust downward to 58 kt. Winds in HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 30th boosted from 30 kt to 65 kt as a very strong extratropical storm. An additional six hourly position and intensity were provided for 00 UTC on the 1st based upon land observations in New England. The system was absorbed by a larger extratropical low by 06 UTC on the 1st. ******************************************************************************* 1924/09 - 2009 REVISION: 23440 10/12/1924 M= 3 6 SNBR= 540 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23440 10/11/1924 M= 5 9 SNBR= 547 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** * * *** (The 11th is new to HURDAT.) 23442 10/11* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*255 880 30 0*259 881 35 0 23445 10/12* 0 0 0 0*267 870 50 0*263 890 50 0*259 901 50 0 23445 10/12*263 883 40 0*266 886 45 0*267 890 50 0*263 896 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** 23450 10/13*255 911 45 0*249 919 45 0*242 927 40 0*237 931 40 0 23450 10/13*257 905 50 0*249 916 50 0*242 924 50 0*237 932 50 0 *** *** ** *** ** *** ** *** ** 23455 10/14*233 934 35 0*230 936 30 0*225 939 20 0* 0 0 0 0 23455 10/14*233 940 50 0*229 948 50 0*225 956 50 0*220 964 50 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** (The 15th is new to HURDAT.) 23455 10/15*215 972 50 0*210 980 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23460 TS Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Additionally, genesis is now indicated one day earlier and dissipation shown one day later than originally in HURDAT. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. October 8-10: Persistent low pressure was found in the northwestern Caribbean during the 8th to the 10th. However, no closed circulation was present, nor were there any gale force winds or equivalent in pressure. October 11: HWM analyzes a weak closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure near 26N 76W with a weak cold front extending back toward the Straits of Florida. The front and low might have been better described as a trough. Farther to the west in the central Gulf of Mexico, a weak closed low is apparent from the available observations near 25.5N 88W. Neither HURDAT nor the MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones analyzed a system on this date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. October 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 23.8N, 88.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 26.3N, 89.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.1N, 88.9W with an 1007 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 89.0W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NE at ~0930 UTC at 27.7N, 87.8W (MWR); 45 kt NE and 1007 mb at 08 UTC at 27.7N, 87.9W (COA); 30 kt E and 1004 mb at 22 UTC at 27.6N, 90.0W (COA). One other gale. No other low pressures. Land highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 12th of October a well-defined disturbance developed over the north-central Gulf of Mexico, but was forced southwestward and apparently dissipated over the southwestern Gulf on the 14th" (MWR). October 13: HWM does not analyzes a closed low on this day, but analyzes a trough of low pressure near 27N, 92.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.2N, 92.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 92.3W. Available observations suggest that the 50 kt tropical storm was centered at 24.2N, 92.4W. Ship highlights: 20 kt NW and 1005 mb at 00 UTC at 26.3N, 91.1W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. October 14: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 20 kt tropical depression at 22.5N, 93.9W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.5N, 93.9W. Ship highlights: 49 kt NW observation from near Tampico (MWR). Genesis of this system was began 18 hours earlier (12 UTC on the 11th) than original HURDAT, due to ship observations indicating a closed low had formed by that time. 50 kt peak intensity retained through early on the 14th to account for ship observation of the intensity offshore of Tampico. Thus winds revised upward on the 13th and 14th. Given the rather sparse observations available on the 14th, one scenario (that was shown in HURDAT and the Tracks for the Centers of Cyclones) is that the system dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico, which would be a rather rare event. However, the ship offshore of Tampico with 49 kt instead suggests that the cyclone made landfall in Mexico south of Tampico. This is what is utilized in the reanalysis here. Dissipation is delayed 18 hours to a last position over Mexico at 06 UTC on the 15th. The movement southwestward across the Gulf is consistent with the steering influence by the much larger system that becomes a major hurricane in the Caribbean (storm #10). ******************************************************************************** 1924/10 - 2009 REVISION: 23465 10/14/1924 M=10 7 SNBR= 541 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23465 10/14/1924 M=10 10 SNBR= 548 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** *** 23470 10/14*158 820 35 0*158 832 35 0*159 835 35 0*160 838 35 0 23470 10/14*157 835 25 0*161 839 25 0*165 842 30 0*169 844 30 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23475 10/15*161 840 35 0*162 842 35 0*164 844 35 0*166 846 35 0 23475 10/15*173 846 30 0*177 848 35 0*180 850 40 0*183 852 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23480 10/16*168 847 40 0*170 848 45 0*173 849 45 0*176 850 50 0 23480 10/16*186 855 60 0*189 858 70 0*190 860 80 0*189 862 80 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23485 10/17*178 851 50 0*181 852 55 0*184 852 60 0*187 852 60 0 23485 10/17*188 864 80 0*186 865 85 0*184 865 85 0*183 864 85 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23490 10/18*190 852 65 0*193 852 70 0*196 851 75 0*200 851 80 0 23490 10/18*183 862 90 0*184 860 95 0*186 858 100 0*191 856 110 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23495 10/19*204 850 90 0*209 849 95 0*215 848 100 0*223 846 105 0 23495 10/19*197 853 120 0*204 850 130 0*213 847 145 0*224 844 145 910 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23500 10/20*232 843 105 0*241 839 100 0*248 834 95 0*253 827 90 0 23500 10/20*234 840 130 0*244 835 115 0*252 830 100 0*255 825 90 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23505 10/21*257 820 80 0*260 810 60 0*262 802 55 0*266 792 50 0 23505 10/21*258 819 80 975*259 810 70 0*260 801 60 986*263 789 60 0 *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** ** 23510 10/22*270 776 50 0*272 760 45 0*280 735 40 0*287 715 40 0 23510 10/22*268 774 60 0*273 756 60 0*280 735 55 0*287 714 50 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** *** ** 23515 10/23*295 699 35 0*306 679 30 0*318 666 25 0* 0 0 0 0 23515 10/23*294 693 45 0*301 672 40 0E310 650 30 0* 0 0 0 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** 23520 HRBFL1 23520 HRBFL1CFL1 **** U.S. Hurricane Strike Info: 10/21/1924 0100Z 25.8N 81.8W 80kt 1 21nmi 975mb BFL1,CFL1 Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. Additionally, a brief extratropical stage is now indicated right before dissipation. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, _Climatological Data_, Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and Perez et al. (2000). October 14: HWM analyzes a large, closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15.8N, 84.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 15.9N, 83.5W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt tropical depression was centered at 16c5N, 84.2W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. "At the same time [14th of October] the air pressure began to fall in the vicinity of the Swan Islands. This new disturbance remained nearly stationary until about the 18th" (MWR). October 15: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 17.9N, 84.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.4N, 84.4W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 18.0N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales. A few observations of 1004 mb. Land highlights: 20 kt SW and 1004 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). October 16: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered at 17.9N, 84.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.9W. Available observations suggest that the 75 kt hurricane was centered at 19.0N, 86.0W. Ship highlights: 50 kt NE at 19.0N, 86.3W (MWR); 35 kt NNE and 983 mb at 13 UTC at 19.0N, 86.3W (COA,MWR). No other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 24 kt S and 999 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). October 17: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 20N, 86.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 60 kt tropical storm at 18.4N, 85.2W. Available observations suggest that the 85 kt hurricane was centered at 18.4N, 86.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt W and 994 mb at 12 UTC at 17.1N, 87.0W (COA); 45 kt SW and 996 mb at 12 UTC at 16.1N, 86.1W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 21 kt S and 998 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 18: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 20.3N, 85.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 75 kt hurricane at 19.6N, 85.1W. Available observations suggest that the 100 kt hurricane was centered at 18.6N, 85.8W. Ship highlights: 70 kt SW and 979 mb at 11 UTC at 17.3N, 85.8W (MWR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Land highlights: 38 kt SE and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 21 kt SE and 999 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR). No other gales or low pressures. "A change on this hurricane track is likely, taking in account our assessment. During many years our hurricane specialist spoke about the loop of this hurricane track. Millas was the first during his operational work with this TC. Ortiz recorded a track similar to the Millas one" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005). October 19: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 920 mb centered near 21.7N, 84.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 100 kt hurricane at 21.5N, 84.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 21.5N, 84.6W with a 932 mb pressure. The MWR Paths of Hurricanes and Other Tropical Storms, 1924 chart shows a 922 mb pressure sometime between 12 UTC on the 19th and 00 UTC on the 20th. Available observations suggest that the 140 kt hurricane was centered at 21.3N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 104 kt E at 23.8N, 84.2W (MWR); >70 kt SE and 924 mb at 20 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); 25 kt SSW and 922 mb at 2030 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR); >70 kt SSW and 923 mb at 2055 UTC at 22.7N, 84.0W (MWR). Several other hurricane force winds. Several other low pressures between 922-950 mb. Land highlights: 38 kt SW and 1003 mb at 00 UTC at Swan Island at 17.5N, 84.2W (OMR); 932 mb at Low Arroyos, Cuba at 22.4N, 84.4W (MWR). No other recorded gales. Several other low pressures, (Four others record in Cuba below 960 mb). Regarding the intensity: "Photographs clipped from El Mundo, Habana, taken in Los Arroyos and Arroyos de Mantua, Pinar del Rio Province, which suggest that the force of wind was almost comparable to that in a tornado. The steel wireless tower at La Fe was blown down. Press reports indicate that in Arroyos de Mantua about a dozen persons were killed and 50 injured and that almost every building in the town sustained heavy damage, besides the severe damage done to the tobacco crop" (MWR). "Huracan sin Precedentes, 1924 Oct. 19, Category 5, 932 mb peripheral pressure observed, estimated central pressure at landfall of 905 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds 135-145 kt, Extraordinary damages occurred in the province of Pinar del Rio" (Perez et al.). "We estimated before a SLP of 905, from the 932 recorded over land and the 917 over the steam ship Toledo. We made a new reanalysis and estimate a SLP of 915 (from r~0.25 RMW) over Toledo) and a SLP of 909 (from r~0.66 RMW over land). I propose you a 910 hPa before and during the approach to Cuba and 915 hPa after that" (R. Perez, personal communication, 2005). "It had developed greatly in intensity with a central pressure below 28 inches and hurricane winds. It began to move northward on the 18th and passed over the extreme western end of Cuba on the 19th, Los Arroyos reporting a pressure of 27.52 inches and the S. S. Toledo near Jutias Cay (northwest coast) 27.22 inches ... Recent reports indicate that the hurricane of October 14-23, 1924 was one of great intensity. Dr. Jose C. Millas, director, Observatorio Nacional, Habana, Cuba, writes: `I believe that this hurricane is one of the most severe ever experienced in our latitudes" (MWR). October 20: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 25.8N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 95 kt hurricane at 24.8N, 83.4W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.2N, 83W. Available observations suggest that the 110 kt hurricane was centered at 25.2N, 83.0W. Ship highlights: 70 kt NE and 962 mb at 05 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC); 70 kt N and 962 mb at 07 UTC at 24.9N, 84.3W (NCDC). A few other 70 kt winds. One other 962 mb pressure. Regarding the track and intensity: "This storm made landfall near Cape Romano, FL. It was one of the most severe on record in Cuba. The hurricane weakened considerably prior to its arrival on Florida's southwestern coast the following day. Winds at Marco Island were estimated at 90 mph, and the barometer there measured at 28.80 inches [975 mb]. The Weather Bureau reported a twenty-four-hour rainfall total of 23.22 inches during the passing of this storm, which established a new one-day record in Florida" (BARNES). Key West: "The center impinging on the west coast of Florida, south of Punta Rassa and probably near Cape Romano, shortly after 8 p.m. on the 20th [00 UTC on the 21st]. The storm's center, at its nearest approach to Key West, was about 90 miles distant at about noon on the 20th. For 17 hours the wind maintained a velocity averaging 51 miles an hour. While the maximum velocity (for 5 minutes) was 66 miles an hour from the southwest at 2 p.m. [18 UTC] on the 20th, there were gusts from 54 to 74 miles an hour. Shipping suffered no loss. There was no damage except of a minor nature to trees and shrubbery" (OMR). "Oct. 20, 1924, Central Pressure of 972 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W (Dry Tortugas), 19 nmi radius of maximum wind, Parameters obtained by interpolation between SS Toledo (off western end of Cuba) and Miami, FL and applied to the vicinity of Dry Tortugas, FL" (Ho et al.). "Environmental pressure was 1008 mb and maximum sustained surface wind estimate (at time of closest approach to Florida Keys) was 80 kt" (Schwerdt et al.). "The storm struck the Florida coast in the unsettled region south of Punta Rassa and quickly diminished in intensity, passing off into the Atlantic just north of Miami" (MWR). October 21: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 25.9N, 79.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 55 kt tropical storm at 26.2N, 80.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.0N, 80.2W with a 986 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 26.0N, 80.1W. Ship highlights: 60 kt WSW at 25.5N, 79.4W (MWR); 30 kt NE and 989 mb at 28.4N, 79.1W (COA); EYE: at 1520 UTC at 26.3N, 79.4W (MWR). Several other strong gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 975 mb at Caxambas, Marco Island at 25.9N, 81.6W (BARNES, Climatological Data); EYE: 0 kt and 986 mb at 1250 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). Several other gales and low pressures. “Remarking further on barometer readings, Mr. Hugh J. Goldie of Caxambas, to the south of Ft. Myers, reported to the Official in Change, Tampa: ‘My three barometers fell to 28.80 inches during the storm. We had wind southeast to south which blew in puffs about 90 miles per hour.’ It is assumed that these barometers were previously compared at Tampa.” (Climatological Data). Miami: "passed over this station [Miami] at 8 a.m. [13 UTC], the center apparently being only a few miles north of Miami. The lowest pressure, 29.12 inches [986 mb], occurred at 7:50 a.m. [1250 UTC], and for a few minutes preceding and following this time the air was practically calm... wind shifted from east-southeast to northwest... maximum velocity recorded was 34 miles per hour from the northwest at 1:12 pm [1812 UTC]... from the 16th to the 21st inclusive, 12.18 inches of rain fell... damage done by strong winds to avocado and citrus crops, the loss however, being only about five per cent" (OMR). "Oct. 21, 1924, 978 mb central pressure, 21 nmi RMW,landfall point 25.9N, 81.7W" (Ho et al.). "1924 Oct, FL, 1SW, Category 1 maximum for United States, 980 mb central pressure at landfall" (Jarrell et al.). October 22: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 28.1N, 73.2W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 28.0N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 26.4N, 73.8W. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt tropical storm was centered at 28.0N, 73.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt SW and 993 mb at 09 UTC at 26.5N, 74.5W (COA). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 10 kt N and 1002 mb at Miami at 25.8N, 80.3W (OMR). No gales. A few other low pressures. October 23: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 32N, 66.3W with the west end of a W-E warm front a little northeast of the center. HURDAT listed this as a 25 kt tropical depression at 31.8N, 66.6W. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 31.0N, 65.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. No changes were made to either the genesis or decay of this hurricane. All track alterations are minor for this system, though a small counterclockwise loop was introduced from the 16th to the 18th consistent with available observations as well as from the analysis by Perez et al. Winds are reduced slightly on the 14th and early on the 15th, as numerous ship and coastal observations suggest intensification into a tropical cyclone likely occurred around 06 UTC on the 15th rather than at genesis at 00 UTC on the 14th. 1004 mb peripheral pressures from ships and Swan Island at 12 UTC and 16 UTC suggest winds of at least 39 kt from the Brown et al south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC (up from 35 kt originally) as the environmental pressures are rather low to support more wind. A peripheral pressure of 983 mb (with 35 kt NW wind) at 12 UTC on the 16th suggests winds of at least 74 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 45 kt originally. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (with 70 kt SW wind) at 11 UTC on the 18th suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the south of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 100 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 75 kt previously. The hurricane was likely rapidly intensifying on the 18th and 19th as extremely low pressures were recorded over the western tip of Cuba and aboard ships. The lowest pressure observed in Cuba was 932 mb in Los Arroyos on the 19th, though it is not clear if this was a peripheral or central pressure. The lowest ship pressures were 924 mb with 70 kt SE at 2000 UTC on the 19th, 922 mb with 25 kt SSW wind at 2030 UTC, and 923 mb with 70 kt SSW winds at 2055 UTC from the ship Toledo near Jutias Cay off the northwestern coast of Cuba. These ship observations suggests that the hurricane made a close pass just west of the ship's location (the ship was likely inside the radius of maximum wind) and that the central pressure was likely to be a few mb lower. The barometer was calibrated by Cuban meteorologists in Havana and was found to be 5 mb too high (R. Perez, 2009, personal communication) and that 917 mb is a corrected value from the Toledo. This value suggests a central pressure of 910 mb, based upon the 70 kt winds occurring with corrected pressures of 919 and 918 mb. A 910 mb central pressure suggests winds of 147 kt from the Brown et al. south of 25N pressure-wind relationship. 145 kt is thus utilized for the winds at 12 and 18 UTC on the 19th, making this a landfalling Category 5 hurricane in Cuba. This is an upgrade from 105 kt Category 3 hurricane in HURDAT previously. After impacting western Cuba, the hurricane accelerated to the northeast, weakened and struck southwest Florida. A 962 mb peripheral pressure (with hurricane force winds) at 06 UTC on the 20th suggests winds of at least 99 kt from the south of 25N and 93 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationships - 115 kt used in HURDAT, up from 100 kt originally. The hurricane made landfall near Cape Romano, Florida at 25.8N, 81.8W around 01 UTC on the 21st. Marco, FL recorded a 975 mb pressure which may have been a central pressure. The hurricane also passed over Miami which had a 986 mb central pressure reading. Using the Ho et al. (1989) inland pressure decay model, this suggests about 977 mb central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida given the time over land. Thus 975 mb is used as central pressure at landfall in southwest Florida, which is slightly lower than both the Ho et al. (1987) estimate of 978 mb and the Jarrell et al. estimate of 980 mb. 975 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from south of 25N and 79 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. However, given that the cyclone was weakening from its peak, use of the pressure-wind relationships for filling storms would be more appropriate: 83 and 75 kt, accordingly. 80 kt chosen for 00 UTC on the 21st (the same as HURDAT originally), making this a high end Category 1 hurricane at landfall in southwest Florida. The 986 mb central pressure value from Miami at 1250 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 70 kt from the south of 25N and 65 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationships (68 and 62 kt for filling cyclones) - 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT (up from 55 kt previously) as the system was over land. Late on the 21st of October, the tropical cyclone moved over the Atlantic Ocean. A peripheral pressure of 993 mb at 09 UTC on the 22nd suggests winds of at least 55 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for 06 UTC (up from 45 originally) and 55 kt chosen for 12 UTC (up from 50 originally). These values are slightly reduced from what could be used due to low environmental pressures on this date. The system was absorbed within a frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23rd and thus extratropical transition is indicated at that time (which was not shown originally). ******************************************************************************** 1924/11 - 2009 REVISION: 23525 11/05/1924 M=11 8 SNBR= 542 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23525 11/05/1924 M=10 11 SNBR= 549 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 ** ** *** 23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*130 800 35 0*132 795 35 0 23530 11/05* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*125 800 35 0*128 797 35 0 *** *** *** 23535 11/06*135 790 35 0*138 786 35 0*143 783 35 0*149 781 35 0 23535 11/06*132 794 35 0*136 792 35 0*140 790 35 0*145 789 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23540 11/07*155 778 35 0*161 777 35 0*167 775 35 0*173 774 35 0 23540 11/07*150 789 35 0*155 788 35 0*160 785 35 0*166 780 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23545 11/08*178 773 35 0*184 772 40 0*189 770 40 0*193 768 40 0 23545 11/08*174 773 35 0*182 768 40 0*189 765 40 0*196 763 40 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** 23550 11/09*197 765 45 0*201 763 45 0*206 760 50 0*210 757 55 0 23550 11/09*202 762 40 0*206 761 35 0*210 760 35 0*213 760 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** ** 23555 11/10*213 755 65 0*215 752 65 0*218 748 65 0*222 742 70 0 23555 11/10*216 759 50 0*218 758 60 0*221 755 65 0*226 747 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** 23560 11/11*225 734 75 0*228 724 80 0*232 712 80 0*238 696 85 0 23560 11/11*234 732 70 0*243 712 70 0*252 695 70 0*258 680 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23565 11/12*248 679 85 0*258 666 85 0*270 651 85 0*277 645 85 0 23565 11/12*262 665 70 0*265 657 70 0*270 651 70 0*277 645 70 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** ** ** 23570 11/13*286 639 85 0*293 634 85 0*302 627 80 0*313 618 80 0 23570 11/13*286 637 65 0*295 625 65 0*305 615 60 0*315 611 55 0 *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23575 11/14*331 608 75 0*344 597 70 0*362 585 60 0*386 562 50 0 23575 11/14*326 610 50 0*338 610 45 0*350 610 40 0E365 610 40 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** **** *** ** (The 15th is removed from HURDAT.) 23580 11/15E412 530 40 0E438 505 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23585 HR Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and Perez et al. (2001). November 5: HWM does not analyze a closed low on this day. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 13.0N, 80.0W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 12.5N, 80.0W. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 9.8N, 79.5W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. November 6: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 15N, 77.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 14.3N, 78.3W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 14.0N, 79.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 7: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 17.9N, 76.9W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 16.7N, 77.5W. Available observations suggest that the 35 kt tropical storm was centered at 16.0N, 78.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 8: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 18.7N, 76.1W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 18.9N, 77.0W. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 18.9N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Kingston, Jamaica at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. November 9: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.9N, 75.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 50 kt tropical storm at 20.6N, 76.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 20.5N, 76.3W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt tropical storm was centered at 21.0N, 76.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 1005 mb at 12 UTC at Guantanamo at 20.0N, 75.2W (HWM) and at Navassa Island at 18.4N, 75.0W (HWM). No gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the evening of the 8th [~00 UTC on the 9th], a tropical disturbance of slight intensity was near Santiago, Cuba" (MWR). "On the 8th of November a definite cyclonic circulation was noted over Jamaica, which moved slowly north across eastern Cuba on the 9th accompanied by gales. It then turned toward the northeast and was encountered by the U.S.S. Concord in the southeastern Bahamas as a storm of considerable intensity. It continued in a northeasterly direction, passing [200 miles] southeast of Bermuda on the 13th and was last noted south of the Grand Banks on the 15th" (MWR). "Tropical Storm, November 8-9, 1924" (Perez et al.). November 10: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 21N, 74.7W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 ,t hurricane at 21.8N, 74.8W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22N, 75.1W with an 1002 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 65 kt hurricane was centered at 22.1N, 75.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt NE and 997 mb at 03 UTC at 21.6N, 76.8W (COA). Several other strong gales and several other pressures between 997 and 1000 mb. November 11: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 25.1N, 68.9W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 23.2N, 71.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.1N, 72.9W. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near 25.2N, 69.5W. Ship highlights: 71 kt and 996 mb (near eye) at ~00 UTC at 21.6N, 74.3W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. November 12: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 26.2N, 65.8W. HURDAT listed this as an 85 kt hurricane at 27.0N, 65.1W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.1N, 67.3W. Available observations suggest that the 70 kt hurricane was centered near the HURDAT position. Ship highlights: 60 kt E at 04 UTC at 31.0N, 63.0W (COA); 10 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 27.3N, 67.5W (HWM). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. November 13: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 31.2N, 61.6W. HURDAT listed this as an 80 kt hurricane at 30.2N, 62.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.3N, 63.2W. Available observations suggest that the 60 kt tropical storm was centered at 30.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ESE at 08 UTC at 30.0N, 58.0W (COA); 35 kt NE and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 32.3N, 64.8W (COA); 15 kt NNW and 998 mb at 12 UTC at 31.2N, 63.2W (COA). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At noon, Nov. 13, our position was 33.3N, 54.2W. While the direction of the wind had not changed noticeably, we were in the path of the storm center and decided to cross the track and avail ourselves to the easterly wind. We steered a northerly course, perpendicular to the storm track and ran before the wind. The barometer fell and at times we had very strong squalls with rain resembling cloud bursts. The wind increased to force 7 [35 kts] with high, easterly swells" (River Delaware- a British steamer). November 14: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 32.4N, 63W at the west end of a W-E warm front and with an occluded front to the north-northwest of this low. A second, extratropical low was centered near 42N 67W at the same time. HURDAT listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 36.2N, 58.5W. Available observations suggest that there is no temperature gradient across the low, and that this system remains tropical. The 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 61.0W. Ship highlights: 5 kt NW and 1000 mb at 00 UTC at 31.5N, 63.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. No changes are made to the genesis of this hurricane. Track alterations are small from the 5th through the 10th and on the 12th and 13th. The hurricane's position is shifted substantially northeast on the 11th based upon ship observations near its center. The system was relocated to the west-southwest on the 14th based upon numerous marine observations on that date. No changes were made to the intensity from the 5th through the 8th. Winds reduced on the 9th accounting for available coastal and ship observations as well as for weakening of the slow moving system over land (Cuba). Hurricane intensity for this system was confirmed from ship-based wind observations on the 11th. However, on the 12th the system displayed a large radius of maximum winds and a broad central area of low (1000-1005 mb) pressures and weak winds. The system may have been transitioning on this date to a hybrid-type cyclone. Winds are reduced on the 12th to a 70 kt Category 1 hurricane (from 85 kt Category 2 originally) based upon a 60 kt ship report and the weakening pressure gradient. A peripheral pressure of 998 mb (with 15 kt winds) at 12 UTC on the 13th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - winds are chosen to be 60 kt, down from 80 kt originally. Winds are further reduced on the 14th based upon substantial ship observations showing weakening winds and filling pressures - 12 UTC winds set to 40 kt down from 60 kt originally. System is absorbed by a developing extratropical low around 00 UTC on the 15th (by the extratropical low that was near 42N 67W on the 14th and near 47N 45W on the 15th). Thus the two synoptic positions on the 15th are removed. ******************************************************************************** 1924 - Additional Notes – 2009 ADDITION: 1) Historical Weather Map analyses show a residual occluded low that became a large gale center on 17-19 January in the Eastern Atlantic, well to the northwest of the Cape Verde Islands. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations provides inconclusive verification of this storm on the 17th since there were no available data within 750 miles of the analyzed HWM center. However, the observations depict a well-defined cyclonic circulation on the 18th, particularly delineated by a cluster of strong gales north and northwest of the center. It then drifted slightly to the northwest on the 19th and was absorbed by an intense maritime frontal system early on the 20th. Although the ambient air and sea-surface temperatures were below what would be typical for tropical cyclogenesis, nearly isothermal conditions existed within a few hundred km of the center. The strongest gale-force winds (peak of 60 kt N at 14 UTC on the 18th [COA]), however, were measured more than 100 km away from the center, and some large-scale baroclinicity was still present. Therefore, this is considered to be an extratropical system and is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a subtropical storm, using modern classification criteria. It is also possible that the system existed before the 18th. DAY LAT LON STATUS Jan. 18 22N 32W Extratropical Storm Jan. 19 23N 33W Extratropical Storm 2) Historical Weather Maps suggest that a Cape Verde low formed quickly in the Tropical Eastern Atlantic on 22 August from a strong tropical wave that had moved off of Africa. HWM and COADS observations show that this closed cyclonic circulation moved WNW from a position about 400 km east of Sao Tiago in the Cape Verdes on the 22nd to about 100 km south of Sao Vicente on the 23rd. By the 24th, this system is no longer detectable due to a lack of available observations; thus its status and existence is inconclusive on and beyond this date. A single peak wind observation of 35 kt WSW was reported by a ship (COA) at 21 UTC on the 22nd at 15.5N and 21.5W, and the lowest pressure observation was 1009 mb, as recorded by the same ship four hours earlier. Because there is no other evidence of gale force winds, is considered to be a tropical depression and is not added to HURDAT. However, it may have been a minimal tropical storm. (Another possibility is that the gale force wind was part of the monsoonal flow.) DAY LAT LON STATUS Aug. 22 15N 20W Tropical Depression Aug. 23 16N 25W Tropical Depression 3) In the latter part of November, Historical Weather Maps shows evidence of an area of disturbed weather lingering in the Southwestern Caribbean Sea with an analyzed closed low of at most 1010 mb. HWM and COADS ship observations suggest that a tropical depression possibly formed between Jamaica and eastern Panama on 22 November. Over the next two days, it became better organized as it tracked generally westward. It then moved inland and dissipated over Nicaragua during the afternoon of the 24th. The highest observed winds were 25 kt, recorded by two ships at 13 UTC on the 23rd at 11.4N, 82.1W and at 01 UTC on the 24th at 13.2N, 82.2W (COA). Since no gale force winds are present and the lowest pressure observations associated with this system were 1008 mb (COA), it is not added to HURDAT. DAY LAT LON STATUS Nov. 22 14N 78W Possible Tropical Depression Nov. 23 13N 80W Tropical Depression Nov. 24 13N 83W Tropical Depression ******************************************************************************* 1925/01 - 2009 ADDITION: 23588 08/18/1925 M= 4 1 SNBR= 550 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23588 08/18*290 755 25 0*295 748 25 0*300 740 30 0*305 732 35 0 23588 08/19*310 723 40 0*315 714 45 0*320 705 50 0*328 693 55 0 23588 08/20*339 676 60 0*352 651 70 0*365 615 70 0*378 585 70 0 23588 08/21*391 565 65 0E405 555 60 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23588 HR This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 16 and 17: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary between the southeast United States and Bermuda. No closed low could be discerned on either day. One gale force wind (south 35 kt near Bermuda) was observed on the 17th. August 18: HWM analyzes a SW-NE stationary front, with the SW end at 29N, 76W. HURDAT did not previously include this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29.7N, 74.2W. Available observations suggest that there was a closed low, and the tropical depression was centered at 30.0N, 74.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 19: HWM analyzes a very elongated closed low of at most 1015 mb extending from 29N, 72W to 40N, 63W along a SW-NE stationary front. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.1N, 70.5W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.0N, 70.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 20: HWM analyzes a bending frontal boundary, but no closed low. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37.2N, 60.6W. Available observations suggest that the low is closed and the Category 1 hurricane was centered at 36.5N, 61.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt and 994 mb at 0630 UTC at 34.6N, 63.1W (MWR). No other observed gales or low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Early in the morning on the 20th, the American S.S. Antinous, about 150 miles to the northeast of the islands [Bermuda], ran into a gale of short duration that attained hurricane force. No storm logs have as yet been received from any other vessel near the Antinous- and there were several not far away- although a heavy and confused sea was reported" (MWR). "The S.S. Antinous at 2:30 a.m. of August 20 in latitude 34.6N, and 63.1W passed near the center of a small hurricane (the wind and pressure are indicated above in ship highlights).This storm began to form in the remnants of a low-pressure trough on the 18th,about halfway between Bermuda and the Florida peninsula, moved thence slowly northeastward and apparently reached its greatest intensity while in the vicinity of the S.S. Antinous. It merged with a more extensive disturbance to the north, but could still be identified on the morning of the 21st near latitude 41N, and longitude 52W" (MWR). August 21: HWM analyzes a frontal boundary, but no closed low. Available observations suggest that the system became extratropical around 06 UTC at 40.5N, 55.5W. This is the last position analyzed by HURDAT. Ship highlights before 12 UTC: 35 kt SSW and 1016 mb at 03 UTC and 35 kt SSW and 1014 mb at 07 UTC at 42.5N, 62.5W (COA); 20 kt WSW and 995 mb at 00 UTC at 49.5N, 62.5W (COA). No other gales. One other low pressure. Genesis for this new hurricane occurred around 00 UTC on the 18th, as it was determined that a closed low was discernible at that time. The system formed along on old frontal boundary, but the baroclinicity had diminished by the 18th and it is suggested that the system began as a tropical cyclone on that date. Intensification to a tropical storm likely occurred late on the 18th or early on the 19th, though few observations were obtained near the system's center around this time. Evidence for hurricane force was from a ship with 70 kt (Beaufort 12) and 994 mb at 0630 UTC on the 20th. 994 mb suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship - 70 kt chosen for HURDAT, which was also the system's peak intensity. The system moved quickly to the northeast on the 20th and 21st and by 06 UTC on the 21st was being absorbed into a large extratropical storm. By 12 UTC on the 21st the system no longer had a closed circulation. ******************************************************************************* 1925/02 - 2009 ADDITION: 23589 08/25/1925 M= 4 2 SNBR= 551 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 23589 08/25* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0*300 780 25 0*306 777 30 0 23589 08/26*312 774 30 0*318 770 35 0*325 765 35 0*332 756 35 0 23589 08/27*338 742 35 0*344 723 35 0*350 700 35 0*355 675 35 0 23589 08/28E360 645 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 23589 TS This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the Monthly Weather Review. August 25: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.4N, 78.1W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 30.9N, 77.4W with an 1017 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical depression was centered at 30.0N, 78.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. August 26: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1015 mb centered near 30.8N, 75.9W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 32.6N, 74.6W with an 1016 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 32.5N, 76.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt SE and 1015 mb at 12 UTC at 32.8N, 75.3W (COA); 35 kt NE at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 75.1W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. August 27: HWM analyzes a SW-NE front in the area, but no closed low. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 69.1W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 35.0N, 70.0W. Ship and station highlights: No gales near center. No low pressures. August 28: HWM analyzes (at 12 UTC) a frontal system and a very large area of low pressure of at most 1010 mb all north of 34N and all east of 62W. HURDAT did not previously contain this system in its database. Available observations suggest that the system became extratropical at 00 UTC at 36.0N, 64.5W, and this is the last position to be included in the HURDAT reanalysis. Ship highlights: 25 kt N and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 40.8N, 58.5W (COA). No gales. No other low pressures. This system began along a stationary frontal boundary off of the Georgia- Florida coast. By the 25th, the system had developed a closed circulation and had a small amount of baroclinicity (~5F across the center). It is considered to have become a tropical depression around 12 UTC on the 25th, though the system may still have had some hybrid characteristics. By the 26th, the system had lost all of its surface temperature gradient and thus became completely tropical at the same time that two separate ships reported gales near the center. It is estimated that it reached tropical storm strength around 06 UTC on the 26th. On the 27th a NE-SW frontal boundary is depicted near the vicinity of the storm. However, it instead appears that the front around 12 UTC was substantially farther north and west of the storm and that the system was still likely a tropical cyclone. By the 28th at 12 UTC, the strong front had overtaken and absorbed the system. The last estimated position for the system is at 00 UTC on the 28th, becoming extratropical. Overall, this is a short-lived (42 hours as a tropical storm), relatively weak (35 kt peak wind) tropical storm, though it was confirmed as such through two separate ship reports. ******************************************************************************** 1925/03 - 2009 REVISION: 23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 1 SNBR= 543 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0 23590 09/06/1925 M= 2 3 SNBR= 552 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0 * *** * 23595 09/06*213 912 40 0*235 939 40 0*245 952 40 0*253 962 40 0 23595 09/06*220 932 30 0*227 942 35 0*235 952 40 0*243 962 45 0 *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** 23600 09/07*260 973 40 0*268 983 35 0*275 993 35 0*2831000 30 0 23600 09/07*251 973 45 0*259 983 40 0*267 993 35 0*2771000 30 0 *** ** *** ** *** *** 23605 TS Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, and Dunn and Miller (1960). September 6: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 24.5N, 95.2W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 25.9N, 96W, with an 1006 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 23.5N, 95.2W. Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 22.9N, 93.6W (MWR). No other gales. No low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "On the 5th of September, the S.S. Baja California in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico experienced a storm with winds shifting from north through east to southeast. The storm moved rapidly northwest to the mouth of the Rio Grande by the evening of the 6th, and caused heavy rains and moderate gales over the lower Rio Grande valley" (MWR). "Date: September 6-7; Intensity: Minor; center entered Mexico" (Dunn and Miller). September 7: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 27.5N, 99.3W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 27.3N, 99.3W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 26.7N, 99.3W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Land highlights: 37 kt S at 08 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR); 1002 mb at 0450 UTC at Brownsville at 25.9N, 97.4W (OMR). A few other gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "Heavy rains in the lower portion of the watershed again raised the river to above flood stage at Rio Grande City and San Benito on the 8th and 9th" (MWR). No significant changes were made to either the genesis or dissipation of this tropical storm. The track was altered slightly - the most noteworthy change was to show landfall in northeast Mexico, rather than Texas, based upon hourly observations from Brownsville. A peripheral pressure of 1002 mb from Brownsville at 0450 UTC on the 7th suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the north of 25N Brown et al. pressure-wind relationship. Winds are thus boosted slightly from 40 to 45 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th just before landfall in Mexico. Highest observed winds for this system were a ship of 35 kt E on the 6th and Brownsville with 37 kt S and Corpus Christi with 36 kt SE both on the 7th. It is estimated that 45 kt was the peak intensity of this tropical storm. ****************************************************************************** 1925/04 - 2009 REVISION: 23610 11/29/1925 M= 6 2 SNBR= 544 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 23610 11/27/1925 M= 9 4 SNBR= 553 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1 ** * * *** (The 27th and the 28th are new to HURDAT.) 23612 11/27*202 859 30 0*201 858 30 0*200 857 35 0*199 856 35 0 23613 11/28*198 854 35 0*197 852 35 0*195 850 35 0*193 847 35 0 23615 11/29* 0 0 0 0*162 835 35 0*175 840 35 0*185 844 35 0 23615 11/29*191 842 35 0*190 837 35 0*190 835 35 0*193 837 35 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23620 11/30*197 848 35 0*209 853 40 0*223 857 45 0*240 854 50 0 23620 11/30*199 841 35 0*208 846 40 0*220 847 45 0*237 843 50 0 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 23625 12/01*259 837 65 0*278 819 60 0*292 808 65 0*302 799 75 0 23625 12/01*255 830 65 0E275 815 60 0E290 805 65 0E300 795 75 0 *** *** **** *** **** *** **** *** 23630 12/02*310 792 85 0*320 783 80 0*333 775 65 0*344 768 55 0 23630 12/02E310 787 80 0E320 781 75 0E333 775 70 0E344 769 65 980 * *** ** * *** ** * ** * *** ** *** 23635 12/03*355 760 45 0*365 752 40 0*376 735 40 0*379 725 35 0 23635 12/03E355 762 60 0E365 754 60 0E372 745 55 0E377 735 55 0 * *** ** * *** ** **** *** ** **** *** ** 23640 12/04*379 717 35 0*378 708 30 0*376 700 30 0*371 689 25 0 23640 12/04E379 724 50 0E378 712 50 0E376 700 45 0E372 690 45 0 * *** ** * *** ** * ** **** *** ** (The 5th is new to HURDAT.) 23642 12/05E368 682 40 0E364 677 35 0E360 675 30 0* 0 0 0 0 23645 HRBFL1 U.S. Continental Hurricanes: ---------------------------- #/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir RMW Central States Wind Simpson Pressure Affected 12/1/1925 0400Z 26.5N 82.2W 65kt 1 ----- (985mb) SWFL1 Major changes to the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2. Genesis was begun two days earlier and dissipation was indicated one day later for this cyclone. A transformation to an extratropical cyclone was newly indicated, which occurred five days before dissipation. Evidence for these changes comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Barnes (1998), and Kasper et al. (1998). November 27: HWM does not analyze an area of low pressure. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 20.0N, 85.7W. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1013 mb at 13 UTC at 20.7N, 85.8W (COA). No other gales. No low pressures. November 28: HWM analyzes an open trough in the northwest Caribbean Sea. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.5N, 85.0W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. November 29: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered near 19.6N, 82.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 35 kt tropical storm at 17.5N, 84.0W. Available observations suggest that the tropical storm was centered at 19.0N, 83.5W. Ship highlights: No gales or low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "The tropical cyclone...was central a short distance east or southeast of Swan Island at 8 a.m. It was of slight intensity at the time, but increased rapidly in intensity after passing through the Yucatan Channel during the following night, and by 8 p.m. of the 30th the barometer at Key West, Fla., had fallen to 29.62 inches (1003 mb) and the wind had shifted to southwest" (MWR). November 30: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 23.4N, 79.6W. HURDAT listed this as a 45 kt tropical storm at 22.3N, 85.7W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 22.5N, 85.6W with an 1004 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 40 kt tropical storm was centered at 22.0N, 84.7W. Ship highlights: 45 kt E and 1010 mb at 12 UTC at 25.5N, 79.5W (COA); 15 kt WSW and 1002 mb at 22 UTC at 23.5N, 83.5W (COA); 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 21 UTC at 25.4N, 85.6W (MWR). One other gale. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 1004 mb at 17 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR). No gales. No other low pressures. Regarding the intensity: "At 3:00 pm on the 30th... a disturbance of tropical origin central slightly west or northwest of the Tortugas. The disturbance moved northeastward with increased intensity across the Florida peninsula, passing near and south of Tampa. It was attended by heavy rains, especially in the right front quadrant, a fall of 14.08 inches occurring at Miami" (MWR). "Area: S. Fla.; Intensity: Minimal; 50 killed, damage $1,600,000" (Dunn and Miller). "The bottom of Tampa Bay was reportedly visible in some locations due to extreme low water levels. In Florida, there were four storm related deaths" (Kasper et al.). Tampa: "The chief property damage was to electric, telegraph and telephone wires and poles, trees, signs, windows, tents, automobiles, cheap roofing, old and flimsy building and buildings under construction. Between 5000 and 6000 telephones were down in Tampa alone, and most of the long distance wire went down. Electric current was cut off on account of the grounding of many live wires and danger therefrom. Many big oaks went down in the wind, and in some cases damaged automobiles and roofs. Electric lights were out in some sections of the city until the 2nd" (OMR). December 1: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb centered near 29.7N, 77.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 29.2N, 80.8W The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 29N, 80.1W with a 992 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the extratropical low was centered at 29.0N, 80.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt W and 994 mb at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 79.5W (MWR); 60 kt SW and 996 mb at 09 UTC at 27.7N, 79.0W (MWR); 50 kt NE and 992 mb at 17 UTC at 29.7N, 79.2W (MWR). A few other gales. Several other low pressures. Land highlights: 45 kt N at 1753 UTC at Key West, FL at 24.5N, 81.8W (OMR); 999 mb at 06 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 45 kt NE at 0609 UTC at Tampa, FL at 28.0N, 82.5W (OMR); 1000 mb at 08 UTC at Miami, FL at 25.8N, 80.3W; 45 kt N at Jacksonville at 30.4N, 81.7W (OMR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. Key West: "The maximum velocity for the day (30th), and for the month, was 36 miles per hour from the southwest at 9:25 p.m. However, the wind rapidly veered from southwest to northwest between 11 p.m. and midnight, and although it increased in force to a strong gale of 52 miles an hour (5 minute) and 62 miles an hour (one-minute) shortly before 2 p.m. on December 1st, no damage resulted" (OMR). Regarding the rainfall: "As the month closed, a tropical storm passing over the Florida Peninsula gave some of the heaviest rains ever known over the more southern portions. At Miami, total fall of more than 15 inches occurred, 14.10 inches falling in 14 hours" (MWR). "At Tampa the barometer fell to 29.50 inches (999 mb) and the wind reached a maximum velocity of 52 miles from the northeast about 1 a.m. of December 1. About 8 a.m. of December 1 the storm was centered a short distance east of Titusville, and the pressure at the center was somewhat under 29.50 inches. Jacksonville reported a maximum wind velocity of 48 miles from the north" (MWR). Regarding the damage and loss of life: "Fruit was blown from trees... lowlands were flooded...structures in process of completion suffered considerably... many small boats were damaged or sunk at anchor. As a result of the phenomenally high tides and seas, damage to beaches and beach property from the mouth of the St. Johns southward was very great- only in the millions can the computation be made...pavilions, small cottages, and even pretentious structures were undermined, and hotels, whose safety hitherto had never been questioned, were in imminent danger. The Citrus Exchange estimated the loss at 300,000 boxes, which, at $2 per box, evidences a formidable sum." At least 55 lives were lost at sea (MWR). Savannah, GA: "The passage of a tropical storm northward on the 1st and 2nd was attended by a rather heavy rain of 1.71 inches and a high wind of 51 miles NW" (OMR). December 2: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 985 mb centered near 33N, 76.8W. HURDAT listed this as a 65 kt hurricane at 33.3N, 77.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 33.5N, 77.4W with a 979 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the strong extratropical low was centered at 33.3N, 77.5W. Ship highlights: 70 kt ENE and 1006 mb at 08 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (MWR); 70 kt E at 12 UTC at 36.8N, 73.4W (COA) (same ship as previous); 70 kt at 29.2N, 81.2W (MWR); and 45 kt E and 979 mb at 13 UTC near the NC coast (MWR). Land highlights: 61 kt NE at Atlantic City, NJ at 39.4N, 74.5W (MWR); 988 mb at 1745 UTC at Wilmington, NC at 34.3N, 77.9W (OMR). Several other strong gales and several other low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "8 p.m. (01 UTC)...the hurricane center, which was apparently about 150 miles due east of Savannah, Ga., at that time. The wind had increased to 42 miles an hour at both Savannah and Charleston. At 8 a.m. (13 UTC) the hurricane was central about 100 miles south-southeast of Wilmington, N.C. The storm center passed inland between Wilmington and Cape Hatteras at about 6 p.m., and out to sea again a short distance south of Cape Henry during the night" (MWR). "Area: N.C. capes; Intensity: Minimal; Damage slight" (Dunn and Miller). "In Florida and along the coastal waters of the eastern states, over fifty lives were lost to the storm" (Barnes). "Landfall point: 34.9N, 76.3W. Central pressure of 980 mb. 54 nmi RMW. Forward speed of 15 kt. WB Technical Paper No. 55 implies that this storm was becoming extratropical and did not have hurricane-force winds when it struck the NC coast" (Ho et al.). "Environmental pressure 1012 mb, 75 kt maximum sustained surface wind estimate" (Schwerdt et al.) December 3: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered near 36.6N, 74.3W. HURDAT listed this as a 40 kt tropical storm at 37.6N, 73.5W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 37N, 75W with an 1001 mb pressure. Available observations suggest that the 55 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.2N, 74.5W. Ship highlights: 60 kt ENE at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR); 20 kt NW and 1000 mb at 12 UTC at 36.7N, 75.8W (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1003 mb at 08 UTC at 38.4N, 74.8W (MWR). Several other strong gales. A few other low pressures. Land highlights: 52 kt NE at Block Island at 41.2N, 71.6W (MWR); 26 kt S and 997 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras, NC at 35.3N, 75.6W (OMR). Several other gales and several other low pressures. "Area Va. Capes to N.J.; Intensity: Minor; 2 killed" (Dunn and Miller). Norfolk, VA: "The storm caused winds of strong gale force, but no serious damage was reported in this immediate vicinity" (OMR). December 4: HWM analyzes two separate closed lows, one of at most 1005 mb near 37.3N, 71W, and the other of at most 1010 mb near 29.9N, 60.5W. HURDAT listed this as a 30 kt tropical depression at 37.6N, 70.0W. The MWR Tracks for Centers of Cyclones shows a center near 38N, 69W. Available observations suggest that the 45 kt extratropical low was centered at 37.6N, 70.0W. Ship highlights: Several observations of 45 kt. Several low pressures between 1002 and 1005 mb. December 5: HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1005 mb centered at 36N, 67.3W. HURDAT did not previously analyze the system on this day. Available observations suggest that the 30 kt extratropical low was centered at 36.0N, 67.5W. Ship highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 08 UTC at 34.5N, 57.5W (COA). A few other gales before 12 UTC. A few other low pressures. Regarding the track and intensity: "Its center passed close to Horta (Azores) at 4 a.m. of the 9th, with a barometer reading of 29.32 inches (993 mb) and a maximum wind velocity of 40 miles an hour from the northeast" (MWR). Genesis of this system is begun two days earlier than HURDAT, as observations from HWM and COADS show a well defined vortex on the 27th. Gale force winds were also observed on the 27th, so the system is analyzed to have reached tropical storm intensity by 12 UTC on the 27th. For the next two days, the storm meandered slowly to the east-southeast and a major northward adjustment to its track is made on the 29th, with no detectable change in intensity. In the 30th, the system intensified as it began accelerating to the north and northeast before reaching the southwest Florida coast early on the 1st. Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 04 UTC on the 1st near 26.5N 82.2W. Peak observations in the Gulf were a ship at 00 UTC on the 1st with 50 kt NNW and 1002 mb, Key West with 1003 mb minimum pressure at 03 UTC, and Tampa with 999 mb minimum pressure and 45 kt NE maximum wind at 06 UTC. As the system was making landfall in Florida, it was interacting with a strong pre-existing baroclinic zone. However, HWM did not analyze any frontal features from the 30th through the 5th with the system, which is consistent with the original HURDAT that kept the system as a tropical cyclone all the way through December 4th. Reanalysis of this event, though, suggests that the storm reached the frontal boundary and became extratropical around 06 UTC, just after landfall of the storm in Florida. Observations near the center of this system are sparse both in the Gulf of Mexico and in southwestern Florida near landfall. However, the wind-caused impacts in Tampa and inland, the storm surges noted (both substantially below normal in Tampa and above normal near Jacksonville), and 60 kt/996 mb ship observations just off of the Florida east coast are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall. Intensity at landfall is maintained at 65 kt from the original HURDAT, making this a Category 1 hurricane for southwest Florida (“BFL1”). After passing through Florida and transition to an extratropical storm, the system re-intensified over the Atlantic Ocean. Three hurricane force ship observations, a ship peripheral pressure reading of 979 mb, and Wilmington's peripheral pressure reading of 988 mb confirm that the extratropical system reached hurricane intensity late on the 1st and early on the 2nd. Peak intensity for this cyclone actually occurred as an extratropical cyclone, with estimated peak of about 80 kt at 00Z on the 2nd (down slightly from 85 kt originally in HURDAT) based upon numerous ship and land based observations. The system made a second landfall in North Carolina as an extratropical storm late on the 2nd with a central pressure of about 980 mb and minimal hurricane-force winds. While the system weakened on the 3rd and 4th, coastal and ship observations indicate a stronger extratropical storm than originally listed: 55 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd (up from 40 kt) and 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th (up from 30 kt). An additional 18 hours were added to HURDAT for this system as the occluded and weakening low was still identifiable on the 5th. Despite the Monthly Weather Review stating that the cyclone continued eastward to near the Azores on the 9th, daily analysis including the Historical Weather Maps indicates that a second, extratropical system which formed east of Bermuda on the 4th was the system that moved toward the Azores. ****************************************************************************** 1925 - Additional Notes - 2009 ADDITION: 1) Historical Weather Maps depict an unusual March storm that persisted nearly three weeks over much of the Subtropical and Central Atlantic. HWM and COADS observations show a frontal low developing on 5 March about 225 km east of GA. This low moved ENE, quickly intensified into a strong baroclinic gale center on the 6th, became occluded on the 7th, and then tracked ESE through the 8th, passing about 200 km south of Bermuda. It next moved rapidly eastward through the 10th and transitioned to a quasi-barotropic system, exhibiting nearly isothermal conditions within a few hundred km of the center even though air and sea-surface temperatures were much cooler than those typically inherent of a tropical cyclone. It then decelerated in the Central Atlantic as it moved SE through the 12th. Following that, it apparently tracked faster towards the ESE, E, and then ENE until the 17th, passing 675 km WNW of the Canary Islands. On the 17th, the S.S. "El Cantara" reported 50 kt WSW-SW winds and a pressure of 998 mb near the center (MWR and COA). The low turned to the north on the 18th and weakened as it traversed over colder waters. It then moved quickly to the WNW, W, and WSW through the 20th, passing about 500 km south of the Azores. Strong gale force winds were observed several hundred km to the north and west of the system, resulting from a strong pressure gradient that had developed between the low and a strong polar, maritime air mass over the North Atlantic. It then decelerated again and became quasi-stationary through the 23rd, during which time it made a small cyclonic loop. Finally, it started moving to the WNW on the 24th and was absorbed by a potent extratropical system early on the 25th in the Central Atlantic. Although this system had barotropic characteristics for much of its existence and strong winds in its inner-core on the 17th, there is insufficient evidence to classify it at any point as a tropical cyclone. Therefore, it is not added to HURDAT; but it might be partially considered a possible hybrid or subtropical storm. DAY LAT LON STATUS Mar. 5 31N 78W Extratropical Storm Mar. 6 33N 73W Extratropical Storm Mar. 7 32N 71W Occluded Low Mar. 8 30N 67W Occluded Low Mar. 9 30N 62W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 10 29N 55W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 11 28N 54W Occluded Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 12 28N 53W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 13 27N 48W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 14 27N 43W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 15 28N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 16 29N 31W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 17 31N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 18 34N 24W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 19 35N 32W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 20 34N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 21 33N 38W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 22 32N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 23 33N 37W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid Mar. 24 34N 40W Non-Tropical Low/Possible Hybrid 2) Michael Chenoweth obtained observations from Dominica in the Lesser Antilles that suggested that a strong wave or possible tropical depression came through the region on the 25th and 26th of September with pressure dropping to 1010 mb. Historical Weather Maps showed substantial rainfall and pressure drops in the Lesser Antilles on the 25th and 26th but no evidence of a closed low. COADS ship data likewise showed no closed circulation but did have ship observations of 20 kt ENE on the west side of the system and 25 kt ESE on the east side of the system. While the system could have been a tropical cyclone, without confirmation of a closed circulation and because of a lack of gale force winds this will not be counted as a tropical storm and not included into HURDAT. 3) Historical Weather Maps show evidence of a cyclonic circulation forming around the southern extent of a decaying frontal system ENE of Bermuda at the end of September. A combination of HWM and COADS ship observations indicates that a broad, elongated area of low pressure with a small degree of baroclinicity was developing along a NNE-SSW oriented trough axis in the West Central Atlantic on the morning of the 29th. This system was over an area of SSTs of 25-27 C, and by the afternoon, a tropical depression formed as it acquired tropical characteristics. It moved to the west until early on 1 October, then merged with an approaching frontal system from the west, and became extratropical. The depression had a peak observed wind of 25 kt (COA), measured by multiple ships on the 29th and 30th; once it became extratropical, gale force winds of 35-50 kt were observed. The lowest pressure reading was 1006 mb on the 30th, which would imply a 32 kt wind speed using the north of 25N pressure-wind relationship. Since all the available wind observations were under gale force during the tropical phase, it is not added to HURDAT. It may though have been a minimal tropical storm from the 30th until the frontal merger on the 1st. DAY LAT LON STATUS Sept. 29 31N 56W Developing Tropical Depression Sept. 30 31N 59W Tropical Depression Oct. 1 36N 55W Extratropical Storm ********************************************************************************