****************************************************************************
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT - 
****************************************************************************


By Chris Landsea, Craig Anderson, William Bredemeyer, Cristina Carrasco,
Noel Charles, Michael Chenoweth, Gil Clark, Jason Dunion, Ryan Ellis, 
Jose Fernandez-Partagas, John Gamache, David Glenn, Lyle Hufstetler, 
Cary Mock, Charlie Neumann, Adrian Santiago, Donna Thomas, 
Lenworth Woolcock, and Mark Zimmer.

Special thanks to:  Sim Aberson, James Belanger, Auguste Boissonnade, 
Emery Boose, Hugh Cobb, Jose Colon, Paul Hebert, Paul Hungerford, 
Mark Jelinek, Brian Jones, Lorne Ketch, Ramon Perez Suarez, David Roth, 
Al Sandrik, and David Vallee.


Introduction

1) Original re-analysis efforts completed in 2000 provided an addition
to HURDAT for the years 1851 to 1885, based upon the encyclopedic work of
Partagas and Diaz as well as other sources.  Unless otherwise stated,
observations mentioned here are from the Partagas and Diaz reports.  

2) In August 2002, a re-analysis of 1992's Hurricane Andrew's intensity was
approved and incorporated into HURDAT.  A brief synopsis of the results
of this re-analysis are provided here.  A full description of presentations
made and minutes of deliberations are provided on-line at:
   http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/andrew.html

3) Re-analysis work completed in 2003 focussed upon the period of 1886 to
1910, with some additional changes to the earlier 1851 to 1885 era.  Again
the main sources utilized for this effort were the Partagas and Diaz 
reports and all observations described come from these reports unless
otherwise explicitly referenced.

4) In 2005, changes and additions are made for the period of 1911 to 1914. 
This is the first era completed in the reanalysis that did not have 
the benefit of Jose Fernandez Partagas' efforts. Co-authors on these changes 
are William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock, with special 
thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock. We revised all 15 existing 
tropical storms and hurricanes during this four year period, added 5 new 
tropical storms, and discussed (but did not add in) an additional 19 suspect 
systems. While there were no major US hurricanes during this relatively quiet 
period, Jamaica experienced one of their worst hurricanes ever in a late 
season system in November 1912. A surprising finding was the lack of any new 
tropical storms or hurricanes for 1914, which was and remains the quietest 
hurricane season ever for the Atlantic basin with just one tropical storm.

5) In 2006, many corrections were made for U.S. landfalling tropical
cyclones based upon research conducted by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger.
Additionally, explicit notation was given for U.S. hurricanes during the
entire 1851 to 2005 period that caused hurricane conditions (estimated
maximum sustained surface winds of 64 kt or greater) in an inland
state.

6) In 2007, minor alterations were introduced for a few cyclones during 
the period of 1989 to 2005 to fix a couple typographic errors, to correctly
indicate U.S. states impacted and to make slight adjustments to the HURDAT
positions/intensities for two days in Ophelia and one time period in Wilma.

7) In 2008, a complete reanalysis was conducted for the years of 1915 to 1920.
All storms of the era were revised in track and intensity.  Eight new tropical 
storms were added during this period and one of the original tropical storms in
HURDAT was removed.

*******************************************************************************

1851/01 - 2003 ADDITION:

00001 06/25/1851 M= 1  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00002 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  70    0*  0   0   0    0
00003 HRBTX1

Ellis' (1988) Hurricane History of the Texas Coast (and mirrored in Roth's
(1997b) Texas Hurricane History website) includes the following description:

"June 25th, 1851:  A short but severe storm which passed over Matagorda Bay and
 was described as the most disastrous experienced there to date. Caused
 widespread damage at Saluria on Matagorda Island where saltwater contaminated
 the fresh water cisterns.  Wind damage at Port Lavaca was widespread and
 every wharf destroyed.  Indianola suffered damage to waterfront buildings,
 but the storm tide did not cover the spit of land at Power Horn."

Based upon this account, a single-point hurricane is analyzed and added to the
best track database.  It is quite possible that this hurricane was Category 2
(or stronger) given the sparseness of the population in the region.


1851/01 - 2004 REVISION:

00001 06/25/1851 M= 1  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00001 06/25/1851 M= 4  1 SNBR=   1 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *

00002 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  70    0*  0   0   0    0
00002 06/25*280 948  80    0*280 954  80    0*280 960  80    0*281 965  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 26th through the 28th are new to HURDAT.)
00002 06/26*282 970  70    0*283 976  60    0*284 983  60    0*286 989  50    0
00002 06/27*290 994  50    0*295 998  40    0*3001000  40    0*3051001  40    0
00002 06/28*3101002  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00003 HRBTX1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
1-6/25/1851    1200Z 28.5N  96.5W   70kt  1     (985mb)    BTX1
1-6/25/1851    2000Z 28.1N  96.7W   80kt  1     (977mb)    BTX1
               ****  ****   ****    **           ***

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina obtained some observations
that pertain to this hurricane from Corpus Christi and Fort Brown.  
Additionally, Prof. Mock and Mr. David Roth of the Hydrometeorological
Prediction Center obtained newspaper accounts of the impact of its landfall 
in Texas.  (The observations were primarily from Army Forts that observed the 
weather four times a day:  near sunrise, 9 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m.  Winds 
could range from a range of 0 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 
40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.)  A 
search of the NCDC archives revealed, in addition to those provided
by Prof. Mock, observations from the following Texas forts:  Fort
Graham, Fort Mcintosh, Fort Croghan, Fort Lincoln, Fort Martin Scott,
Fort Ringgold, San Antonio, Fort Merrill, Fort Duncan and New Wild.
Relevant observations are shown below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - ENE1 NE1  NE4  NW1  80/85/89/83
Jun. 26, 1851 - S5   SSW2 SSW3 ESE4 74/76/78/74  rain 1am to 6 1/2 pm 3.00"
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1   S3   SE6  SSE6 79/83/88/83

Fort Mcintosh (Laredo), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2   SE2  SE2  NE2  73/93/98/88
Jun. 26, 1851 - N2   NW2  NW2  SE3  75/92/98/83  rain began ?
Jun. 27, 1851 - NW2  E2   SW2  SE2  70/78/92/79  rain ended ? 2.48"

Fort Croghan (30.5N, 98.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - S3   SE4  SE4  SE3  75/85/95/80
Jun. 26, 1851 - NE2  E3   E3   E3   70/80/86/82  0.19" 
Jun. 27, 1851 - S3   SE4  S4   SE4  82/81/82/79
Notes from Jun. 26th:  At 10 A.M. a slight shower.  Showers from 11 P.M.
through the night.

Fort Lincoln (29.4N, 99.5W), Texas (no temperatures):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1  SE2  SE3  SE2  
Jun. 26, 1851 - NW3  N4   N4   SE8  11 a.m. rain began, 9 p.m. rain ended 0.8"
Jun. 27, 1851 - SE1  E4   ENE5 SE2  9 a.m. rain began, 3 p.m. rain ended 0.35"
Notes from Jun 26th:  Rain fell in showers at intervals, accompanied by 
heavy winds.

Fort Martin Scott (30.2N, 98.8W), Texas (no precipitation totals):
Jun. 25, 1851 - SE1  SE1  NE2  SE1  70/80/93/74
Jun. 26, 1851 - E1   NE3  NE3  SE1  69/76/82/71  rain at intervals during day
Jun. 27, 1851 - E1   SE2  SW3  SE4  68/76/83/72  rain at intervals during day

San Antonio, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - E1   E2   N2   NE3  75/81/87/82
Jun. 26, 1851 - N1   NE4  NE4  E2   72/78/74/72
Jun. 27, 1851 - E2   SE1  SE1  NE3  70/74/78/74  rain began 11 a.m.
Addendum: Rain ended on the 28th at 11 a.m. 1.00" 

Fort Merrill (28.2N, 98.1W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1851 - 0    NE2  NE4  NE5  77/85/91/81
Jun. 26, 1851 - W5   SW5  S2   S2   75/85/77/82  rain began 6 a.m.
Jun. 27, 1851 - S1   S4   S3   S4   78/83/82/80  rain ended 3 a.m. 1.25"

Fort Duncan (Eagle Pass), Texas: 
Jun. 25, 1851 - E2   E2   S2   S3   80/84/95/89
Jun. 26, 1851 - E2   N2   N3   N2   81/83/94/87
Jun. 27, 1851 - N2   E2   E2   S3   80/82/90/84
Notes:  No rain on these dates.  Wind apparently reported to nearest 90
degree interval.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 9, 1851, p.2
This vessel [The Maria Burt] left Galveston on the 24th ult.  That night
a heavy gale commenced blowing, and the next day, about 10 A.M., the
steamer put back for Sabine Pass.

The Matagorda Tribune, June 30, 1851
Violent Gale on Matagorda Bay - The Shipping driven Ashore - Several Houses
Blown down at Indianola, Saluria, and Port Cavallo. 
One of the heaviest gales that has perhaps ever been experienced in this 
section of country, occurred within the past week.  Early on Wednesday 
morning [June 25th], it commenced raining furiously, and continued to pour 
down in torrents for nearly the whole of that day and the following night, 
with few intermissions, accompanied by violent gales of wind, frequently 
veering from the east, northeast and southeast. Although we believe no 
material damage has been done hereabouts, beyond perhaps the leveling of some 
of the more exposed garden patches, the result, we understand, has been 
calamitous to the shipping and to our neighbors, situated on the lower bay.  
From Port Lavaca, we have not, as yet, had any tidings, but Indianola, 
Saluria, and Port Cavallo, appear to have suffered considerable loss
from the fury of the gale.  At the former place, we learn, every wharf has been
carried away, and a number of houses had either been leveled to the earth, or
blown from their foundations.  At Saluria, considerable damage has also been
Done.  Port Cavallo, however, has escaped with less injury, as will be seen by
The following extract from a letter from thence, addressed to a gentleman in 
this city, under date of 27th June.
           The loss and injury sustained among the shipping on the bay, has
        doubtless been far greater than we have yet had any particulars of.
        We learn at the present writing by a vessel just up from below, that
        the Steamship Mexico was driven ashore opposite, or near Powder
        Horn Bayou, and was still lying on the flats in that vicinity when our
        informant left - that the depot or freight steamer Portland shared the
        same fate, together with several other smaller crafts.  The steamer
        Wm. Penn was driven ashore from her anchorage near Saluria, and
        will probably be a total loss.

Port Cavallo, June 27, 1851
Our place has been visited by the most terrible storm which has occurred
on this coast within the memory of the oldest inhabitant.  It commenced 
Wednesday the 25th inst.  The sun rose clear, with the exception of a few 
heavy clouds hanging to the northward, but the tide commenced rising with 
unprecedented rapidity - the storm in the meantime increasing to that degree, 
that by 4 P.M., it was blowing a perfect hurricane.  Thus it continued all 
night, coming with frightful violence.  What with the torrents of rain, the 
howling of the winds and the roaring of the sea, it was a scene baffling 
all description.  The damage here had been quite trifling, considering the
great strength of the gale.  Mr. Doerow had one of the chimneys to his new
house blown over, and his fields much injured - the fences being generally
prostrated.  The warehouse and wharf stood it bravely.  The wharf is uninjured -
the warehouse had a few blocks washed from under it, which is the only damage
it sustained.  Mr. Maverick's house was blown from its blocks - that is to say,
the small house in his yard.  This is the total amount of damage done here, 
except a few more fences blown down.

The schr. Velasco, with a heavy cargo of cotton and molasses, returned
back over the bar, having sprung a leak - She made fast to the wharf there and
commenced discharging, but the gale and leak still increasing, she was winded
around on the flat below the wharf where she now lies.

The schr. Buena Vista, lying at anchor on the Saluria side, dragged and
went ashore.  The morning she got off, and came to on this side.  
Mr. Harrison's pilot boat went ashore on the Saluria side, and is a complete 
wreck.  Mr. Givins' house was blown from the blocks and broke in two.  Judge 
Rose's warehouse at Saluria was also blown from the blocks.  Gen. 
Summerville's house is blown and destroyed.  Dr. McCreary's house in much 
injured - gallery gone.

In addition to the above, a letter was last night received by Messrs.
Doswell, Hill & Co., from Capt. Talbot, dated on Tuesday, the 26th ult., which
states that the freight of the Mexico had been discharged before the heavy blow
came on.  The Mexico was then dropped astern of the Portland, and both anchors
thrown out.  At 10 P.M. on Wednesday, the gale increased to great violence, and
grew more violent until 11 1/2, when the Portland broke adrift and went ashore.
The Mexico had then gotten steam up, and was working full stroke with 20 inches
of steam, and two anchors out with 60 fathoms of chain, but all could not 
resist the violence of the storm.  About one o'clock, the Mexico broke from 
her anchorage, and was driven on a hard bottom with six feet of water.

Capt. Boehner says he never before saw so high a tide in that bay.  All
Capt. Talbot's hands were at work getting out coal, and every exertion was 
being made to get her off, but the captain has very little hope of success 
until he can have the assistance of the Louisiana.  Captain Talbot adds:

      Captain Boehner's lighter is ashore, the Wm. Penn is a total wreck, all
      the wharves at Indianola are gone, and some few houses prostrated.  The
      J. Smith, although sunk decks under water, was driven three quarters of a
      mile, and is pretty much all to pieces.

The Advocate, Victoria TX, July 3, 1851, p. 2
A storm of wind and rain, unprecedented in violence in this region, passed 
over this place, in common with every other point from which we have heard, 
from the Bay and Gulf immediately below us as high up as the Western portion 
of De Witt county, and extending as far West as the "Mission of Refugio," 
on Wednesday night of last week, (the 25th and 26th ult.)  The damage done 
to buildings, fences, fruit and shade trees in this place is by no means 
inconsiderable.  No serious injury occurred to any building that was 
inhabited, or occupied, except by workmen engaged in the completion of the 
same.

At Saluria, we learn, several buildings were injured by the violence of the 
gale and the wash of the tide.  Another evil resulting from the storm there, 
we understand, is the mixture of the water and spray from the Gulf with the 
water of the cisterns of the place, to such an extent as to render it unfit 
for use.

At Indianola, and its vicinity, the effects of the storm are given somewhat 
in detail by our correspondent.  It is spoken of us being the severest storm 
ever experienced in that place.

At Lavaca, in slip from the office of the "Commercial," informs us the 
ravages of the storm were quite disastrous to property, though most happily, 
not to life.  Our friend of the "Commercial" says:
        Every one of the wharves belonging to the merchant of this place was 
        destroyed.  Of some, scarce vestige was left.  The warehouse of 
        Mr. Ross was swept away by the violence of the tide, whilst other 
        sustained slighter injuries.

The schooner William & Morris, trading between this place and 
Galveston, and which was anchored at the wharf of R. M. Forbes & Co., 
was thrown by the fury of the waves on the beach, where she remains 
high and dry.  Ornamental and fruit trees have been blown down, 
fences and pilings prostrated.  We have not learned the amount of damage 
sustained by this destructive tornado, but it will be several thousand dollars.

Some damage has been done to dwellings and farm houses in the country, not 
only in the valley of the Guadelupe, but in the Colette settlement.  The 
injury done to corn in all this region will be considerable.  Some fields 
have been laid entirely level with the earth, and place beyond the 
possibility of yielding more than one third of a crop.

Quite an amount of timber along the Guadelupe and San Antonio rivers, 
between this and the Espiritu Santa Bay, have been blown down and destroyed.

At Carlos' Ranch, we heard quite a number of buildings are prostrated.  The 
damages done to the property there is considerable, and will be severely 
felt, as it falls upon those who are poorly able to sustain such losses.

At the Mission, in Refugio county, the progress and force of the storm were 
manifested in the injury done to buildings, fences and trees.  In one 
instance, it is reported, one of the residents of the place - a female at 
that - while attempting to return to her house on foot, across an open place, 
was blown out quite a distance on to the prairie, and by the time she could 
retrace her steps against the wind and reach the village, she was almost 
entirely divested of her clothing.

At Goliad, the severity of the storm was felt, we understand, in the 
demolition of several buildings, and other injuries done to property.  It is 
somewhat remarkable, that in all the accounts we have thus far received, no 
other injury appears to have accrued to human life than that occasioned by 
exposure to the rain, at an unseasonable hour of the night.  It is possible, 
however, when we come to receive the history of the storm more in detail, 
this happy exemption will be dashed by incidents of a painful and heart-
rendering character.

Since the above was in type, we learn, from a gentleman just arrived from 
Espiritu Santa Bay, that the houses of Messrs. Kuykendall, Burns, Hays, 
Tucker, and Judge Duke, in that vicinity, were all demolished, or seriously 
injured by the gale.  One or two persons are said to have been more or less 
injured, either by falling timbers, or by exposure to the storm.  Mrs. Burns 
is said to have dies the next morning after the occurrence of the storm, 
having been sick for sometime previous.

We regret to learn that the new mail Steamship Mexico is so hard aground in 
the Bay, that it will be necessary to take out her engines, &c., before she 
can be removed from her present dangerous position.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 11, 1851, p.2
More of the Texas Gale - Indianola, Texas, June 27, 1851
[To the] Editors Picayune - I have to advise you of the effects of one of
the worst gales every known on this bay.  The storm commenced on the 25th,
and continued till daylight of the 26th.  The wind prevailed from northeast
to southeast.  The wharves at this place were carried away; the steamboat
Wm Penn was blown aground, filled with water, and was badly damaged; all
the small boats in the bay were stranded and greatly injured.  Several
small houses on the water's edge were more or less injured, and
considerable damage was done in various ways.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

The hurricane's landfall near Matagorda Bay was not closely observed from 
any of the fort locations, though Fort Merrill likely was just to the
south of the inland center just before 12 UTC on the 26th and Fort Lincoln
was just to the north of the inland center around 00 UTC on the 27th.  
From the impacts described in the newspaper accounts - especially the
peak winds shifting from northeast to southeast in Indianola and only
easterly component in Matagorda - indicate a landfall southwest of those
locations.  The observations then indicated a track at landfall toward the 
northwest with a turn to the north over the next two days as it decayed.  It 
is estimated that the storm dissipated early on the 28th over central 
Texas.  Thus a track for this hurricane has now been attempted and data
from the ship "Maria Burt" allow for a portion of track to be determined
on the 25th before landfall.  The winds are increased slightly at landfall to 
better match the original damage descriptions as well as to account for a 
long-lasting system after landfall (estimated 65 kt gusts at 00 UTC
on the 27th at Fort Lincoln).  It is noted that high winds seen at some
forts on the 27th were due to straight-line southeasterly flow not 
directly related to the hurricane itself.

*******************************************************************************

1851/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #1 in Partagas and Diaz), except to assume a date of July 5th for 
storm "before July 7th".  No track available, only one point.  Storm 
determined to be a hurricane based upon destruction that occurred in Tampico.

********************************************************************************

1851/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #2 in Partagas and Diaz), though storm documentation is somewhat weak.  
No track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1851/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #3 in Partagas and Diaz). Inland winds over Hispanola, Cuba and SE US 
reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model, 
but windspeed values over Hispanola and Cuba had an accelerated rate of 
decay due to the enhanced topography.   Storm tide value of 12' obtained from 
Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for St. Marks, Florida.  Storm determined to 
have reached major hurricane status based upon storm tide and extreme damage 
at landfall.  Ludlum also called this storm the "Great Middle Florida 
Hurricane of August 1851".  The best track provided appears to describe the 
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below tropical 
storm strength).


1851/04 - 2006 REVISION:
         
00065 08/16/1851 M=12  4 SNBR=   4 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00070 08/16*134 480  40    0*137 495  40    0*140 510  50    0*144 528  50    0*
00075 08/17*149 546  60    0*154 565  60    0*159 585  70    0*161 604  70    0*
00080 08/18*166 625  80    0*169 641  80    0*172 660  90    0*176 676  90    0*
00085 08/19*180 693  90    0*184 711  70    0*189 726  60    0*194 743  60    0*
00090 08/20*199 759  70    0*205 776  70    0*212 790  70    0*219 804  70    0*
00095 08/21*226 814  60    0*232 825  60    0*239 836  70    0*244 843  70    0*
00100 08/22*250 849  80    0*256 855  80    0*262 860  90    0*268 863  90    0*
00105 08/23*274 865 100    0*280 866 100    0*285 866 100    0*296 861 100    0*
00110 08/24*307 851  90    0*316 841  70    0*325 830  60    0*334 814  50    0*
00115 08/25*340 800  40    0*348 786  40    0*358 770  40    0*368 751  40    0*
00120 08/26*378 736  40    0*389 718  40    0*400 700  40    0*413 668  40    0*
00125 08/27*428 633  40    0*445 602  40    0*464 572  40    0*485 542  40    0*
00130 HRAFL3 GA1
00130 HRAFL3IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************


1851/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis (was
storm #4 in Partagas and Diaz).  Storm assumed to be stationary for 4 days.

********************************************************************************

1851/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of 
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical storm strength).

********************************************************************************

1851 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1851 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of the evidence suggesting that the 
storm did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1852/01:  Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  FL Keys experienced hurricane conditions, but not landfall of center.  
Storm tide value of 12' obtained from Ho (1989) and Barnes (1998) for Mobile, 
Alabama.  Using Ho's suggested central pressure of 961 mb at landfall in AL/MS 
gives 99 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, thus utilizing 
100 kt in best track - a major hurricane.  Storm is also known as the "Great 
Mobile Hurricane of 1852" from Ludlum (1963).

1852/01 - 2003 REVISION:

00165 08/19/1852 M= 9  1 SNBR=   5 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00165 08/19/1852 M=12  1 SNBR=   6 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **            *

00170 08/19*205 671  60    0*207 680  60    0*209 688  60    0*211 696  60    0
00175 08/20*212 706  70    0*215 719  70    0*217 730  70    0*219 740  70    0
00180 08/21*221 749  80    0*222 761  80    0*226 771  80    0*229 781  80    0
00185 08/22*232 793  90    0*235 801  90    0*238 811  90    0*242 821  90    0
00190 08/23*247 831  90    0*252 839  90    0*257 846  90    0*262 853  90    0
00195 08/24*267 860 100    0*272 866 100    0*277 871 100    0*282 875 100    0
00200 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 881 100    0*294 884 100    0
00200 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 882 100    0*294 884 100    0
                                                  ***

00205 08/26*298 886 100    0*302 886 100  961*306 885  90    0*312 881  70    0
00210 08/27*319 876  50    0*325 869  40    0*330 861  40    0*334 850  40    0
00210 08/27*318 874  50    0*323 863  40    0*328 848  40    0*332 828  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT)
00211 08/28*335 805  40    0*338 782  40    0*340 760  40    0*344 742  40    0
00212 08/29*352 728  50    0*364 718  50    0*380 708  50    0*396 696  50    0
00213 08/30*410 680  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3AFL1
00215 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
                     ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3      961mb    AL3,MS3,AFL1
1-8/26/1852    0600Z 30.2N  88.6W  100kt  3      961mb    AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
                                                                  ***

Roth (1997a) provided the following description of this hurricane's
impacts in Louisiana's Chandeleur Island: 

"Four new channels were cut through Chandeleur Island. The storm claimed
the 55 foot tall Chandeleur Island lighthouse and replaced it with a broad 10 
foot deep lagoon. The keepers were rescued three days later, on the verge of 
starvation."

On this basis, the hurricane is also listed as causing Category 2 hurricane
conditions in Louisiana.

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina uncovered evidence
that this system crossed over Georgia and South Carolina as a tropical
storm and modestly redeveloped in the Atlantic.  Thus three additional
days (28th to the 30th) are included for this storm into HURDAT.  Details 
from his research are provided below:

Georgia Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
-------------------------------------------------
Savannah GA.  Elevation 77 ft.  Observer:  John F Posey.  August 1852
Date	Time	Temp.	Pres.	Wind	Cloud.	Rain	
8/25	6am	77.2	30.189	SE	0	
8/25	2pm	87.1	30.141	SE2	6	
8/25	10pm	81.0	30.100	SSE	0	
8/26	6am	77.6	30.058	ESE	3
8/26	2pm	87.0	30.011	S	5		
8/26	10pm	81.5	30.005	SSE	5	
8/27	6am	79.0	29.934	SE	10
8/27	2pm	83.0	29.857	SSE4	10
8/27	10pm	80.4	29.778	SW4	10	0.164
8/28	6am	75.0	29.885	S	0
8/28	2pm	84.5	29.960	WSW	5
8/28	10pm	81.2	30.086	WNW	4	

Additional Observations
Date	Time	Temp.	Pres.	Wind	Cloud.	Remarks
8/27	8am	M	29.901	SSE2	10	Began to blow
8/27	11am	80.0	29.893	SSE4	10
8/27	12mid	84.6	29.893	SSE4	10
8/27	1pm	82.8	29.873	SSE4	10
8/27	2pm	83.0	29.857	SSE4	10	raining slowly at short times
8/27	3:40	83.0	29.793	SSE3	9
8/27	5:25	82.5	29.780	SSE4	10	
8/27	7:38	80.7	29.779	S4	10
8/27	10pm	80.4	29.778	SW4	10	rained after ten o'clock  0.165

Mercer University, Buford GA,  Prof. J.E. Willet, August 1852, 400 ft?
(Note that Prof. Mock determined that the pressure readings were
unreliable because of an uncalibrated barometer.)
Date	Time	   Att. Ther.	Pres.Wind (1-6) Cloud.
8/27	10:10am 	75	29.15			
8/27	11:45am 	76	29.09	
8/27	2:00pm 				SSE3	10
8/27	2:40pm  	76	28.96	
8/27	3:40pm  	76	28.94	
8/27	4:50pm  	76	28.91	
8/27	6:00pm  	76	28.90	
8/27	8:00pm  	75	28.90
8/28	5:30am		70	29.12
8/28	6:30am		70.5	29.15
8/28	7:00am				W2	5
8/28	8:20am		71	29.20	
8/28	9:30am		72	29.23
8/28	2:00pm				NNW2	 9
8/28	4:00pm          82	29.32

Remarks:
8/27 7am-3:40pm: Rain continues  almost constant  sometimes violent
8/27 4:50pm:  Rain continues  more moderate
8/27 6:00pm:  Rain continues  more moderate  Min Baro observed
8/27 8:00pm:  Rain ending.  Wind veered SSE, SE, SSE, SE, NW
8/28 5:30am-8:20am:  Clearing away
8/28 9:30am:	Clearing away.  Perfectly clear at 10 a.m.
8/28 2:00pm:  Total of Rain during Storm (say 27 hours) 3.925 Inches
8/30 12noon:  Maximum Barometer after Storm (29.63)

Whitemarsh Island (Savannah) GA.  Elevation 18 ft.  
Observer:  Richard Gibson.  August 1852
Date	Time	Wind		Cloud.	Rain	Remarks
8/25	Sunr.	0		8	
8/25	9am	SE3		5
8/25	3pm	SE3		7
8/25	9pm	S1		9		A sprinkle of Rain only fell
8/26	Sunr.	0		8
8/26	9am	SW2		7
8/26	3pm	S3		5
8/26	9pm	S1		6	0.06	Weather looked stormy again 
8/27	Sunr.	SSW2		6
8/27	9am	S4		5
8/27	3pm	S5		7
8/27	9pm	S5		7		Very little Rain.  The wind 
    has increased gradually since Sunrise and tonight is blowing a Gale
8/28	Sunr.	SW2		9
8/28	9am	W4		8
8/28	3pm	W3		6
8/28	9pm	0		7	0.02	The wind moderated after 
    9 o'clock last night

South Carolina Information on the Great Mobile Hurricane
--------------------------------------------------------
At Charleston, high wind on afternoon of 27th, and until midnight; wind S,
very little rain.  (Too much material to reproduce here in entirety - see 
Charleston Courier article by Lewis R. Gibbes on this storm in 
September 10th issue).

J.L. Dawsons Meteorological Observations from the Charleston Courier.
Date	Temp (7/2/9).	Pres (7/2/9).			Wind (sr/4pm)	Wx.
8/25	80/84/82	30.246/30.178/30.156		SE1/SE2		Fair
8/26	81/86/83	30.114/30.020/30.018		SW2/SW2		Fair
8/27	82/84/83	30.002/29.928/29.876		SW3/SE4		Rain
    0.07" rainfall
8/28	80/84/81	29.008/29.982/30.196		SW3/SW3		Fair

Black Oak Agricultural Society, Pinopolis, SC. (elevation 300 ft)
Date	Pres (sr/2/9).	Wind	Wx.				Rain
8/25	29.48/.40/.35	SE	changeable
8/26	29.33/.35/.27	SE	clear/cloudy
8/27	29.23/.20/.10	SE/S	Clear/rain/high Wind		0.05
8/28	29.10/.23/.32	WSW	clear/drizzle/cloudy
8/29	29.40/.45/.45	W	clear

Rev. Clark B. Stewart (Laurens):  25th - Rain, heavy in Evening   26th - 
The Rain fell from an early hour of the day - in perfect torrents until 
after night some time - My fence on the Creek all gone - only 1/2 an acre 
of Corn in that field - Sand left in abundance - God to praised for his 
goodness.  Uncle John Stewarts saw mill all gone and half the dam left - 
Broke and all gone - Bridges;  Mill Factorys &c. nearly all gone - Great 
loss sustained in this country

Jacob Schirmer (Charleston):  30th  Freshes dreadful Account from the up 
country, Bridges washed away, Crops destroyed cars could not reach Hamburg, 
great fears of the Columbia Bridge  31st  Weather the past Month a good deal 
of rain and hot Sun, the whole Country is inundated with water

Jesse James Hammond (Silver Bluff):  27th - there is a fresh   28th -The 
rain yesterday not heavy but enough for the season - windy River rising

Thomas Chaplin (St Helena): Storm  I neglected to state that the wind 
commenced blowing violently on Friday [Aug. 28] about midday, from south.  
Continued till Saturday morning, with driving rain Friday night.  I hope 
this is the [last] storm of the season for it has done little damage & a 
trifle in comparison with the storms about the same time last year.

Alexander Glennie:  27th near Georgetown SC- [late in the day] - SW.  Gale 
[pressure is about 29.76]  28th  SW, Clear, High Wind.

James Davis Trezevant (Orangeburg Dist.):  27th - Commenced raining about 
12 N and rained heavily nearly all the afternoon  28th - Commenced blowing 
and raining heavily during the night and continued to blow and rain until 
after sunrise when it cleared off.  The river very full today, and rising 
fast.  30th - The river came to a stand today about 1 P.M.  The water was 
4 ft 10 in higher than the May fresh of 1846 and more than 2 ft higher than 
the great Yazoo fresh of 1792[6?].

Charleston Courier, Friday, Sept. 10:
Georgetown, S.C., September 8. - The Weather and the Crops. - The rainy 
weather which we announced as commencing in June last has continued up to 
the present time with some short intervals;  and early much annoyed the 
labour in hoeing and killing grass, and during the last month was greatly 
detrimental to the curing of blades
	The great fall of rain on the 27th and 28th of August, and which 
spread vast injury from Mobile to New York, on the various rivers, is to-day 
with us on the Santee and Pee Dee rivers, and is likely to do much damage to 
the rice crop, and especially to those who plant the most fruitful tide 
lands highest up.  All the lands in the neighborhood of Lynch's causeway on 
Santee was under water yesterday.  From Pee Dee we heard yesterday and the 
water was not then over the banks;  but it is feared that to-day, the 
freshet is upon all the rice.  The wind is now high at N.E., and has been so 
for several days preventing the freshet from going to sea. - Winyah Observer

New York Herald, September 3, 1852
Aug. 30, lat 39, lon 71.  Spoke brig Extra (Br), from Savannah for Halifax;  
29th and 30th, experienced a heavy gale from NW.


1852/01 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00195 08/19/1852 M=12  1 SNBR=   7 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
00200 08/19*205 671  60    0*207 680  60    0*209 688  60    0*211 696  60    0*
00205 08/20*212 706  70    0*215 719  70    0*217 730  70    0*219 740  70    0*
00210 08/21*221 749  80    0*222 761  80    0*226 771  80    0*229 781  80    0*
00215 08/22*232 793  90    0*235 801  90    0*238 811  90    0*242 821  90    0*
00220 08/23*247 831  90    0*252 839  90    0*257 846  90    0*262 853  90    0*
00225 08/24*267 860 100    0*272 866 100    0*277 871 100    0*282 875 100    0*
00230 08/25*286 878 100    0*288 880 100    0*291 882 100    0*294 884 100    0*
00235 08/26*298 886 100    0*302 886 100  961*306 885  90    0*312 881  70    0*
00240 08/27*318 874  50    0*323 863  40    0*328 848  40    0*332 828  40    0*
00245 08/28*335 805  40    0*338 782  40    0*340 760  40    0*344 742  40    0*
00250 08/29*352 728  50    0*364 718  50    0*380 708  50    0*396 696  50    0*
00255 08/30*410 680  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00260 HRBFL1 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
00260 HRBFL2 AL3 MS3 LA2AFL1
        ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone in the Florida Keys 
(southwest Florida - "BFL") is revised to be a Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale 
Category 2.  This upgrade from a Category 1 is due to the likelihood that some 
portion of the Keys experienced the most intense portion of the hurricane, 
which was 90 kt Category 2 at that time.  It was suggested previously that 
the radius of maximum wind on the cyclone's right semi-circle may have gone 
between the Dry Tortugas and Key West.  

********************************************************************************

1852/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is also known as "San Lorenzo" in Puerto Rico from impact there.

********************************************************************************

1852/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Inland 
winds over Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status both in the 
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic Ocean based upon ship reports from 
the "Union" and the "Emily Banning".

1852/03 - 2003 REVISION:

00255 09/09/1852 M= 5  3 SNBR=   8 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00255 09/09/1852 M= 5  3 SNBR=   9 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                                 *

00260 09/09*264 904  70    0*265 896  70    0*266 888  70    0*266 881  70    0
00265 09/10*268 874  70    0*269 866  70    0*271 861  70    0*273 854  70    0
00265 09/10*268 874  70    0*269 866  70    0*271 861  70    0*273 856  70    0
                                                                   ***

00270 09/11*274 846  70    0*276 838  70    0*278 828  70    0*284 816  60    0
00270 09/11*275 851  70    0*277 846  70    0*278 840  70    0*279 834  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

00275 09/12*289 805  50    0*295 793  60    0*302 778  70    0*310 765  70    0
00275 09/12*280 828  70    0*281 822  60    0*282 815  50    0*285 805  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00280 09/13*318 750  60    0*325 735  60    0*333 721  50    0*342 706  50    0
00280 09/13*292 790  60    0*304 770  70    0*320 745  70    0*340 715  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00285 HRBFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-9/11/1852$   1200Z 27.8N  82.8W   70kt  1     (985mb)   BFL1
3-9/12/1852$   0000Z 28.0N  82.8W   70kt  1     (985mb)   BFL1
    **         ****  ****                    

Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered the following
observations from the historic Army Surgeon weather archives from the
Florida fort data: 

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
Date      Sunrise   13Z    19Z    01Z
9/11/1852  NE-1    NE-1   NE-1   NE-1  .55" showers and violent storm
                                       during the night
9/12/1852   W-8     W-6   NE-1   NE-1

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These observations indicate that while the track of the hurricane
and its intensity are reasonable, the track of the hurricane's passage
across Florida was about 12 hours too early.  Such a discrepancy
is not implausible, given the relative scarce and ambiguous data 
obtained in the original Partagas and Diaz (1995a) study.  Track
and intensity values adjusted accordingly from the 10th to the
14th.

********************************************************************************

1852/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1852/05:  Added an additional day - Oct. 11th - to track based upon ship
"Peerless" in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup.  Inland winds over SE US 
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value
of 7' obtained from Ludlum (1963) and Barnes (1998) for Newport, Florida.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction
in Jamaica, conditions from the ship "Hebe" and damage that occurred in
Newport.  Storm also known in Ludlum as the "Middle Florida Storm of
October 1852".


1852/05 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00375 10/06/1852 M= 6  5 SNBR=  11 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                    L
00380 10/06*170 738  90    0*171 750  90    0*172 763  90    0*172 778  90    0*
00385 10/07*177 796  90    0*182 815  90    0*187 831  90    0*195 844  90    0*
00390 10/08*204 855  90    0*212 864  90    0*224 869  90    0*240 868  90    0*
00395 10/09*256 864  90    0*269 859  90    0*280 855  90    0*292 849  90    0*
00400 10/10*305 839  80    0*318 828  60    0*330 811  50    0*340 795  50    0*
00405 10/11*350 770  50    0*360 740  50    0*380 700  60    0*400 660  60    0*
00410 HRAFL2 GA1                                                                
00410 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

1853/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1853/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1853/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Central pressure measurement of 924 mb with the southern wind-pressure 
relationship gives 132 kt - 130 kt utilized, a major hurricane.  Ludlum
(1963) named this system the "Cape Verde and Cape Hatteras Hurricane
(offshore)".

********************************************************************************

1853/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status from observations
taken from the ships "Gilbert Gallatin", "Harvester Queen" and "Chesapeake".

********************************************************************************

1853/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1853/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Samuel and Edward" and "Werada".

********************************************************************************

1853/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.

********************************************************************************

1853/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
assumed to be stationary for 2 days.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

1853/08 - REVISION:

00565 10/19/1853 M= 2  8 SNBR=  18 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00565 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *           **                  *     *

00570 10/19*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0
00570 10/19*275 785  70    0*280 789  70    0*285 793  80    0*289 796  80    0
                             *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

00575 10/20*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0*275 785  70    0
00575 10/20*293 799  80    0*297 802  80    0*300 805  90    0*303 807  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 21st and 22nd are new to HURDAT.)
00577 10/21*306 809  90    0*309 809  90    0*313 806  80    0*317 801  80    0
00579 10/22*321 794  80    0*325 785  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

00580 HR  
00580 HR GA1
         ***

Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) shows that the hurricane moved northward
to just offshore Georgia and caused hurricane conditions along the Georgia
coast.  This was based upon ship reports and wind reports from Jacksonville,
Brunswick and Charleston.  (The hurricane was previously listed as being
stationary for two days.)



1853/08 - 2006 REVISION:

00610 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                    L
00610 10/19/1853 M= 4  8 SNBR=  19 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                    L
                                                    *

00615 10/19*275 785  70    0*280 789  70    0*285 793  80    0*289 796  80    0*
00620 10/20*293 799  80    0*297 802  80    0*300 805  90    0*303 807  90    0*
00625 10/21*306 809  90    0*309 809  90    0*313 806  80    0*317 801  80    0*
00630 10/22*321 794  80    0*325 785  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
00635 HR GA1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".


********************************************************************************

1853 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1853 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference 
to it in Garcia-Bonnelly (1958), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1854/01 - 2004 ADDITION:

00621 06/25/1854 M= 3  1 SNBR=  20 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
00622 06/25*260 925  60    0*260 930  60    0*260 935  70    0*260 940  70    0
00623 06/26*260 947  70    0*261 957  70    0*262 970  70    0*264 985  50    0
00624 06/27*2681000  40    0*2741015  40    0*2801030  40    0*  0   0   0    0
00624 HRATX1 

Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina and Mr. David Roth of
the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center found evidence of a newly uncovered 
hurricane that made landfall in southern Texas from Army Fort data and 
historical newspaper accounts.  (The Army Forts observed the weather four 
times a day between sunrise and sunset.  Winds could range from a range of 
1 to 10, with a 6 being equivalent to about 40 kt gusts, a 7 about 50 kt 
gusts and an 8 about 65 kt gusts.)

Fort Brown (Brownsville, Texas):
Jun. 25, 1854 - E2   NE3  NW2  NW3  78/79/84/77  3 1/2 am rain 0.79" Showers
Jun. 26, 1854 - W4   W5   W3   SW2  76/76/76/80  11 pm to 6pm rain 5.65" Storm
Jun. 27, 1854 - SW1  SW2  W1   SW1  78/84/86/81  Light showers
Barometer (altitude 50 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 30.08  30.08  30.05  30.02
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.75  29.82  29.96  30.04
Jun. 27, 1854 - 30.08  30.10  30.18  30.26

Corpus Christi, Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2   N3   N4   N7   79/80/83/80  0.70" rain
Jun. 26, 1854 - E7   E7   E8   E8   80/80/81/80  0.50" rain
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE4  SE4  SE3  SE3  80/84/84/83

Fort Ringgold (26.4N, 99.3W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - N2   N2   N4   N4   75/86/84/84  Rain 8a.m.-5p.m. 0.73"
Jun. 26, 1854 - NW2  NW4  W4   S3   75/77/76/74  Rain 3a.m.-2a.m. (27th) 5.05"
Jun. 27, 1854 - S1   S3   S3   S3   72/76/84/78  Rain 9a.m.-6p.m. 0.85"
Barometer (altitude ~200 ft - surface pressure values)
Jun. 25, 1854 - 29.87  29.89  29.80  29.81
Jun. 26, 1854 - 29.67  29.60  29.40  29.80
Jun. 27, 1854 - 29.91  29.95  29.95  29.96
Note on 27th:  Showers.  Distant thunder S. and S.W. during day.

Fort McIntosh (27.5N, 99.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NE1  NE2  NE3  NE2  76/82/88/79
Jun. 26, 1854 - SW2  N3   NE4  SE5  74/78/76/74  0.20" 
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2  SE2  E1   E1   72/79/75/76  0.70"
Note on 25th:  Rain at intervals during the day
Note on 26th:  Rain at intervals from 11 o'clock a.m. until 8 p.m.

Fort Duncan (28.7N, 100.5W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - SE2  SE2  SE3  SE2  75/83/93/81
Jun. 26, 1854 - SE1  SE3  SE3  SE2  75/82/89/77  0.20"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE2  SE2  SE2  SE2  75/78/82/77  Rain 6 1/2a.m.-3p.m. 0.14"
Note on 25th:  Rain at intervals
Note on 26th:  Rain at intervals and moderate during the day
Note on 27th:  Rain at intervals and moderate during the day

Fort Ewell (28.2N, 99.0W), Texas:
Jun. 25, 1854 - NW1  NW2  N3   N1   74/83/94/77  Rain 5a.m.-7p.m. 0.73" 
Jun. 26, 1854 - N4   N4   N2   SE0  75/76/78/72  Rain 1 1/2a.m-2a.m.  0.40"
Jun. 27, 1854 - SE3  SE4  SE3  SE2  73/80/90/77  

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
The Galveston News, of the 27th ult., has these items:...
   The wind commenced blowing very strong from the eastward on Saturday
   last [24th], and has continued since, sometimes almost a gale.  It
   caused a slight overflow of the strand yesterday and day before.  It
   has been accompanied with occasional showers, and with some very
   severe thunder and lightning.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 2, 1854, p.2
FROM BRAZOS SANTIAGO [26.1N, 97.2W] - Severe Storm - 
By the arrival of the steamship Perseverance, Capt. John Y. Lawless, 
yesterday, we are placed in possession of intelligence from that place
to the 27th ult.
On Sunday last, the 25th of June, we learn that the city was visited by
a very severe storm, which caused a great deal of damage and caused yet
more disastrous consequence.  The wind was higher than it had ever been
experienced since the establishment of the city, blowing, in fact, a
perfect hurricane from the S.S.E., and at the same time very heavy rain
fell.  Many buildings were unroofed and otherwise damaged, while some 
were completely turned round.  The large cistern belong to the U.S.
Quartermaster's Department, and which contained 2,000 gallons of water,
was destroyed.  Several boats employed between Point Isabel and Brazos
were driven ashore, and some sank; and at one time the greatest fears
were entertained that the partial deluge of the island actually 
experienced, would extend to a complete and disastrous overflow.

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 5, 1854, p.1
By the steamship Louisiana, which arrived here from Galveston, this 
morning, we have advices from that city and Houston to the 2d inst. ...
The Lavaca Commercial, of the 28th, says:
   We were visited by another terrible gale last evening, from the south-
   east.  The wind commenced blowing last evening, and continued all
   night, accompanied by heavy falls of rain.  The tide is very high - 
   several bath houses have been washed away, and some little damage has
   been done to the whaves.  

The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) July 12, 1854, p.1
The Nueces Valley, of the 1st inst., has the following:
   Our sea board was visited on Saturday last with one of the most
   tremendous gales that has ever been known of this coast.  It commenced
   blowing severely on Saturday evening, the 24th ult., and continued,
   accompanied with rain until Tuesday morning, when the storm abated.  
   Some little damage was done to the shipping in this harbor, but not in
   proportion of the violence of the storm.
   We are informed that the current was driven into Aransas Bay through 
   the Pass, at the rate of ten or twelve knots per hours.  It was with
   difficulty that the vessels at anchorage in Aransas harbor could hold 
   on...It is said that Aransas Bar is much improved by the storm, being
   increased both in depth and width.    

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

These observations indicate a tropical cyclone of about Category 1 hurricane
conditions (70 kt) made landfall around 12 UTC on the 26th north of
Brownsville, just north of Brazos Santiago, Texas.  The system then passed 
north of Fort Ringgold around 20 UTC on the 26th.  The sea level pressure
at that fort was a minimum of about 1002 mb at that time.  1002 mb suggests
winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship, though this would be for an over open water exposure.  Winds
are estimated to be about 50 kt at 18 UTC on the 26th.  The system then 
passed west of Fort McIntosh around 00 UTC on the 27th and then is estimated 
to have dissipated by about 12 UTC on the 27th.  Intensity at landfall is 
based primarily upon impacts of the system at Brazos Santiago.  A search of 
the COADS ship database did not reveal any observations in the Gulf of 
Mexico near this storm.


********************************************************************************

1854/02: (Was originally storm 1854/01 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1854/03: (Was originally storm 1854/02 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model, though not as fast as suggested with this model due to extreme
duration of damaging winds along Georgia and South Carolina.  Ship with 
central pressures observation of 938 mb gives with subtropical latitude
wind-pressure relationship a 112 kt reading - utilizing 110 kt.  Peripheral
pressure reading of 973 mb (at 20 UTC on the 8th of September in Savannah,
Georgia) suggest winds of at least 83 kt utilizing the same subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship.  Ho used this value with other information to
estimate a 950 mb central pressure at landfall which gives 103 kt again from
the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - here we are choosing 100 kt for
the best track.  Both reports (of 938 mb and 950 mb) suggest that the storm 
reached major hurricane status over the Atlantic.  The storm is determined to 
have reintensified to hurricane status after moving back over the Atlantic 
Ocean after landfall.  Have also adjusted track to the north by about 60 nmi 
as the hurricane returned to the Atlantic to better match observed strong 
gales over Northeastern U.S. The storm is named in Ludlum's (1963) book as 
the "Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854" for its impacts in the Carolinas and 
the "Coastal Hurricane of September 1854" for its impacts in the Middle 
Atlantic and New England coasts. 


1854/03 - 2003 REVISION:

00600 09/07/1854 M= 6  2 SNBR=  20 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00600 09/07/1854 M= 6  2 SNBR=  21 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                                **

00605 09/07*264 766 110    0*272 776 110    0*280 786 110  938*288 796 110    0
00610 09/08*296 803 110    0*304 806 110    0*311 809 100    0*316 811 100  950
00615 09/09*320 813  80    0*325 815  70    0*332 815  60    0*343 805  50    0
00620 09/10*355 781  40    0*368 759  40    0*378 740  50    0*384 719  60    0
00625 09/11*388 695  70    0*390 673  80    0*394 650  90    0*395 618  90    0
00630 09/12*398 583  90    0*400 551  90    0*400 520  80    0*402 480  80    0
00635 HR GA3 SC2 
00635 HR GA3 SC2DFL1
                ****  

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-9/8/1854     2000Z 31.7N  81.1W  100kt  3      950mb     GA3,SC2
2-9/8/1854     2000Z 31.7N  81.1W  100kt  3      950mb     GA3,SC2,DFL1
                                                                   ****

Analysis of historical tropical storms and hurricanes impacting Georgia and
Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) suggests that the hurricane had also
impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1 hurricane conditions as well in
its landfall in Georgia.

********************************************************************************

1854/04: (Was originally storm 1854/03 in Partagas and Diaz - May 2004 change).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for track. 
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  The storm is determined to reach hurricane status based upon
damage that occurred in Matagorda.  Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Matagorda Hurricane of 1854".  

********************************************************************************

1854 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1854 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but it is likely that this reference 
was really referring to storm 1854/03 which hit the coast at the same exact 
location.

********************************************************************************

1854/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1855/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have been a hurricane
based upon destruction in Tampico.

********************************************************************************

1855/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from multiple ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1855/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane 
status from the ship "Walverine".

********************************************************************************

1855/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Utilized the southern wind-pressure relationship for ship with central
pressure observation of 997 mb to get 53 kt, using 50 kt in best track.
Review of this storm in conjunction with the 1855/05 hurricane reveals
that they may be the same system.  However, without more supporting
evidence for the intervening days (of August 28-30) between the 
systems, we are opting to keep these as separate storms.

********************************************************************************

1855/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis for 
track.  Ludlum (1963) describes that "the tide at places between Lake
Ponchartrain and Bay St. Louis was said to have risen ten to fifteen
feet above normal high tide."  Storm determined to have reached major
hurricane status at landfall based upon storm tide and destruction along
Louisiana and Mississippi.  Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and 
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Hurricane known as the "Middle Gulf
Shore Hurricane of 1855" (Ludlum 1963).  (Note that this storm was originally
labeled 1855/06 in the 2000 version of HURDAT.  It was renumbered in 
2003 because of the removal of storm 1855/05.)


1855/05 - 2004 REVISION:

00810 09/15/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  28 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
00810 09/15/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  29 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                                **

00815 09/15*267 891  70    0*271 891  80    0*275 893  90    0*281 894 100    0
00820 09/16*288 895 110    0*296 895 100    0*302 894  90    0*310 891  60    0
00820 09/16*288 895 110    0*296 895 110    0*302 894 100    0*310 891  70    0
                                     ***              ***               **

00825 09/17*320 888  50    0*330 883  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
00830 HR LA3 MS3

After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have 
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the 
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds:  1855/05 and 1878/05.  In this case, 
the Category 3 impact assigned for Mississippi was not consistent with the 
original 12 UTC winds for this hurricane of 90 kt, while just offshore of the 
Mississippi coast.  The original intensity for this system was based 
primarily upon the storm tide amount both in Louisiana and Mississippi (see 
above) and it was intended to analyze this hurricane as a Category 3 in 
both states.  Thus the winds have been boosted up to 100 kt at the 12 UTC time 
to retain the Category 3 assignment for Mississippi.  Again utilizing the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model after landfall in Mississippi 
suggests increasing the 18 UTC winds up to 70 kt.

******************************************************************************

1855 - Additional Notes:

1855/05 - 2003 REVISION:  STORM REMOVED FROM HURDAT.

1855/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ships 
"Catherine" and "Rebecca".  Review of this hurricane in conjunction with 
the 1855/04 tropical storm reveals that they may be the same system.  
However, without more supporting evidence for the intervening days (of 
August 28-30) between the systems, we are opting to keep these as separate 
storms.

00770 08/31/1855 M= 3  5 SNBR=  27 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00775 08/31*414 675  70    0*424 650  70    0*434 620  70    0*445 588  70    0
00780 09/01*455 551  70    0*465 514  70    0*475 472  70    0*484 445  70    0
00785 09/02*495 414  60    0*505 384  60    0E513 355  50    0E522 330  50    0
00790 HR  
(System removed from revised HURDAT.)

This hurricane is, with additional information, shown instead to be
a strong extratropical storm with well-defined baroclinic structure.
New data sources were provided by Michael Chenoweth for Sable Island and 
Halifax, Canada and by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina 
for Bridgeport, Massachusetts.  This tropical cyclone is thus removed from 
the HURDAT database.  Details about these new data sources are provided in 
full below.
 
The two Canadian sources are (1) a weather diary kept by Alexander Muirson 
at Halifax, 1828-1860 and (2) a daily record of occurrences at the "Principal 
Station" on Sable Island, Nova Scotia from 1853-1855. The first is a 'pure'
meteorological register, with instrumental temperature and barometer data; the 
second is what appears to be some type of government or corporate record of 
activity at a fishing station.  Weather is recorded daily, but is only 
non-instrumental. Both records were obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
Provincial Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

Sable Island Observations:
30 August 1855
   First part moderate SE winds and clear....Latter part strong
   north winds and cloudy weather.
31 August 1855
   A heavy northwardly blow throughout.
1 September 1855
   Moderate WSW winds and clear weather.
The terminology of the time units suggests that the record is
kept by a mariner. However, the dates appear to be civil calendar
dates (midnight-midnight) and not the seaman's day of noon to noon. This
assessment is based on a scan of other day's records in the diary.

Halifax Observations:
Temperature and barometer are labeled M, N, E (morning, noon,
evening). Winds are "prevailing". Remarks give prevailing weather
conditions and register (without specifying the time usually)
a change to another prevailing weather type. Temperature and
barometer readings are most likely read at 0800, 1300-1400, and
2200 based on analysis of hourly means. Muirson never states
the morning and evening times but states once in his journal
that his mid-day reading was between 1 and 2 P.M. His thermometer also has
an eastern exposure and there is evidence for sunlight reaching the
thermometer as his morning readings in the summer are higher than his
evening reading. Muirson's barometer during the summer and early autumn
rarely exceeds 29.9 inches. Without knowing the details of his location,
cannot assume an elevation but the barometer appears not to have been
calibrated. He did routinely record the names of ships arriving in port.

Date          Temp (F)   Pressure (")     Winds       Description
29 Aug. 1855  56 70 60  29.8 29.7 29.5   changeable  Clear very fine, this 
                                                     morning a white frost
30 Aug. 1855  72 64 42  29.4 29.5 29.6   SW to NW    Cloudy & windy -- 
                                                     clear & cool
31 Aug. 1855  50 64 44  29.7 29.8 29.9   N           Clear & fine, 
                                                     frost last night
 1 Sep. 1855  53 57 56  30.0 29.9 29.7   SW          Cloudy, frost last night --
                                                     heavy rain

Massachusetts Observations:
Prof. Cary Mock provided the following additional information regarding 
this system:  Leonard Hill's Meteorological Register.  Hill kept a weather 
diary at Bridgewater, MA (42.0N, 71.0W). For the dates of interest, he
recorded the following:
        Aug. 29. Clear, cool.
        Aug. 30. Clear, cool N
        Aug. 31. Frost - killed beans, &c
        Sept. 1. Rain. S.W. & S.
This early freeze helps to confirm the analysis of a strong
extratropical storm system as was also observed in the Sable Island
and Halifax observations.  Prof. Mock also checked his records from
the Carolinas, which showed no storm system (tropical or otherwise)
moving up from the south near or over the mid-Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

1856/01:  Utilized Ho's (1989) work - apparently not used in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis - to alter the track and intensity near the US.  
Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model.  Ship with pressure measurement of 955 mb not in the hurricane's
eye suggests at least 105 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship, utilize 130 kt in best track.  Ho's estimate of 934 mb at 
landfall gives 125 kt, utilize 130 kt in best track - a major hurricane.  
A small RMW of 12 nmi supports slight increase of winds over suggested 
wind-pressure relationship.  Storm tide value of 11-12' provided by Ludlum 
(1963) for Last Island, Louisiana.  The storm is also known as the "Last 
Island Disaster" after the destruction caused at that location.

********************************************************************************

1856/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction felt in
Grenada and Barbados.

********************************************************************************

1856/03:  This storm was not identified by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  Enough evidence was retrieved from Ludlum's (1963) analysis 
(see pages 99 and 100) to provide track and intensity estimates.  Note
that the track provided here keeps the tropical storm's center offshore
of New England, which disagrees with Ludlum's assessment.  This is due to 
all wind reports from New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and - especially 
- Massachusetts which remained at an easterly component for the duration of 
this storm.  If, as Ludlum suggested, the storm crossed the neck of Cape Cod, 
there would have been a wind shift to a westerly component at Cape Cod and/or 
Nantucket.  Both remained easterly, thus suggesting a just-offshore track. 
Ludlum referred to this storm as the "Charter Oak Storm of August 1856" for 
the destruction of the famous Charter Oak that was a witness to the founding
of the Connecticut Colony in 1636.

********************************************************************************

1856/04:  This storm was listed as #3 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a).  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1856/05:  This storm was listed as #4 in 1856 originally in Partagas and
Diaz (1995a).  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis for track. Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 6' obtained from Barnes (1998) 
for Apalachicola, Florida.  Havana's central pressure observation of 969 mb 
gives 90 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which is used 
directly.  Pressure reading of 968 mb not in hurricane's center (on 18 UTC 
of the 30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is chosen for best track.  This
last reading supports that this storm reached major hurricane status, but
likely weakened slightly before making landfall in the United States.  Ludlum
(1963) referred to this storm as the "Southeastern States Hurricane of
1856".

1856/05 - 2003 REVISION:

00910 08/25/1856 M=10  5 SNBR=  33 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
00915 08/25*210 698  70    0*210 708  70    0*211 719  70    0*212 728  70    0
00920 08/26*216 739  70    0*217 748  70    0*220 759  80    0*222 766  80    0
00925 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  90    0
00925 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  80    0
                                                                        **

00930 08/28*229 816  90  969*230 829  90    0*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0
00930 08/28*229 816  80    0*230 829  90  969*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0
                     **  ***              ***

00935 08/29*239 851  90    0*242 856  90    0*247 864  90    0*249 868  90    0
00940 08/30*252 871 100    0*256 873 100    0*262 874 100    0*275 873 100    0
00945 08/31*289 866  90    0*302 859  90    0*311 848  70    0*322 833  60    0
00950 09/01*330 816  50    0*340 796  50    0*347 779  50    0*355 753  50    0
00955 09/02*363 728  50    0*368 700  50    0*372 673  50    0*377 646  50    0
00960 09/03*382 618  50    0*388 586  50    0*390 560  50    0*395 523  50    0
00965 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1

Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) confirms 
landfall as Category 2 hurricane (90 kt).  However, winds reduced after
landfall in Cuba until center re-emerges off of the coast.  Central
pressure of 969 mb in Havana corrected from 00Z to a 06Z value.


1856/05 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
00965 08/25/1856 M=10  5 SNBR=  34 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
00970 08/25*210 698  70    0*210 708  70    0*211 719  70    0*212 728  70    0*
00975 08/26*216 739  70    0*217 748  70    0*220 759  80    0*222 766  80    0*
00980 08/27*224 776  80    0*226 786  80    0*227 795  90    0*227 806  80    0*
00985 08/28*229 816  80    0*230 829  90  969*232 840  90    0*236 846  90    0*
00990 08/29*239 851  90    0*242 856  90    0*247 864  90    0*249 868  90    0*
00995 08/30*252 871 100    0*256 873 100    0*262 874 100    0*275 873 100    0*
01000 08/31*289 866  90    0*302 859  90    0*311 848  70    0*322 833  60    0*
01005 09/01*330 816  50    0*340 796  50    0*347 779  50    0*355 753  50    0*
01010 09/02*363 728  50    0*368 700  50    0*372 673  50    0*377 646  50    0*
01015 09/03*382 618  50    0*388 586  50    0*390 560  50    0*395 523  50    0*
01020 HRAFL2 AL1 GA1                                                            
01020 HRAFL2IAL1IGA1                                                            
            ********

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
and Alabama hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, rather than 
along either states' coastal region.

********************************************************************************

1856/06:  No major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the 
ship "Utah".

1856/06 - 2003 REVISION:

00970 09/18/1856 M= 5  6 SNBR=  34 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
00975 09/18*320 488  50    0*325 489  50    0*329 490  50    0*335 493  50    0
00980 09/19*345 498  60    0*352 505  60    0*357 512  70    0*358 514  70    0
00980 09/19*345 498  60    0*352 505  60    0*356 510  70    0*358 514  70    0
                                              *** ***

00985 09/20*360 517  70    0*360 520  70    0*362 523  70    0*363 524  70    0
00985 09/20*360 517  70    0*361 520  70    0*362 523  70    0*363 524  70    0
                             ***

00990 09/21*364 525  60    0*365 526  60    0*365 527  60    0*365 528  60    0
00995 09/22*365 529  60    0*365 530  60    0*365 530  60    0*365 530  60    0
01000 HR

Track altered slightly for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1856 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1856 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported reference 
to it in Dunn and Miller (1960), but it is likely that this reference was 
really referring to storm 1856/04 which hit the coast at the same exact 
location.

********************************************************************************

1857/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1857/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 961 mb gives 94 kt with the 
subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 90 kt in best
track - supporting hurricane status.  Storm is known in Ludlum's (1963)
work as the "Central America Disaster in 1857" due to the loss of
the ship the "S.S. Central America".

********************************************************************************

1857/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.
Storm is suggested to be stationary throughout its four day existence.  
This storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
reports from the ship "Ocean Express".

********************************************************************************

1857/04:  Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 
into one continuous track.  Utilized Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay 
model for storm's winds over Texas and Mexico.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Cadet".

********************************************************************************

1857 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1857 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1857/04 were likely the same system.  Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1857/04, while Partagas and 
and Diaz's storm #5 in 1857 is removed.

********************************************************************************

1858/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "L. H. Sampson".

********************************************************************************

1858/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from ship "Shelter".

********************************************************************************

1858/03:  Only major change to Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis was to 
extend the track 12 hr into Canada to account for observations in Maine.  
Utilized the northern wind-pressure relationship of hurricanes for winds at 
landfall.  A peripheral pressure reading of 978 mb (around 17 UTC on the
16th) suggests winds of at least 75 kt - 80 kt chosen for the best
track.  Central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 74 kt, for the second
landfall in Connecticut/Rhode Island - 70 kt is utilized for the second 
landfall.  Both of these pressure measurements support hurricane status for 
this storm.  Also used the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model 
for winds over New England.  Ludlum (1963) referred to this storm as the 
"New England Tropical Storm of 1858".

1858/03 - 2003 REVISION:

01185 09/14/1858 M= 4  3 SNBR=  41 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01190 09/14*252 846  60    0*260 839  60    0*269 831  60    0*279 820  50    0
01195 09/15*289 808  50    0*300 796  60    0*312 785  80    0*324 773  90    0
01200 09/16*340 758  90    0*360 746  90    0*385 733  80    0*414 720  70  979
01205 09/17*455 700  60    0*500 670  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01205 09/17*455 700  50    0*500 670  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

01210 HR NY1 CT1 RI1 MA1  

As the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized for this
hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 00 and 06Z on the 17th, 
which is reflected in the revised HURDAT.  
Additional information on this hurricane was also obtained by Boose et al. 
(2001).  They analyzed this hurricane as a Category 2 at U.S. landfall based 
upon a Fujita-style analysis of hurricane wind-caused destruction, but had a 
slight high bias in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-
based empirical wind modeling work.  Thus landfall as a high end Category 1 
hurricane (80 kt) in New York is reasonable to retain.  Boose et al. (2001) 
also estimated a RMW of 45 nmi at landfall.  

********************************************************************************

1858/04:  Combined Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis of storms #4 and #5 
into one continuous track.  No other changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon observations from the ships "Phantom", "Hudson" and "City of
Washington".

********************************************************************************

1858/05: Storm was originally #6 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status from observations from ship
"Priscilla".

1858/05 - 2003 REVISION:

01265 09/22/1858 M= 4  5 SNBR=  43 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01270 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*219 740  50    0*232 740  50    0
01275 09/23*246 740  60    0*261 740  60    0*279 740  70    0*293 741  70    0
01280 09/24*307 741  70    0*322 740  70    0*333 738  80    0*339 736  80    0
01280 09/24*307 741  70    0*322 740  70    0*333 738  80    0*339 737  80    0
                                                                   ***

01285 09/25*345 736  80    0*352 734  80    0*359 731  80    0*365 726  80    0
01290 HR

Track adjusted slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1858/06: Storm was originally #7 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) 
analysis.  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction in Bermuda
and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1858 - Additional Notes:
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1858 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because we determined that this storm and
storm 1858/04 were likely the same system.  Thus information on this
storm is now carried in its entirety as 1858/04, while Partagas and Diaz's
storm #5 in 1858 is removed.

********************************************************************************

1859/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon damage in Tuxpan and Tecoluta, Mexico.

********************************************************************************

1859/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Pressure
readings of 989 and 982 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC of August
17th and 18th, respectively) suggest winds of at least 64 and 71 kt from
the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track because 
of these values and from description of winds from ship reports, supporting
hurricane status for this storm.

********************************************************************************

1859/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from reports provided from
St. Kitts.

1859/03 - 2003 REVISION:

01375 09/02/1859 M= 2  3 SNBR=  47 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01380 09/02*172 597  70    0*174 607  70    0*176 618  70    0*177 630  70    0
01380 09/02*173 597  70    0*174 607  70    0*175 618  70    0*175 630  70    0
            ***                               ***              ***  

01385 09/03*177 641  70    0*179 654  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01385 09/03*174 641  70    0*173 654  70    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***              ***

01390 HR 

Re-examination of Salivia's (1972) Puerto Rican hurricane history, Boose
et al. (2003) and J. Colon (personal communication) reveals that this
hurricane did not impact Puerto Rico.  The track is adjusted slightly
southward to avoid a direct impact on the island, yet still cause 
the observed hurricane conditions in St. Kitts and St. Croix described
in Partagas and Diaz (1995a).
 
********************************************************************************

1859/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status from report from ship "Liberty".

1859/04 - 2003 REVISION:

01395 09/12/1859 M= 1  4 SNBR=  48 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
01395 09/12/1859 M= 2  4 SNBR=  48 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *

01400 09/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*395 505  90    0*  0   0   0    0
01400 09/12*  0   0   0    0*355 575  90    0*370 545  90    0*390 520  90    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **
                            
(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01402 09/13*410 500  80    0*430 485  80    0*455 465  70    0*490 435  70    0

01405 HR

Mr. Doug Mayes at the University of South Carolina uncovered additional
ship observations, which allow for a track to be determined for this
hurricane from 06Z on the 12th through 18Z on the 13th.

New York Tribune Oct 1. 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Ship Coronet, Flowers, Liverpool. . . .12 inst lat 42 lon 50 experienced
a heavy gale which split fore and topsails, main spencer and done other 
damage.

New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8) 
Bark Etiwan (of Charleston) . . . . Sept 12th lat 36 lon 56 30 had a 
very heavy gale from SE which lasted for six hours veering suddenly to 
NW with equal force; split sails &c. 

New York Tribune Sept 30 1859 p. 8 
Ship Cordelia, Bishop, . . . Sept 13th lat 49 48 lon 4? 08 experienced a 
hurricane from E to SW which blew away entire suite of sails, sprung 
foreyard, main topmast crosstrees, and strained the ship badly, causing 
her to leak.

New York Tribune Oct 5 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 4 1859 p. 8)
Brig Bell Flower (of Pittston). . . . . Experienced heavy gales, split 
sails &c.  Sept 13 lat 45 30 Lon 47 23, during the violent gale from NE, 
was boarded by a sea which stove the deck cabin, filling the cabin with 
water, and washed the Captain and a seaman named Samuel Thomas overboard 
who were lost.

New York Times Oct 5 1859 p. 8 
Ship Anna Decatur, Parsons, Sunderland. . . . Sept 13 in lat 46 
experienced very heavy gales.


********************************************************************************

1859/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon destruction which occurred in Mobile.

1859/05 - 2003 REVISION:

01410 09/16/1859 M= 1  5 SNBR=  49 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01410 09/15/1859 M= 4  5 SNBR=  49 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *

(15th not in HURDAT originally.)
01413 09/15*280 890  70    0*285 890  70    0*290 889  70    0*296 886  70    0

01415 09/16*305 880  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01415 09/16*303 881  70    0*311 875  50    0*320 868  40    0*331 848  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 17th and 18th are new to HURDAT.)
01416 09/17*343 825  40    0*356 800  40    0*370 775  50    0*385 745  60    0
01417 09/18*400 710  70    0*412 665  70    0*420 610  70    0*425 550  70    0

01420 HR AL1 
01420 HR AL1AFL1 
            ****


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.5N  88.0W   80kt  1     (977mb)    AL1
5-9/16/1859    0000Z 30.3N  88.1W   70kt  1     (985mb)    AL1,AFL1
                     ****   ****    **           ***           ****

Ship and land station observations uncovered by Mr. Doug Mayes and Prof.
Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina and Mr. Michael Chenoweth
are able to well document a track for this hurricane during its
passage over the southeast United States and back out over the Atlantic.
All of these newly analyzed data are documented in full below.  The data
reconfirms a minimal hurricane making landfall near Mobile, Alabama which
also caused Category 1 hurricane conditions in Pensacola, Florida.  The
landfall intensity though was reduced slightly due to the lack of strong 
pressure drop at Warrington, FL just east of the landfall point and relatively 
weak winds observed just north of Mobile (at Mt. Vernon, AL) soon after 
landfall.  This system then trekked to the northeast and reemerged back 
over the Atlantic near Virginia/Maryland.  Ship reports indicate that the 
storm re-acquired hurricane intensity over the open Atlantic.  A 
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (at 19Z on the 17th in Annapolis) suggests 
winds of at least 55 kt from the northern wind pressure relationship -
60 kt chosen for best track.

Newspaper Reports:
The Daily Picayune (New Orleans) Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
The Late Storm in Mobile. - Our Mobile exchanges, of Friday morning, come 
to us with full accounts of the storm in that city the day and night
previous.  It appears that the rain began to fall as early as 3 o'clock in
the morning, and continued without the slightest cessation during the 
whole day, at times accompanied by a heavy gale of wind, which shifted
at the edge of evening from northeast to southeast.  
At this time the alarm became very great.  The wind blew a hurricane and
the water flooded the wharf at the foot of Conti, and was still rising
when the authorities ordered the water alarm bells to be rung, and "the
bell on the tower pealed forth its ten strokes with fearful import.  Great
excitement prevailed, and the merchants on Commerce and Front streets
set about removing the merchandise into the second stories."
About half-past 9, however, the wind shifted to the south, the rain 
ceased, and the water began to recede and fears to subside.  As to the
damage, it is not, from the lateness of the hour, fully reported.  It is
stated, however, that the telegraph wires were broken down in every 
direction; the wharves and bath houses along the city side of the bay were
carried away; boxes, barrels and bales set afloat; and at a late hour
intelligence, from along the line of railroad track, was received, which
caused serious apprehensions that the trains would be interrupted for two
or three days, to the great inconvenience of a large amount of freight
at the depot.
Accidents from Thursday's Blow.- The schooner W. W. Harkness, Capt. 
Peterson, hence for Tampico, when about two miles above the head of the
Southwest Pass, during a heavy gale on Thursday last, lost her anchors
and chains and went ashore in four feet water.  
The steamboat Crescent, Capt. Carlton, left the levee on Wednesday
afternoon last . . . While proceeding on her voyage she encountered a
gale when off the Chandeleurs, which carried away her chimneys, pilot
house, texas and nearly all the bulwarks of the cabin.  
The main boat California, Capt. Myers, met the gale when opposite
Point Clear.  

The Daily Picayune Monday, Sept 19, 1859, p.4
The Storm on the Coast.  Damage to Shipping and other Property - 
The furious and destructive gale, which swept over the coast Thursday
last appears to have been much more violent at Pensacola and vicinity 
than even at Mobile.  The [Pensacola] Tribune of Friday says:
"On Wednesday night the first of the equinoctial storms commenced with
a vengeance, and yesterday the Storm King reigned supreme, the wind
blowing a hurricane and the rain falling a deluge.  Trees were 
uprooted and fences prostrated.  During the forepart of the day the 
wind blew, at different intervals, from every point of the compass,
with terrible force, sweeping everything before it.  At noon it 
settled in the southeast, from which point it blew with increased
violence.
The shipping in the bay was in a very critical condition, and greatly
confused.  The wind sporting with the smaller craft as with ebaff[?] 
- throwing them out on the beach and dashing them to pieces against the
wharves.
The schooner Hornet, with her cargo, was thrown ashore, and is now high
and dry.
At about 5 o'clock, the Palafox street wharf which had during the day,
up to the hour mentioned, nobly withstood the storm, succumbed to the
combined force of wind and wave, and was entirely demolished.
The new wharf also received damages to a considerable extent.
The bath-houses, the property of various individuals, situated along
the shore, were all completely destroyed.
It is almost miraculous how the entire shipping in the bay escaped
demolition.  Considering the violence of the storm, the damage done,
though great, might have been, and we fear is, far greater than here 
reported.
Vessels on the coast must have been greatly distressed, and we shall be
agreeably surprised, when sufficient time has elapsed, if we do not
hear of a greater loss of life and property than has ever been known
on the coast of Florida. . .
During Thursday night the wind shifted round to northeast, still 
blowing hard but somewhat inclined to lull.
At daylight this morning the beach presented an indescribable mass of
timbers from the different wrecks, drifted ashore during the night.
In the city, nothing more serious than fences blown down and shade
trees topped, have, as yet, been heard of.  On the beach, there are
numerous different estimates as to the value of property destroyed.
In lieu of authentic information, we give the lowest estimate rumored,
$10,000. . .
At the time we go to press it has abated its fury, though the winds
still blow in stiff breeze."
Safety of the Galveston - 
By a letter of the same date, but written some hours later, in the
Mobile Tribune, we are gratified to learn of the safety of the 
Galveston, Capt. Hutchings, which left this port with the Florida
mails the morning of the 14th.  She arrived at Pensacola about 10 
o'clock Friday morning.  The writer says:
"After getting to sea the wind commenced to blow fresh from the 
southeast, and increased to a gale, and blowed from almost every
point of the compass.  At 5 A. M. Thursday she was within twenty 
miles of Pensacola bar, but the gale increasing, it was dangerous
to keep on her course, and consequently she headed off the land and
rode the gale out.  At midnight the gale moderated, and the ship 
was again on her course for this place.  The wheel houses are stove
in, and the forward part of the ship above the deck is stove in also.  
It was necessary to throw off part of her deck load, and most of that 
on deck is damaged, as the water washed through the ship from fore to 
aft.  She has not sustained damage though to detain her." . . .
The Damage at Mobile -
Our neighbors of Mobile appear to have been more frightened than
hurt.  Only some sugar, flour, &c., on the ground floors of a few
of the warehouses were injured.  
At Point Clear nearly all of the little bath houses and wharves were
swept away, and the sojourners were much alarmed.
Higher up, on the eastern shore, every wharf and bath house, except
Hudson's and Stark's is gone.
In the neighborhood of Short's wharf, two oyster boats capsized, one
of them the Sea Bird, and two persons, names unknown, were drowned.

The Daily Picayune Sunday, Sept 18, 1859, p.3
Heavy Storm at New York. Extensive Damage to Property.  
New York, Sept. 17. - A very violent storm of wind a rain passed over
this city today doing considerable damage to shipping.  
Among the disasters, the bark Mary Ellen, from Bremen, dragged her
anchors and went ashore on Governor's Island.
There was also considerable damage to other property.
A five-story warehouse in progress of erection, in Duane street, was
blown down and completely demolished.  The house adjoining was also
thrown down and the tenants buried beneath the ruins.

Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) Tuesday Sept. 20 1859  p. 2  
The ravages of the storm of Friday and Saturday have been general and 
severe.  The amount of water was over eight inches.  The damage to the 
ungathered crops and to mill dams and fences has been very great.

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 
The Fresh, subsequent to the date of our report of yesterday, raised 
sufficiently on Sunday night to do some damage.  Scantling and other 
lumber was carried off from some of the lumber yards in Georgetown, and 
more or less of it lost.  In addition to the loss of salt by a 
Georgetown merchant, about fifty barrels of flour belonging to 
Mr. Cruikshank were damages.  This is all we hear of worth mentioning in
addition.  

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2  
Of the Chesepeake and Ohio canal it is yet in our power to say but 
little.  Unauthenticated reports were current yesterday of a breach on 
the nine mile level, and also east of the Great Falls, but they received 
little credence.  A telegraph dispatch from Harper's Ferry yesterday 
announced Dam No. 4 as swept away, but this was deemed altogether 
extravagant.  The coffer-dam lately inserted and the yet unfinished 
guard bank were most likely injured, but that the solid masonry of the 
dam has suffered is scarcely credible.

Daily National Intelligencer Tuesday Sept 20 1859 p. 2 
Extraordinary Fall of Rain. ---  The amount of rain at Grafton Cottage 
near Washington, in the storm of the 16th and 17th instant, was six 
inches and four-tenths September 19,  CHAS. G. PAGE.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3 
The freshet in the Potomac caused by the heavy rains of Friday and 
Saturday was a source of considerable excitement yesterday all along the 
river banks.  . . . . At five o'clock the river was rising at the 
Georgetown wharves, but we were assured that at the little falls bridge 
it was falling.  Some apprehension was felt for what might take place at 
the next flood tide.

Daily National Intelligencer  Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
A good many persons were hard at work at the western wharves scouring 
private and public property there.  The new depot of New York Steamship 
company was considered in much peril if the river should rise higher;  as
it was the water was up more than 100 feet beyond shore.  The contents of
the depot were removed in good time.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The current in the Potomac was very rapid, and large quantities of 
driftwood passed down.  In some cases lodging against vessels at the 
wharves somewhat to there risk.  The Long Bridge, in its present fragile 
state,  appeared to be in danger, but may withstand the pressure against 
it.

Daily National Intelligencer Monday Sept 19 1859 p. 3
The Chesapeake and Ohio canal, so far as heard from has suffered no 
damage from the fresh.  The water was let out of the Georgetown level to 
prevent breaches there, and it is hoped that similar precaution was 
observed all along the line.  Some solicitude is felt for dams No. 4 and 
5, but nothing is known, as the telegraph was not at work yesterday.

New York Tribune  Monday Sept 19, 1859 p. 8
Brig Tangent, Plummer, from Boston, for Elizabethport, in Ballast for 
coal, arrived at the Hook on Friday night, and during the gale of 
Saturday dragged both anchors into two fathoms of water.  Her foremast 
was cut away, which with the yards and main topmast, went over the side, 
when she held.  She was towed up to the city on Sunday.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8  
Steamship Potomac, Watson, Savannah, . . . . On the 17th inst . . .  
9 P.M. 10 miles off Cape Hatteras, passed steamship Parkersburg hence for 
Savannah.  The P. experienced a heavy gale from the N.E.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Ship Marathon, Tyler Liverpool, . . . 17th inst, Lat 40 30, Lon ?9 in a 
gale from SE to NNE carried away main topmast trestletrees.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Ship Manhattan, Dixon, Liverpool Aug. 6. . . . has been twenty days west
of the banks with light westerly winds; had to haul off shore Saturday 
night during the heavy easterly gales.

New York Tribune  Tuesday Sept. 19 1859 p. 8 
Bark Milton, Bradford, Liverpool Aug 10. . . . Saturday 17th had a heavy 
gale from ESE to NNE with a bad sea, vessel laboring very heavy, Montauk 
bearing North 50 miles.

New York Tribune Sept 21, 1859 p. 12 
Ship Havre, Askins, . . . Sept 17 and 18, Lat 40 20 Lon 70 experienced a 
heavy gale from SE to NNE.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12
Ship Martha (of Boston)  Arr. Off the Hook 17th and hauled off shore in 
a heavy gale from E. Had heavy weather off Algoa Bay; slit split sails, 
washed away bulwarks, &c. 

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Ship Wm H Prescott (of Boston) . . . .17th inst, had a gale from SE to W; 
18th had hurricane from the N during which shifted cargo.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Bark Kepler . . . 17th inst, highlands bearing WNW bearing 40 miles 
passed schr Oregon lying to; experienced heavy westerly gales up to 
Lon 50.  since then light westerly winds and calms and on the 17th inst 
had a head easterly gale.

New York Tribune Sept 21 1859 p. 12 
Schr Alma . . . 17th inst5 miles E of Sandy Hook, took  a gale from ESE 
and was compelled to haul off shore, during which split foresail, stove 
bulwarks, &c.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 
Ship Messenger, Hooper . . . . Sept 17 off the Capes of Delaware, 
experienced a hurricane fm NE which blew away foretopsail and jib.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8 
Brig Salus Arkle, Palmero 70 days, and Gibraltar 36 days fruit to order. 
Sept 18 in a heavy gale from N., split sails &c.

New York Tribune Sept 22 1859 p. 8
Schr Sir Colin Campbell, Virgens, Sagua 11 days, sugar, &c. to Whitman 
Bros.  Sept 17 experienced a heavy gale from ENE lost deck load of 
Molasses.

New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 
Ship Constitution . . . . 17th Lat. 41 Lon. 67 had another very heavy 
blow from S and NW with a high cross sea running.

New York Tribune Sept 23 1859 p. 8 
Bark R G W Dodge. . . 16th and  17th inst had heavy gale from SE

New York Tribune Sept 24 1859 p. 8
Bark Harvest Hammond Savannah 7days, in ballast to Sturgis Clearman and 
Company. Sept 17 SE of Hatteras experienced a very heavy gale from 
Southeast.

New York Tribune Oct 1 1859 p. 8 (and New York Times Oct 1 1859 p. 8)
Schr. Louisa A. Johnson (of Brookhaven). . . . 18th inst, lat 41 52 
lon 56 49 in a hurricane from NW lost mainboom and received other 
damage.

New York Times Oct 3 1859 p. 8 
Ship Lady Franklin, Jordan, Liverpool. . . . Sept 18 lat 44 lon 58 
experienced a hurricane from SE did no damage.

New York Times Sept 23 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 1859 p. 4)
Steamer Chesapeake . . . .during the NE gales of the 18th while off 
Cape Cod sprang a leak and threw overboard 400lbs of sugar and syrup.  
She still leaks and is kept free by her donkey pumps.  She will, after 
discharging her cargo, go to the docks for repairs.

New York Times Sept 20 1859 p. 8
Steamer George's Creek On the 16th experienced a heavy gale from the NE 
and was compelled to put into Hampton Roads for harbor.

New York Times Sept 19 1859 p. 8 (and Charleston Daily Courier Sept
22 p. 4)
Steamship Nashville. . . . The Nashville experienced very heavy gales 
from Hatteras to the Lower Bay where she anchored last evening the 17th.

Instrumental Records
--------------------
Date Time Station    Temp in  Cloudiness  Wind Wind  Comments
          Pressure    Open      Amount    Dir. Speed
Annapolis, Maryland	
16SEP 7am   30.12      63        10       NE    2
      2pm   30.06      65        10       ESE   3
      9pm   29.94      64        10       ENE   3   Rain began 9pm
17SEP 7am   29.51      67        10       NE    3
      2pm   29.37      60        10       N     4
      9pm   29.72      63        10       NW    2   Rain ended 9pm, 4.8"
18SEP 7am   29.86      57.5       0       NW    1
      2pm   29.84      72.5       3       N     1
      9pm   29.86      65         3       N     1

Fort Monroe, Virginia
16SEP 7am   30.30      73        Cloudy   E     4   Rain began 6am
      2pm   30.20      72        Cloudy   E     5
      9pm    NA        71        Cloudy   E     5
17SEP 7am   29.71      75        Cloudy   SW    4   Rain ended 5am, 0.86
      2pm   29.80      75        Cloudy   NE    2
      9pm   30.00      68        Fair     NW    2
18SEP 7am   30.15      70        Fair     NW    2
      2pm   30.18      73        Fair     NE    2
      9pm    NA        70        Fair     SW    2

US Naval Ob., Wash. D.C. (selected)
16SEP noon  30.22      68        10       SE    1   Rain began 2.5am
      2.5pm 30.18      66        10       E     2
      8.5pm 30.07      63        10       E     3
17SEP 0.5am 29.95      64        10       NE    3   Rain cont., 0.93"
      2.5am 29.90      63        10       NE    3
      6.5am 29.60      64        10       E     4
      8.5am 29.59      68.5      10       E     5
      9.5am 29.44      69        10       E     4
     10.5am 29.42      68        10       NNE   5
      noon  29.54      61        10       NW    6
      2.5pm 29.66      60        10       NW    6
      3.5pm 29.73      60        10       NW    6
      4.5pm 29.78      60        10       NW    6
      6.5pm 29.82      60        10       WNW   6
      8.5pm 29.89      60        10       WNW   4
      9.5pm 29.90      60        10       NW    3   Rain ended 9pm, 3.34"
18SEP 2.5am 29.95      60         4       NW    3   
      8.5am 30.04      64         1       NW    2
      noon  30.03      74        10       NW    3

Washington D. C.
16SEP 7am   30.28      60        10       NE    2   Rain began 1am   
      2pm   30.20      67        10       SE    3 
      9pm   30.08      63        10       NE    4 
17SEP 7am   29.51      69        10       NE    4
      2pm   29.61      61        10       NW    4   cont., 4.00"
      9pm   29.89      62        10       NW    4   Rain ended 9.5pm, 0.34"
18SEP 7am   30.03      61         0       NW    NA
      2pm   30.06      71         3       NW    1 
      9pm   30.08      64         0       0     0


Other records and diary entries
-------------------------------
(These observations are typically taken on a 7am/2pm/9pm timeframe.)

Mt Vernon Barracks AL
13th   N2/N3/NE0 
14th   NE1/NE0/N0
15th   NE0/NE6/NE5
16th   W3/W1/N0
17th   N0/NE0/NE0
On the 15th, 3.05 inches of rain, "Rained all day without ceasing"

Columbus MS
15th   SE2/SE3/E3 0.108 inches of rain
16th   N3/N3/N1
17th   N1/S2/E1

Pauling MS
15th   NE3/NE4/NE4
16th   NE2/NW3/NE1
17th   N1/M/E2
On the 15th, "wind at 6 pm NE5", rain 1.650 from 12 M to 1 AM

New Orleans LA
15th   NE4/N5/NW5
16th   W2/NW3/SW1
17th   E1/NE2/E2
On the 15th, High wind in the evening. 0.39 inches of rain. Barometer
on the 15th down to 29.85 in the middle of the day.

Baton Rouge LA
15th   NE2/NE4/NE2
16th   W1/NE2/NE1
17th   E1/E2/SE1

Thomaston GA
14th   72/76/72   29.05/29.05/29.05   SW/SE2/SE0   3.35" rain
15th   73/74/71   28.8/28.8/29.0      E1/SE2/SE4		
16th   70/84/77   29.0/29.0/29.0      S5/S4/SW_
17th   70/84/77   29.0/29.0/29.0      NE/SW/SW

Whitemarsh Island, GA
14th   71/84/75   W1/SSE3/M
15th   73/80/77   N1/NE3/SE3   1.35" rain
16th   77/82/79   S4/S5/WSW5   0.08" rain
17th   72/83/75   WNW3/WNW3/M

Sparta, GA
14th   61/85/70	  SW1/NW1/N1
15th   65/72/69	  E1/NE2/E4     rain afternoon night
16th   70/74/69	  SE1/SW3/SW4   rain During day
17th   63/83/71   W1/NW3/NE1

Augusta GA
14th   65/91/75     30.25/30.30/30.34   W0/W1/W0
15th   72.5/75/72   30.30/30.24/30.18   W0/W0/W0
16th   74/79/73     30.10/30.05/30.00   SE3/SE2/SW2   1.88" rain
17th   69/88/72     30.02/30.07/30.15   W0/W1/W0      0.42" rain

St Augustine, FL
14th   84/88/87   29.92/29.92/29.97   SW1/SE3/SW1
15th   84/86/84   30.10/30.10/30.10   SE3/SE4/SE4
16th   83/78/77   30.04/30.00/29.97   S3/SW3/SW2   0.40" rain
17th   80/90/87   30.00/30.00/30.00   NW2/SW3/SW1
Note most winds were 3+ in strength all month

Cedar Keys, FL
14th   80/86/80   S1/SW1/0
15th   80/85/81   E3/SE2/SE4
16th   76/81/80   SE3/SW3/SW4
17th   77/82/77   NW2/W2/NW2

Barrancas Barracks, FL
14th   72/88/84   N2/SE3/SE3
15th   76/81/79   NE3/SE7/SE8   3.30" rain
16th   75/87/77   NW5/NW2/N2
17th   75/87/81   N1/SW1/NW2

Warrington FL (US Naval Hospital)
14th   78/80/86/79   29.90/29.90/29.90/29.90   SW2/SW3/SW3/SW5   rain
15th   78/76/79/75   29.90/29.88/29.83/29.73   NE7/NE7/E7/SE7    rain
16th   74/80/87/80   29.79/29.80/29.84/29.87   NW7/SW5/SW4/SW3
17th   74/80/88/80   29.92/29.92/29.92/29.93   SW2/SW2/SW2/SW3

Lake City, FL
14th   77/92/78   S1/S2/0      0.50" rain
15th   79/87/75   SE1/S2/S2	
16th   74/82/78   S3/SW5/SW2   1.60" rain
17th   76/88/76   SW1/0/0



A. Glennie, Pawley's Island SC
14th   74/80/62   30.05   E/S/S
15th   67/79/77   30.05   N/SE/E
16th   79/83/80   29.80   S/S/SW   0.22
17th   72/82/72   30.02   W/W/W

Black Oak, Pinopolis SC
14th   61/82/72   30.05/30.13/30.14   NW/NE/SE	
15th   67/81/76	  30.15/30.23/30.21   NE/NE/SE   Cloudy/Rain/Cloudy
                                                 Rain 0.01"
16th   76/83/80	  30.14/30.03/29.92   SE/SE/E    Squally with high wind. 
                                                 Rain 0.09"
17th   70/82/71   29.95/30.02/30.03   NW/NW/W    Clear

Charleston Board of Health, SC
14th   69/81/78   30.11/30.15/30.21   SW2/E2    Fair
15th   76/80/78   30.24/30.26/30.25   NE2/SE2   Fair - rain 0.12"
16th   80/84/82   30.11/30.09/30.00   SE3/S5    Cloudy
17th   73/83/75   30.08/30.05/30.12   SW3/W1    Fair

Fort Moultrie, SC
14th   74/81/78   30.19/30.24/30.27   SW1/E2/E2     f/f/f - rain 0.23"
15th   76/80/77   30.22/30.24/30.26   NE1/E2/E1     cloudy/cloudy/f  
                                                    rain at intervals
16th   80/82/81   30.27/30.17/30.10   SE1/SE3/S5    f/cloudy/cloudy
                                                    stormy at 4 PM and 10 PM
17th   72/84/76   30.13/30.13/30.22   SW3/NW2/NW1   f/f/f

Arsenal Academy, Richland County (Columbia), SC
14th   68/86/71   NE0/SE2
15th   70/83/72   E3/SE3   [rain] 4.5 PM continued during night   
16th   73/78/68   W6/SE5   1.8" rain
17th   66/85/72   NE0/SW3

Aiken, SC
14th   63/87/72   E2/E2/E2
15th   M/72/66    M/E1/NE3   0.85" rain
16th   73/80/66   NE4/SE4/W4 0.94" rain
17th   67/81/69   W3/S2/SW1		

David Golightly Harris.  Spartanburg, SC
16th   Night before last and yesterday and last night it rained very hard
 
Charleston Courier, Saturday, September 17:  The winds and waves 
prevented the boat race which was eagerly expected on Friday afternoon.  
We shall no doubt have a trial on the first fair afternoon;  and after 
the gales and "blows" of this period, we may expect frequent occasions of 
such a delightful and exciting pastime.

Dr. Louis M. Desaussure.  Beaufort Dist., SC
16th - rain, threatening Sepr gale from N.E. - warm ...  Late in eveng, 
hard blow or gale of wind & rain from S.E. threw cotton down funneled it
& injured it.

John McPherson DeSaussure (Kershaw Dist.):  Rain fell 0.05 In.  wind 
S.E., S. or S.W.

Samuel Porcher Gaillard.  Sumter Dist., SC:
14th   Cool this morning, 68°.  Cloudy this evening
15th   Cloudy this morning & heavy fog.  About 9 am sun came out, 
overcast all morning from 11 am until 2 pm at which time the clouds were 
threatening at south & S.W.  At 3 pm had a few drops of rain & from that 
time to this, 8 pm, occasionally a few drops, likely to rain before 
morning.
16th   Had a little rain last night.  Cloudy & unsettled all morning.  
Had a slight shower just after daylight & ceased at 7 am.  At a ¼ of 12 
(& previous) heard thunder & by 20 after 12 a heavy cloud came over from 
S.S.W.  A very heavy fall of water.  It did not cease raining until near 
2 pm.  At 4 pm had a heavy shower all evening.  About sunset every 
appearance of clearing up as it has been clear at west but soon  became 
cloudy & has been raining off & on up to this time 9 pm the wind 
indicates stormy weather.
17th   Had a very heavy rain last night & wind very high, by 12 o'clock 
ceased & was clear before morning.  I heard this morning (which was ???? 
by a letter from my sister, Mrs. Rembert) that yesterday a tornado passed 
over Col. James Rembert's plantation.  Every building except smokehouse 
unroofed even his dwelling, which is a very large building.  All his 
fencing down.  I have no doubt it was [serious] to the crops.  He said it 
all was done in 5 minutes.

Charles Heyward, Charleston SC
15th   Good weather until today, Cloudy & rain
16th   Overcast.  Threatening weather but passed off during the night with 
a little high wind

Chapel Hill, NC
14th   68/80/65   29.61/29.66/29.69   NW1/W1/W1
15th   62/76/68   29.78/29.63/29.43   NE2/NE2/N2
16th   66/70/68   29.73/29.63/29.43   NW3/NW3/NW1
17th   66/80/69   29.33/29.46/29.56   NW3/NW3/SW1  0.15" rain

Murfreesboro, NC
14th                                 W1/SE1/NE1
15th   63/76/68   29.4/29.55/29.35   E2/NE2/E2
16th   69/70/69   29.3/29.25/29.2    SE4/SW3/NW1   0.60" rain
17th   72/82/71   28.9/29.0/29.1     NW1/NW1/NW1   0.50" rain

Basil Armstrong Thomason.  Yadkin County, NC
15th   Cloudy and cool.  Wind from the north east.  
16th   A real "north easter."  Came as near raining all day as common.  
       Guess this is the equinoctial storm.
17th   Clear and quite warm.  It rained a small flood last night, so the 
       creeks are past fording to-day.

Halifax, Nova Scotia
16th   42/60/37   29.9/29.9/29.9   NW & SW clear and fine 
                                   Thermometer at sunrise 32
17th   45/64/44   29.9/29.8/29.7   SE Cloudy rain at night
18th   50/56/53   29.5/29.4/29.4   ENE Heavy rain nearly all day
19th   57/65/47   29.4/29.4/29.6   WNW Cloudy - clear and fine

********************************************************************************

1859/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Utilized
the northern wind-pressure relationship for hurricanes from ship on 6th.
Ship with central pressure observation of 938 mb gives 105 kt, used 110 kt in 
best track - supporting major hurricane status of this storm.

********************************************************************************

1859/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over Florida reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  

********************************************************************************

1859/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Pressure
reading of 989 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, 28th of October)
suggests winds of at least 65 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, supporting hurricane status
for this storm.

********************************************************************************

1860/01:  Extended track three days into the Atlantic as was suggested by 
Partagas and Diaz (1995a).  However, it is noted by Prof. Cary Mock of the 
University of South Carolina and Sandrik (2001) that all of the available 
historical accounts from this time showed no evidence for tropical storm 
strength during its transit over Georgia.  It may very well be the case that 
this system dropped to tropical depression stage before redeveloping into a 
moderate-intensity tropical storm over the Atlantic.  Due to format chosen, 
however, that tropical depression stage is not utilized in HURDAT until 
1871, this system will be retained here formally as a minimal tropical storm 
over the southeast United States.  Inland winds over SE US derived from 
utilizing Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide 
values from Ludlum (1963) for Fort St. Philip, Louisiana (12 ft) and 
Mobile, Alabama (10 ft).  Storm determined to have reached major hurricane 
status based upon destruction and storm tide values along U.S. Gulf coast.

********************************************************************************

1860/02:  Extended the track to the 26th to take into account ship 
observations reported by Partagas and Diaz's (1995a).  Otherwise, no major 
changes.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
reports from the ships "Sabine", "Mary Rusell" and "Zurich".

********************************************************************************

1860/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon report from ship "Ocean Spray".

********************************************************************************

1860/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 10' from Ho (1989) for Mobile, 
Alabama.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status from destruction 
and tide experienced along the U.S. Gulf coast.

1860/04 - 2003 REVISION:

01620 09/11/1860 M= 6  4 SNBR=  56 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
01625 09/11*251 838  90    0*252 841  90    0*252 845  90    0*252 848  90    0
01630 09/12*252 851  90    0*252 856  90    0*254 860  90    0*255 866  90    0
01630 09/12*252 852  90    0*253 856  90    0*254 860  90    0*255 866  90    0
                ***          ***

01635 09/13*256 871  90    0*257 876  90    0*259 881  90    0*262 886  90    0
01640 09/14*267 893  90    0*272 896  90    0*277 899  90    0*283 898  90    0
01640 09/14*267 893  90    0*272 896  90    0*277 898  90    0*283 898  90    0
                                                  ***

01645 09/15*289 896  90    0*295 896  90    0*301 894  90    0*308 891  70    0
01645 09/15*289 897  90    0*295 896  90    0*301 894  90    0*308 891  70    0
                ***

01650 09/16*318 886  50    0*330 880  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
01655 HR LA2 MS2 AL1

Track altered slightly to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1860/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1860/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon destruction in Louisiana.

********************************************************************************

1860/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon several ship reports. 

********************************************************************************

1861/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1861/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm determined to have reached hurricane status based upon ship 
reports from the "Santiago de Cuba" and the "Kate Stevens".  Storm
is known as the "Key West Hurricane" from its impacts in Key West,
Florida (Ludlum 1963).

1861/02 - 2003 REVISION:

01800 08/14/1861 M= 4  2 SNBR=  61 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
01800 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  61 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *           

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
01805 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 700  40    0*210 715  40    0

01805 08/14*230 756  70    0*231 765  70    0*232 775  70    0*232 783  70    0
01805 08/14*215 730  50    0*220 745  60    0*225 760  70    0*229 774  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

01810 08/15*235 793  80    0*237 801  80    0*237 810  90    0*239 816  90    0
01810 08/15*232 787  80    0*235 799  80    0*237 808  80    0*239 815  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***  **          ***  **

01815 08/16*240 823  90    0*240 828  90    0*240 835  80    0*240 839  80    0
01815 08/16*242 820  80    0*246 825  80    0*250 830  70    0*254 835  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

01820 08/17*240 843  80    0*240 846  80    0*240 851  80    0*239 856  80    0
01820 08/17*258 840  60    0*262 845  60    0*266 850  50    0*270 856  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

01825 HRBFL1

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-8/15/1861$*  2100Z 24.0N  82.0W   70kt  1     (970mb)   BFL1
2-8/16/1861$*  0000Z 24.2N  82.0W   70kt  1     (970mb)   BFL1
                     ****           

Additional observations for this hurricane were obtained from a
weather record kept by the U.S. Consul at Turk's Island (Salt Cay) for
the Smithsonian Institute that is located in the US National Archives. 
(Thanks to Michael Chenoweth for providing this additional data.)
These are provided in full below:

Date             0900L   1400L   2100L   0900L  1400L  2100L

August 12, 1861  29.95"  29.94"  29.94"
August 13, 1861  29.90"  29.70"  29.60"  NE 6   SE 5   NE  6
August 14, 1861  29.95"  29.96"  29.96"

Comment for 13 August: This was a very stormy day. Generally
persons prepared for a hurricane.

Smithsonian Wind Force Scale 
(values are estimates of the highest gusts) 
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

Best track is extended back one-half day to the 13th and the track is 
adjusted on the 14th and 15th accordingly.  The 1002 mb peripheral pressure 
measurement suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly 
on the 14th.  

Further additional observations were provided by Brian Jones of the
University of Miami in his analysis of military fort observations
in Florida:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
8/13/1861  E-3    E-2    E-1   "night 0.39"
8/14/1861  NE-2   NE-1   NW-3  "rain at night .24"
8/15/1861  N-4    N-4    N-6   "light showers at intervals .06"
8/16/1861  NW-6   SW-5   W-4   (No comments provided)
8/17/1861  SW-4   SW-4   SE-3  (No comments provided)

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These data strongly suggest that the hurricane passed to the east,
north and then northwest of the fort, rather than moving south of
the fort.  The change of track provided for the 16th and the 17th 
now matches these newly available observations, while still being 
consistent with the impact in Key West and the sparse ship reports. 
The Fort Jefferson observations also indicate a weaker system than
the 90 kt hurricane originally estimated, even after accounting for
the hurricane's weaker side impacting the fort.  Since the only data 
for hurricane conditions in this system were observed on the 15th and
16th and that this system is not recorded as making landfall anywhere
on the Gulf coast, a weakening to below hurricane force is deduced 
for the 17th.


1861/02 - 2006 REVISION:

01875 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  62 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
01875 08/13/1861 M= 5  2 SNBR=  62 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

01880 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 700  40    0*210 715  40    0*
01885 08/14*215 730  50    0*220 745  60    0*225 760  70    0*229 774  70    0*
01890 08/15*232 787  80    0*235 799  80    0*237 808  80    0*239 815  80    0*
01895 08/16*242 820  80    0*246 825  80    0*250 830  70    0*254 835  70    0*
01900 08/17*258 840  60    0*262 845  60    0*266 850  50    0*270 856  50    0*
01905 HRBFL1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************

1861/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Pressure reading of 958 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC,
30th of August) suggests winds of at least 91 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm judged
to have reached hurricane force based upon this pressure reading and
wind observations from the ships "Harvest Queen" and "Marianne".

********************************************************************************

1861/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon observations from the ship "David G. Wilson".

********************************************************************************

1861/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Inland 
winds over NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane force
based upon observations from the ship "Virgina Ann".  Hurricane is also 
known as the "Equinoctial Storm" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) 
and Ludlum (1963). 

********************************************************************************

1861/06:  Have extended the storm out four additional days as was suggested 
in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) writeup to the 9th based upon the ship
"Wellington".

********************************************************************************

1861/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1861/08:  Have started track over Gulf of Mexico instead of over Florida
as was drawn in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Inland winds
over Florida and NE US reduced via methodology of Kaplan and DeMaria's
(1995) inland decay model.  Values of 1000mb and 999mb give winds of
49 and 50 kt, respectively, utilizing the northern wind-pressure
relationship;  50 kt is used in the best track.  Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon observations from Hatteras Inlet
and the ship "Honduras".  Hurricane is also known as the "Expedition 
Hurricane" as described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1862/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1862/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1862/05:  The only major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
was to add an additional half day on the 17th to accommodate the end 
of the track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity
based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1862/06 - 2003 ADDITION:

02126 11/22/1862 M= 4  6 SNBR=  73 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
02127 11/22*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0
02128 11/23*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0
02129 11/24*105 795  60    0*105 795  60    0*105 796  50    0*105 797  50    0
02130 11/25*105 798  40    0*105 800  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
02131 TS

A new storm (possibly hurricane intensity) was uncovered from the 
meteorological register kept at Aspinwall, Panama (9 22 53.7N
79 52 58.2 W) by A.F. Holmes, Acting Master Navigating Officer
of the U.S. Steamer "James Adger", part of the voluntary Smithsonian
Institute network.  (Thanks to Mike Chenoweth for providing the 
information for this new storm.)  Below are the temperature,
wind direction/force, cloud cover (in tenths), and rainfall from
November 20-25, 1862 (unfortunately, the barometric record appears
to be defective): 

Date  Temp. Temp. Temp.  Wind  Wind  Wind  Cloud Cloud Cloud  Rainfall
      0700L 1400L 2100L  0700L 1400L 2100L 0700L 1400L 2100L 

20    74.7F 80.6F 76.3F  S   1 W   2 SE  1   9     6     3     0.12"
21    74.6F 79.4F 77.0F  SE  1 NW  2 WNW 2   8     8    10     0.12"
22    75.2F 78.6F 76.9F  NW  7 NNW 7 NW  6  10    10    10     3.45"
23    76.3F 78.0F 78.8F  NNE 6 NNW 5 NW  5  10    10    10     6.18"
24    78.8F 78.3F 77.5F  NNW 6 WNW 4 WxN 5  10    10    10     0.64"
25    75.4F 76.9F 77.0F  WxN 3 WxN 3 WxN 4  10    10    10     0.61"

Comments:
22 November - At 2a.m. gale commenced blowing from NW. Heavy
   sea came in suddenly.
23 November - Gale continued, more sea than yesterday.
24 November - Gale continues.
25 November - Gale over.

Smithsonian Wind Force Scale
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph
5 - High breeze       35 mph
6 - Gale              45 mph
7 - Strong gale       60 mph
8 - Violent gale      75 mph
9 - Hurricane         90 mph
10 - Most violent    100 mph

Based upon this, a strong tropical storm was centered to the northeast
of this location from the 22nd to the 25th with weakening late on the
24th and on the 25th.  No apparent motion of the storm could be detected
until late on the 24th and on the 25th when a slow westward drift is
indicated by the change in wind direction to more westerly.

********************************************************************************

1863/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "Francis B. Cutting" and "Rapid". 

********************************************************************************

1863/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
the ships "American Congress" and "Herzogin".

********************************************************************************

1863/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 975 mb gives 83 kt with the 
northern wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt in best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports
from several ships.

********************************************************************************

1863/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon report from
the ship "Dolphin".

********************************************************************************

1863/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1863/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over NE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland 
decay model.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until
its dissipation below tropical storm strength).

********************************************************************************

1863/07:  A 36 hr track was achieved for this storm - Partagas and
Diaz (1995a) had kept the storm stationary.  Inland winds over Mexico 
reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model with an
accelerated decay rate used to account for enhanced topography.

********************************************************************************

1863/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  

********************************************************************************

1863/09 - 2003 ADDITION:

02341 09/29/1863 M= 3  9 SNBR=  82 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
02342 09/29*285 957  60    0*289 953  60    0*293 948  60    0*296 943  50    0
02343 09/30*298 937  50    0*300 931  50    0E301 925  40    0E302 919  40    0
02344 10/01E303 913  40    0E304 907  40    0E305 901  40    0E306 895  40    0
02345 TS

Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Roth have uncovered substantial evidence
for a previously undocumented tropical storm that made landfall in
Texas/Louisiana in the United States.  The storm did exhibit some
baroclinic characteristics at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, but was
retained as a tropical cyclone until 12Z on the 30th.  A peripheral 
pressure of 999 mb (around 12Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at least 
47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen 
for the best track.  Below are excerpts from the Houston weather 
observer's record along with newspaper accounts of the storm's impacts.

Houston weather observer record, September/October 1863
(Temperatures taken at sunrise, 1-3pm, and sunset.  Pressure, winds and
clouds were monitored 4-5 times a day between sunrise and sunset.  
Pressure given in inches - 30" for values between .01 to .09 and 29"
for values between .49 and .96.  Winds are given between 0 [calm] and
6 [violent storm].  Clouds are given in tenths.)

Date Temperatures   Pressure             Winds            Clouds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
9/26 62/90/80       .07/.09/.04/.05      NE2/S3/S2/S3     3/6/7/8
9/27 69/83/78       .03/.04/.01/.96      E2/SE2/S4/S2     10/10/10/10
9/28 70/69/66       .84/.86/.76/.71/.63  E3/E4/SE5/E5/E6  10/10/10/10/10
9/29 68/72/71       .50/.50/.50/.49/.53  NE3/E3/NE4/M/N3  8/8/10/10/9
9/30 68/71/71       .73/.81/.85/.89      N4/N5/N5/N5      9/10/10/9

"The Storm of the 28th and 29th much more severe at Galveston & East of 
Galveston than here.  At Sabine Pass wind took off limbs of trees.  At 
Washington but little wind but heavy rain.  At Velasco wind very high as 
on the coast generally.  Heaviest fall of water I remember in these times".  

From the _Tri-Weekly Telegraph_ published in in Houston, TX:

Friday October 2, 1863  

"SABINE PASS, Sept. 29 - This morning our forces captured a fine Yankee 
 schooner, the Manhassett, with her crew, consisting of seven men.  She was
 loaded with coal and was used as a tender to the blockading fleet.  The 
 heavy gale last night drove her in near the coast, seven miles below the Pass,
 and coming within range of one of our batteries, which at once prepared to 
 fire on her, she hoisted the white flag and surrendered.  Her stores are all
 safe in our hands."

"The late equinoctial storm has undoubtedly lashed the waves of the Gulf into 
 unusual commotion.  The federal fleet now cruising about will be truly 
 fortunate if they have escaped disaster from the fury of the elements.  
 Rarely in past years has such a storm occurred without more or
 less wrecks on the Louisiana and Texas coast."

October 14, 1863   
"The Fordache Fight
 Morgan's Ferry, Sept. 30, 1863 - ...On the night of the 28th September, our 
 forces crossed the Atchafalaya, at the same time that a 60 hours rain set in.
 Our troops bivouacked on the east bank of the Atchafalaya on that night, 
 under a drenching rain."

From the New Orleans _Picayune_:

Tuesday, September 29, 1863 
"The drouth (sic) still continues, but there are signs that it will not be 
 of much longer duration.  A change is much wished for in the city, as most of 
 the cisterns are empty, and the dust, when agitated, is very annoying, 
 especially to notable house-wives."

Wednesday, September 30, 1863
"Long wished for, come at last - the refreshing and welcome rain.  Now it has 
 commenced, the prospect is we shall have it in abundance."

Friday, October 2, 1863
"A gloomy and disagreeable day was yesterday - neither good for man nor beast.
 It was a day to incite one to commit suicide - uncomfortably wet and warm, 
 and very debilitating.  Well, a few days ago we were praying for rain.  Now 
 we sigh for fair weather.  How unsatisfied and inconsistent men are! and 
 women too, for that matter.  For instance, a few days ago, house-wives
 were complaining that there was no water for the family washing.  Now they 
 complain that though there is an abundance of water, they cannot get the 
 clothes dry when they are washed.  According to present appearances,
 this will be a difficulty to be overcome only by ingenuity and good 
 management for some time to come.  'The rain it raineth every day' is
 likely to be the cry for lo, many days.  Well, 'Man never is, but always to 
 be, blest.'"

"The blustering norther that came upon us yesterday, although not the 
 pleasantest of visitors, was decidly (sic) welcome as the successor
 of the disagreeable weather that immediately preceded it.  We have fairly 
 entered on the few weeks of changeable weather - now hot, now cold, and 
 alternately dry and wet - usual at this season.  It is trying to the 
 constitution and productive of sickness, and those who have any care for 
 their health will be careful to avoid all unnecessary exposure."

It was hot and uncomfortable again in New Orleans on the 2nd. 

********************************************************************************

1864/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Hattie Eaton".

********************************************************************************

1864/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1864/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Central America reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated decay rate used to account for
enhanced topography.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from Martinique and Belize.

********************************************************************************

1864/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Storm analyzed to be stationary for four days duration.  An alternative
solution to being stationary for four days is that the storm completed
a tight (but slow) loop during this time.  However, the data available
does not provide enough detail to fully document that a loop actually
occurred.

********************************************************************************

1864/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1865/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1865/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1865/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 

********************************************************************************

1865/04:  This hurricane was originally listed as #5 in 1865 in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Added additional day at end of the track over 
Louisiana and Arkansas to provide a reasonable decay of the hurricane.  Inland 
winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from Guadeloupe and Louisiana.  This system is known as the "Sabine River-
Lake Calcasieu Storm" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1865/05:  This storm was originally listed as #7 in 1865 in Partagas and
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No major changes from their analysis.  No track is 
available, only one point.  

********************************************************************************

1865/06:  This hurricane was originally listed as #6 in 1865 in Partagas and 
and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No major changes from their analysis.  No track 
available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "Teresa".

********************************************************************************

1865/07:  This hurricane was originally listed as #8 in 1865 in Partagas and 
Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Havana central pressure observation of 975 mb 
gives 83 kt with the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, utilizing 80 kt
in best track.  Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and 
DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon numerous ship reports and observations taken in
Cuba.

1865/07 - 2003 REVISION:

02695 10/18/1865 M= 8  7 SNBR=  92 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
02695 10/18/1865 M= 8  7 SNBR=  94 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                                **

02700 10/18* 95 804  40    0* 97 804  40    0*100 805  40    0*102 806  40    0
02705 10/19*105 806  40    0*107 808  40    0*110 810  50    0*113 811  50    0
02710 10/20*118 813  50    0*123 814  50    0*129 816  60    0*137 818  60    0
02715 10/21*143 820  60    0*152 823  60    0*159 824  70    0*169 826  70    0
02720 10/22*179 828  80    0*189 830  80    0*200 830  90    0*212 829  90    0
02725 10/23*227 825  80  975*242 819  90    0*257 810  90    0*271 798  80    0
02725 10/23*226 826  80  975*238 821  90    0*250 814  90    0*265 802  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

02730 10/24*286 783  80    0*301 769  80    0*314 753  80    0*325 731  80    0
02730 10/24*282 788  80    0*299 772  80    0*314 753  80    0*325 731  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***

02735 10/25*335 706  70    0*347 683  70    0*360 660  70    0*373 635  70    0
02740 HRBFL2CFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
7-10/23/1865$  0700Z 24.6N  81.7W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2
7-10/23/1865$  1000Z 24.6N  81.7W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2
               ****

7-10/23/1865$  1100Z 25.5N  81.2W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2,CFL1
7-10/23/1865$  1400Z 25.4N  81.1W   90kt  2     (969mb)   BFL2,CFL1
               ****  ****   ****


Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
10/20/1865 NE-2   NE-2   NE-2   "9AM-?, 1.60"
10/21/1865 NE-4   NE-4   NE-10
10/22/1865 NE-10  N-4    N-4    "Rain 11AM-?, 2.50"

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These observations indicate that the hurricane's landfall over the
Florida Keys was somewhat later than the 07Z on the 23rd as 
originally estimated.  Based upon these data, the timing of the
track is adjusted back in time on the 23rd and 24th slightly.  This
allows for landfall to occur in the Keys around 10Z.


********************************************************************************

1865 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #4 in 1865 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.

********************************************************************************

1866/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon reports from Matagorda, Texas.

1866/01 - 2003 REVISION:

02685 07/15/1866 M= 1  1 SNBR=  93 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
02685 07/11/1866 M= 6  1 SNBR=  95 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **         *           **

(The 11th to the 14th are new to HURDAT.)
02686 07/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 873  90    0*280 878  90    0
02687 07/12*280 883  90    0*280 888  90    0*281 893  90    0*281 899  90    0
02688 07/13*281 905  90    0*281 911  90    0*282 917  90    0*282 923  90    0
02689 07/14*282 929  90    0*282 935  90    0*283 941  90    0*283 947  90    0

02690 07/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 965  90    0*  0   0   0    0
02690 07/15*284 953  90    0*285 959  90    0*285 965  90    0*286 971  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                       *** ***  **

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
02691 07/16*286 977  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

02695 HRBTX2

Analysis by Roth (1997a) provides additional information for this hurricane
which was previously listed as a "single-point" storm in HURDAT.  Roth writes:

"July 12-13th, 1866: A storm moved well off the coast of Louisiana. On the 
 11th at 28.5N 87.3W, a three-masted schooner was dismasted in heavy seas. 
 Winds "blew hard" at New Orleans for a few hours on the evening of the 12th. 
 Tides increased until daybreak the 13th.  Damage was seen at the Timbalier 
 Bay lighthouse. "Ugly, threatening weather" hit on the 12th. Three feet of 
 water surrounded the tower. Wave action knocked away two brick piers, as 24 
 hours of pounding surf broke against the lighthouse. The keeper became 
 spooked by the combination of weather condition and loneliness, and "promptly 
 resigned"."

Based upon this description, the track was extended back to the 11th for
this hurricane.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Texas.

********************************************************************************

1866/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
enhanced topography.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon observations from the ship "A. E. Patterson" and
the Fortress Monroe.

********************************************************************************

1866/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Messina" and "Robert Wing".

********************************************************************************

1866/04:  Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
not assume that the hurricane was stationary for three days at 15N 
and 29.5W.  Only one six-hourly position/intensity is provided on 12 UTC
of the 18th.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based
upon ship reports from the "Iddo Kimball".

********************************************************************************

1866/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 

********************************************************************************

1866/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Central pressure observation from Nassau with 938 mb gives 120 kt with the
southern wind-pressure relationship, which is used in the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon
this central pressure measurement as well as several ship reports.  This
system is known as the "Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866" (Ludlum 1963).

********************************************************************************

1866/07:  Major change from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis is to
extend track back one day to the 28th based upon discussion in their
analysis.  Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon observations at Fortune Island, Bahamas.

********************************************************************************

1866 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938), but no other information.  It is likely 
that this case was confused with storm 1867/09, which hit at the exact same 
place at exactly the same time of year.
2.  The tropical storm listed as #9 in 1866 in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) was
not included into the HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm 
did not actually exist.  Partagas and Diaz had found an unsupported 
reference to it in Tannehill (1938) and Dunn and Miller (1960), but no other 
information.  It is likely that this case was actually storm 1866/01.

********************************************************************************

1867/01 - 2003 ADDITION:

02901 06/21/1867 M= 3  1 SNBR= 102 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
02902 06/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*295 800  50    0*303 801  60    0
02903 06/22*311 800  60    0*318 799  70    0*325 798  70    0*332 796  60    0
02904 06/23*339 794  50    0*345 792  40    0*350 790  40    0*355 788  40    0
02905 HR SC1

This is a new hurricane that has been uncovered by the work of Prof. Cary 
Mock at the University of South Carolina.  The information that he provided 
(included in total below) shows that a Category 1 hurricane made landfall
in South Carolina.  As the storm made landfall just to the east of 
Charleston and the city received approximately 60 kt of winds (based 
upon wind-caused damage) while on the weak side of storm, peak intensity
is judged to be about 70 kt at landfall occurring between Charleston
and Georgetown.

Here are excerpts from local papers that Prof. Mock was able to obtain:

Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24: 
	THE WEATHER. - The heavy and continuous rains from Wednesday last, 
reported in Saturday's Courier, culminated Friday night and Saturday 
morning in the heaviest rains and one of the severest gales witnessed here 
for several years.  On Friday night the shipping at the wharves had to be 
doubly secured, and between nine and ten o'clock, Saturday morning, the 
wind seemed to reach its highest, blowing almost a perfect hurricane from 
the Northeast, for nearly two hours.  Its effects at sea, we fear, have 
been disastrous.  The harbor presented a very black and terrible appearance.  
In the city a number of wharves sustained considerable damage, houses 
were unroofed, chimneys blown down, trees torn up by their roots, and 
large branches blown from others, blocking up streets and sidewalks.  The 
tin roof of the New Custom House on East Bay, near Market-street, was 
blown off and carried by the wind to the corner of Cumberland and East 
Bay, a distance of between three and four hundred feet.  The tin was 
afterwards removed by the Custom House laborers into the Custom House 
yard.  Two large derricks on the South side of the building were also 
blown down, crushing in their fall a number of the beautifully cut and 
costly cap and cave stones, besides killing a cow belonging to Mrs. 
Jenkins.  The steamer Huron, lying at the Custom House Wharf, was 
overflowed and sunk.  The gale moderated Saturday afternoon, and on Sunday 
the skies had again become clear.
	We learn from Dr. George S. Pelzer, City Registrar, that the fall 
of rain from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive, was seven and a half inches, 
three inches of which fell on Saturday.  This is said to have been the 
heaviest fall of rain since 1824.

Charleston Daily Courier, Monday, June 24:
Marine News:
	A GALE IN JUNE. - After some days of unsettled weather, accompanied
 with rain, the wind commenced blowing a heavy gale from the Northeast at 
an early hour on Saturday, and about seven to eight o'clock it had 
increased to the force of an equinoctial blow, but moderated about midday. 
 The shipping and wharves being generally in fair order, got off with 
little damage, the injuries being quite unimportant.  The steamers Pilot 
Bay, from Savannah, and Dictator, from Florida, arrived safely on Sunday, 
without injury.  The Dictator experienced the blow on her passage from 
Fernandina to Savannah, and had a part of it after she anchored in 
Savannah River.  She reports the wind from North to Northwest, with a very 
heavy sea.  A brig, name unknown, had dragged ashore near Tybee.

Charleston Daily Courier, Tuesday, June 25:  
	THE WEATHER. - After four days of rain and wind, the sun shone out 
beautifully yesterday, imparting new life and hope to Nature and her 
children.  What damage has been done to the crops we are not yet 
sufficiently informed to speak with certainty.  There is reason to apprehend 
that the cotton and corn in the low country, at least, have been seriously 
injured, and there is little doubt that the whole rice crop on Cooper River 
has been largely, if not entirely destroyed.  So far as we have been able to 
learn, the wind-storm prevailed only immediately on the coast, though the 
rain fell continuously three days in most of the Districts in the State.  We 
hope to receive more detailed intelligence to-day.

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
Marine News.
SAVANNAH, June 23. - The brig W.H. Parks was blown ashore on Tybee, during 
the gale of yesterday.  It is supposed that she will get off.

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
DANGEROUS RUINS. - During the gale on Saturday the walls of Tobias' old 
building, at the corner of Vendue Range and East Bay, were rocked to and 
fro to such a degree that their fall was momentarily expected...

Charleston Mercury, Monday, June 24:
THE GREAT STORM. - DAMAGE DONE THE TREES, WHARVES, THE BUILDINGS, AND THE 
CITY CROPS. - The storm of rain which has been passing over the city for 
more than four days reached its height on Saturday, and was then accompanied
by a storm of wind which might fully be termed a hurricane.  Such a 
storm at this season has not been known in the memory of citizens who have 
resided here for nearly a century, and the last storm which equaled it in 
power and fury took place in the Fall of 1854.  In the city the amount and 
value of injury done cannot be well estimated, but a few particulars will 
enable our readers to judge for themselves.
	Trees were blown down in every direction.  On Orange-street a tree 
one yard in diameter was uprooted, and all the fruit and ornamental trees 
throughout the city have been damaged.  The grape vines suffered particularly,
and all of the corn in the various garden lots has been blown down 
almost without exception.
	The tin roof of the new Custom House was rolled up by the wind and 
carried by it to the corner of Cumberland-street, and the derricks in 
front of the Custom House were blown down, killing a cow in their fall.  A 
portion of the roof of the South Carolina Railroad freight depot was 
rolled up, but secured and fastened down before any damage had been done 
to the building or its contents.
	The roof of the shed on Brown's wharf was damaged, the roof of 
that on Kerr's wharf was also damaged, and some little damage was done to 
the roof of Atlantic wharf.
	The bathing house was injured;  three breaches were made in the 
East Battery, and an iron stand near the corner of Church and Broad 
streets were forced to the ground.
	Yet, whatever the damage done in the city, it will be nothing in 
comparison with that done in the country districts.  In another column 
will be found some account of the injury done by the rains alone, and we 
await with many misgivings, the accounts of the ravages of the great storm 
of June 22, 1867.

Samuel Porcher Gaillard (Sumter Dist.), June 22:  Thermometer at 5 A.M. 70, 
12 N 65, 9 PM 60.  Rain all night and ceased about daylight at half past 
6 A.M. began again & [never ceased] at times very hard up to this time 9 P.M. 
has not ceased.  Wind & clouds from N. East from 12 N Wind ????

David Golightly Harris (Spartanburg), June 22:  Rain... The land was 
entirely too wet.  This evening it is raining again   June 23 - Rain.  All 
last night there was a constant gentile rain.  It has been raining 
incessantly to day (11 o'clock) and no prospect of its ceasing.  Much fear 
is entertained that wheat will be injured in the shock.  None has been 
threshed yet & no prospect of suitable weather for the business.  This is a 
gloomy Sunday   June 24 - Rain.  Rain.  Rain.

Jacob Schirmer (Charleston):  June 22nd - Weather the past week has been 
almost one Continuous Rain and that in torrents and this morning, 
something of a Severe Gale, and quite cool.  Great fears are entertained 
that our staple crops have suffered very materially.

William J. Ball (Limerick Plantation):  June 19-22 - Heavy & Continuous 
Rain, Heaviest Freshet since 1837

Elias Horry (Georgetown):  June 22 - Gale

Hilton Head weather record:    June 22nd - 7am:SE4, 2pm:NE4, 9pm:NE4, 
2.04" precipitation.  (The numbers indicate force with a scale from 0 to 6.  
0 indicates calm and 6 indicates a violent storm.)

Glennie weather record, Georgetown, SC:  June 22nd - Sunrise:NE6-very
heavy rain, 2pm:E6-rain/gale, 9pm:E2-showery. 

Statesville NC weather record:  June 22 (7/2/9) - E4 E4 E4... rain started 
at 8 pm    June 23 - rain ended at 11 am... total 2 inches for storm...
E4 E4 E4

The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 3:
The Gale of Saturday Morning
	One of the most terrific gales that has ever passed over the city 
since 1854, occurred on Saturday morning last.  It commenced at half-past 
six o'clock.  At seven it was at its height, destroying beautiful shade 
trees, carrying away awnings, portions of tin roofs gutters under the eaves 
of houses, conductors on the sides of buildings, window shutters, etc.
	The steamer Gen. Berry, lying moored to the wharf at Capt. Rufus P. 
Hawkes' ship yard, opposite Abercorn street, parted her fastenings and was 
driven to the Savannah shore of the river.  No damage was done to her.
	The steamer Annie, lying at the Hutchinson Island shore of the 
Savannah river, at the pilings opposite West Broad street, had her sails, 
which were chewed up, blown into ribbons, and her sides, which are torn, 
chafed by coming in contact with the pilings to which she is moored.
	On the Thunderbold Road a frame two-story building, in the course 
of erection for Mr. Frederick A. Schultz by Bostock & Hobson, was blown down.
	A tree, during the gale, fell at the southwest corner of Indian and 
West Broad streets, carrying away the brick fence of the Guerard buildings.  
Further up Indian street, a large tree fell on a building owned by 
Mrs. Farry, crushing in the roof.  On Bryan street, a tree fell against the 
residence of Mrs. Sarah Puder, crushing in the windows of the second story.
	Messrs. Wylly and Meinhard's building, on the south side of Broughton 
street, had a portion of its tin roof blown away.
	At Mr. Maupu's farm on the White Bluff Road, had several trees 
prostrated, breaking down his fences, which were newly erected.
	Up to the hour of writing we have not heard of any accidents.
	The crops in every portion of this county have greatly suffered, 
although we are hopeful that the destruction is not so great as is 
apprehended.

The Daily News and Herald (Savannah), June 24, p. 2:
	THE WEATHER - We have never experienced more unpleasant and 
depressing weather than that which has been prevailing hereabouts for the 
last five days, and we regret to learn that the continued heavy rains have 
thrown a deep gloom upon the countenances of planters in this section.

New York Times, Marine Intelligence, July 1:  
Brig, Alex Milliken - June 21 and 22, had a very heavy N.E. gale;  split and 
lost sails, and lost deck-load of molasses.

New York Times, Marine Intelligence, June 30:
Brig Agnes (Br) - June 21, lat. 30 12, lon. 79 18, had a heavy gale from 
S.E. to N.E., and back to S.E., with increased violence, with high sea 
running, sprung a leak, lost one boat, stove bulwarks, started headrails, &c.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 5:
BRIG W H PARKS, which was blown ashore at Tybee during the recent heavy 
gale, and from her position was considered as being virtually lost and only 
worthy of abandonment, was got off 30th ult, sustaining but little damage, 
and as she was fully repaired.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 4:
SCHR MARTHA ANN, McCormick, which sailed from Charleston some days since 
for New York, with a cargo of lumber, returned to Charleston on Saturday 
last, having experienced heavy gales on the 21st and 22d June, off Cape 
Lookout, during which lost deck load, sprung a leak, split sails, and has 
sustained other damage.  She has put back to C for repairs.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 3:
BRIG HENRY LAURENS,... for New York, before reported put into Charleston 
28th ult. leaky, reports June 19 off Sand Key Light, coast of Florida, 
experienced heavy blows, varying from NE to SE, with short cross seas, 
causing the vessel to labor and sprung a leak;  on the 22d, had heavy 
gales from the south, with short head sea, the vessel making water badly...

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
BARK J CUMMING (Br), Hookway, at Charleston from Newport... June 22, when 
near Charleston, experienced a severe gale from the northeast to northwest 
in which lost two lower topsails, split other sails, and caused the bark to 
leak...

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 2:
SCHR FOAMING SEA, North, at Charleston, from Baltimore on the 22nd ult, off 
Cape Romain, experienced a severe eastern gale, and had part of the bulwarks 
carried away... flying jib, and sustained other damage.

New York Herald, Marine Disasters, July 1:
BRIG WM SPARK, of Philadelphia, parted her chains in a NE gale June 22, and 
went ashore Tybee Island.

From the _Wadesboro Argus_, North Carolina:  
On Sunday [June 23] last this immediate section was visited by another heavy 
and destructive rain storm, heavier, it is said to have been, than those 
mentioned by us a week or two ago.  For three hours, from 8 to 11 A.M., the 
rain fell in torrents, beating down small grain not yet cut, also corn and 
cotton, and washing lands.  We hear of great destruction on all sides of us in 
consequence of the creeks and branches being unusually swelled, and of large 
quantities of wheat in the shock, left in the low grounds, floated off, and 
fences swept away.

From the _Wilmington Dispatch_, North Carolina: 
The Wilmington Dispatch [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel],  July 2, speaking 
of the freshet in the Cape Fear:
	We learn that, in consequence of recent rains, the Cape Fear has 
risen thirty feet at Fayetteville, at which it stood when our informant left.  
But it was the general opinion that the volume of water poured out from the 
clouds within the last ten days had not yet affected the river, the present 
freshet being the result of the previous rains.

The Lincolnton Courier says of the rains of that region [from the Raleigh 
Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
	The terrible rains that have fallen during the past week will ruin 
the Planting interest on low lands throughout this section of country.  
Reports received are truly distressing.

The Asheville News says of the late rains [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, 
July 2]:
	On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out 
another deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we 
received a few weeks ago.  Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the 
new fences and bridges were washed off.  We have heard that in some places 
the wheat was injured.

From the _Asheville News_, North Carolina:  
On Sunday last the windows of heaven were opened and poured out another 
deluge of rain upon Asheville, almost as destructive as that we received a 
few weeks ago.  Gardens suffered considerably, and many of the new fences and 
and bridges were washed off.  We have heard that in some places the wheat was
injured.

The Wilmington Journal speaking of the damage done the crops in the Eastern 
Counties by the late rains says [from the Raleigh Weekly Sentinel, July 2]:
	The effect of the recent rains upon the crops in all the Eastern 
portion of the State has been most disastrous.  The damage sustained by 
planters in Brunswick, Bladen, New Hanover, Onslow, Dunlin, Sampson, 
Edgecombe, and all the Eastern counties, so far as heard from, has been 
very serious and almost irreparable.  The corn and cotton crop have 
received a most severe blow, while the rice crop in this section has been 
almost entirely ruined.  Along the line of the Cape Fear, and in fact in 
all the lowlands of the countries named, the damage is very apparent, and 
the pernicious results of the recent terrible rains will be long remembered.  
At no time could a more severe blow in this section befall us than at 
present, when our future prosperity so greatly depends upon an abundant 
yield.

Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh),Wen. July 3, 1867, p. 3:  
Sunday was the hottest day we have had so far this year, the thermometer 
reaching 99 deg. in the shade.  It was also the first day since Sunday the 
16th in which there has not some rain, at least a few drops, fallen here in 
Raleigh.
	The amount of rain for the month has been enormous, measuring nine 
inches and a half in depth between the 16th and 27th, and over fourteen 
inches in all.

James Harvey Greenlee (McDowell Ct., NC):  June 22 - Cloud warm   June 23 - 
It rained all day  June 24 - Rained last night  creek quite flush... A wet 
day.

Weather observer data from Fort Monroe, VA, located near Norfolk: 
On June 23, it started to rain beginning at 4 pm and by 4:40 pm the next day 
it rained 1.95 inches.  Written comments indicate "Rain began in the night.  
Foggy & high winds during the day, Thunder & Lightning at night & Showers."  
Observations of winds at 7 am, 2 pm and 9 pm on the 23rd were E 1, E 2, and 
E 2 respectively, changing to SE 1, SE 2, and NE 1 the next day.  

********************************************************************************

1867/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
(was storm #1 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Ship with a 
central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with the northern
wind-pressure relationship, 80 kt is used in the best track. Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement as well as several ship reports.  Storm is known
as the "Early August Offshore Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1867/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #2 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ship "Suwanee".

********************************************************************************

1867/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #3 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report). Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations 
from the ship "Helen R. Cooper".

********************************************************************************

1867/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis 
(was storm #4 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1867/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #5 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
observations.

********************************************************************************

1867/07:  Added a track for October 6-9th to database from Partagas
and Diaz's (1995a) writeup suggestion (was storm #6 originally in 
the Partagas and Diaz report).  Also moved track closer to 
Brownsville, Texas, as it appears that the town was in the western
eyewall.  Inland winds over SE US reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's 
(1995) inland decay model.  Storm tide value of 7' from Ludlum (1963) for
Galveston, Texas.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon damage and storm tide observations from Texas and Louisiana.
System is known as the "Galveston Hurricane of 1867" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1867/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #7 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1867/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis
(was storm #8 originally in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Ship with 
central pressure observation of 952 mb gives 108 kt with the southern 
wind-pressure relationship, but since the RMW may have been on the 
order of 5 nmi, a higher wind of 120 kt is assigned in best track.  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure and destruction that occurred in the Virgin Islands 
and Puerto Rico.  Hurricane is also known as "San Narciso" for effects in 
Puerto Rico on October 29th.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation 
below tropical storm strength).

1867/09 - 2003 REVISION:

03205 10/27/1867 M= 5  9 SNBR= 108 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
03205 10/27/1867 M= 5  9 SNBR= 110 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

03210 10/27*190 505  40    0*190 515  40    0*190 526  50    0*190 537  50    0
03215 10/28*190 550  60    0*190 563  60    0*190 577  70    0*191 592  80    0
03215 10/28*190 550  60    0*190 563  60    0*190 577  70    0*190 592  80    0
                                                               ***

03220 10/29*190 607  90    0*189 620 100    0*185 633 110    0*182 648 120  952
03220 10/29*190 607  90    0*189 620 100    0*186 633 110    0*184 648 100  952
                                              ***              ***     ***

03225 10/30*182 665 110    0*182 681 100    0*182 696 100    0*184 715  70    0
03225 10/30*183 665  80    0*182 681  70    0*182 696  80    0*184 715  60    0
            ***     ***              ***              ***               **

03230 10/31*186 735  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
03230 10/31*186 735  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **

03235 HR 

Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused only Fujita-scale F1 damages in 
the eastern and central portions of the island, not the F3 destruction 
expected from a 120 kt Category 4 hurricane making landfall.  Additionally, 
E. Boose (2003, personal communication) suggested that the track may, 
instead of going over Puerto Rico, have skirted just to the north of the 
island.  However, after a re-review of the limited meteorological data 
available as well as the descriptive accounts from local reports at the 
time of the hurricane (J. Colon, 2003, personal communication) suggest that 
the hurricane did indeed cross the island from east to west, but as a 
substantially weaker system (Category 2 - 90 kt).  While good evidence
exists for major hurricane status farther east in the Virgin Islands with
the 952 mb central pressure, it is surmised that the hurricane began weakening
fairly rapidly thereafter - which would not be unusual for a late October
hurricane.  Winds are thus adjusted downward from the 29th to the 31st and
the track is slightly adjusted to better match a track crossing over
Fujardo, Caguas and Mayaguez in Puerto Rico.  This adjustment to Category 2
landfall in Puerto Rico is now consistent with descriptions of more intense
events (Category 4 - 1899, Category 3 - 1876, 1893, 1894) during the
second half of the 19th Century.

********************************************************************************

1868/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1868/02:  No major alterations from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.

********************************************************************************

1868/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from
ships "Mary E. Mangan" and "Haidee".

********************************************************************************

1868/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from multiple ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1869/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ships "Olaf Nicklesen" and "Prinze Frederik".

********************************************************************************

1869/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Texas reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon observations from the ship "Julia A. Rider" and from
central Texas.  The storm is also known as the "Lower Texas Coast 
Hurricane of 1869" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1869/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations
from the ship "Siene".

********************************************************************************

1869/04:  Major change for this storm:  A 48 hr track was achieved, while
Partagas and Diaz (1995a) had originally kept the storm stationary.  Track
was achieved by considering the observations from the "Harriet" and
"Mary Celeste".

********************************************************************************

1869/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over the Louisiana reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
status based upon reports from Grand Isle and New Orleans.

********************************************************************************

1869/06:  Have altered significantly the track from Partagas and Diaz's 
(1995a) analysis based upon Ho's (1989) work, which was apparently not
utilized by Partagas and Diaz.  Storm tide value of 8' provided by Ho (1989) 
for Providence, Rhode Island.  Ship with central pressure observation of 950 mb 
gives 97 kt with new northern wind-pressure relationship and Ho's estimated 
landfall central pressure of 963 mb gives 88 kt.  Have assigned 100 kt for 
six hourly intensity based upon the ship observation and 90 kt at landfall 
time.  Central pressure measurement of 973 mb measured at Milton, MA gives 
80 kt with northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in 
best-track.  Storm determined to have reached major hurricane status based 
central pressure reading of 950 mb as well as several ship reports.  Storm 
also known as the "September Gale of 1869 in Eastern New England" in Ludlum 
(1963).  Inland winds over New England reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.

1869/06 - 2003 REVISION:

03375 09/07/1869 M= 3  6 SNBR= 117 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
03375 09/07/1869 M= 3  6 SNBR= 119 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

03380 09/07*270 745  90    0*280 745  90    0*290 744  90    0*301 741  90    0
03385 09/08*313 740 100    0*325 736 100    0*350 733 100    0*388 726 100  950
03390 09/09*428 711  80  973*470 690  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
03390 09/09*428 711  80  973*470 690  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                                      **

03395 HR NY1 RI2 MA2 CT1
03395 HR NY1 RI3 MA3 CT1
             *** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-9/8/1869&    2100Z 41.0N  71.9W   70kt  1      963mb     NY1
6-9/8/1869&    2100Z 41.0N  71.9W   80kt  1      963mb     NY1
                                    **

6-9/8/1869     2200Z 41.4N  71.7W   90kt  2      965mb     RI2,MA2,CT1
6-9/8/1869     2200Z 41.4N  71.7W  100kt  3      965mb     RI3,MA3,CT1
                                   ***    *                *** ***

Boose et al. (2001) analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 at U.S. landfall,
based upon widespread reports of wind-caused Fujita-scale 2 damage in 
New England.  Additionally, their reconstructed damage work analyzes a RMW of 
30 nmi at landfall, which is substantially smaller than the earlier estimate of
40 nmi from Ho (1989).  Ho's 963 mb central pressure estimate suggests
88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  With a RMW slightly 
smaller than that expected climatologically (around 34 nmi) for that central
pressure and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), winds somewhat higher than 
what the wind-pressure relationship suggests should be used.  Additionally,
the extremely rapid forward motion of the hurricane (around 40 kt) would
also argue for higher winds than is usual on the right semi-circle of the 
hurricane.  Based upon all of these points, the estimated maximum sustained 
winds at landfall are increased from 90 kt (Category 2) to 100 kt (Category 3),
making this a major hurricane landfall in New England.  (No changes were
needed for the 6 hourly intervals within HURDAT.)
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized 
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06Z on the 9th, which is 
reflected in the revised HURDAT.  

********************************************************************************

1869/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Ship with central pressure observation of 979 mb gives 79 kt with  
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best track.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the
above central pressure reading and several ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1869/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No 
track available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1869/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  No track 
available, only one point. 

********************************************************************************

1869/10: Major alteration is to shift track farther to the west over New 
England to account for observations at Nantucket Island and Gardiner as 
described in Partagas and Diaz (1995a) and to take into account new analysis
by Abraham et al. (1998).  Abraham et al. showed that this hurricane was
undergoing extratropical transition as it interacted with (and was likely 
absorbed by) a secondary, baroclinic low on the 5th of October.   Pressure 
reading of 972 mb not in hurricane's center (at 18 UTC, 4th of October) 
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon above peripheral pressure reading, several ship reports and 
the destruction caused in Massachusetts and Maine.  Inland winds over New 
England and Canada reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model.  
Storm surge of 6-7' is estimated to have occurred in the Upper Bay of Fundy, 
Canada (Parkes et al. 1998).  Hurricane is also known as the "Saxby's Gale" 
from description given in Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) and Ludlum's (1963) 
report.

1869/10 - 2003 REVISION:

03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 121 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03480 10/04/1869 M= 2 10 SNBR= 124 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03485 10/04*315 755  90    0*345 730  90    0*377 715  90    0*407 706  90    0
03490 10/05*440 700  80    0*465 685  70    0*480 655  60    0*  0   0   0    0
03490 10/05*440 700  80    0*465 685  60    0*480 655  50    0*  0   0   0    0
                                      **               **

03495 HR MA1 ME1 

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
10-10/4/1869&  1900Z 41.3N  70.5W   70kt  1     (960mb)    MA1
10-10/4/1869&  1900Z 41.3N  70.5W   80kt  1     (965mb)    MA1
                                    **           ***

10-10/4/1869&  2000Z 41.7N  70.4W   70kt  1     (960mb)    MA1
10-10/4/1869&  2000Z 41.7N  70.4W   80kt  1     (965mb)    MA1
                                    **           ***

10-10/4/1869   2300Z 43.7N  70.1W   80kt  1     (972mb)    ME1
10-10/4/1869   2300Z 43.7N  70.1W   90kt  2     (968mb)    ME2
                                    **    *      ***       ***

Boose et al. (2001 and personal communication) analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 impact in Massachusetts and Category 3 impact in Maine during 
its U.S. landfall.  The original HURDAT had this hurricane listed as being 
a high end Category 2 as it made U.S. landfall (90 kt), but with the RMW 
staying offshore near Massachusetts.  Given the low number of reports 
utilized in the reconstructed versus actual damage in their damage-based 
empirical wind modeling work for this case, a boost to the winds at landfall 
to this extent is does not have enough substantiation.  However, estimates 
of winds at landfall are increased moderately, though this does not 
necessitate any changes to the 6-hourly HURDAT itself.  Boose et al. (2001) 
also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi at landfall, which does suggest a slightly 
higher central pressure to match the 90 kt given a slightly smaller than 
usual RMW for this windspeed and latitude (Vickery et al. 2000).  
Additionally, as the first Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model was utilized 
for this hurricane, it was appropriate to review the results with the inland
decay model explicitly designed for New England landfalling tropical
cyclones (Kaplan and DeMaria 2001).  This model does decay systems faster 
and suggests a downward revision to the winds at 06 and 12Z on the 5th, which 
is reflected in the revised HURDAT.  

********************************************************************************

1870/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon damage reports from Mobile, Alabama.  
Storm is also known as the "Mobile Storm of July 1870" in Ludlum (1963).

********************************************************************************

1870/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status from several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1870/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 1004 mb gives 39 kt with  
southern wind-pressure relationship, thus 40 kt is assigned to the best track.

********************************************************************************

1870/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 948 mb gives 98 kt with  
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 100 kt is assigned to the best 
track.  Storm is suggested to have reached major hurricane status based upon 
the above central pressure reading.

********************************************************************************

1870/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Ship with central pressure observation of 969 mb gives 83 kt with  
northern wind-pressure relationship, thus 80 kt is assigned to the best 
track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon above 
central pressure reading as well as several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1870/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis. 
Central pressure observation over Cuba of 969 mb gives 91 kt with southern 
wind-pressure relationship, thus 90 kt is assigned to the best track.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon the above central
pressure measurement, several ship reports and destruction that occurred
in Cuba.  This system is known as the first of the "Twin Key West 
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).


1870/06 - 2003 REVISION:

03635 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 127 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03635 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03640 10/05*175 740  40    0*181 750  40    0*187 760  50    0*191 770  50    0
03645 10/06*195 780  60    0*200 791  60    0*205 800  70    0*210 804  70    0
03650 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  80    0*221 816  90  969*224 819  90    0
03650 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  90    0*221 816 100  959*224 819 100    0
                                      **              ***  ***         ***

03655 10/08*227 821  80    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0
03655 10/08*227 821  90    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0
                     **

03660 10/09*239 818  90    0*241 816  90    0*242 814  90    0*244 811  90    0
03665 10/10*245 810  90    0*246 808  90    0*247 806  90    0*249 803  90    0
03670 10/11*251 800  90    0*252 798  90    0*255 795  90    0*258 790  90    0
03675 10/12*262 786  90    0*265 781  90    0*268 776  80    0*273 770  80    0
03680 10/13*278 763  70    0*283 756  70    0*289 749  60    0*295 740  60    0
03680 10/13*278 763  80    0*283 756  80    0*289 749  70    0*295 740  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

03685 10/14*301 729  60    0*307 718  60    0*314 705  60    0*322 691  60    0
03685 10/14*301 729  70    0*307 718  70    0*314 705  70    0*322 691  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

03690 HRBFL1 
03690 HRBFL1CFL1  
            ****

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N  80.8W   70kt  1     (970mb)    BFL1
6-10/10/1870$* 0500Z 24.6N  80.8W   70kt  1     (970mb)    BFL1,CFL1
                                                                ****

Re-analysis effort by meteorologists in Cuba (Perez 2000) have uncovered
that the central pressure for this hurricane was 959 mb (at Nueva Paz on the
8th), which suggests winds of 101 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt used for the best track.  This is consistent with the
assessment of landfall as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez
2000).  The original listing of 969 mb for a central pressure (12Z on the
7th) was determined to be, instead, a peripheral pressure from Matanzas.  The 
hurricane is known as El Huracan de San Marcos for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 
2000).  The U.S. landfall designation also includes the CFL1 (Southeast 
Florida) because of the new geographical designation implemented
by NHC in 2000.


1870/06 - 2006 REVISION:

03820 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
03820 10/05/1870 M=10  6 SNBR= 131 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

03825 10/05*175 740  40    0*181 750  40    0*187 760  50    0*191 770  50    0*
03830 10/06*195 780  60    0*200 791  60    0*205 800  70    0*210 804  70    0*
03835 10/07*214 809  80    0*217 813  90    0*221 816 100  959*224 819 100    0*
03840 10/08*227 821  90    0*231 821  80    0*234 820  90    0*237 819  90    0*
03845 10/09*239 818  90    0*241 816  90    0*242 814  90    0*244 811  90    0*
03850 10/10*245 810  90    0*246 808  90    0*247 806  90    0*249 803  90    0*
03855 10/11*251 800  90    0*252 798  90    0*255 795  90    0*258 790  90    0*
03860 10/12*262 786  90    0*265 781  90    0*268 776  80    0*273 770  80    0*
03865 10/13*278 763  80    0*283 756  80    0*289 749  70    0*295 740  70    0*
03870 10/14*301 729  70    0*307 718  70    0*314 705  70    0*322 691  70    0*
03875 HRBFL1CFL1                                                                

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************

1870/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have
reached hurricane status based upon report from the ship "Horatio
Harris".

********************************************************************************

1870/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several
ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1870/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
Inland winds over Cuba and Florida reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
status at landfall in Cuba based upon severe damage in Vuelta Abajo and
Batabano.  This system is known as the second of the "Twin Key West
Hurricanes in 1870" in Ludlum (1963).


1870/09 - 2003 REVISION:

03730 10/19/1870 M= 4  9 SNBR= 130 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
03730 10/19/1870 M= 4  9 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

03735 10/19*195 841 100    0*199 840 100    0*204 840 100    0*211 839 100    0
03735 10/19*195 841  90    0*199 840  90    0*204 840  90    0*211 839  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

03740 10/20*219 836 100    0*229 834  90    0*239 829  80    0*252 820  80    0
03740 10/20*220 837  90    0*231 835  80    0*243 831  80    0*255 823  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

03745 10/21*266 808  70    0*280 793  60    0*291 781  70    0*303 766  70    0
03745 10/21*267 811  70    0*279 797  60    0*291 781  70    0*303 766  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***

03750 10/22*314 754  70    0*325 740  70    0*335 726  70    0*345 711  70    0
03755 HRBFL1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
9-10/20/1870$  1400Z 24.7N  82.8W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
(Landfall over Fort Jefferson is additional strike in U.S.)

9-10/20/1870$  2100Z 25.9N  81.5W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
9-10/20/1870$  2000Z 26.0N  81.6W  80kt   1     (977mb)    BFL1
               ****  ****   ****


Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 3 assigned in HURDAT
(mainly on the hurricane-caused damage).  Winds are adjusted accordingly
on the 19th and 20th.

Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami uncovered observations from
the U.S. military base Fort Jefferson west of Key West:

Fort Jefferson (24.7N, 82.8W):
Date       12Z    19Z    02Z 
10/19/1870 E-4    E-4    E-3   
10/20/1870 E-10   NW-9   SE-5

Remarks:
"For several days past the wind has been blowing first from the E and SE.
At 9 P.M. Oct. 19th, it began increasing and at 3 A.M. Oct. 20th amounted
to a Hurricane.  Heavy rainfall, but not lightning or thunder accompanied
it.  Trees and fences protested, buildings surroofed & debris flying in
every direction, making it dangerous to be out.  At 8:15 A.M., the wind
died completely out in 3 minutes, so close as to be uncomfortable.  
Suddenly at 9:40 A.M. it set in from the opposite direction, and in 
twenty minutes increased to a Hurricane.  At 2 P.M. began diminishing and
at 9 P.M. amounted to a moderate breeze."

Military Post Wind Force Scale
(values are estimates of the highest gusts)
-------------------------------------------
1 - Very light breeze  2 mph (2 kt)
2 - Gentle breeze      4 mph (4 kt)
3 - Fresh breeze      12 mph (10 kt)
4 - Strong breeze     25 mph (22 kt)
5 - High breeze       35 mph (30 kt)
6 - Gale              45 mph (39 kt)
7 - Strong gale       60 mph (51 kt)
8 - Violent gale      75 mph (65 kt)
9 - Hurricane         90 mph (78 kt)
10 - Most violent    100 mph (87 kt)

These additional observations indicate that the hurricane made a direct 
landfall over the fort at 14Z on the 20th, rather than passing to the
east.  The track has been adjusted on the 20th and 21st appropriately.

********************************************************************************

1870/10:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995a) analysis.  
No track available, only one point.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon observations from the ships "R. Murray, Jr."
and a Spanish bark.

********************************************************************************

1870/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.  
Inland winds over Mexico reduced via Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) 
inland decay model with an accelerated rate of decay to account for
the enhanced topography.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon reports from ships "Silver Star" and "Nymph".

1870/11 - 2003 REVISION:

03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 132 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
03775 10/30/1870 M= 5 11 SNBR= 135 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

03780 10/30*170 855  60    0*171 856  60    0*172 860  60    0*172 861  60    0
03785 10/31*174 864  70    0*175 866  60    0*177 869  70    0*177 871  70    0
03785 10/31*174 864  70    0*175 866  70    0*177 869  70    0*177 871  70    0
                                      **

03790 11/01*180 876  70    0*182 878  70    0*185 880  70    0*187 880  60    0
03795 11/02*192 879  50    0*197 876  40    0*204 874  40    0*214 869  50    0
03800 11/03*222 863  60    0*230 856  60    0*237 850  70    0*242 840  70    0
03805 HR

Typographical error - the storm was designated as being of hurricane
force from 00Z on the 31st until 12Z on the 1st.

********************************************************************************

1871/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz's (1995b) analysis.
Track unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  999 mb 
central pressure provides guidance of 47 kt using the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen in best track.
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

1871/01 - 2003 REVISION:

03915 06/01/1871 M= 5  1 SNBR= 133 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
03915 06/01/1871 M= 5  1 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

03920 06/01*241 810  40    0*241 821  40    0*242 836  40    0*247 846  40    0
03925 06/02*252 854  50    0*258 861  50    0*261 873  50    0*265 886  50    0
03930 06/03*268 898  50    0*270 911  50    0*273 924  50    0*277 933  50    0
03935 06/04*282 941  50    0*289 950  50  999*297 956  50    0*303 960  40    0
03935 06/04*282 941  50    0*289 950  50  999*297 956  40    0*303 960  40    0
                                                       **

03940 06/05*311 961  40    0*320 961  40    0*332 958  30    0*350 950  30    0
03945 TS  

Winds not reduced after landfall occurred until well-inland.  Winds
decreased at 12Z on the 4th for more realistic decay.

********************************************************************************

1871/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1871/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) was to 
extend track of storm one full day into the SE United States to 
accommodate a typical decay of the hurricane to  tropical depression
strength, as suggested by the inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995).  Partagas and Diaz (1995b) did make large changes to
the track found in Neumann et al. (1993), though these are found to be
reasonable.  952 mb central pressure provides guidance of 101 kt using 
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in 
the best track.  955 mb central pressure provides guidance of 99 kt 
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt 
used in the best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane status based upon above central pressure measurements.

1871/03 - 2003 REVISION:

03870 08/14/1871 M=10  3 SNBR= 134 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
03870 08/14/1871 M=10  3 SNBR= 137 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

03875 08/14*265 724  80    0*266 730  80    0*267 736  80    0*268 743  80    0
03875 08/14*265 724  80    0*266 730  80    0*267 736  80    0*267 743  80    0
                                                               ***

03880 08/15*269 750  90    0*269 756  90    0*270 765 100    0*270 773 100  952
03880 08/15*268 750  90    0*268 758  90    0*268 767 100    0*268 777 100    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***      ***

03885 08/16*271 780 100    0*272 785 100  955*273 791 100    0*274 795 100    0
03885 08/16*268 785 100  952*268 791 100  955*268 795 100    0*269 798 100    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

03890 08/17*275 796 100    0*276 799 100    0*277 800 100    0*279 801 100    0
03890 08/17*270 801 100    0*272 805  90    0*276 811  80    0*283 817  70    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

03895 08/18*282 803  90    0*287 804  90    0*290 805  90    0*294 806  90    0
03895 08/18*290 821  70    0*297 825  60    0*304 823  60    0*308 819  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

03900 08/19*300 806  80    0*307 806  80    0*315 805  80    0*322 798  80    0
03900 08/19*313 814  50    0*318 808  60    0*321 802  60    0*323 796  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

03905 08/20*325 788  80    0*327 776  80    0*327 766  80    0*324 764  80    0
03905 08/20*325 788  60    0*327 776  60    0*326 768  60    0*324 764  60    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

03910 08/21*320 761  80    0*317 763  80    0*315 765  80    0*311 771  80    0
03910 08/21*320 761  60    0*317 763  60    0*314 765  60    0*312 771  60    0
                     **               **      ***      **      ***      **

03915 08/22*310 780  80    0*310 786  90    0*310 795  90    0*311 804  90    0
03915 08/22*311 780  60    0*310 786  60    0*310 795  60    0*311 804  60    0
            ***      **               **               **               **

03920 08/23*312 814  90    0*313 824  60    0*314 835  40    0*314 845  30    0
03920 08/23*312 814  60    0*313 824  50    0*314 835  40    0*314 845  30    0
                     **               **               

03925 HR GA2DFL1  
03925 HRCFL3DFL1AFL1
        ****    ****


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/18/1871$*  0000Z 28.2N  80.3W   80kt  1    (965mb)    DFL1
3-8/17/1871$*  0200Z 27.1N  80.2W  100kt  3     955mb     CFL3,DFL1,AFL1
    **         ***** *****  *****  *****  *    *******    ****      ****

3-8/23/1871    0000Z 31.2N  81.3W   90kt  2    (965mb)    GA2,DFL1
3-8/23/1871    0000Z 31.2N  81.3W   60kt  TS    -----     ---
                                    ****  **   *******    ********  

Hurricane is revised from the previously accepted analysis of Partagas
and Diaz due to inclusion of work by Ho (1989).  In particular, additional 
observations were provided from New Smyrna, Fairview, Ocala, Picolata, 
Tampa, Jacksonville (FL), and Savannah (GA). These land-based measurements
from Ho's study were key in providing the track alteration to one that
made landfall in central east Florida, passed over Ocala, moved west of 
Jacksonville, then back over water off of southern Georgia.  However, Ho's 
intensity analysis of a 945 mb central pressure is likely too low an 
estimation as a 955 mb central pressure recorded by the ship "Victor" 
(as recorded in Partagas and Diaz 1995b) occurred very near the coast, 
along Jupiter.  Hurricane is re-analyzed to come ashore early on the 23rd 
as a tropical storm in Georgia since there is no evidence that it 
reintensified to a hurricane after weakening to a tropical storm while 
over Florida.

********************************************************************************

1871/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who 
made large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  965 mb central 
pressure provides guidance for 95 kt utilizing the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  962 mb central 
pressure suggests 98 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 100 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane status based upon 
above central pressure measurements.  This hurricane is known as
"Santa Juana" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

1871/04 - 2003 REVISION:

04035 08/17/1871 M=14  4 SNBR= 136 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
04035 08/17/1871 M=14  4 SNBR= 139 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

04040 08/17*112 307  40    0*115 322  40    0*118 339  40    0*123 355  40    0
04045 08/18*129 374  50    0*135 392  50    0*140 410  50    0*142 425  50    0
04050 08/19*143 445  60    0*145 464  60    0*147 480  70    0*149 499  70    0
04055 08/20*151 522  80    0*153 545  80    0*154 564  90    0*158 582  90    0
04060 08/21*164 600 100    0*171 616 100    0*177 629 100  965*182 640 100    0
04065 08/22*189 653 100  962*195 665 100    0*200 675  90    0*207 686  90    0
04070 08/23*212 696  90    0*220 710  90    0*225 723  90    0*232 735  90    0
04075 08/24*241 750  90    0*250 764  90    0*257 776  90    0*263 786  90    0
04080 08/25*270 795  90    0*277 805  90    0*283 813  70    0*289 819  50    0
04080 08/25*270 795  90    0*277 805  90    0*283 813  70    0*289 822  50    0
                                                                   ***

04085 08/26*294 825  40    0*299 831  40    0*305 843  40    0*309 845  40    0
04085 08/26*294 831  40    0*299 838  40    0*305 843  40    0*309 845  40    0
                ***              ***

04090 08/27*313 845  30    0*317 844  30    0*320 840  30    0*320 835  30    0
04090 08/27*313 845  30    0*317 844  30    0*320 840  30    0*321 835  30    0
                                                               ***

04095 08/28*322 831  30    0*322 825  30    0*323 820  30    0*324 810  30    0
04095 08/28*322 830  30    0*322 825  30    0*323 821  30    0*324 810  30    0
                ***                               ***

04100 08/29*325 799  40    0*327 786  40    0*330 775  50    0*340 761  50    0
04105 08/30*355 743  50    0*373 724  50    0*395 705  60    0*420 685  60    0
04110 HRCFL2DFL1

Track adjusted to provide for more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1871/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1871/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small track changes from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 5.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon reports from the ship "Robert Myhan" and 
"Lizzie M. Merrill".


1871/06 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
04225 09/05/1871 M= 4  6 SNBR= 142 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
04230 09/05*260 901  70    0*265 890  70    0*270 876  70    0*275 861  70    0*
04235 09/06*281 849  70    0*286 841  70    0*290 833  70    0*296 825  50    0*
04240 09/07*302 818  50    0*307 811  50    0*313 803  60    0*317 793  60    0*
04245 09/08*319 783  60    0*322 770  60    0*324 759  60    0*327 750  60    0*
04250 HRAFL1   
04250 HRAFL1BFL1
            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, the impact from this cyclone as a Category 1
hurricane for southwest Florida ("BFL") is added.  This is based upon
ship observations of hurricane force winds south of the dividing line
between northwest ("AFL") and southwest Florida.

********************************************************************************

1871/07:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to 
extend out the track of the storm an additional one day to the 7th 
of October based upon suggestion in the Partagas and Diaz writeup 
due to the ship "Robert Cadwell".  Track otherwise unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 6.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United 
States.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm 
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm 
strength).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status
based upon loss of steamships "Hall" and "Twelfth Era".

********************************************************************************

1871/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon reports from ships "Nellie Antrim" and
"Armida" as well as destruction in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

********************************************************************************

1872/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over SE United States.  The 
best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its 
dissipation below tropical depression strength).

1872/01 - 2003 REVISION:

04255 07/09/1872 M= 5  1 SNBR= 141 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04255 07/09/1872 M= 5  1 SNBR= 144 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04260 07/09*235 920  40    0*241 918  40    0*246 916  40    0*251 911  40    0
04260 07/09*235 920  40    0*241 918  40    0*246 916  40    0*251 912  40    0
                                                                   ***

04265 07/10*258 908  50    0*263 904  50    0*270 900  50    0*277 896  50    0
04265 07/10*257 908  50    0*263 904  50    0*270 900  50    0*277 896  50    0
            ***

04270 07/11*284 893  50    0*292 891  50    0*300 890  50    0*305 890  50    0
04275 07/12*309 891  40    0*313 891  40    0*316 893  40    0*320 895  40    0
04275 07/12*309 890  40    0*313 891  40    0*316 893  40    0*320 895  40    0
                ***

04280 07/13*325 895  30    0*330 894  30    0*335 890  30    0*342 885  30    0
04285 TS

Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1872/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  The storm reached hurricane status 
based upon observations from several ships.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from 
its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its 
dissipation as an extratropical cyclone).  

********************************************************************************

1872/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small track alterations from that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon observations 
from several ships.

********************************************************************************

1872/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force based upon report from the ship "Tare".

********************************************************************************

1872/05:  Track considerably altered from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
The track chosen is a compromise between that shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993) and that advocated by Partagas and Diaz.  The reasoning is that
observations in the 1872 _Monthly Weather Review_ show that 7 1/2 inches 
of rain occurred in Norfolk , which is unlikely to be produced by a separate 
extratropical storm alone as is what is suggested by Partagas and Diaz 
to have caused the gales and low pressures throughout the middle 
Atlantic states.  Additionally, the U.S. Army Signal Corp did provide 
overland tracks of extratropical storms, none of which matched up to 
the one that Partagas and Diaz suggested to have occurred.  This new 
track takes it across Florida a bit farther south than both previous tracks 
to allow for a turn northward near the ship "Cardenas", then the new track 
brings the system ashore as a tropical storm in North Carolina just a bit 
farther east of Neumann et al.'s landfall.  The new track then stays east of 
Neumann et al.'s track while over the middle Atlantic states to correspond 
with the the northeast to north winds over Washington and the low pressures 
measured in New York City.  After leaving New England, the new track rejoins 
the original Neumann et al. track.

1872/05 - 2003 REVISION:

04395 10/22/1872 M= 7  5 SNBR= 143 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04395 10/22/1872 M= 7  5 SNBR= 146 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04400 10/22*234 893  40    0*240 883  40    0*247 873  40    0*257 862  40    0
04405 10/23*267 848  50    0*276 833  50    0*284 818  50    0*290 803  50    0
04405 10/23*267 848  50    0*276 833  50    0*284 818  40    0*290 803  40    0
                                                       **               **

04410 10/24*300 790  60    0*313 785  70    0*326 782  70    0*336 779  60    0
04410 10/24*300 790  50    0*313 785  60    0*326 782  70    0*336 779  60    0
                     **               **

04415 10/25*343 777  50    0*350 775  50    0*357 772  40    0*365 769  40    0
04420 10/26*375 765  40    0*386 758  40    0*397 748  40    0*406 738  40    0
04425 10/27*413 726  40    0*418 713  40    0E424 692  40    0E429 672  40    0
04430 10/28E436 650  40    0E445 625  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04435 HR

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 23rd and 24th.

********************************************************************************

1873/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Georgia.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1873/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  962 mb central pressure 
suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used 
in best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane 
status for the two days before the above central pressure measurement 
was made at latitude 44N.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation as 
an extratropical cyclone).  

1873/02 - 2003 REVISION:

04550 08/13/1873 M=16  2 SNBR= 147 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
04550 08/13/1873 M=16  2 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

04555 08/13*139 250  40    0*140 260  40    0*140 270  40    0*141 281  40    0
04560 08/14*141 293  50    0*142 306  50    0*143 320  50    0*144 330  50    0
04565 08/15*145 344  50    0*145 359  50    0*145 373  50    0*146 384  50    0
04570 08/16*147 397  60    0*148 412  60    0*150 427  60    0*153 440  60    0
04575 08/17*156 455  70    0*160 470  70    0*165 490  70    0*169 505  70    0
04580 08/18*175 520  70    0*182 536  70    0*187 550  70    0*195 564  70    0
04585 08/19*202 579  80    0*212 595  80    0*220 610  80    0*229 621  80    0
04590 08/20*239 635  80    0*249 646  80    0*260 656  80    0*268 666  80    0
04595 08/21*278 673  90    0*290 678  90    0*303 683  90    0*310 684  90    0
04595 08/21*278 673  90    0*290 678  90    0*303 682  90    0*310 684  90    0
                                                  ***

04600 08/22*317 685  90    0*325 686  90    0*333 685  90    0*343 683  90    0
04605 08/23*352 680 100    0*360 676 100    0*370 670 100    0*383 664 100    0
04610 08/24*395 658 100    0*409 646 100    0*420 635  90    0*430 614  90    0
04615 08/25*437 589  90  962*444 566  90    0*450 550  80    0*457 543  80    0
04620 08/26*460 541  80    0*465 541  80    0*470 540  70    0*474 540  70    0
04625 08/27*478 539  70    0*482 537  70    0E485 535  60    0E494 526  60    0
04630 08/28E504 513  60    0E510 498  60    0E520 480  50    0E530 460  50    0
04635 HR

Minor track alteration on the 21st for more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1873/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Pressure reading of 992 mb not in hurricane's center (at 12 UTC, 19th of 
September) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
SE United States.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane force
in the Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction that occurred in Tallahassee,
Florida; storm regained hurricane strength in the Atlantic based upon above
peripheral surface pressure report along with several ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1873/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.

********************************************************************************

1873/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track reasonably shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993).  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the SE United States.  Used an accelerated decay 
rate over Cuba to account for enhanced topography.  Pressure reading 
of 969 mb not in hurricane's center (on 12 UTC, September 28th) suggests 
winds of at least 91 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt chosen for best track.  Pressure reading of 971 mb not
in hurricane's center (on 00 UTC, September 29th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Estimate of 959 mb for
central pressure at landfall in SW Florida from Ho (1989) appears
reasonable and matches SLOSH modeling work by Jarvinen (1990).
959 mb central pressure suggests 101 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for the best track.  Storm tide
value of 14' at Punta Rassa, Florida from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Storm
is determined to have reached major hurricane status on the 28th of
September based upon peripheral surface pressure reading of 969 mb and
destruction that occurred in Jacmal, Haiti.  Storm regained major
hurricane status on the 7th of October based upon the estimate of central 
pressure of 959 mb and surge/destruction in Punta Rassa.

1873/05 - 2003 REVISION:

04690 09/26/1873 M=15  5 SNBR= 150 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
04690 09/26/1873 M=15  5 SNBR= 153 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

04695 09/26*147 623  40    0*148 631  40    0*150 640  50    0*153 651  50    0
04700 09/27*157 665  60    0*160 676  60    0*162 690  70    0*166 701  70    0
04705 09/28*169 711  80    0*174 723  90    0*180 730 100    0*190 739  90    0
04710 09/29*197 745  90    0*202 755  80    0*202 765  60    0*202 771  50    0
04715 09/30*201 778  40    0*200 784  40    0*200 790  40    0*201 796  40    0
04720 10/01*201 801  40    0*201 806  40    0*200 810  40    0*200 814  40    0
04725 10/02*200 818  50    0*200 821  50    0*200 825  50    0*200 828  50    0
04730 10/03*200 831  60    0*200 836  60    0*200 840  70    0*200 846  70    0
04735 10/04*200 851  70    0*201 856  70    0*202 860  80    0*206 861  80    0
04735 10/04*200 851  70    0*201 856  70    0*202 860  80    0*204 861  80    0
                                                               ***

04740 10/05*210 864  80    0*212 865  80    0*215 865  90    0*219 864  90    0
04740 10/05*208 864  80    0*212 865  80    0*215 865  90    0*219 864  90    0
            ***

04745 10/06*224 861  90    0*230 859  90    0*237 855 100    0*247 841 100    0
04750 10/07*262 825 100  959*281 803  80    0*297 786  80    0*311 771  80    0
04755 10/08*324 756  90    0*337 741  90    0*350 726  80    0*363 709  80    0
04760 10/09*375 685  70    0*388 661  70    0E395 645  60    0E400 630  60    0
04765 10/10E405 615  60    0E410 600  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04770 HRBFL3CFL2DFL1    

Track slightly altered to provide a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1874/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

********************************************************************************

1874/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon a report from "a sailing vessel".

********************************************************************************

1874/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure reading of 980 mb 
not in storm's center (on 18 UTC, 7th of September) suggests winds of 
at least 73 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track as it is determined that the storm had already 
undergone extratropical transition by this point.  Storm determined to 
have reached hurricane status based upon several ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1874/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico and Texas.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation 
below tropical depression strength).

1874/04 - 2003 REVISION:

04905 09/02/1874 M= 6  4 SNBR= 154 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
04905 09/02/1874 M= 6  4 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

04910 09/02*204 946  40    0*207 950  40    0*212 953  40    0*215 956  40    0
04915 09/03*220 959  40    0*224 962  40    0*229 965  40    0*234 968  40    0
04920 09/04*239 970  50    0*244 971  50    0*250 976  50    0*255 978  50    0
04920 09/04*239 971  50    0*244 974  50    0*250 976  50    0*255 978  50    0
                ***              ***

04925 09/05*261 980  40    0*267 981  40    0*273 982  30    0*278 983  30    0
04930 09/06*283 984  30    0*288 985  30    0*292 985  30    0*297 985  30    0
04935 09/07*303 985  30    0*310 984  30    0*317 984  30    0*325 983  30    0
04940 TS  

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

1874/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  

********************************************************************************

1874/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Mexico, Florida and the eastern United States.  A pressure reading 
of 996 mb not in the storm's center (at 06 UTC, September 28th) suggests
winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A central pressure of 984 mb 
suggests 71 kt using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track.  A central pressure of 987 mb suggests 67 kt 
using the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track.  A central pressure of 980 mb suggests 73 kt using the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen as it is determined that 
the storm transitioned to extratropical.  The storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force from the 984 mb central pressure and reports from
the ship "Emma D. Finney".  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an 
extratropical storm).

1874/06 - 2003 REVISION:

04870 09/25/1874 M= 7  6 SNBR= 156 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
04870 09/25/1874 M= 7  6 SNBR= 159 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

04875 09/25*175 864  40    0*181 871  40    0*185 875  50    0*190 880  50    0
04875 09/25*175 864  40    0*181 871  40    0*185 875  50    0*190 880  40    0
                                                                        **

04880 09/26*196 884  40    0*204 886  40    0*212 888  40    0*222 885  40    0
04880 09/26*196 884  40    0*204 886  30    0*212 888  30    0*222 885  40    0
                                      **               **

04885 09/27*232 880  50    0*241 875  50    0*252 865  60    0*268 851  60    0
04885 09/27*232 880  50    0*242 875  50    0*252 865  60    0*268 851  60    0
                             ***

04890 09/28*282 836  70    0*295 825  60    0*310 810  70    0*324 801  70  984
04890 09/28*282 836  70    0*298 823  60    0*314 810  70    0*328 800  80  981
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***  **  ***

04895 09/29*339 795  70  987*354 789  60    0*368 780  50    0*389 760  50    0
04895 09/29*340 790  70    0*352 780  60    0*368 770  50    0*389 755  50    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***              ***              ***

04900 09/30*409 736  60    0*427 716  60    0E443 700  60    0E460 680  60  980
04905 10/01E480 655  50    0E500 630  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
04910 HRAFL1 SC1 NC1  

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
6-10/28/1874   0400Z 29.1N  82.8W   70kt  1    (985mb)  AFL1
6-10/28/1874   0300Z 29.1N  82.9W   70kt  1    (985mb)  AFL1
               ****         ****

6-10/28/1874   1900Z 32.6N  80.0W   70kt  1     984mb   SC1,NC1
6-10/28/1874   1800Z 32.8N  80.0W   80kt  1     981mb   SC1,NC1
               ****  ****           **          ***

Unrealistically small weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing 
over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Mexico.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 25th
and 26th.

Recent research by Prof. Cary Mock of the University of South Carolina
that there was a measurement of 981 mb from Georgetown which does appear 
to be a central pressure value.  (The hurricane appears to have maintained
intensity or slightly intensified between Charleston (984 mb) and
Georgetown (981 mb).)  981 mb suggest winds of 74 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track in part based upon 
destruction that occurred in Charleston.  The track is adjusted slightly to 
the east at and after landfall to accommodate this new data (included in 
full below):

Sept. 28, 1874, from the weather diary of Alexander Glennie at Georgetown, SC.
Wind strength was recorded in a numerical scale from 1-6, with 1 indicating a 
very light breeze and 6 indicating a violent storm.  Total precipitation at 
Georgetown was 1.5 inches, which suggests it didn't receive the brunt of the 
rainfall.
* Morning and Forenoon (probably sunrise, as the temperature observation is 
  at sunrise):  72 F, SE wind at 5, Rain, Gale
* Noon and Afternoon (temperature reading is at 2 pm):  73 F, E wind at 6, 
  heavy Gale Rain;  wind changed 3 pm to W.. Bar [barometer] at 3 pm 28.96
* Evening and Night (temperature reading is at 9 pm):  65 F, SW 3.

The News and Courier, Tuesday, Sept. 29, 1874, p. 1.

THE GREAT GALE OF 1874

A MEMORABLE DAY-FULL DETAILS OF THE AWFUL STORM.

	The long immunity which Charleston has enjoyed from disastrous 
gales was interrupted yesterday by a disaster which has probably destroyed 
over a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property.  In the early part 
of the present month everybody was on the lookout for the equinoctial 
storm, because there exists a kind of tradition that severe and disastrous 
equinoxes occur once in every twenty years, and it is just twenty years 
since the destructive gale of 1854.  But when the 21st of the month had 
passed without bringing the disagreeable visitor people began to think 
that Charleston would after all escape the dreadful infliction.  For over 
a fortnight the wind had been blowing steadily from the east, and at times 
the weather had assumed a threatening aspect, but not sufficiently so to 
warrant the apprehension of a gale.  On Sunday evening at a late hour it 
began to blow stiffly in puffs and to rain, and by daylight the wind had 
increased considerably, blowing from the east and southeast.  The steamer 
Dictator, which arrived in the morning, reported heavy weather at sea, but 
the captain failed to observe any indications of the coming blow.  About 
half-past six or seven o'clock in the morning the wind grew stronger, with 
heavy squalls and severe puffs, which created general apprehensions.  At 
eight o'clock it was evident that

	THE GALE WAS UPON US.

	The sea was heaving and tossing in the harbor, and the rapidly 
encroaching tide began to flood the wharves and streets.  The squalls kept 
constantly increasing in strength, and the masters of vessels in port 
began to look anxiously to their moorings.  At nine o'clock the tide had 
risen so high that it covered all the wharves on the eastern front of the 
city and flooded the streets to the depth of several feet.  Many of the 
wharves were washed up, and several vessels parted from their moorings and 
were driven on shore.

	THE SCENE FROM THE WHARVES

at this time was terrific.  In every direction drift wood, bales of 
cotton, wrecked boats and debris were being tossed about.  The wind, 
whistling through the rigging of the shipping, made melancholy music, and 
the blinding rain falling in torrents rendered efforts to save anything 
almost useless.  The tide rose to a great height, in many instances 
lifting the flooring from the piers and rendering it extremely hazardous 
for anybody to stand in the vicinity.  The sea in the harbor rolled 
mountain high, and the waves dashed over the piers in huge rollers.  At 
Accommodation wharf a bark was driven from her moorings high up on the 
landing into the wharf office of Campbell Wylly & Co., but was blown off a 
gain when the wind shifted.  So great was the force of the wind that the 
bowsprit of the vessel entered the second story of the building, which was 
of brick, and cut it completely in two, making a clean split.  At the 
wharf of the Sullivan's Island steamers the waves washed clear over the 
wood work, and the anxious crowd who had gathered there to hear tidings 
from friends on the Island were fairly driven back by the blinding rain 
and rapidly rising waters.  East Bay and Calhoun street were flooded with 
water to such a depth as to

	FLOAT THE CARS

of the Enterprise Railway from the track.  All the wharves above Market 
street were more or less damaged, but those below that point suffered the 
most.  At Vanderhorst wharf, a large flat loaded with phosphate rock 
intended for the ship Border Chieftain parted the fastenings, and was 
blown into three sloops in the dock, sinking them almost immediately.  The 
flat was then lifted by the waves and thrown transversely across the dock, 
making a complete bridge between the two piers.  The British bark 
Beltiate, which had lately arrived from Liverpool and was anchored in the 
stream, was blown from her moorings despite two heavy anchors held by 
seventy-five and forty-five feet of iron chain and dragged into the dock 
between Boyce and Atlantic wharf.  The wharf on the extreme southern limit 
of the eastern water front was completely washed away, and the piers 
immediately adjoining on the north, at which were moored the steamers City 
Point and Dictator, were also badly damaged.  The work of destruction 
continued without interruption until about half-past twelve, when

	THE WIND MODULATED

for a short time, and then shifted around to the south and west, when it 
again blew with full force for about an hour, tearing the slate and tin 
from the roofs of many buildings and blowing down trees and fences in 
every direction.  The change in the direction of the wind, however, had 
the effect of turning the tide, and in an incredible short time the waters 
began to fall, and people began to breathe easier.  As soon as the wind 
shifted the rain ceased to fall, and the streets, which had up to this 
time been dangerous to pedestrians on account of the falling shingles, 
signs, and fences, were now crowded with people who had come out to view 
the effects of the storm.

********************************************************************************

1874/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes appear to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Jamaica and Cuba.  
Used an accelerated decay rate over Cuba to take into account the 
enhanced topography.  The storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane force based upon description of severe damage in Jamaica.

1874/07 - 2003 REVISION:

05020 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 157 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
05020 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 160 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

05025 10/31*135 784  40    0*141 783  40    0*147 781  50    0*151 781  50    0
05030 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 775  80    0
05030 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 774  80    0
                                                                   ***

05035 11/02*177 771  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  50    0
05035 11/02*177 772  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  60    0
                ***                                                     **

05040 11/03*205 758  50    0*210 754  50    0*215 750  60    0*222 744  60    0
05045 11/04*231 739  70    0*237 734  70    0*245 730  70    0*255 725  70    0
05050 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  Winds 
brought up to 60 kt at 18Z on the 2nd, since the storm had not yet made 
landfall in Cuba.


1874/07 - 2006 REVISION:
                            
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
05100 10/31/1874 M= 5  7 SNBR= 161 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                                                    *

05105 10/31*135 784  40    0*141 783  40    0*147 781  50    0*151 781  50    0*
05110 11/01*157 779  60    0*160 778  60    0*164 776  70    0*171 774  80    0*
05115 11/02*177 772  90    0*184 770  70    0*191 766  60    0*199 761  60    0*
05120 11/03*205 758  50    0*210 754  50    0*215 750  60    0*222 744  60    0*
05125 11/04*231 739  70    0*237 734  70    0*245 730  70    0*255 725  70    0*
05130 HR                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should not have been indicated
to be a continental U.S. landfalling system.  The landfall indicator
is thus switched (from "XING=1" to "XING=0").

********************************************************************************

1875/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/02:  The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September
to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported 
in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1.  However, the other 
track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that 
shown in Neumann et al.  (1993) were large, but reasonable.  982 mb 
central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement 
and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 2.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central 
pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 
80 kt chosen for best track.  992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.  A 
pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC, 
September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track.  Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based
upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique,
Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure.
A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b).  Storm regained 
hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico 
based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in 
Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall.   

********************************************************************************

1875/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  The best track provided appears to describe the 
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).

********************************************************************************

1875/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  Storm is determined to have reached 
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1875/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the 
ship "E.E. Ruckett".

********************************************************************************

1876/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  970 mb central pressure suggests
82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************

1876/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States.  Used accelerated decay rate to 
take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba.  990 mb 
central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure 
suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  
985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as
storm was inland at this position.  A central pressure of 980 mb at
landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean  based 
upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and 
991 mb central pressure measurements.  Storm is determined to have
regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land 
(Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated 
central pressure at landfall.

1876/02 - 2003 REVISION:

05230 09/12/1876 M= 8  2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8  2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

05235 09/12*177 585  70    0*177 597  70    0*179 610  70    0*180 621  70    0
05235 09/12*177 585  70    0*177 597  70    0*179 610  80    0*180 621  90    0
                                                       **               **

05240 09/13*180 634  70    0*181 643  70  990*182 653  70  990*184 666  70  991
05240 09/13*180 634 100    0*180 646 100    0*181 660  90    0*183 676  70  991 
                    ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** ***      

05245 09/14*187 684  70    0*190 701  60    0*192 720  50    0*197 734  50    0
05245 09/14*186 692  70    0*189 707  60    0*193 720  50    0*197 734  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***                       

05250 09/15*201 748  50    0*204 761  50    0*207 776  50    0*210 786  50    0
05250 09/15*201 748  70    0*204 761  60    0*207 776  50    0*210 786  50    0
                     **               **

05255 09/16*217 796  50    0*229 800  50  999*245 800  60    0*266 794  60    0
05260 09/17*288 786  70    0*314 783  70    0*335 778  80  980*360 773  60  985
05260 09/17*288 786  70    0*314 783  70    0*335 778  80  980*360 773  70  985
                                                                        **

05265 09/18*382 773  50    0*408 781  40    0*425 775  40    0*430 761  40    0
05265 09/18*382 773  60  987*408 781  50    0*425 775  40    0*430 761  40    0
                     **  ***          **

05270 09/19*430 745  30    0*427 730  30    0*423 715  30    0*420 700  30    0
05275 HR NC1      
05275 HR NC1 VA1     
             ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-9/17/1876    1400Z 34.4N  77.6W   80kt  1     980mb     NC1
2-9/17/1876    1400Z 34.4N  77.6W   80kt  1     980mb     NC1,VA1
                                                              ***

Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage
and occasional F3 destruction.  Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally
thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be
peripheral pressure measurements.  Thus this hurricane is estimated
here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major
hurricane.  Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track
and intensity.  A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship.  Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and
rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest
increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship.
These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall.  A central
pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane
transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt.  Due to the
small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the
best track.  Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal 
communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained 
hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon 
moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 14th and 15th.  Observations of sustained hurricane force 
winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane 
History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early 
on the 18th.  A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest
winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for best track because of inland location.  The hurricane is known as 
"San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003).

********************************************************************************

1876/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2.  

********************************************************************************

1876/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an
accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.  The storm is
determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from
the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua.

********************************************************************************

1876/05:  Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  The first
is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest 
Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de
Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  The second major
change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near 
Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994).
Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in 
Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz.  
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  973 mb 
central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen.  976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using 
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best 
track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure 
observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind 
observations from Key West, Florida.

1876/05 - 2003 REVISION:

05350 10/12/1876 M=12  5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
05350 10/12/1876 M=12  5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

05355 10/12*120 790  40    0*122 790  40    0*124 790  50    0*126 790  50    0
05360 10/13*128 790  50    0*130 791  50    0*132 792  50    0*135 792  50    0
05365 10/14*138 794  50    0*141 795  50    0*144 796  50    0*147 797  50    0
05370 10/15*150 798  50    0*154 799  50    0*158 800  50    0*162 801  50    0
05375 10/16*166 802  50    0*170 803  50    0*174 804  60    0*178 805  60    0
05380 10/17*182 806  70    0*186 807  70    0*190 808  80    0*194 809  80    0
05385 10/18*197 811  90    0*202 813  90    0*207 816  90    0*212 818  90    0
05385 10/18*197 811  90    0*202 813  90    0*207 815  90    0*212 817  90    0
                                                  ***              ***

05390 10/19*217 819  90    0*221 819  90    0*227 820  90    0*236 820  90  971
05390 10/19*217 819 100    0*223 822 100    0*227 823 100  958*236 823  90    0 
                    ***      *** *** ***          *** ***  ***     ***      ***

05395 10/20*247 819  90  973*260 813  90    0*275 805  80    0*288 796  80  976
05400 10/21*300 788  80    0*310 779  80    0*319 767  80    0*325 749  80    0
05405 10/22*330 726  80    0*333 698  80    0*335 678  70    0*335 666  70    0
05410 10/23*338 656  70    0*339 646  70    0*340 635  60    0*342 620  60    0
05415 HRBFL2CFL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for 
this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of 
102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the 
best track.  This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a 
Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  The original listing 
of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be, 
instead, a peripheral pressure.  The track is shifted slightly to the west to 
take into account this new center fix location.  The hurricane is known as El 
Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).

********************************************************************************

1877/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1877/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over SE United States after final landfall in Florida.  Storm is determined 
to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the description of winds and 
effects along the Gulf coast.  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1877/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane force based upon reports from the ship "Harlcy John" 
and from wind reports at St. Paul Island, Canada.

********************************************************************************

1877/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the eastern United States.  Storm tide is reported as 12' for St.
Marks, Florida from Barnes (1998).  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane intensity based upon storm tide in St. Marks as well as reports from
the ship "Sarah Hall".

05655 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 172 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
05655 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

05660 09/21*117 555  50    0*117 565  50    0*117 577  60    0*118 591  60    0
05665 09/22*118 605  70    0*118 620  70    0*117 633  80    0*116 644  80    0
05670 09/23*116 658  90    0*116 670  90    0*117 680  90    0*118 691  90    0
05675 09/24*121 703  90    0*123 714  90    0*127 725  90    0*130 736  90    0
05680 09/25*133 746  80    0*137 759  80    0*140 770  80    0*143 780  80    0
05685 09/26*147 791  70    0*150 801  70    0*153 810  70    0*157 816  70    0
05690 09/27*161 821  70    0*167 826  70    0*171 831  70    0*177 836  70    0
05695 09/28*182 843  70    0*189 851  70    0*195 855  70    0*201 859  70    0
05700 09/29*206 861  70    0*212 864  70    0*219 868  70    0*224 870  70    0
05705 09/30*227 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*237 875  70    0*244 876  70    0
05705 09/30*229 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*239 875  70    0*244 877  70    0
            ***                               ***                  ***

05710 10/01*247 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 876  80    0*265 876  80    0
05710 10/01*249 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 877  80    0*265 876  80    0
            ***                                   ***

05715 10/02*271 875  90    0*275 873  90    0*280 870  90    0*288 864  90    0
05720 10/03*295 859 100    0*301 853  90    0*307 845  70    0*317 833  50    0
05725 10/04*328 821  40    0*339 808  40    0E350 793  50    0E369 774  50    0
05730 10/05E393 749  60    0E408 724  60    0E420 695  50    0E435 660  50    0
05735 HRAFL3 GA1

Track adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.


1877/04 - 2006 REVISION:

05735 09/21/1877 M=15  4 SNBR= 176 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
05740 09/21*117 555  50    0*117 565  50    0*117 577  60    0*118 591  60    0*
05745 09/22*118 605  70    0*118 620  70    0*117 633  80    0*116 644  80    0*
05750 09/23*116 658  90    0*116 670  90    0*117 680  90    0*118 691  90    0*
05755 09/24*121 703  90    0*123 714  90    0*127 725  90    0*130 736  90    0*
05760 09/25*133 746  80    0*137 759  80    0*140 770  80    0*143 780  80    0*
05765 09/26*147 791  70    0*150 801  70    0*153 810  70    0*157 816  70    0*
05770 09/27*161 821  70    0*167 826  70    0*171 831  70    0*177 836  70    0*
05775 09/28*182 843  70    0*189 851  70    0*195 855  70    0*201 859  70    0*
05780 09/29*206 861  70    0*212 864  70    0*219 868  70    0*224 870  70    0*
05785 09/30*229 871  70    0*234 873  70    0*239 875  70    0*244 877  70    0*
05790 10/01*249 878  80    0*254 878  80    0*260 877  80    0*265 876  80    0*
05795 10/02*271 875  90    0*275 873  90    0*280 870  90    0*288 864  90    0*
05800 10/03*295 859 100    0*301 853  90    0*307 845  70    0*317 833  50    0*
05805 10/04*328 821  40    0*339 808  40    0E350 793  50    0E369 774  50    0*
05810 10/05E393 749  60    0E408 724  60    0E420 695  50    0E435 660  50    0*
05815 HRAFL3 GA1                                                                
05815 HRAFL3IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

1877/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).

********************************************************************************

1877/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  

********************************************************************************

1877/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

1877/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as 
a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

********************************************************************************

1878/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Florida.  

1878/01 - 2003 REVISION:

05790 07/01/1878 M= 3  1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3  1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

05795 07/01*254 873  40    0*254 866  40    0*255 860  40    0*256 850  40    0
05800 07/02*257 843  40    0*258 835  40    0*259 824  40    0*263 810  40    0
05800 07/02*257 843  40    0*258 835  40    0*259 824  40    0*263 810  30    0
                                                                        **

05805 07/03*273 796  40    0*280 783  40    0*287 770  40    0*294 756  40    0
05810 TS 

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida,
even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model.  In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was
used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd.

********************************************************************************

1878/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated 
decay rate to account for enhance topography.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang".
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this 
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a 
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
  
1878/02 - 2003 REVISION:

05905 08/08/1878 M=12  2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
05905 08/08/1878 M=12  2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

05910 08/08*150 605  40    0*149 610  40    0*147 615  40    0*146 619  40    0
05915 08/09*146 624  40    0*146 628  40    0*145 633  40    0*145 641  40    0
05920 08/10*144 649  40    0*144 656  40    0*143 665  40    0*142 676  40    0
05925 08/11*141 686  40    0*140 700  40    0*140 713  40    0*141 730  40    0
05930 08/12*143 746  50    0*145 761  50    0*150 775  50    0*159 786  50    0
05935 08/13*166 796  50    0*174 806  50    0*180 815  50    0*187 825  50    0
05940 08/14*195 833  60    0*202 841  60    0*210 850  60    0*215 856  60    0
05945 08/15*220 861  70    0*225 868  70    0*228 875  70    0*229 881  70    0
05950 08/16*230 890  70    0*230 896  70    0*230 903  70    0*230 911  70    0
05955 08/17*230 921  70    0*230 930  70    0*230 940  70    0*230 948  70    0
05960 08/18*229 956  70    0*227 965  70    0*227 975  70    0*226 985  40    0
05960 08/18*229 956  70    0*228 965  70    0*227 975  70    0*226 985  40    0
                             ***

05965 08/19*225 992  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
05970 HR

Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1878/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day
to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb 
central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely 
high latitude and cold waters.  Storm determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb
central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at 
Magdalene Islands, Canada.

********************************************************************************

1878/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  996 mb central pressures suggests
55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track.  972 mb central pressure suggests
84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track.  975 mb central pressure suggests
78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings
as well as several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1878/05 - 2000 ORIGINAL:

Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown
in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 3.  These include indicating a loop in the track from 
the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track.  
Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in 
Partagas and Diaz.  A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's
center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least
72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen 
for best track.  A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's 
center (at 06 UTC on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.  
A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC
on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track.  A pressure reading
of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th) 
suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track.  A pressure reading
of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th) 
suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States.  Used an accelerated
decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean 
based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad, 
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports.  The storm 
regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several 
ship reports.  The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in
the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990
and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York",
as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina.


1878/05 - 2003 REVISION:

05935 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
05935 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

05940 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0
05945 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0
05950 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0
05955 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  80    0*190 730  70    0*196 739  70    0
05955 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0
                                      **      ***      **      *** 

05960 09/05*199 746  70    0*202 756  60    0*205 766  60    0*207 771  60    0
05960 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

05965 09/06*211 778  50    0*214 783  50    0*217 786  50    0*221 793  50    0
05965 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

05970 09/07*222 799  50    0*226 804  50    0*230 806  50    0*237 809  50    0
05970 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

05975 09/08*246 810  60    0*252 810  60    0*260 815  60    0*266 821  60    0
05975 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0
            ***              *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

05980 09/09*266 829  70    0*259 831  70    0*255 834  70    0*252 831  70    0
05980 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

05985 09/10*251 826  70    0*252 818  70    0*260 811  60    0*270 808  50    0
05985 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  

05990 09/11*279 806  50    0*288 806  60    0*297 806  70    0*305 806  70    0
05990 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

05995 09/12*312 806  80    0*317 806  80    0*325 805  80    0*345 801  60    0
05995 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0
            ***                  ***              ***          ***

06000 09/13*368 798  50    0E392 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
06000 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
            ***              ***

06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1    
06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1    
        ********

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date          Time   Lat    Lon     Max  Landfall
                                     Winds  State
5- 9/ 8/1878$   0100Z  24.7   81.0    60     FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$   2100Z  24.7   80.9    60     FL
      *         *****         ****

5- 9/ 8/1878$   0600Z  25.2   81.0    60     FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$   0200Z  25.2   81.0    60     FL
                *****       

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/10/1878$   1000Z 25.7N  81.3W   70kt  1    (985mb)    BFL1
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W   90kt  2    (970mb)    BFL2,DFL1
               ***** *****  *****   ****  *    *******    **** ****

5-9/12/1878    1000Z 32.2N  80.5W   80kt  1    (976mb)    NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W   80kt  1    (976mb)    NC1,SC1,GA1
               ****  ****   *****


Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work 
by Ho (1989).  In particular, additional observations were provided from
Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in
both track and intensity.  Observations from Key West showed that the
system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21 UTC on the 
7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly
thereafter.  All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north 
and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified.  Early on the 10th,
it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12 UTC
on the 10th, likely north of Tampa.  Observations from St. Augustine showed 
that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02 UTC on the 11th 
with a central pressure of 985 mb.  (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is 
in conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the
observer may have had a high bias at the former station.  However, strong
winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a 
combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient 
induced by a strong ridge to the north.  This ridge also blocked the storm 
and induced a slow motion for the same days.)  The hurricane's track was 
altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data.  The 985 mb 
central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the
Atlantic at 06 UTC on the 11th .  From this 985 mb central pressure and that 
the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure
was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure-
decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987).  A 970 mb central pressure suggests
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
is chosen for the winds at landfall.  Winds are reduced on the 4th to 
account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola.  Track also 
adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon 
re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000).  Assignment of 
Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000).


1878/05 - 2004 REVISION:

06080 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06080 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06085 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0
06090 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0
06095 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0
06100 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0
06105 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0
06110 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0
06115 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0
06120 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0
06125 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0
06130 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0
06135 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0
06140 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0
06145 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0
06150 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06150 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1
        ****         *** 

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W  90kt   2     (970mb)   BFL2,DFL1
5-9/10/1878$   1100Z 28.6N  82.6W  90kt   2     (970mb)   AFL2,BFL2,DFL1
                                                          ****
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W  80kt   1     (976mb)   NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878    1200Z 32.5N  80.4W  80kt   1     (976mb)   SC1,GA1
                                                          ***

After a thorough review of all U.S. landfalling hurricanes for the 1851 to 
1910 period by Dickinson et al. (2004 and pers. comm.) using their
numerical analysis and modeling system, two hurricanes were found to have 
inconsistencies between the assigned Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and the 
estimated maximum 1-min surface winds:  1855/05 and 1878/05.  In this case, 
the assignment of Category 1 hurricane impact for North Carolina does not
appear consistent with landfall in southern South Carolina.  The original
assessment of Category 1 conditions for North Carolina were based upon
observed 65 kt winds at Cape Lookout (see above).  It has subsequently
been learned since 2000 that the 4 cup Robinson anemometer of the time had a 
severe high bias.  These 5 min observed winds of 65 kt convert to 50 kt 
after accounting for their high bias (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 
53 kt after converting from a 5 min to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 
1996).  While peak 1 min winds were likely somewhat higher than this somewhere
in North Carolina, direct and indirect evidence suggests that only tropical
storm conditions impacted the state.  There were three other peak observations
available between Myrtle Beach, SC and Cape Lookout, NC:  Smithville, NC (now 
Southport) - SE 42 kt, Wilmington, NC - SE 26 kt, Sloop Point, NC (northeast
of Wilmington near Top Sail Beach) - 55 kt (estimated), and Cape Lookout.  
Thus these other measurements are also consistent with tropical storm
conditions in North Carolina and North Carolina is removed from
the listing as having sustained hurricane force conditions from this
hurricane. Northwest Florida added as Category 2 impact due to location
of the landfall.


1878/05 - 2006 REVISION:

06120 09/01/1878 M=13  5 SNBR= 185 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
06125 09/01* 85 542  50    0* 87 556  50    0* 90 570  60    0* 96 584  60    0*
06130 09/02*103 599  70    0*113 617  80    0*123 633  80    0*133 648  80    0*
06135 09/03*143 663  80    0*152 678  80    0*160 693  80    0*167 701  80    0*
06140 09/04*175 711  80    0*182 721  70    0*189 730  60    0*195 739  70    0*
06145 09/05*200 746  70    0*205 756  60    0*210 766  60    0*215 771  60    0*
06150 09/06*219 778  50    0*221 784  50    0*223 790  50    0*225 795  50    0*
06155 09/07*228 800  50    0*231 805  50    0*236 808  50    0*243 809  50    0*
06160 09/08*250 810  60    0*258 812  50    0*265 815  40    0*269 819  40    0*
06165 09/09*272 824  40    0*274 829  50    0*276 833  60    0*278 835  70    0*
06170 09/10*280 834  80    0*283 830  90    0*287 825  80  970*292 820  70    0*
06175 09/11*297 815  60  985*301 811  70    0*305 809  80    0*309 807  80    0*
06180 09/12*313 806  80    0*318 805  80    0*325 804  80    0*340 801  60    0*
06185 09/13*365 798  50    0E390 794  50    0E415 790  40    0E440 785  40    0*
06190 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1                                                        
06190 HRAFL2BFL2DFL1 SC1 GA1                                                
        ****
            
Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should have been listed as a Category 2
hurricane for northwestern Florida ("AFL") as well as southwestern Florida,
based upon the intensity of the hurricane at landfall and its location.
Thus "AFL2" is added into the listing of U.S. continental hurricane
impacts.

********************************************************************************

1878/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship 
reports.  

********************************************************************************

1878/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.  
938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track.  This storm is determined 
to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon 
reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps".  The 
hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based 
upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship 
reports. 

06160 09/24/1878 M=15  7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
06160 09/24/1878 M=15  7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

06165 09/24*151 719  40    0*155 719  40    0*160 720  50    0*162 720  50    0
06170 09/25*164 720  60    0*167 721  60    0*170 721  70    0*176 723  70    0
06170 09/25*164 720  60    0*167 721  60    0*170 721  70    0*176 722  70    0
                                                                   ***

06175 09/26*180 724  70    0*184 724  60    0*187 725  50    0*192 726  50    0
06175 09/26*180 723  70    0*184 724  60    0*187 725  50    0*192 726  40    0
                ***                                                     **

06180 09/27*195 726  50    0*197 726  50    0*201 726  60    0*205 726  60    0
06180 09/27*195 726  40    0*197 726  40    0*201 726  50    0*205 727  60    0
                     **               **               **          ***

06185 09/28*209 728  70    0*212 728  70    0*216 730  70    0*221 731  70    0
06185 09/28*209 728  70    0*212 729  70    0*216 730  70    0*221 731  70    0
                                 ***

06190 09/29*224 733  80    0*227 734  80    0*232 735  80    0*236 735  80    0
06195 09/30*239 735  90    0*242 735  90    0*247 735  90    0*254 735  90    0
06200 10/01*258 735 100    0*263 734 100    0*268 733 100    0*274 731 100    0
06205 10/02*276 731 110    0*280 731 110    0*285 730 110    0*289 729 110    0
06210 10/03*293 726 120    0*298 725 120    0*302 721 120    0*308 719 120    0
06215 10/04*314 715 120    0*319 711 120    0*325 706 120    0*333 700 120    0
06220 10/05*339 693 110    0*344 686 110    0*350 677 110    0*360 666 110    0
06225 10/06*373 648 110    0*385 626 110    0*397 605 110    0*407 583 110    0
06230 10/07*417 555 110    0*427 519 110    0*435 485 110  938*448 443 100    0
06235 10/08*462 395 100    0*475 355 100    0*485 310  90    0*495 270  90    0
06240 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  Winds
slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola
and accounting for reasonable weakening.

********************************************************************************

1878/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 6.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The 
storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic 
Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central 
pressure reading.

1878/08 - 2003 REVISION:

06245 10/09/1878 M= 7  8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7  8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06250 10/09*235 913  40    0*246 911  40    0*256 906  40    0*263 901  40    0
06255 10/10*268 896  50    0*273 891  50    0*281 881  50    0*292 866  50    0
06260 10/11*306 838  50    0*315 808  50    0*327 781  60    0*335 766  60    0
06260 10/11*306 838  40    0*315 808  40    0*327 781  50    0*335 766  60    0
                     **               **               **

06265 10/12*345 750  70    0*358 736  70    0*370 725  70    0*388 705  70    0
06270 10/13*402 681  70    0*418 651  70    0*429 626  70  982*438 597  70    0
06275 10/14*445 568  70    0*452 533  70    0*455 500  70    0*455 475  70    0
06280 10/15E455 440  60    0E455 409  60    0E455 375  60    0E455 340  60    0
06285 HR

Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over
Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland 
decay model.  

********************************************************************************

1878/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7.  Note 
that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on 
the 16th of October.  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon several ship observations.

********************************************************************************

1878/10:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8.  951 mb 
central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is 
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the 
951 mb central pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************

1878/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 9.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  975 mb 
central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this 
point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting 
higher winds than 78 kt).  The best track provided appears to describe 
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a 
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an 
extratropical storm).  The storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S. 
states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the 
central pressure reading.  

1878/11 - 2003 REVISION:

06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06285 10/18*172 796  40    0*177 801  40    0*180 805  50    0*182 806  50    0
06290 10/19*185 809  60    0*187 811  60    0*190 813  60    0*194 816  60    0
06295 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  70    0*212 824  70    0
06295 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  80    0*212 824  80    0
                                                       **               **

06300 10/21*219 824  70    0*225 823  70    0*232 820  70    0*244 810  70    0
06300 10/21*219 824  90    0*225 822  90    0*232 818  80    0*244 810  70    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **

06305 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*312 780  80    0
06305 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*307 780  80    0
                                                               ***

06310 10/23*340 776  90    0*365 775  80    0*389 770  80  975*405 760  70    0
06310 10/23*330 774  90  963*357 770  90    0*390 772  80  975*415 754  70    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

06315 10/24*422 740  60    0*427 716  60    0*425 689  60    0*415 666  60    0
06315 10/24E427 736  60    0E429 714  50    0E425 688  50    0E415 666  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **

06320 10/25E409 650  50    0E402 631  50    0E395 613  50    0E390 598  50    0
06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1


U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
11-10/23/1878  0100Z 34.4N  77.6W   90kt  2    (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
11-10/23/1878  0400Z 34.8N  77.1W   90kt  2    (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
               ***** *****  *****              *******

Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this
system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused
damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate. 
Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st,
accordingly.
 
Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until
the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000).  Changes
do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina.
They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond
to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  90 kt is kept
for landfall intensity.  Additional observations were obtained from the
new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003).  A 10 foot storm tide was observed 
in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and 
12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003).


1878/11 - 2006 REVISION:

06465 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
06470 10/18*172 796  40    0*177 801  40    0*180 805  50    0*182 806  50    0*
06475 10/19*185 809  60    0*187 811  60    0*190 813  60    0*194 816  60    0*
06480 10/20*197 819  70    0*202 821  70    0*207 824  80    0*212 824  80    0*
06485 10/21*219 824  90    0*225 822  90    0*232 818  80    0*244 810  70    0*
06490 10/22*259 798  70    0*273 793  70    0*287 788  80    0*307 780  80    0*
06495 10/23*330 774  90  963*357 770  90    0*390 772  80  975*415 754  70    0*
06500 10/24E427 736  60    0E429 714  50    0E425 688  50    0E415 666  50    0*
06505 10/25E409 650  50    0E402 631  50    0E395 613  50    0E390 598  50    0*
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1
06510 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1IPA1  
                            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing Category
1 hurricane impact in Pennsylvania based upon the track and intensity
shown in HURDAT.  This is consistent with observations of high winds
and storm surge that occurred in Philadelphia.

********************************************************************************

1878/12:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 10.  Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its 
impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm 
intensity).

********************************************************************************

1879/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this 
newly documented hurricane.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1879/02:  Only substantial change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to alter 
the track near the U.S. eastern seaboard to accommodate observations 
described in Ho (1989).  Track has otherwise reasonable though large 
alterations by Partagas and Diaz (1995b) from that shown in Neumann et al. 
(1993), originally storm number 1.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  
Ho (1989) estimated 971 mb at landfall in North Carolina with a small radius 
of maximum wind (16 n mi).  971 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  However, due to the small RMW, 
winds are chosen for the best track to be 100 kt. This is the basis for 
determining that this storm reached major hurricane intensity.  979 mb 
central pressure (while back over water) suggests winds of 74 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen to take into account the 
small RMW.  984 mb central pressure (twice) suggest winds of 69 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, again because of small 
RMW.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of 
this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as
a major hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

1879/02 - 2003 REVISION:

06425 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06425 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06430 08/13*190 580  40    0*190 590  40    0*190 600  40    0*190 613  40    0
06435 08/14*191 629  40    0*192 645  40    0*192 656  40    0*195 668  40    0
06440 08/15*197 680  40    0*201 690  40    0*205 700  50    0*212 711  50    0
06445 08/16*217 721  60    0*225 729  60    0*232 736  70    0*242 746  70    0
06450 08/17*252 756  80    0*265 769  80    0*277 776  90    0*293 784  90    0
06455 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  90  979
06455 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  80  979
                                                                        **

06460 08/19*395 734  80  984*414 708  80  984*433 680  70    0*448 654  60    0
06460 08/19*395 734  70    0*414 708  70  984*433 680  60    0*448 654  60    0
                     **  ***          **               **

06465 08/20*465 617  60    0*482 583  60    0*493 550  50    0*502 515  50    0
06470 HR NC3 VA1 MA1
06470 HR NC3 VA2 
             *** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
2-8/18/1879    1200Z 34.7N  76.7W  100kt  3      971mb     NC3,VA1
2-8/18/1879    1200Z 34.7N  76.7W  100kt  3      971mb     NC3,VA2
                                                               ***

2-8/19/1879    0600Z 41.4N  70.8W   80kt  1      984mb     MA1
2-8/19/1879    0600Z 41.4N  70.8W   60kt  TS     984mb     (None)
                                    **    **               ******


Analysis of this hurricane's impacts in Virginia by Roth and Cobb (2001)
from wind and storm surge caused damage suggest that Category 2 conditions
are more representative of what occurred in and around Norfolk, Virginia.
(Note that Category 1 sustained windspeeds were observed in Cape Henry,
Virginia before the anemometer was destroyed by the wind.  Presumably
higher winds would have been measured if the anemometer continued to 
function.)  A storm surge of 7' (personal communication - B. Jarvinen,
total storm tide of 8' from Roth and Cobb) was observed at Norfolk.  (No 
changes were needed to the 6 hourly intervals in HURDAT.)  

Boose et al. (2001) did not include this hurricane in their publication 
on New England hurricanes.  Boose (personal communication) indicated
that their analysis found only F0 damage in Massachusetts, New York and
Rhode Island, not reaching their criterion for hurricane-intensity impacts.  
The original supposition that the hurricane retained a tight RMW at a second
landfall in Massachusetts (after landfall in North Carolina) does not
have much substantiation, though the 984 mb central pressure is valid.  
Given the observations of only 40 kt in New England and lack of hurricane-
wind caused damages it appears that either the RMW stayed offshore, the
hurricane had weakened or both was true.  The 979 mb central pressure 
at 1930Z on the 18th had been utilized to support a 90 kt wind at 18Z,
under the supposition that the small RMW would cause the maximum winds to
be substantially higher than the northern wind-pressure relationship
suggested winds (of 74 kt).  This has been reduced slightly down to 80 kt
at 18Z on the 18th.  The 984 mb central pressure is used directly to 
estimate the peak winds while the hurricane made landfall - 69 kt from the 
northern pressure-wind relationship.  Thus 70 kt chosen for the best track 
at 06Z on the 19th, reduced from 80 kt.  Highest estimated wind in New 
England is 60 kt, as the RMW with hurricane force winds likely remained 
offshore.


1879/02 - 2006 REVISION:

06595 08/13/1879 M= 8  2 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
06600 08/13*190 580  40    0*190 590  40    0*190 600  40    0*190 613  40    0*
06605 08/14*191 629  40    0*192 645  40    0*192 656  40    0*195 668  40    0*
06610 08/15*197 680  40    0*201 690  40    0*205 700  50    0*212 711  50    0*
06615 08/16*217 721  60    0*225 729  60    0*232 736  70    0*242 746  70    0*
06620 08/17*252 756  80    0*265 769  80    0*277 776  90    0*293 784  90    0*
06625 08/18*312 784 100    0*328 779 100    0*345 768 100  971*373 754  90  979*
06630 08/19*395 734  80  984*414 708  70  984*433 680  60    0*448 654  60    0*
06635 08/20*465 617  60    0*482 583  60    0*493 550  50    0*502 515  50    0*
06640 HR NC3 VA2                                                                
06640 HR NC3 VA2 MA1 
                 ***

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing a Category
1 hurricane impact in Massachusetts.  Previously, it was estimated that
the hurricane force winds stayed offshore as the hurricane clipped New England.
However, upon further inspection of the track and intensity, it is likely
that hurricane force winds were felt in southeastern Massachusetts.

********************************************************************************

1879/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2.  These track changes appear to be reasonable.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of 
Mexico and the SE United States.  982 mb estimated central pressure at 
landfall in Texas suggest 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports 
from the ship "Elvina".  The storm reintensified into a hurricane in the 
Gulf of Mexico based upon destruction reported in Orange, Texas and the 
estimated central pressure value.
 
1879/03 - 2003 REVISION:

06460 08/19/1879 M= 6  3 SNBR= 191 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
06460 08/19/1879 M= 6  3 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

06465 08/19*167 811  60    0*171 821  60    0*175 830  60    0*180 841  60    0
06470 08/20*185 854  70    0*191 865  70    0*197 876  70    0*202 890  60    0
06475 08/21*210 903  60    0*220 915  60    0*230 925  70    0*240 930  70    0
06480 08/22*250 935  70    0*261 938  70    0*273 940  80    0*281 941  80    0
06480 08/22*250 935  80    0*261 938  80    0*271 940  90    0*281 942  90    0
                     **               **      ***      **          ***  **

06485 08/23*290 943  80  982*300 944  70    0*310 943  50    0*322 938  40    0
06485 08/23*293 944  90  964*308 942  70    0*323 938  60  988*335 933  50    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***          *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

06490 08/24*335 928  40    0*350 916  40    0*360 905  40    0*372 886  40    0
06490 08/24*344 926  40    0*352 916  30    0*360 905  30    0*368 886  30    0
            *** ***          ***      **               **      ***      **     

06495 HRCTX1 LA1
06495 HRCTX2 LA2
        **** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/23/1879    0300Z 29.5N  94.4W   80kt  1      982mb     CTX1,LA1
3-8/23/1879    0200Z 29.6N  94.4W   90kt  2      964mb     CTX2,LA2
               ****  ****           **    *      ***       **** ***

Details of this hurricane near and after landfall were reconsidered given
the information from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) of a possible central 
pressure of 988 mb inland at Shreveport, Louisiana.  The central pressure
decay relationship from Ho et al. (1987) is utilized along with a
10 hour over land trek by the hurricane to estimate a 964 mb central
pressure at landfall.  The Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship
suggests winds of 95 kt - 90 kt chosen for the best track at landfall.
The 988 mb central pressure at Shreveport suggests winds of 65 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT.  The track and 
intensity were adjusted accordingly on the 22nd and 23rd.  Decay stage of 
this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation over land 
inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track,
leading to slight revisions downward in intensity on the 24th.

********************************************************************************

1879/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the SE United States.  Morgan City's sea level pressure of 972 mb not in 
storm's center (at 12 UTC, the 1st of September) suggests winds of at 
least 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached major 
hurricane status at landfall based upon destruction described in Morgan 
City, Louisiana as well as the peripheral pressure report.

1879/04 - 2003 REVISION:

06500 08/29/1879 M= 5  4 SNBR= 192 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06500 08/29/1879 M= 5  4 SNBR= 195 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06505 08/29*235 885  50    0*237 888  50    0*240 891  50    0*242 893  50    0
06510 08/30*244 896  70    0*247 900  70    0*250 903  80    0*254 906  80    0
06515 08/31*258 910  90    0*262 913  90    0*268 916 100    0*273 916 100    0
06515 08/31*258 910  90    0*262 913  90    0*268 915 100    0*273 916 100    0
                                                  ***

06520 09/01*278 917 110    0*283 916 110    0*288 916 110    0*299 911  90    0
06520 09/01*278 917 110    0*283 916 110    0*288 915 110    0*299 911  90    0
                                                  ***

06525 09/02*312 905  60    0*324 899  50    0*335 885  40    0*348 871  40    0
06525 09/02*312 905  60    0*324 899  50    0*335 885  40    0*348 871  30    0
                                                                        **

06530 HR LA3

Track altered slightly on the 31st and 1st to provide a more realistic
smooth track.  Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before 
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the 
best track.

********************************************************************************

1879/05:  Storm was originally #6 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1879/05 - 2003 REVISION:

06535 10/03/1879 M= 5  5 SNBR= 193 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06535 10/03/1879 M= 5  5 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06540 10/03*145 776  40    0*154 786  40    0*162 795  40    0*172 804  40    0
06545 10/04*182 814  40    0*191 821  40    0*200 830  40    0*207 839  40    0
06550 10/05*216 846  40    0*224 854  40    0*231 859  40    0*237 864  40    0
06555 10/06*244 869  50    0*250 874  50    0*258 879  50    0*267 884  50    0
06560 10/07*280 889  50    0*293 893  50    0*312 900  40    0*330 905  40    0
06560 10/07*280 889  50    0*293 893  50    0*312 900  40    0*330 905  30    0
                                                                        **

06565 TS  

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1879/06:  Storm was originally #7 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track unaltered from 
Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the SE United States.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1879/06 - 2003 REVISION:

06570 10/09/1879 M= 8  6 SNBR= 194 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06570 10/09/1879 M= 8  6 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06575 10/09*142 560  40    0*142 572  40    0*143 585  40    0*144 599  40    0
06580 10/10*146 614  40    0*148 632  40    0*150 650  40    0*152 664  40    0
06585 10/11*154 681  40    0*157 700  40    0*160 720  50    0*162 736  50    0
06590 10/12*167 751  50    0*175 768  50    0*181 783  50    0*187 793  50    0
06595 10/13*192 803  50    0*200 811  50    0*204 819  50    0*210 826  50    0
06600 10/14*217 831  50    0*225 835  50    0*232 839  50    0*241 841  50    0
06605 10/15*249 843  50    0*259 845  50    0*268 848  50    0*277 851  50    0
06610 10/16*287 856  50    0*299 864  50    0*313 871  40    0*330 880  40    0
06610 10/16*287 856  50    0*299 864  50    0*313 871  40    0*330 880  30    0
                                                                        **

06615 TS  

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1879/07:  Storm was originally #8 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized 
for inland winds over Florida.  Storm is documented to have reached 
hurricane status based upon several ship reports. 

********************************************************************************

1879/08:  Storm was originally #9 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Central pressure of 968 mb suggests winds of 84 kt from 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen, in part because the 
hurricane had transitioned to an extratropical storm about six hours 
previously.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based 
upon the central pressure measurement and several ship observations.

1879/08 - 2003 REVISION:

06765 11/18/1879 M= 4  8 SNBR= 196 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
06765 11/18/1879 M= 4  8 SNBR= 199 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

06770 11/18*217 735  60    0*225 735  60    0*235 735  60    0*242 735  60    0
06775 11/19*252 735  70    0*263 735  70    0*280 735  80    0*306 730  80    0
06780 11/20*335 720  90    0*363 700  90    0*390 680  80    0*425 648  80  968
06780 11/20*335 720  90    0*363 700  90    0E390 680  80    0E425 648  80  968
                                             *                *

06785 11/21*458 618  70    0*493 587  60    0*530 555  50    0*550 540  50    0
06785 11/21E458 618  70    0E493 587  60    0E530 555  50    0E550 540  50    0
           *                *                *                *

06790 HR

Despite the description in the original writeup of an extratropical stage
beginning on the 20th, no such stage was indicated in HURDAT.  This is now
corrected for the 20th and 21st.

********************************************************************************

1879 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #5 in 1879 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) 
and storm number 4 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the 
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually 
exist as a tropical cyclone.  Following the suggestion by Partagas and 
Diaz, this event was instead determined to be an unusually early, long-
lasting and intense "norther" (cold front).  Additional investigation for 
this system found that the September 1879 issue of _Monthly Weather 
Review_ showed no track drawn for this storm, nor any record of 
significant rainfall in any of the Florida stations.  A researcher at the 
time - Loomis (1881) - also did not identify this system as being a 
tropical storm.  The first report that did put together a track for this 
storm was Garriott (1900);  however, no supporting documentation was 
provided by Garriott for how the track was determined.  All subsequent 
track books and climatologies have reproduced Garriott's track as is.  
Thus, there appears to be no corroborating evidence in support of the 
track apparently first provided by Garriott (1900), this system is 
removed as a tropical storm from the database.

********************************************************************************

1880/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  The best track 
provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone 
(from its formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1880/01 - 2003 REVISION:

06690 06/21/1880 M= 5  1 SNBR= 197 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
06690 06/21/1880 M= 5  1 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

06695 06/21*267 865  40    0*268 873  40    0*270 880  40    0*272 886  40    0
06700 06/22*275 894  40    0*278 901  40    0*280 910  40    0*280 916  40    0
06705 06/23*280 923  40    0*280 928  40    0*281 934  40    0*282 940  40    0
06710 06/24*283 945  40    0*284 950  40    0*286 955  40    0*288 959  40    0
06715 06/25*291 963  40    0*295 966  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
06715 06/25*291 963  30    0*295 966  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

06720 TS

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1880/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
Estimate from Ho (1989) of 931 mb at landfall in Mexico just south of the 
United States-Mexico border corresponds to 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt chosen for best track.  This, along
with the extreme destruction in Matamoros, Mexico and Port Isabell and
Brazos, Texas, is the basis for determining that this storm reached major 
hurricane intensity.  When the hurricane crossed into the United States at 
about 06 UTC on the 13th of August, it is estimated that the central 
pressure had filled to 943 mb which corresponds to 117 kt - 110 kt chosen 
for best track because hurricane was inland by this point.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Mexico and Texas.  The best track provided appears to describe the full 
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm to its peak as a major hurricane until its dissipation below 
tropical storm intensity).

1880/02 - 2003 REVISION:

06725 08/04/1880 M=11  2 SNBR= 198 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
06725 08/04/1880 M=11  2 SNBR= 201 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

06730 08/04*160 598  40    0*159 618  40    0*160 640  40    0*161 655  40    0
06735 08/05*162 670  50    0*162 684  50    0*165 698  50    0*166 711  50    0
06740 08/06*167 725  60    0*167 738  60    0*170 751  70    0*171 763  70    0
06745 08/07*172 775  80    0*175 786  80    0*177 800  90    0*181 811  90    0
06750 08/08*185 821  90    0*189 831  90    0*192 840  90    0*196 846  90    0
06755 08/09*200 853  90    0*202 860  90    0*207 866  90    0*210 874  70    0
06755 08/09*200 853  90    0*204 860  90    0*207 867  90    0*210 874  70    0
                             ***                  ***

06760 08/10*212 881  60    0*216 889  50    0*220 896  60    0*222 904  60    0
06760 08/10*213 881  60    0*216 889  50    0*220 896  60    0*223 904  60    0
            ***                                                ***

06765 08/11*226 911  70    0*230 920  70    0*234 926  80    0*237 933  80    0
06765 08/11*226 911  70    0*230 919  70    0*234 926  80    0*237 933  80    0
                                 ***

06770 08/12*240 938  90    0*242 944 100    0*247 950 110    0*252 960 120    0
06770 08/12*240 938  90    0*243 944 100    0*247 950 110    0*252 960 120    0
                             ***

06775 08/13*257 969 130  931*261 976 110  943*265 985  70    0*271 995  60    0
06780 08/14*2781002  50    0*2861010  40    0*2971015  40    0*3101010  40    0
06780 08/14*2781002  50    0*2861010  40    0*2971015  30    0*3101010  30    0
                                                       **               **

06785 HRATX3

Track altered slightly on the 9th to the 12th to provide a more realistic
smooth track.  Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before 
dissipation over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the 
best track.

********************************************************************************

1880/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
987 mb central pressure corresponds to 68 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  980 mb central 
pressure corresponds to 78 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track.  992 mb central pressure corresponds
to 61 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
chosen for best track.  The observations of winds and central pressures
of 987 mb and 980 mb from Jamaica and Cuba are the basis for determination
that this storm reached hurricane intensity.  The best track provided 
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its 
dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1880/04:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995) is to remove 
the track from September 2nd as the storm is determined to have decayed 
below tropical storm strength by then.  The track is otherwise unchanged 
from that of Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track of Neumann et al. (1993).  972 mb central
pressure corresponds to 84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading 
of 999 mb not in the storm's center (at 18 UTC on the 25th of August) 
suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  A pressure reading of
993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 31st of
August) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the S.E. United States.  Storm is determined to be a hurricane
based upon several ship reports and pressure measurements both in the
Atlantic and again in the Gulf of Mexico.

1880/04 - 2003 REVISION:

06830 08/24/1880 M= 9  4 SNBR= 200 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
06830 08/24/1880 M= 9  4 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

06835 08/24*247 575  50    0*249 586  50    0*250 597  50    0*252 607  50    0
06840 08/25*255 618  60    0*257 628  60    0*260 638  60    0*262 650  60    0
06845 08/26*264 661  70    0*266 673  70    0*267 685  80    0*269 696  80    0
06850 08/27*271 709  90    0*272 721  90    0*273 734  90    0*274 744  90    0
06855 08/28*275 754  90    0*277 765  90    0*278 775  90    0*279 785  90    0
06860 08/29*280 794  90  972*281 801  90    0*282 806  90    0*283 811  70    0
06865 08/30*284 816  60    0*285 821  60    0*287 826  60    0*290 833  70    0
06870 08/31*294 841  70    0*298 850  70    0*302 860  60    0*307 870  60    0
06875 09/01*314 878  50    0*322 884  40    0*330 890  40    0*335 891  40    0
06875 09/01*314 878  50    0*322 884  40    0*330 890  30    0*335 891  30    0
                                                       **               **

06880 HRCFL2DFL1AFL1  

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1880/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  A pressure reading of 987 mb 
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 30th of August) suggests 
winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 977 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 79 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have 
reached hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports and pressure 
measurements.

********************************************************************************

1880/06:  No major changes from this newly documented storm from 
Partagas and Diaz (1995).  987 mb central pressure corresponds to 
67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.  Storm determined to have
reached hurricane intensity based upon central pressure reading,
destruction at Cape Henry, Virginia and reports from the ship 
"T.H.A. Pitts".

1880/06 - 2003 REVISION:

06960 09/06/1880 M= 6  6 SNBR= 203 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
06965 09/06*239 886  40    0*242 884  40    0*246 880  40    0*249 876  40    0
06970 09/07*252 873  40    0*256 870  40    0*260 866  40    0*266 863  40    0
06975 09/08*271 860  50    0*277 856  50    0*287 846  50    0*301 831  50    0
06975 09/08*271 860  50    0*277 856  50    0*287 846  50    0*301 831  40    0
                                                                        **

06980 09/09*317 804  60    0*335 781  70  987*353 765  70    0*370 743  70    0
06985 09/10*389 720  70    0*408 689  70    0*423 660  70    0*432 639  70    0
06990 09/11E440 617  60    0E447 591  60    0E453 567  60    0E460 542  60    0
06995 HR NC1      

No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Florida.  Winds reduced accordingly on the 8th.

********************************************************************************

1880/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 6.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure 
reading of 982 mb (at 12 UTC on the 8th of September) not in the 
hurricane's center suggests winds of at least 73 kt from the subtropical 
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  Storm 
is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon peripheral 
pressure reading and wind reports from several ships.

********************************************************************************

1880/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 7.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  928 mb central 
pressure (twice) corresponds to 118 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt chosen for best track. The storm is 
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon these two 
central pressure measurements.

********************************************************************************

1880/09:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 8.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Florida.  
The storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity both in the 
Gulf of Mexico and again over the Atlantic based upon several ship 
observations.

********************************************************************************

1880/10:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1995).  970 mb central pressure corresponds to
85 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen due to cooler SSTs in October.  979 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 76 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen partially due to cooler SSTs in October.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon these 
central pressure readings and several ship reports.

********************************************************************************

1880/11:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995), except to
add 12 and 18 UTC positions for the 20th of October to accommodate
beginning of track portrayed.  Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), originally storm number 9.  991 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 61 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
60 kt chosen.  The best track provided appears to describe the full 
life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical 
storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).


1880/11 - 2006 REVISION:

07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0                    L
07330 10/20/1880 M= 5 11 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                                                    *

07335 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*271 753  40    0*282 746  40    0*
07340 10/21*293 745  40    0*302 741  40    0*310 740  40    0*317 738  40    0*
07345 10/22*324 736  50    0*332 733  50    0*340 730  50    0*353 726  50    0*
07350 10/23*375 718  60    0E402 705  60    0E435 690  60  991E460 680  50    0*
07355 10/24E478 673  50    0E490 663  50    0E500 650  50    0E508 635  50    0*
07360 TS                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be not be indicated as
a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as it already had become extratropical before
striking New England based upon the existing track and intensity in
HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

1881/01:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to 
remove the 12 and 18 UTC from the best track on the 4th of August
as the storm was determined to have decayed below tropical storm
force by those times.  Track otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. 
(1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over the S.E. United States.  The best track provided appears 
to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its 
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm 
intensity).

07180 08/01/1881 M= 4  1 SNBR= 208 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07180 08/01/1881 M= 4  1 SNBR= 211 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

07185 08/01*230 855  40    0*235 858  40    0*240 860  40    0*246 863  40    0
07190 08/02*252 866  40    0*261 868  40    0*270 870  40    0*277 874  40    0
07195 08/03*285 878  50    0*293 881  50    0*301 883  50    0*309 884  40    0
07200 08/04*315 886  40    0*320 888  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07200 08/04*315 886  30    0*320 888  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

07205 TS

Decay stage of this tropical storm to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1881/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who kept
the track as shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.  

07315 08/11/1881 M= 4  2 SNBR= 209 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07315 08/11/1881 M= 4  2 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

07320 08/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*256 887  40    0*256 896  40    0
07325 08/12*256 905  40    0*257 915  40    0*258 924  40    0*261 934  40    0
07330 08/13*264 943  40    0*268 952  40    0*272 958  40    0*277 966  40    0
07335 08/14*283 972  40    0*289 977  30    0*296 983  30    0*308 990  30    0
07335 08/14*283 972  30    0*289 977  30    0*296 983  30    0*308 990  30    0
                     **

07340 TS

Winds reduced to account for weakening after landfall more realistically.

********************************************************************************

1881/03:  This hurricane was newly documented by Partagas and Diaz (1996)
and no major changes are made to their track.  The storm is determined
to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the ship
"Fonthill".

********************************************************************************

1881/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is 
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon reports from the 
ships "Cohasset" and "Anna".

********************************************************************************

1881/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 4.  A sea level pressure reading of 985 mb (at 
00 UTC on the 27th of August) not in the storm's center suggests 
sustained winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for the best track.  Sandrik (1999) utilized 
this peripheral pressure of 985 mb along with an estimate of a RMW of 
15 nmi to get a 970 mb estimate of central pressure at landfall.  970 mb 
suggests 85 kt winds from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
90 kt chosen for best track.  1002 mb central pressure corresponds to 
45 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt 
chosen for best track as storm was well inland at this point.  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the S.E. United States.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
status based upon several ship reports, the 985 mb peripheral pressure 
reading and winds from Tybee Island and Augusta, Georgia.

1881/05 - 2003 REVISION:

07330 08/21/1881 M= 9  5 SNBR= 212 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07330 08/21/1881 M= 9  5 SNBR= 215 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

07335 08/21*176 570  60    0*177 580  60    0*177 590  60    0*177 599  60    0
07340 08/22*180 609  60    0*182 620  60    0*186 630  60    0*189 639  60    0
07345 08/23*192 649  60    0*196 659  60    0*201 670  60    0*207 680  60    0
07350 08/24*216 691  70    0*222 700  70    0*230 708  70    0*237 719  70    0
07355 08/25*244 728  70    0*249 736  70    0*255 746  80    0*260 754  80    0
07360 08/26*267 764  80    0*274 773  80    0*282 781  80    0*286 786  90    0
07365 08/27*293 790  90    0*299 793  90    0*307 796  90    0*313 801  90    0
07370 08/28*316 809  90  970*319 819  70    0*320 830  50    0*320 844  50    0
07375 08/29*325 863  40    0*332 876  40    0*340 890  40 1002*347 904  40    0
07375 08/29*325 863  40    0*332 876  40    0*340 890  40 1002*347 904  30    0
                                                                        **

07380 HR GA2 SC1

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.

********************************************************************************

1881/06:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz is to adjust the
track near U.S. landfall to account for analyses by Ho (1989). 
Track is otherwise unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally 
storm number 5.  Estimated central pressure at landfall of 975 mb 
corresponds to 81 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track due to small (15 n mi) 
radius of maximum winds.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon 
several ship reports and estimated central pressure reading of 975 mb.

********************************************************************************

1881/07:  No major changes from this newly documented storm from
Partagas and Diaz.  

********************************************************************************

1881 - Additional Notes:  
1.  The tropical storm listed as #8 in 1881 in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) 
and storm number 6 in Neumann et al. (1993) was not included into the 
HURDAT because of evidence suggesting that the storm did not actually 
exist as a tropical cyclone.  Partagas and Diaz suggested that the storm 
was likely an extratropical storm for the duration of its lifetime.

********************************************************************************

1882/01:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane
by Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Case" and "Ida".

********************************************************************************

1882/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  981 mb central 
pressure suggests winds of 76 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  961 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 94 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  949 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 103 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
100 kt chosen for best track.  1000 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt 
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.  
A pressure reading of 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track.  A pressure 
reading of 986 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 5th) 
suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for the best track.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United 
States.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity 
based upon central pressure reading of 949 mb from the ship "Cato" while 
over the Gulf of Mexico.

1882/02 - 2003 REVISION:

07485 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 216 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
07485 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***

07490 09/02*195 675  50    0*197 685  50    0*202 693  50    0*207 701  50    0
07495 09/03*212 709  60    0*217 718  60    0*220 725  70    0*222 734  70    0
07500 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  80    0*224 770  80    0
07500 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  90    0*224 770  90    0
                                                       **               **

07505 09/05*224 778  80    0*222 786  80    0*222 795  80    0*222 809  70    0
07505 09/05*224 778  90    0*224 786  80    0*224 795  80    0*224 809  70    0
                     **      ***              ***              ***

07510 09/06*222 820  70    0*222 829  70    0*222 838  70    0*222 846  70    0
07510 09/06*224 820  70    0*224 829  70    0*224 838  70    0*224 846  70    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

07515 09/07*225 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0
07515 09/07*226 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0
            ***

07520 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 886  90    0
07520 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 887  90    0
                                                                   ***

07525 09/09*268 888  90    0*273 886  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961
07525 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961
                             *** ***

07530 09/10*300 871 100  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0
07535 09/11*337 833  40    0*345 821  40    0*353 808  40    0*367 783  40    0
07540 09/12*384 749  50    0*400 715  60    0*417 681  50 1000*437 645  50    0
07545 09/13E452 610  40    0E465 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07550 HRAFL3 AL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 2 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 1 assigned in HURDAT.
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 4th and 5th.  Perez' track was slightly 
farther north on the 5th and 6th, so the latitudes on those dates have also 
been changed accordingly.  Track altered slightly on the 8th and 9th to
provide a more realistic translational velocity.


1882/02 - 2006 REVISION:

07670 09/02/1882 M=12  2 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
07675 09/02*195 675  50    0*197 685  50    0*202 693  50    0*207 701  50    0*
07680 09/03*212 709  60    0*217 718  60    0*220 725  70    0*222 734  70    0*
07685 09/04*225 743  80    0*225 751  80    0*225 761  90    0*224 770  90    0*
07690 09/05*224 778  90    0*224 786  80    0*224 795  80    0*224 809  70    0*
07695 09/06*224 820  70    0*224 829  70    0*224 838  70    0*224 846  70    0*
07700 09/07*226 858  80  981*231 866  80    0*237 873  80    0*242 876  80    0*
07705 09/08*247 880  90    0*254 883  90    0*260 886  90    0*264 887  90    0*
07710 09/09*268 888  90    0*272 887  90    0*277 884  90    0*288 880  90  961*
07715 09/10*300 871 100  949*311 861  80    0*319 851  60    0*330 841  40    0*
07720 09/11*337 833  40    0*345 821  40    0*353 808  40    0*367 783  40    0*
07725 09/12*384 749  50    0*400 715  60    0*417 681  50 1000*437 645  50    0*
07730 09/13E452 610  40    0E465 575  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
07735 HRAFL3 AL1                                                                
07735 HRAFL3IAL1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Alabama
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Alabama's
Gulf coast.

********************************************************************************

1882/03 - 2003 ADDITION:

07566 09/14/1882 M= 3  3 SNBR= 220 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07567 09/14*280 890  90    0*282 900  90    0*285 910  90    0*289 920  90    0
07568 09/15*294 930  90    0*299 938  80    0*304 945  60    0*309 950  40    0
07569 09/16*315 953  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07570 HR LA2CTX1

Roth (1997a,b) documents a newly described system that made landfall
along the U.S. coastline near the Texas-Louisiana border:

"A strong tropical storm hit the mouth of the Sabine River. A "terrific wind 
 and rain storm" caused damage to homes in Sabine Pass, Tx. The Lake Charles 
 Echo, La. reported it as a "hurricane" that destroyed a house and injured 
 its occupant.  Streets in town were covered by 3 feet of water. Fences were 
 blown over a mile from their previous location.  That night [the 14th], a 
 "Hard wind and rain" visited Lake Charles, described as a lively gale". Port 
 Eads, La. had winds of 70 m.p.h. and a pressure of 29.38". Abbeville, La. 
 reported no damage with the storm."

From this description a rough track of the storm was created that goes
from southeast to northwest, making landfall just east of Sabine Pass.
Storm surge modeling (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) suggests that
3' of standing water in the streets of Lake Charles requires a Category 2
at landfall.  Thus this system is estimated as 90 kt at landfall.  The 
inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over Texas and Louisiana. 

********************************************************************************

1882/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally 
storm #3 in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Track unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), their storm number 2.  1005 mb central pressure corresponds 
to 40 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is utilized 
as the best track intensity value.  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation 
as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

1882/04 - 2003 REVISION:

07570 09/21/1882 M= 4  3 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
07570 09/21/1882 M= 4  4 SNBR= 218 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *

07575 09/21*285 768  40    0*292 771  40    0*300 775  40    0*308 776  40    0
07580 09/22*315 776  40    0*322 776  40    0*330 774  50    0*340 771  50    0
07580 09/22*315 776  40    0*322 776  40    0*330 775  50    0*340 773  50    0
                                                  ***              ***

07585 09/23*350 770  40    0*360 766  40 1005*370 761  40    0*382 755  40    0
07590 09/24*394 745  40    0*410 725  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07595 TS    

Track altered slightly on the 22nd to provide a more realistic smooth track.  

********************************************************************************

1882/05:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally storm #4 in the Partagas
and Diaz report).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "R.A. Allen" and "Sedmi
Dubrovacki".

********************************************************************************

1882/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), (was originally 
storm #5 in the Partagas and Diaz report).  Track unaltered from Neumann 
et al. (1993), their storm number 3.  975 mb central pressure corresponds 
to 84 kt in the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for 
best track.  981 mb central pressure corresponds to 76 kt of sustained 
winds from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in 
best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida and Georgia.  Storm is determined to have been 
of hurricane intensity while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico based 
upon these central pressure readings, ship reports and a 9 foot storm 
tide experienced at the mouth of the Colona River, Cuba.  Storm regained 
hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic based upon several ship 
reports.

07620 10/05/1882 M=11  5 SNBR= 219 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
07620 10/05/1882 M=11  6 SNBR= 223 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***

07625 10/05*142 816  40    0*146 819  40    0*150 820  40    0*154 821  40    0
07630 10/06*158 821  50    0*162 823  50    0*166 824  50    0*170 825  50    0
07635 10/07*172 826  60    0*177 828  60    0*180 829  70    0*184 830  70    0
07640 10/08*187 831  80    0*191 831  80    0*195 831  90    0*202 835  90    0
07640 10/08*187 831  80    0*191 832  90    0*195 833 100    0*202 835 110    0
                                 ***  **          *** ***              ***

07645 10/09*212 836  90  975*222 839  80  981*235 840  80    0*244 840  80    0
07645 10/09*212 837 120    0*222 839 100    0*235 840  90    0*244 841  80    0
                *** ***  ***         ***  ***          **          ***

07650 10/10*254 841  70    0*265 841  70    0*275 840  70    0*283 838  70    0
07655 10/11*291 836  70    0*298 831  60    0*305 826  50    0*312 815  50    0
07660 10/12*320 804  60    0*330 790  60    0*338 775  70    0*342 760  70    0
07665 10/13*347 748  70    0*350 733  70    0*355 720  70    0*358 711  70    0
07670 10/14*360 704  70    0*362 696  70    0*365 690  70    0*367 683  70    0
07675 10/15*370 676  60    0*372 670  60    0*375 661  60    0*378 651  60    0
07680 HRAFL1

Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has analyzed this hurricane as a 
Category 4 landfall in Cuba, instead of a Category 2 assigned in HURDAT.
The pressure values of 975 mb and 981 mb on 00 and 06Z on the 9th are
found to be peripheral pressures, instead of central pressures based upon
additional information provided by Perez (2000).  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 4th and 5th.

********************************************************************************

1883/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure reading of 975 mb not in 
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 26th of August) suggests winds of at 
least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for 
best track.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to 
its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).  
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon the 
peripheral pressure and several ship reports.

1883/01 - 2003 REVISION:

07815 08/18/1883 M=11  1 SNBR= 224 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
07820 08/18*192 485  40    0*194 495  40    0*195 510  40    0*197 526  40    0
07825 08/19*202 544  40    0*207 560  40    0*212 575  50    0*217 590  50    0
07830 08/20*222 605  50    0*231 623  50    0*240 640  50    0*247 651  50    0
07835 08/21*258 666  60    0*270 680  60    0*281 690  60    0*287 694  60    0
07835 08/21*258 666  60    0*270 680  60    0*281 690  60    0*290 694  60    0
                                                               ***

07840 08/22*295 696  70    0*306 700  70    0*315 701  70    0*320 703  70    0
07840 08/22*299 697  70    0*307 700  70    0*315 702  70    0*322 703  70    0
            *** ***          ***                  ***          *** 

07845 08/23*328 701  70    0*333 700  70    0*339 696  70    0*343 691  70    0
07845 08/23*328 702  70    0*334 700  70    0*339 696  70    0*343 691  70    0
                ***          ***             

07850 08/24*349 684  70    0*353 678  70    0*358 671  70    0*364 661  70    0
07855 08/25*369 653  80    0*375 641  80    0*384 625  80    0*395 603  80    0
07860 08/26*412 574  80    0*429 541  80    0*443 509  80    0*458 480  80    0
07865 08/27*477 438  70    0*493 400  70    0E510 360  60    0E521 328  60    0
07870 08/28E534 289  60    0E547 247  60    0E557 207  50    0E567 175  50    0
07875 HR

Track altered slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1883/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
983 mb central pressure suggests winds of 70 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track.  A pressure reading 
of 948 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 29th of
August) suggests winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 110 kt utilized in best track.  A 963 mb
central pressure measured during the storm's extratropical stage
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track as it had already undergone extratropical
transition.  Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane
intensity based upon the 948 mb peripheral pressure measurement.

********************************************************************************

1883/03:  Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996) is to remove 12 
and 18 UTC on the 13th of September as it is suggested that the hurricane 
had decreased below tropical storm force winds by that time.  Track from 
Partagas and Diaz (1996) otherwise has reasonable small alterations from 
that shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States.
A pressure reading of 955 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on 
the 4th of September) suggests winds of at least 105 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure
reading of 978 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 8th)
suggests winds of at least 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 
982 mb not at the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on the 10th) suggests
winds of at least 73 kt - 90 kt chosen for best track.  Storm determined
to have reached major hurricane intensity while over the Atlantic
based upon peripheral pressure reading of 955 mb and from extreme
damage in Martinique. 

1883/03 - 2003 REVISION:

07810 09/04/1883 M=10  3 SNBR= 222 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
07810 09/04/1883 M=10  3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***

07815 09/04*140 579 110    0*144 592 110    0*147 603 110    0*150 615 110    0
07820 09/05*154 628 110    0*159 641 110    0*162 655 110    0*167 668 110    0
07825 09/06*174 683 110    0*180 699 110    0*187 715  80    0*197 726  70    0
07830 09/07*209 739  70    0*214 748  70    0*220 755  70    0*225 760  70    0
07830 09/07*207 737  70    0*214 748  70    0*220 755  70    0*225 760  70    0
            *** ***

07835 09/08*231 763  80    0*235 765  80    0*240 766  90    0*247 771  90    0
07835 09/08*230 763  80    0*235 766  80    0*240 769  90    0*247 772  90    0
            ***                  ***              ***              ***

07840 09/09*255 774  90    0*264 778  90    0*273 780  90    0*280 781  90    0
07840 09/09*255 775  90    0*264 778  90    0*273 780  90    0*280 781  90    0
                ***

07845 09/10*287 781  90    0*295 783  90    0*302 784  90    0*312 786  90    0
07845 09/10*287 782  90    0*295 783  90    0*302 784  90    0*312 785  90    0
                ***                                                ***

07850 09/11*322 786  90    0*330 786  90    0*338 785  90    0*344 784  70    0
07855 09/12*350 783  50    0*354 783  50    0*360 781  40    0*370 779  40    0
07855 09/12*350 783  50    0*354 782  50    0*360 781  40    0*370 779  40    0
                                 ***

07860 09/13*380 776  40    0*393 773  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
07860 09/13*380 776  30    0*393 773  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

07865 HR NC2 SC1

Decay stage of this hurricane to a tropical depression before dissipation
over land inadvertently left out from the first revision of the best track.
Track is adjusted slightly to provide for a more realistic translation
velocity.

********************************************************************************

1883/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
A pressure reading of 983 mb (at 18 UTC on the 27th of October) suggests 
winds of at least 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
70 kt chosen in best track as the storm had already undergone extratropical 
transformation.  Storm did not reach hurricane intensity as a tropical 
cyclone, but did obtain hurricane-force sustained winds on the 27th of 
October as an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1884/01:  No major changes from this newly documented hurricane from
Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon reports from the ships "Oder" and "Engelbert".

********************************************************************************

1884/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track unaltered 
from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1.  Central pressure 
of 957 mb corresponds to winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of
983 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC on the 15th of 
September) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  The best 
track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical 
cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a major
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).
Storm is determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based
upon the central pressure reading of 957 mb.

********************************************************************************

1884/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 2.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  982 mb central 
pressure corresponds with 73 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  982 mb central pressure 
corresponds to 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 982 mb not at the hurricane's 
center (at 18 UTC on the 16th of September) suggests winds of at least 73 kt 
from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for 
best track.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life 
cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm 
to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an extratropical
storm).  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity based 
upon pressure measurements and several ship reports.

1884/03 - 2003 REVISION:

08035 09/10/1884 M=11  3 SNBR= 226 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08035 09/10/1884 M=11  3 SNBR= 230 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

08040 09/10*287 791  40    0*297 801  40    0*306 806  40    0*310 809  40    0
08045 09/11*315 811  40    0*319 815  40    0*325 816  40    0*330 813  40    0
08045 09/11*315 811  40    0*319 815  40    0*325 816  30    0*330 813  30    0
                                                       **               **

08050 09/12*332 810  40    0*332 804  40    0*330 799  40    0*322 796  40    0
08050 09/12*332 810  30    0*332 804  30    0*330 799  30    0*322 796  40    0
                     **               **               **             

08055 09/13*314 791  50    0*305 785  50    0*303 773  50    0*305 764  50    0
08060 09/14*307 755  60    0*305 744  60    0*300 740  60    0*296 739  60    0
08060 09/14*307 755  60    0*305 744  60    0*300 740  60    0*296 739  70    0
                                                                        **

08065 09/15*293 739  70  982*288 739  70    0*285 740  70    0*283 744  70    0
08065 09/15*293 739  70  982*288 740  70    0*284 744  70    0*281 749  70    0
                                 ***          *** ***          *** ***

08070 09/16*283 748  80    0*284 751  80    0*285 753  80    0*292 754  80    0
08070 09/16*279 754  70    0*278 760  70  988*278 758  70    0*279 755  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08075 09/17*302 751  80    0*310 746  80    0*320 735  80    0*333 719  80    0
08075 09/17*281 751  80    0*284 746  80    0*288 735  80    0*292 715  80    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

08080 09/18*350 694  70    0*365 669  70    0*380 640  70    0*393 611  70    0
08080 09/18*296 680  80    0*302 653  80  979*314 613  80    0*340 585  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08085 09/19*410 577  70    0*427 537  70  982*440 505  70    0*459 458  70    0
08085 09/19*390 560  70    0*427 535  70  982*445 505  70    0*460 458  70    0
            *** ***              ***          ***              ***

08090 09/20E477 404  60    0E495 345  60    0E510 290  50    0E530 230  50    0
08095 HR    

Additional ship observations for this hurricane were obtained from the 
_American Meteorological Journal_ of 1884 (pages 298-300).  In particular,
the ship "Alpine" reported hurricane-force winds late on the 14th - thus
winds in the best track for that day are increased.  A central pressure
value of 988 mb from the ship "R. M. Walls" (06Z on the 16th) suggests 
winds of 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds 
reduced down to 70 kt in best track along with a repositioning farther south 
and west on the 15th and 16th.  A central pressure value of 979 mb from the 
ship "Stephen Hart" (06Z on the 18th) suggests winds of 76 kt - winds are
increased to 80 kt and the hurricane is repositioned farther to the south
and to the east on the 17th to the 19th.  Decay stage of this storm to a 
tropical depression while over land on the 11th and 12th inadvertently left 
out from the first revision of the best track.  (A thank you to Sim Aberson 
for pointing out these additional ship observations.)

********************************************************************************

1884/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 3.  These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Pressure 
readings of 982 and 980 mb not in the hurricane's center (on 00 UTC and 
18 UTC on the 14th of October) suggest winds of at least 73 and 75 kt, 
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt 
chosen for best track.  Storm is determined to have reached hurricane 
intensity while in the Caribbean based upon reports from the ship 
"Cienfuegos" and from damage in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.  The storm then 
regained hurricane intensity over the Atlantic based upon the pressure 
measurements and several ship reports.

1884/04 - 2003 REVISION:

08230 10/07/1884 M=11  4 SNBR= 227 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08230 10/07/1884 M=11  4 SNBR= 231 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

08235 10/07*162 766  40    0*165 766  40    0*169 764  50    0*175 761  50    0
08240 10/08*180 760  60    0*185 758  60    0*191 756  70    0*196 755  70    0
08245 10/09*200 754  70    0*202 754  60    0*207 753  50    0*210 751  50    0
08245 10/09*200 754  70    0*204 753  60    0*207 753  50    0*210 752  50    0
                             *** ***                               ***

08250 10/10*214 751  50    0*217 751  50    0*220 750  50    0*222 750  50    0
08250 10/10*214 751  50    0*217 750  50    0*220 750  50    0*222 750  50    0
                                 ***

08255 10/11*222 750  60    0*225 750  60    0*227 750  70    0*230 750  70    0
08255 10/11*224 750  60    0*225 750  60    0*227 750  70    0*230 750  70    0
            ***

08260 10/12*232 750  70    0*235 750  70    0*237 750  70    0*240 750  70    0
08265 10/13*244 750  80    0*250 750  80    0*255 750  80    0*257 750  80    0
08270 10/14*257 750  90    0*257 750  90    0*257 746  90    0*258 741  90    0
08275 10/15*261 728  80    0*264 720  80    0*268 708  80    0*272 699  80    0
08280 10/16*276 688  70    0*279 678  70    0*282 668  70    0*284 654  70    0
08285 10/17*286 637  60    0*289 618  60    0*291 601  60    0*293 580  60    0
08290 HR

Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion.  It was
suggested by Perez (personal communication, 2003) that instead of a
hard right turn by this storm, that a cyclonic loop may have been
tracked from late on the 12th to the 14th.  Without more definitive
information, the original track in HURDAT is retained.

********************************************************************************

1885/01:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
990 mb central pressure corresponds to 63 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.  981 mb central 
pressure corresponds to 72 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 70 kt chosen for best track.  983 mb central pressure corresponds
to 70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 975 mb not in the
hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 10th of August) suggests winds 
of at least 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 80 kt chosen for best track.  The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane intensity from these pressure reports and several other ship
reports.

********************************************************************************

1885/02:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  These track 
changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United States.  
958 mb central pressure corresponds to 91 kt in the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track.  A pressure reading of 976 mb 
not in the hurricane's center (at 06 UTC on 25th of August) suggests winds 
of at least 80 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 
100 kt chosen for best track (because of this information as well 
as extreme damage caused by winds in South Carolina).  This is the
basis for determining that the storm reached major hurricane intensity.

********************************************************************************

1885/03:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle 
of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm until 
its dissipation below tropical storm intensity).

********************************************************************************

1885/04:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  Two pressure readings of 973 mb and 975 mb not in the hurricane's
center (both at 06 UTC on the 23rd of September) suggests winds of at
least 80 kt and 79 kt respectively from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track.  This storm is determined to 
have reached hurricane status based upon these peripheral pressures.

********************************************************************************

1885/05:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  999 mb central pressure
corresponds to a wind of 49 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt utilized in best track.  Storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship
"Sirius".

********************************************************************************

1885/06:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  Inland decay model of Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the S.E. United
States.  Storm determined to have reached hurricane intensity while
over the Atlantic based upon reports from the ship "Lone Star".

1885/06 - 2003 REVISION:

08370 09/24/1885 M= 9  6 SNBR= 233 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08370 09/24/1885 M= 9  6 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

08375 09/24*264 878  40    0*267 879  40    0*270 880  40    0*274 881  40    0
08380 09/25*278 883  50    0*282 884  50    0*287 886  50    0*290 888  50    0
08385 09/26*293 889  60    0*297 890  60    0*300 891  60    0*302 890  60    0
08390 09/27*303 889  60    0*304 888  50    0*305 886  50    0*306 884  40    0
08395 09/28*306 881  40    0*306 878  40    0*306 874  40    0*306 870  40    0
08400 09/29*306 865  40    0*306 860  40    0*305 854  40    0*304 848  40    0
08400 09/29*306 865  30    0*306 860  30    0*305 854  30    0*304 848  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

08405 09/30*303 840  40    0*302 833  40    0*302 828  40    0*302 818  40    0
08405 09/30*303 840  30    0*302 833  30    0*302 828  30    0*302 818  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

08410 10/01*304 808  40    0*307 796  40    0*312 788  50    0*320 778  60    0
08415 10/02*329 770  60    0*338 763  60    0*345 756  70    0*355 741  70    0
08420 HR    

Decay stage of this storm to a tropical depression while over land
on the 29th and 30th inadvertently left out from the first revision of 
the best track.  

********************************************************************************

1885/07:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996).  Track 
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993).  A pressure reading of 982 mb
not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 29th of September)
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for the best track.  Storm determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon this peripheral pressure
reading and wind reports from the ship "Mistletoe".

********************************************************************************

1885/08:  No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993).  
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds 
over the eastern United States.  The best track provided appears to 
describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation 
as a tropical storm until its dissipation as an extratropical storm).

1885/08:  2003 REVISION

08585 10/08/1885 M= 7  8 SNBR= 235 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08585 10/10/1885 M= 5  8 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

08590 10/08*172 805  40    0*176 806  40    0*180 809  40    0*187 811  40    0
08595 10/09*195 815  40    0*201 816  40    0*209 821  40    0*217 823  40    0
(The 8th and 9th are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

08600 10/10*225 826  40    0*232 828  40    0*239 830  40    0*247 833  40    0
08600 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*239 830  40    0*247 833  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08605 10/11*257 836  50    0*265 839  50    0*273 840  60    0*286 836  60    0
08610 10/12*300 830  50    0*314 824  50    0*330 815  40    0*340 808  40    0
08615 10/13*349 800  40    0*362 790  40    0E374 784  40    0E390 780  40    0
08620 10/14E405 775  40    0E420 770  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08625 TS

Re-analysis of Cuban tropical storms and hurricanes (Perez 2000) reveals
that this system was not yet of tropical storm strength from the 8th 
until early on the 10th based upon the Cuban observational network.
While it is quite possible that the system was of tropical depression
intensity on these dates, formative tropical depression stage is not
included in HURDAT until 1886.

********************************************************************************

08500 06/13/1886 M= 3  1 SNBR= 236 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08500 06/13/1886 M= 3  1 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
                               ***                        *

08505 06/13*  0   0   0    0*232 957  35    0*247 959  40    0*260 960  45    0
08510 06/14*269 958  45    0*279 954  50    0*289 946  50    0*298 938  50    0
08510 06/14*269 958  55    0*279 953  65    0*289 947  75    0*299 940  85    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

08515 06/15*304 928  50    0*309 918  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08515 06/15*306 930  60    0*310 918  45    0*312 904  35    0*312 890  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08520 TS
08520 HRCTX2 LA2   
      ****** ***

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to continue the 
storm until 18Z on the 15th to allow for decay to tropical depression stage.  
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the
track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Storm is upgraded to a Category 2
hurricane (85 kt) at landfall based upon damage and 7 foot storm tide at 
Sabine Pass, Texas (Partagas and Diaz 1996a).  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and 
Louisiana.  
                                                                           
********************************************************************************

08525 06/18/1886 M= 6  2 SNBR= 237 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08525 06/17/1886 M= 8  2 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **         *          ***                        *

(17th not in HURDAT previously.)
08530 06/17*191 848  35    0*196 851  35    0*200 853  40    0*204 854  40    0

08530 06/18*  0   0   0    0*194 850  35    0*198 853  50    0*201 856  65    0
08532 06/18*207 856  45    0*211 856  50    0*217 857  55    0*221 857  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08535 06/19*204 858  70    0*208 861  75    0*214 864  80    0*218 865  80    0
08535 06/19*225 857  70    0*229 856  75    0*233 853  80    0*238 851  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

08540 06/20*224 868  85    0*232 869  85    0*242 870  85    0*254 868  85    0
08540 06/20*243 849  85    0*247 847  85    0*253 845  85    0*263 844  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08545 06/21*267 864  85    0*280 857  85    0*294 850  85    0*308 843  75    0
08545 06/21*277 842  85    0*289 841  85    0*303 840  80    0*313 838  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08550 06/22*323 832  50    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0
08550 06/22*323 832  45    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0
                     **

08555 06/23*373 780  35    0*384 769  35    0*393 753  35    0*399 732  35    0
08555 06/23*373 780  30    0*384 769  30    0*393 753  30    0*399 732  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

(24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08557 06/24*402 700  30    0*401 660  30    0*400 615  30    0*399 570  30    0

08560 HR
08560 HRAFL2 GA1
      ****** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United 
States.  

1886/02 - 2006 REVISION:

08725 06/17/1886 M= 8  2 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08730 06/17*191 848  35    0*196 851  35    0*200 853  40    0*204 854  40    0*
08735 06/18*207 856  45    0*211 856  50    0*217 857  55    0*221 857  65    0*
08740 06/19*225 857  70    0*229 856  75    0*233 853  80    0*238 851  80    0*
08745 06/20*243 849  85    0*247 847  85    0*253 845  85    0*263 844  85    0*
08750 06/21*277 842  85    0*289 841  85    0*303 840  80    0*313 838  65    0*
08755 06/22*323 832  45    0*338 822  40    0*352 810  35    0*363 793  35    0*
08760 06/23*373 780  30    0*384 769  30    0*393 753  30    0*399 732  30    0*
08765 06/24*402 700  30    0*401 660  30    0*400 615  30    0*399 570  30    0*
08770 HRAFL2 GA1                                                                
08770 HRAFL2IGA1                                                                
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's 
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

08565 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 238 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08565 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

08570 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 801  35    0*176 823  45    0
08570 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 797  35    0*192 800  45    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***  

08575 06/28*183 842  65    0*191 859  80    0*200 871  85    0*211 881  80    0
08575 06/28*199 803  55    0*207 807  65    0*215 815  75    0*220 825  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08580 06/29*223 882  80    0*235 883  85    0*247 884  85    0*255 881  85    0
08580 06/29*224 835  70    0*229 842  70    0*237 853  75    0*246 860  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08585 06/30*260 878  85    0*266 875  85    0*273 869  85    0*282 859  85    0
08585 06/30*256 864  85    0*264 867  85    0*273 867  85    0*288 860  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

08590 07/01*289 848  85    0*309 828  80    0*324 818  60    0*338 803  45    0
08590 07/01*304 844  70    0*318 827  55    0*330 813  50    0*338 803  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

08595 07/02*349 791  40    0*361 780  35    0*372 770  35    0*382 753  35    0
08600 HR  
08600 HRAFL2 
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Analyses from Perez (2000) indicates 
that the hurricane was only Category 1 at its landfall in Cuba; winds are 
adjusted downward on the 28th and 29th.  Changes made to the track near 
Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
the eastern United States. 

1886/03 - 2006 REVISION:

08775 06/27/1886 M= 6  3 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2                     
08780 06/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*183 797  35    0*192 800  45    0*
08785 06/28*199 803  55    0*207 807  65    0*215 815  75    0*220 825  80    0*
08790 06/29*224 835  70    0*229 842  70    0*237 853  75    0*246 860  80    0*
08795 06/30*256 864  85    0*264 867  85    0*273 867  85    0*288 860  85    0*
08800 07/01*304 844  70    0*318 827  55    0*330 813  50    0*338 803  45    0*
08805 07/02*349 791  40    0*361 780  35    0*372 770  35    0*382 753  35    0*
08810 HRAFL2                                                                    
08810 HRAFL2IGA1    
            **** 

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia 
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as causing
inland hurricane conditions in Georgia based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

08605 07/14/1886 M= 7  4 SNBR= 239 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08605 07/14/1886 M=11  4 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                   **          ***                        *   

08610 07/14*  0   0   0    0*189 829  35    0*192 834  40    0*197 839  40    0
08610 07/14*  0   0   0    0*189 829  35    0*192 834  40    0*194 838  40    0
                                                               *** ***

08615 07/15*202 844  45    0*207 850  50    0*213 855  55    0*219 861  60    0
08615 07/15*196 842  45    0*198 846  45    0*200 850  50    0*202 853  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08620 07/16*226 868  65    0*234 875  70    0*241 881  75    0*251 883  75    0
08620 07/16*204 856  55    0*206 858  55    0*207 860  60    0*209 859  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08625 07/17*260 883  80    0*270 882  85    0*274 876  85    0*277 869  85    0
08625 07/17*211 857  60    0*213 855  60    0*215 853  65    0*224 848  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08630 07/18*278 860  85    0*279 851  85    0*281 843  85    0*286 832  85    0
08630 07/18*237 844  70    0*251 839  70    0*265 835  70    0*276 833  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08635 07/19*291 824  85    0*299 813  80    0*305 803  75    0*312 792  70    0
08635 07/19*287 828  70    0*295 821  55    0*303 810  50    0*314 786  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08640 07/20*319 781  70    0*328 770  70    0*338 758  70    0*347 738  70    0
08640 07/20*327 756  70    0*339 726  75    0*350 700  75    0*358 680  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(21st to 24th not in HURDAT previously.)
08641 07/21*368 653  70    0*377 626  70    0*387 600  70    0*398 569  70  990
08642 07/22*414 535  70    0*430 498  70    0*443 463  70    0*451 431  65    0
08643 07/23E461 395  60    0E470 356  60    0E480 320  60    0E495 290  60    0
08644 07/24E515 258  60    0E537 227  60    0E555 210  55    0E573 195  50    0

08645 HR 
08645 HRAFL1
        ****

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the 
storm on the 14th as depicted in Neumann et al instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 16th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable.  A possible central pressure of 990 mb
at 21Z on the 21st suggests 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship.  Peripheral pressures of 993 mb at 06Z on the 22nd suggest at 
least 59 kt.  70 kt chosen for best track for the 21st and early on the
22nd.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida.  Winds from the 17th to the 19th lowered slightly
as available observations indicate this system was likely of minimal 
hurricane intensity while in the Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Northwest
Florida.  Observations from Sandrik (2001) suggest that the system weakened
quickly over Florida, before re-intensifying over the Atlantic after
oceanfall.

********************************************************************************

08650 08/12/1886 M=10  5 SNBR= 240 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08650 08/12/1886 M=10  5 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                        *

08655 08/12*  0   0   0    0*105 580  35    0*111 589  50    0*117 606  60    0
08655 08/12*  0   0   0    0*105 580  35    0*111 589  40    0*118 598  45    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

08660 08/13*123 621  70    0*129 635  75    0*133 646  80    0*137 654  80    0
08660 08/13*125 607  50    0*132 617  55    0*140 627  60    0*146 639  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08665 08/14*140 661  85    0*143 667  85    0*147 676  85    0*151 687  85    0
08665 08/14*152 652  70    0*157 662  75    0*163 673  80    0*169 683  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08670 08/15*155 698  85    0*159 708  85    0*164 719  85    0*169 729  85    0
08670 08/15*174 693  85    0*179 702  85    0*183 713  80    0*186 726  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08675 08/16*174 740  85    0*180 750  85    0*187 760  85    0*199 769  80    0
08720 08/16*188 739  70    0*191 752  80    0*195 765  85    0*204 773  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

08680 08/17*211 775  75    0*221 782  70    0*229 796  55    0*238 811  60    0
08680 08/17*213 781  75    0*221 790  70    0*225 797  55    0*231 805  60    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

08685 08/18*247 833  65    0*255 856  70    0*261 873  75    0*263 886  75    0
08685 08/18*238 817  65    0*243 830  70    0*247 843  75    0*253 861  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08690 08/19*262 898  80    0*262 910  80    0*263 919  85    0*265 933  85    0
08690 08/19*256 879  80    0*259 897  90    0*263 919 100    0*265 933 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **              ***              ***

08695 08/20*268 945  85    0*274 956  85    0*280 966  85    0*288 976  70  984
08695 08/20*268 945 120    0*274 956 130    0*280 966 135  925*290 980  85  965
                    ***              ***               **  *** *** ***  **  ***

08700 08/21*297 984  60    0*308 993  50    0*3201000  35    0*3351013  25    0
08700 08/21*300 990  60    0*310 999  50    0*3201007  35    0*3351013  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***             ****

08705 HR 
08705 HRBTX4
      ******

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) is to start the 
storm on the 12th as depicted in Neumann et al. instead of Partagas
and Diaz' start date of the 13th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), which
are found to be reasonable.  A slower intensification of the storm 
was indicated here compared with the original HURDAT for the 12th to the 
14th due to evidence of tropical storm intensity until the 14th.  The
analysis by Perez (2000) confirms landfall in Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane.
Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications 
suggested by Perez (2000).  

Estimated central pressure from Ho (1989) of 915 mb at landfall in Texas 
is incorrect since it relied upon a pressure measurement from San Antonio, 
Texas, which has been found to be a surface pressure rather than a sea level 
pressure value.  Additionally, it is likely that this was not a central
pressure measurement either as strong winds were still observed at the time
of lowest pressure and that winds only shifted from northeast to southeast.
This sea level pressure measurement of 971 mb (corrected from the 948 mb 
surface pressure value) at 19Z on the 20th implies a central pressure of
around 965 mb, assuming that the RMW estimate of Ho (of 12 nmi) is slightly
too small (15 nmi utilized instead).  965 mb suggests winds of 94 kt from 
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship for a marine exposure - 85 kt 
utilized in best track for this inland location.  Using methodology in Ho 
et al. (1987) as modified by B. Jarvinen (personal communication), a 6.5 hr 
transit time from landfall to a position near San Antonio, and the 965 mb 
central pressure near San Antonio, a new value of 925 mb at landfall is 
estimated for this hurricane.  This suggests winds of 133 kt from the Gulf 
of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  The estimate of 15 nmi for RMW is 
slightly smaller than climatology (18 nmi) for this latitude and central 
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), supporting slightly stronger winds for this 
particular storm.   135 kt is chosen as the maximum sustained winds at 
landfall.  This is consistent with the very high storm tide and extreme 
destruction in Indianola, Texas.  Storm surge modeling efforts with the
SLOSH model (B. Jarvinen, personal communication) indicate that a 925 mb
central pressure and RMW of 15 nmi provides reasonable matches to observed
surge values.  Positions are altered slightly after landfall to better 
account for passage of the hurricane's center near San Antonio at 19Z on 
the 20th.A storm tide of 15' was reported for Indianola, Texas in Roth 
(1997b).

********************************************************************************

08710 08/16/1886 M=12  6 SNBR= 241 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08710 08/15/1886 M=13  6 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(15th not in HURDAT previously.)
08712 08/15*146 545  55    0*144 555  60    0*143 565  65    0*141 577  70    0

08715 08/16*  0   0   0    0*120 600  45    0*120 612  50    0*121 624  60    0
08715 08/16*138 589  75    0*135 600  85    0*130 613  95    0*127 624  95    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

08720 08/17*122 636  70    0*123 649  75    0*125 662  80    0*127 676  85    0
08720 08/17*125 637  95    0*125 651  90    0*125 665  85    0*125 678  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  

08725 08/18*129 691  85    0*131 706  85    0*134 720  85    0*137 731  85    0
08725 08/18*126 692  85    0*128 706  85    0*130 717  85    0*132 725  85    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  

08730 08/19*140 741  85    0*144 749  85    0*148 755  85    0*153 760  85    0
08730 08/19*137 733  85    0*141 739  85    0*147 745  85    0*159 753  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

08735 08/20*159 768  85    0*165 775  85    0*170 779  85    0*175 782  85    0
08735 08/20*170 762  95    0*179 768  95    0*185 773  95    0*190 778  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08740 08/21*180 785  85    0*185 787  85    0*190 791  85    0*195 794  85    0
08740 08/21*197 784  95    0*204 788 100    0*210 790 105    0*213 790 105    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

08745 08/22*199 796  85    0*205 798  85    0*214 800  85    0*228 805  80    0
08745 08/22*215 790 105    0*217 790  90    0*220 790  80    0*231 790  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08750 08/23*241 802  80    0*260 791  85    0*280 779  85    0*298 768  85    0
08750 08/23*246 790  80    0*263 787  85    0*280 779  85    0*298 768  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

08755 08/24*318 755  85    0*336 743  85    0*350 732  85    0*360 723  85    0
08760 08/25*367 716  85    0*374 708  85    0*382 700  85    0*391 690  85    0
08765 08/26*399 678  85    0*408 665  80    0*416 650  75    0*420 632  70    0
08770 08/27*422 611  65    0*425 586  60    0*430 560  60    0*436 533  60    0
08775 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  979 mb peripheral pressure at 00Z on the 18th 
suggests at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt 
retained in best track.  977 mb peripheral pressure at 06Z on the 20th 
suggests at least 81 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 
95 kt used in best track.  989 mb peripheral pressure on 18Z on the 26th 
suggests at least least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship 
- 70 kt used in best track.  Winds increased from the 15th to the 17th and 
the 19th to the 23rd compared to original HURDAT based upon numerous ship 
reports, the peripheral pressure readings and moderate to severe damage in 
St. Vincent, Jamaica and Cuba.  Hurricane is analyzed by Perez (2000) to be
a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba; winds increased on the 21st and 
22nd accordingly.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with 
modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Lifecycle of this hurricane is not
complete as information on the genesis (and possibly decay) are not 
available.

********************************************************************************

08777 08/20/1886 M= 6  7 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08777 08/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*317 710  40    0*301 690  50    0
08777 08/21*292 655  60    0*300 627  75    0*323 617  95    0*338 624 100    0
08777 08/22*350 634 100    0*359 642 100    0*370 650 100    0*381 660  95    0
08777 08/23*397 669  90    0*411 665  85    0*423 650  80    0*441 622  75    0
08777 08/24*459 584  70    0*476 541  65    0E485 500  60    0E486 461  55    0
08777 08/25E485 413  50    0E483 373  50    0E483 333  50    0E483 295  50    0
08777 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  Peripheral pressure measurements of 962 mb at 15Z on the 
21st and 963 mb at 04Z on the 22nd suggest at least 93 and 94 kt, 
respectively, from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt
used in the best track, which makes the storm a major hurricane.  983 mb
peripheral pressure value at 00Z on the 23rd suggests at least 70 kt
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in
best track.

********************************************************************************

08780 09/15/1886 M=10  7 SNBR= 242 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08780 09/16/1886 M= 9  8 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

08785 09/15*  0   0   0    0*140 602  35    0*144 613  45    0*148 626  60    0
(Track on the 15th is removed, since storm is relocated and begun on 16th.)

08790 09/16*150 640  70    0*152 654  80    0*153 668  80    0*152 682  85    0
08790 09/16*210 655  35    0*210 666  35    0*210 677  35    0*210 689  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08795 09/17*152 697  85    0*152 712  85    0*152 727  85    0*159 748  85    0
08795 09/17*210 704  40    0*210 717  40    0*210 730  45    0*210 747  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08800 09/18*174 761  85    0*190 781  85    0*203 802  85    0*213 825  85    0
08800 09/18*210 763  40    0*210 775  35    0*210 790  35    0*212 805  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08805 09/19*221 852  85    0*226 879  85    0*229 902  85    0*226 920  85    0
08805 09/19*213 819  45    0*214 830  50    0*215 843  55    0*217 857  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08810 09/20*221 931  85    0*219 943  85    0*220 950  85    0*222 952  85    0
08810 09/20*220 870  65    0*222 883  70    0*223 897  75    0*223 909  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08815 09/21*224 955  85    0*227 957  85    0*230 959  85    0*233 961  85    0
08815 09/21*223 921  85    0*224 933  85    0*225 947  85    0*228 954  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08820 09/22*237 963  85    0*240 965  85    0*244 967  85    0*249 969  85    0
08820 09/22*234 960  85    0*240 965  85    0*244 967  85    0*249 969  85    0
            *** *** 

08825 09/23*254 971  85    0*259 972  85    0*265 974  85    0*271 975  80    0
08825 09/23*254 971  85    0*259 972  85    0*265 974  80    0*271 975  75    0
                                                       **               ** 

08830 09/24*278 975  75    0*285 974  65    0*292 973  45    0*309 970  30    0
08830 09/24*278 975  70    0*285 974  65    0*292 973  45    0*300 970  30    0
                     **                                        ***

08835 HR
08835 HRATX1BTX1
        ********

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is reduced in 
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 16th to the 20th since 
available observational evidence suggests that the storm reached hurricane 
strength after it reached the Gulf of Mexico.  A peripheral pressure reading 
of 987 mb on 03Z on the 23rd suggests at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in best track at landfall in 
Mexico.  Category 1 conditions (80 kt) in Texas are supported by moderate 
wind-caused damage in Brownsville.  Track slightly altered at the storm's end 
for a more realistic motion.

********************************************************************************

08840 09/26/1886 M= 5  8 SNBR= 243 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08840 09/22/1886 M= 9  9 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(22nd to the 25th not in HURDAT previously.)
08841 09/22*229 667  50    0*232 666  50    0*235 665  55    0*237 664  55    0
08842 09/23*240 663  60    0*244 661  65    0*247 660  70    0*248 660  75    0
08843 09/24*250 659  80    0*252 657  85    0*253 655  85    0*254 654  85    0
08844 09/25*255 652  85    0*257 650  85    0*258 650  85    0*260 650  85    0

08845 09/26*  0   0   0    0*215 655  35    0*223 662  40    0*235 666  45    0
08845 09/26*261 651  85    0*262 652  85    0*263 653  85    0*266 657  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08850 09/27*246 669  55    0*256 673  60    0*262 676  65    0*267 679  70    0
08850 09/27*267 660  85    0*268 663  85    0*270 670  85    0*272 674  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08855 09/28*271 683  75    0*275 686  75    0*279 690  80    0*283 695  85    0
08855 09/28*275 679  85    0*279 683  85    0*283 687  85    0*288 689  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

08860 09/29*287 701  85    0*290 707  85    0*294 712  85    0*298 715  85    0
08860 09/29*292 691  85    0*297 692  85    0*300 693  85    0*305 695  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08865 09/30*301 715  80    0*305 714  75    0*311 710  50    0*317 705  35    0
08865 09/30*310 697  80    0*314 699  75    0*317 700  50    0*322 701  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08870 HR 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Storm is increased in 
intensity relative to original HURDAT from the 26th to the 28th based upon 
ship reports in Partagas and Diaz.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb on 12Z 
on the 23rd suggests at least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track.  Complete lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************

08875 10/08/1886 M= 6  9 SNBR= 244 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08875 10/08/1886 M= 6 10 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                      **       ***                        *

08880 10/08*199 825  35    0*203 830  35    0*208 833  40    0*212 837  45    0
08880 10/08*199 825  50    0*203 830  55    0*208 833  60    0*212 837  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

08885 10/09*217 841  50    0*222 844  55    0*227 848  55    0*233 851  60    0
08885 10/09*217 841  65    0*222 844  60    0*227 848  60    0*233 851  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

08890 10/10*239 854  65    0*246 857  70    0*252 860  75    0*257 864  80    0
08895 10/11*262 869  85    0*267 875  85    0*272 881  85    0*276 890  85    0
08895 10/11*262 869  85    0*267 875  90    0*272 881  95    0*276 890 100    0
                                      **               **              ***

08900 10/12*279 903  85    0*282 917  85    0*286 927  85    0*292 933  85    0
08900 10/12*279 903 105    0*282 917 105    0*286 927 105    0*292 933 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

08905 10/13*301 936  75    0*311 937  65    0*323 935  50    0*332 929  35    0
08905 10/13*301 936  80    0*311 937  65    0*323 935  50    0*332 929  35    0
                     **

08910 HR
08910 HR LA3CTX2
         *******

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 9.  Peripheral pressures of 991 mb (20Z on the 9th), 985 mb (12Z on 
the 10th), 987 mb (16Z on the 10th) and 983 mb (12Z on the 11th) suggest 
at least 61 kt, 70 kt, 67 kt and 72 kt, respectively, from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Winds are increased from the 8th and 
the 9th to accommodate ship reports and effects in Western Cuba consistent 
with landfall of a Category 1 hurricane, which matches the assessment by
Perez (2000).  Winds are increased for the 11th and 12th based upon ship 
reports and effects at landfall in Texas and Louisiana.  A storm tide of
12' was reported in Johnson Bayou, La. by Roth (1997a).  This suggests
landfall of a Category 3 (955 mb/105 kt) hurricane based upon SLOSH runs 
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication.)   Lifecycle of this hurricane is not 
complete as information on the genesis is not available.

********************************************************************************

08911 10/10/1886 M= 6 11 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08911 10/10*291 605  35    0*295 603  35    0*300 600  35    0*304 598  35    0
08911 10/11*307 597  40    0*311 595  40    0*313 593  40    0*316 590  40    0
08911 10/12*318 587  40    0*321 584  40    0*325 580  40    0*328 576  40    0
08911 10/13*331 571  45    0*334 566  45    0*337 560  45    0*340 553  45    0
08911 10/14*343 545  45    0*345 539  45    0*347 530  45    0*348 517  45    0
08911 10/15*350 502  40    0*350 484  40    0*350 470  35    0*350 459  35    0
08911 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
tropical storm.  

********************************************************************************

08915 10/22/1886 M= 4 10 SNBR= 245 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08915 10/21/1886 M= 6 12 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    * **       ***        

(21st not in HURDAT previously.)
08920 10/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*178 730  35    0

08920 10/22*  0   0   0    0*199 687  35    0*210 686  35    0*220 682  40    0
08920 10/22*187 727  35    0*196 724  35    0*205 720  35    0*212 715  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08925 10/23*229 676  45    0*239 669  50    0*248 660  50    0*258 650  50    0
08925 10/23*219 708  45    0*227 699  50    0*237 687  55    0*244 675  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08930 10/24*267 639  50    0*277 626  50    0*286 612  50    0*295 600  45    0
08930 10/24*249 666  60    0*253 657  60    0*257 645  60    0*260 634  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

08935 10/25*305 585  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08935 10/25*264 626  55    0*267 617  50    0*270 607  45    0*272 597  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(26th not in HURDAT previously.)
08937 10/26*274 589  40    0*275 581  40    0*277 570  35    0*279 560  35    0

08940 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.  
These track changes are shown to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
992 mb at 09Z on the 24th suggests at least 61 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen in best track because of lack of 
hurricane winds reported and very large size of system (implying a weaker 
pressure gradient for a given central pressure).  Peripheral pressure of 
997 mb on the 24th suggests at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized.

********************************************************************************

1886 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) July 6-7, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 7, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 1-14, 1886:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

******************************************************************************* 

08941 05/15/1887 M= 6  1 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08941 05/15*293 638  35    0*298 642  35    0*303 647  40    0*308 652  40    0
08941 05/16*313 655  45    0*318 657  50    0*323 660  55    0*327 663  60    0
08941 05/17*332 665  60    0*337 667  60    0*343 667  60    0*349 667  55    0
08941 05/18*354 667  50    0*359 667  45    0E365 667  40    0E377 667  40    0
08941 05/19E395 664  40    0E411 658  35    0E423 650  35    0E440 635  35    0
08941 05/20E470 605  35    0E510 555  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
08941 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb at 16Z on the 16th
supports at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

08945 05/17/1887 M= 5  1 SNBR= 246 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
08945 05/17/1887 M= 5  2 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

08950 05/17*184 786  35    0*187 787  35    0*192 788  40    0*196 789  40    0
08950 05/17*156 769  35    0*160 772  35    0*165 775  40    0*171 779  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

08955 05/18*201 789  45    0*205 790  45    0*210 790  50    0*215 791  50    0
08955 05/18*177 783  45    0*183 786  45    0*189 787  50    0*195 787  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

08960 05/19*221 791  50    0*227 791  40    0*233 790  35    0*238 782  35    0
08960 05/19*203 784  50    0*213 780  40    0*220 775  35    0*226 770  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

08965 05/20*237 771  40    0*238 759  45    0*240 748  45    0*245 738  50    0
08965 05/20*232 765  40    0*236 758  45    0*240 748  45    0*245 738  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***

08970 05/21*252 728  50    0*261 718  50    0*271 708  45    0*282 703  35    0
08975 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
1002 mb at 20Z on the 18th suggests at least 43 kt - 50 kt used in best 
track.

********************************************************************************

08976 06/11/1887 M= 4  3 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
08976 06/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 840  30    0*212 847  30    0
08976 06/12*219 853  30    0*227 859  35    0*235 865  35    0*243 869  35    0
08976 06/13*251 873  35    0*260 877  35    0*270 880  35    0*280 883  35    0
08976 06/14*290 885  35    0*300 887  35    0*310 888  30    0*320 888  30    0
08976 TS 

Moderate changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  Storm is also carried for an additional day to account for 
reasonable decay to tropical depression over land.

********************************************************************************

08980 07/20/1887 M= 9  2 SNBR= 247 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
08980 07/20/1887 M= 9  4 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

08985 07/20*  0   0   0    0*120 582  35    0*121 594  45    0*125 621  55    0
08985 07/20*120 576  60    0*121 592  60    0*123 610  60    0*125 624  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

08990 07/21*127 636  60    0*129 649  70    0*132 663  75    0*134 676  75    0
08995 07/22*137 689  80    0*140 702  80    0*142 714  85    0*144 726  85    0
09000 07/23*146 738  85    0*147 750  85    0*150 765  85    0*151 774  85    0
09005 07/24*153 788  85    0*156 803  85    0*161 817  85    0*169 840  85    0
09010 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*203 869  85    0*215 872  85    0
09010 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*202 869  85    0*215 872  75    0
                                              ***                       **

09015 07/26*227 873  85    0*239 875  85    0*251 876  85    0*263 877  85    0
09015 07/26*227 873  75    0*239 875  75    0*251 876  75    0*263 877  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09020 07/27*275 876  85    0*287 872  85    0*299 868  85    0*309 863  80    0
09020 07/27*275 876  75    0*287 872  75    0*299 868  75    0*309 863  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

09025 07/28*317 858  70    0*323 854  60    0*328 850  50    0*336 844  35    0
09025 07/28*317 858  50    0*323 854  40    0*328 850  35    0*336 844  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

09030 HR
09030 HRAFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  Storm intensity increased on the 20th based upon destruction
in Barbados.  The hurricane is listed in Perez (2000) as a Category 1 
hurricane for its impacts in Cuba, which is consistent with a Category 2
hurricane passing offshore of the island.  Storm intensity decreased after 
striking the Yucatan of Mexico.  No evidence for the storm to be considered 
stronger than a Category 1 hurricane in Northwest Florida, but it could be 
that it struck an unpopulated stretch and that it was more intense than 
listed here. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over Florida, Alabama and Georgia.  


1887/04 - 2006 REVISION:

09390 07/20/1887 M= 9  4 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09395 07/20*120 576  60    0*121 592  60    0*123 610  60    0*125 624  60    0*
09400 07/21*127 636  60    0*129 649  70    0*132 663  75    0*134 676  75    0*
09405 07/22*137 689  80    0*140 702  80    0*142 714  85    0*144 726  85    0*
09410 07/23*146 738  85    0*147 750  85    0*150 765  85    0*151 774  85    0*
09415 07/24*153 788  85    0*156 803  85    0*161 817  85    0*169 840  85    0*
09420 07/25*179 855  85    0*189 862  85    0*202 869  85    0*215 872  75    0*
09425 07/26*227 873  75    0*239 875  75    0*251 876  75    0*263 877  75    0*
09430 07/27*275 876  75    0*287 872  75    0*299 868  75    0*309 863  65    0*
09435 07/28*317 858  50    0*323 854  40    0*328 850  35    0*336 844  30    0*
09440 HRAFL1                                                                    
09440 HRAFL1IAL1
            ****

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone should be indicated as to causing
inland hurricane conditions in Alabama based upon the existing track
and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

09250 07/30/1887 M=10  3 SNBR= 248 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09250 07/30/1887 M=10  5 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09255 07/30*  0   0   0    0* 99 501  35    0*100 511  35    0*103 522  35    0
09260 07/31*105 532  35    0*108 542  40    0*110 550  40    0*112 557  40    0
09265 08/01*113 562  40    0*115 567  40    0*117 574  40    0*121 584  45    0
09270 08/02*125 595  45    0*129 606  45    0*133 615  45    0*136 623  50    0
09275 08/03*140 632  50    0*143 640  50    0*146 648  50    0*149 656  50    0
09280 08/04*152 664  50    0*155 672  50    0*158 680  50    0*161 688  50    0
09285 08/05*164 695  50    0*167 702  45    0*170 710  45    0*174 720  45    0
09290 08/06*178 732  45    0*184 745  40    0*190 760  40    0*195 771  40    0
09295 08/07*200 785  35    0*206 799  35    0*210 810  35    0*213 827  35    0
09300 08/08*214 840  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09305 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  

********************************************************************************

09095 08/15/1887 M= 8  4 SNBR= 249 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09095 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***                  *     *

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
09098 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 590  35    0*180 600  35    0

09100 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*227 623  35    0*230 635  40    0
09100 08/15*190 610  35    0*200 622  35    0*210 634  35    0*218 646  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

09105 08/16*233 647  40    0*236 658  45    0*238 670  50    0*240 681  50    0
09105 08/16*224 658  40    0*229 669  45    0*234 680  50    0*238 691  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09110 08/17*242 693  55    0*244 704  60    0*246 714  65    0*249 724  70    0
09110 08/17*242 702  55    0*246 713  60    0*250 725  65    0*255 738  70    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09115 08/18*252 733  75    0*255 741  80    0*258 750  85    0*261 759  90    0
09115 08/18*260 749  75    0*265 758  80    0*270 767  85    0*276 775  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09120 08/19*264 767  90    0*268 775  95    0*272 783 100    0*274 787 100    0
09120 08/19*281 782  90    0*286 788  95    0*295 790 100    0*309 788 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09125 08/20*276 790 100    0*278 792 105    0*280 794 105    0*292 796 105    0
09125 08/20*324 780 100    0*336 767 105    0*350 750 105    0*367 731 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09130 08/21*305 791 100    0*322 780  95    0*339 761  90    0*361 738  80    0
09130 08/21*382 709 100    0*398 684  95    0*410 660  90    0*420 620  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

09135 08/22*387 701  60    0*404 669  50    0*418 635  40    0*429 590  35    0
09135 08/22*428 577  75    0*434 536  70    0E440 495  70    0E449 456  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(23rd not in HURDAT previously.)
09137 08/23E460 420  70    0E476 386  70    0E490 350  70  972E506 300  70    0

09140 HR    
09140 HR NC1   
         ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressures of 
967 mb (07Z 20th) suggest winds of at least 88 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 105 kt retained as HURDAT winds.  Central pressure 
of 972 mb (18Z 23rd) suggest winds from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship of 80 kt, respectively - 70 kt chosen for best track since 
hurricane had transitioned to extratropical storm stage.

Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 
17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and moderate adjustments
to existing positions.  All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, 
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, August 16, 1887
Meteorological Register
10 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 83 Cloudy Clear    E mod E light
11 Aug 29.77 29.78 83 83 Cloudy Cloudy   E mod E mod
12 Aug 29.78 29.78 84 83 Clear Clear     E mod E mod
13 Aug 29.79 29.79 85 82 Clear Clear     E mod E light
14 Aug 29.78 29.70 84 84 Cloudy Cloudy   ENE mod N fresh
15 Aug 29.70 29.72 81 82 Overcast Cloudy SW fresh SW fresh
16 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 82 Hazy Clear      E light E light
General Remarks
10th -  Fine bright day and clear moonlight night.
11th - 10 a.m. passing rain squalls, balance of day cloudy to fair, and 
   fine night. Last Quarter.
12th - Weather very fine and warm, and bright starry night.
13th - 120 p.m. A shower. Fine bright day and night.
14th - The weather today is very suspicious. During the night it blew in 
   gusts with light drizzly rain, and the wind went round to the NE. At 
   2 p.m. it began to get squally and gusty accompanied with short showers 
   of rain. The barometer became depressed,and went down one tenth. The 
   wind then began to blow from the N. At 6 o'clock it became quite clear 
   that a cyclone was passing to the North of this island. The wind later 
   veered very rapidly from N to NNW, then NW, with lightning in that 
   region and some distant thunder. Later in the night the wind hauled to 
   the Westward and finally settled at SW blowing fresh all the next day. 
   It is evident from the rapid changes of the wind that the stormfield 
   was not very extensive.
15th - Blowing fresh from the SW and cloudy. Towards afternoon and evening 
   it became clearer.  Night clear and starry.
16th - Clear and pleasant day, night clear and starry.

Based upon these observations, it is analyzed that the system had a closed
circulation (i.e. westerly wind component) and was nearly due north of 
the island around 09Z on the 15th.  The track is extended back to 12Z on
the 14th, with a track substantially closer to St. Kitts than analyzed
before (but still outside any gale force wind region).  However, little
can be deduced for intensity.  Thus, continuing the system with minimal 
(35 kt) tropical storm strength appears prudent.


1887/06 - 2006 REVISION:

09505 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
09505 08/14/1887 M=10  6 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

09510 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 590  35    0*180 600  35    0*
09515 08/15*190 610  35    0*200 622  35    0*210 634  35    0*218 646  40    0*
09520 08/16*224 658  40    0*229 669  45    0*234 680  50    0*238 691  50    0*
09525 08/17*242 702  55    0*246 713  60    0*250 725  65    0*255 738  70    0*
09530 08/18*260 749  75    0*265 758  80    0*270 767  85    0*276 775  90    0*
09535 08/19*281 782  90    0*286 788  95    0*295 790 100    0*309 788 100    0*
09540 08/20*324 780 100    0*336 767 105    0*350 750 105    0*367 731 105    0*
09545 08/21*382 709 100    0*398 684  95    0*410 660  90    0*420 620  80    0*
09550 08/22*428 577  75    0*434 536  70    0E440 495  70    0E449 456  75    0*
09555 08/23E460 420  70    0E476 386  70    0E490 350  70  972E506 300  70    0*
09560 HR NC1                                                                    

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************

09145 08/18/1887 M=10  5 SNBR= 250 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09145 08/18/1887 M=10  7 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09150 08/18*  0   0   0    0*169 574  35    0*172 584  50    0*177 593  65    0
09150 08/18*  0   0   0    0*180 600  35    0*188 610  35    0*196 620  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09155 08/19*182 602  85    0*189 611  90    0*195 620  95    0*203 630 100    0
09155 08/19*204 632  40    0*212 645  45    0*220 660  50    0*228 675  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

09160 08/20*212 639 105    0*220 648 105    0*227 657 105    0*239 680 105    0
09160 08/20*236 690  55    0*243 705  55    0*250 720  60    0*255 733  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09165 08/21*250 710 105    0*260 737 105    0*267 753 105    0*271 761 105    0
09165 08/21*259 744  65    0*261 753  75    0*263 760  85    0*264 766  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09170 08/22*273 765 105    0*275 769 105    0*279 772 105    0*284 776 105    0
09170 08/22*265 772 105    0*266 778 110    0*270 783 110    0*278 786 110    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09175 08/23*289 780 105    0*294 782 105    0*300 783 105    0*306 782 105    0
09175 08/23*286 787 110    0*293 786 110    0*300 785 110    0*307 784 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09180 08/24*311 778 105    0*318 771 105    0*326 760 105    0*336 747 105    0
09180 08/24*314 782 110    0*318 780 110    0*323 777 110    0*333 767 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09185 08/25*347 731 105    0*359 714 105    0*370 695 105    0*380 675 105    0
09185 08/25*342 756 110    0*350 744 110    0*357 733 110    0*367 713 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09190 08/26*389 654 100    0*399 632  95    0*410 610  85    0*426 582  75    0
09190 08/26*379 691 105    0*390 663 105    0*400 640 100    0*420 603 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

09195 08/27*447 558  70    0*467 535  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09195 08/27*443 560  95    0*463 514  85    0E485 460  75    0E507 397  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09200 HR

Only one major change (detailed below) from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), 
who otherwise made large, but reasonable alterations to the track shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Intensities reduced from
the 18th to the 21st, since available observations indicate that the 
system remained a tropical storm until the 21st and moderate (Category 1 
and 2) hurricane status until the 22nd.  Winds boosted on the 26th and 27th 
based upon ship reports.  Peripheral pressure of 994 mb (09Z on the 21st) 
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 75 kt chosen in best track (lowered from 105 kt).  
Peripheral pressure of 955 mb (14Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least
99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt chosen for 
best track.  Peripheral pressures of 952 mb (12Z on the 26th) and 955 mb 
(17Z on the 26th) suggest winds of at least 96 kt and 93 kt, respectively, 
from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best 
track.  Peripheral pressure of 963 mb (00Z on the 27th) suggests winds of
at least 88 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track.

Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper 
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for repositioning of the storm on the 
18th to the 20th.  All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, 
station pressure (inches mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind:
Tuesday, 23 August 1887
Meteorological Register
17 Aug 29.80 29.80 84 83 Clear Clear   ENE light NE mod
18 Aug 29.75 29.72 86 85 Clear Clear   NE light  SW mod
19 Aug 29.80 29.80 85 85 Clear Clear   S light   S mod
20 Aug 29.80 29.78 84 82 Clear Cloudy  E light   ENE mod
General Remarks
17th - Bright and sunny day, and clear starry night.
18th - Today has been exceedingly hot and sultry, night bright starlight.
19th - The weather today has been very fine, and warm, sea moderately 
   smooth. Night overcast.  At 8 p.m. a sudden flash of lightning 
   followed by a low roll of distant thunder. New moon.
20th - Weather bright with sunshine throughout the day. Afternoon sky 
   lightly overcast. Night clear and starry.

These observations suggest a closest approach to St. Kitts around 18Z
on the 18th (lowest pressure and wind shift to SW) as a relatively weak
system.  Southerly winds on the 19th clearly indicate that the system
has moved to the west of the island.  Large adjustment to track 
proposed by Partagas is not too surprising given the lack of data
that Partagas could locate for the 18th through the 20th.

********************************************************************************

09205 09/01/1887 M= 6  6 SNBR= 251 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09205 09/01/1887 M= 6  8 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

09210 09/01*279 533  35    0*288 539  40    0*297 545  45    0*306 554  50    0
09210 09/01*281 537  35    0*286 544  40    0*290 550  45    0*296 559  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

09215 09/02*314 560  55    0*325 567  65    0*334 571  75    0*357 572  80    0
09215 09/02*304 570  55    0*311 578  65    0*320 585  75    0*342 587  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

09220 09/03*380 567  85    0*403 553  85    0*428 518  85    0*447 475  85    0
09220 09/03*367 578  85    0*388 564  90    0*410 540  90    0*437 497  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09225 09/04*465 430  85    0*482 392  75    0*500 350  65    0*519 320  60    0
09225 09/04*464 445  90  963*492 397  90    0E520 350  80    0E530 324  70    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

09230 09/05*533 296  55    0*549 269  50    0*557 230  50    0*553 181  50    0
09230 09/05E540 297  60    0E549 269  60    0E557 230  60    0E553 181  60    0
           **** ***  **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09235 09/06*552 146  50    0*554 110  50    0*559  72  50    0*  0   0   0    0
09235 09/06E552 146  55    0E554 110  50    0E559  72  50    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

09240 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 6.  Intensities increased from the 3rd to the 6th based upon
ship reports.  A possible central pressure of 963 mb (22Z on the 3rd)
suggests winds of 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
90 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure measurement of 985 mb
(17Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the northern
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

09245 09/11/1887 M=12  7 SNBR= 252 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09245 09/11/1887 M=12  9 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

09250 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 570  35    0*134 582  50    0
09250 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 570  35    0*134 582  40    0
                                                                        **

09255 09/12*134 593  70    0*135 604  75    0*136 614  80    0*137 623  80    0
09255 09/12*134 593  45    0*135 604  50    0*136 614  55    0*137 623  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09260 09/13*138 631  80    0*139 639  85    0*140 648  85    0*141 662  85    0
09260 09/13*138 631  65    0*139 639  70    0*140 648  75    0*141 662  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09265 09/14*142 678  85    0*144 695  85    0*145 710  85    0*147 723  85    0
09270 09/15*150 735  85    0*153 747  85    0*157 760  85    0*162 778  85    0
09275 09/16*167 796  85    0*173 815  85    0*180 830  85    0*187 841  85    0
09280 09/17*195 851  85    0*203 859  85    0*210 866  85    0*214 872  85    0
09280 09/17*195 851  85    0*203 859  85    0*210 866  85    0*214 872  75    0
                                                                        **

09285 09/18*219 877  85    0*223 883  85    0*230 890  85    0*231 893  85    0
09285 09/18*219 877  80    0*223 883  85    0*227 888  85    0*231 893  85    0
                     **                       *** ***

09290 09/19*235 898  85    0*239 903  85    0*245 910  85    0*250 917  85    0
09295 09/20*254 923  85    0*258 931  85    0*260 940  85    0*260 945  85    0
09295 09/20*254 923  85    0*258 931  85    0*260 940  85    0*261 948  85    0
                                                               *** ***

09300 09/21*260 949  85    0*260 954  85    0*260 959  85    0*260 964  85    0
09300 09/21*261 956  85    0*261 962  85    0*261 968  85    0*261 973  80  973
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **  ***

09305 09/22*259 972  80    0*257 980  75    0*255 989  65    0*252 997  35    0
09305 09/22*260 979  60    0*258 984  45    0*255 989  35    0*250 996  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

09310 HR
09310 HRATX2
      ******

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 7.  Intensities reduced from the 11th to the 13th since hurricane
conditions were not noted in the Windward Islands.  A central pressure
(16Z on the 21st) of 973 mb suggests winds of 85 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track at
landfall.  (Winds at 18Z on the 21st are slightly weaker.)  Inland 
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over 
Texas and Mexico.

********************************************************************************

09315 09/14/1887 M= 5  8 SNBR= 253 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09315 09/14/1887 M= 5 10 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09320 09/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 537  35    0
09325 09/15*243 541  40    0*262 547  40    0*281 550  45    0*299 552  50    0
09325 09/15*243 541  40    0*262 547  40    0*281 550  45    0*295 553  50    0
                                                               *** ***

09330 09/16*318 553  60    0*336 552  65    0*355 549  70    0*374 545  75    0
09330 09/16*308 555  55    0*325 556  60    0*340 553  65    0*354 551  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09335 09/17*393 539  80    0*413 530  85    0*432 520  85    0*450 507  85    0
09335 09/17*374 547  70    0*393 541  70    0*410 535  70    0*428 527  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09340 09/18*467 489  80    0*483 470  75    0*500 450  65    0*516 429  55    0
09340 09/18*457 514  70  983*480 498  65    0E505 480  60    0E531 445  55    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***

09345 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm
number 8.  Intensities reduced from the 16th to the 18th since ship
observations only support category one conditions.  A possible central
pressure of 983 mb (02Z on the 18th) suggests 70 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

09350 10/06/1887 M= 3  9 SNBR= 254 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09350 10/06/1887 M= 4 11 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

09355 10/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*197 847  35    0*197 860  45    0
09360 10/07*197 873  50    0*197 886  45    0*198 899  40    0*198 912  40    0
09365 10/08*198 925  45    0*199 937  50    0*200 950  50    0*201 978  35    0
09365 10/08*198 925  45    0*199 937  50    0*200 950  50    0*201 963  50    0
                                                                   ***  **

(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
09367 10/09*202 976  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

09370 TS  

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Translational
speed too high at end of track.  Adjustments made to correct this required the 
addition of an extra six hourly position.

********************************************************************************

09375 10/09/1887 M= 3 10 SNBR= 255 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09375 10/08/1887 M= 2 12 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
          *         * **       ***

(8th not in HURDAT previously.)
09377 10/08*  0   0   0    0*210 741  55    0*217 743  60    0*227 745  60    0

09380 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*190 805  35    0*202 812  45    0
09380 10/09*237 748  55    0*246 749  50    0*255 750  45    0*269 751  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09385 10/10*213 822  50    0*221 834  50    0*228 850  45    0*233 861  50    0
09390 10/11*236 871  50    0*238 882  50    0*238 892  45    0*237 904  35    0
(10th and 11th removed from HURDAT.)

09395 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 10.  
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 994 mb (10Z on the 8th) suggests winds of at least 
58 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best 
track.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not available as the 
genesis (and possibly the decay) were not documented.

********************************************************************************

09400 10/09/1887 M=11 11 SNBR= 256 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09400 10/09/1887 M=14 13 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                   ** **       ***                        *

09405 10/09*  0   0   0    0*191 597  35    0*192 610  45    0*193 624  55    0
09405 10/09*  0   0   0    0*191 597  35    0*192 610  40    0*193 624  45    0
                                                       **               **

09410 10/10*193 638  65    0*194 652  75    0*194 666  80    0*194 680  85    0
09410 10/10*193 638  50    0*194 652  55    0*194 666  60    0*194 680  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09415 10/11*194 693  85    0*194 707  75    0*195 720  65    0*196 735  60    0
09415 10/11*194 697  60    0*194 711  50    0*195 727  45    0*195 743  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

09420 10/12*198 750  60    0*201 765  60    0*204 777  65    0*206 785  70    0
09420 10/12*196 760  65    0*197 774  70    0*200 787  75    0*203 798  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09425 10/13*208 792  75    0*210 798  80    0*212 804  80    0*214 811  85    0
09425 10/13*207 809  75    0*211 819  75    0*215 827  75    0*217 834  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09430 10/14*216 819  85    0*218 826  85    0*220 833  85    0*222 840  85    0
09430 10/14*220 841  70    0*222 847  65    0*225 853  65    0*226 859  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09435 10/15*224 847  85    0*226 854  75    0*228 861  70    0*231 868  70    0
09435 10/15*229 865  75    0*231 870  75    0*233 875  75    0*235 878  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09440 10/16*234 875  70    0*238 882  75    0*241 888  80    0*243 893  80    0
09440 10/16*237 882  75    0*239 885  75    0*241 888  75    0*243 893  75    0
            ***      **      *** ***                   **               **

09445 10/17*245 896  85    0*248 899  85    0*251 902  85    0*256 905  85    0
09445 10/17*245 896  75    0*248 899  75    0*251 902  75    0*256 905  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09450 10/18*263 909  85    0*271 912  85    0*277 913  85    0*283 911  85    0
09450 10/18*263 909  75    0*271 912  75    0*277 913  75    0*283 911  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

09455 10/19*288 907  85    0*294 900  85    0*299 896  65    0*309 880  35    0
09455 10/19*289 907  75    0*295 900  65    0*302 891  55    0*309 880  45    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **               **

(20th and 21st not in HURDAT previously.)
09457 10/20*315 861  35    0*322 841  30    0*330 825  30    0*344 799  30    0
09458 10/21E357 771  35    0E376 740  40    0E395 720  45    0E420 690  45    0
09459 10/22E466 652  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

09460 HR
09460 HR LA1
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 11. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure 
reading of 989 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 66 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best track.  A 
peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (on the 19th) suggests winds of at 
least 64 kt from the Gulf wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt used in best 
track.  Hurricane status east of and at landfall into Hispanola is reduced 
to tropical storm status since there is no evidence for this intensity.  
The hurricane is reduced from the standard Category 2 (85 kt) in the original
HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) while in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico 
as available observation data suggests minimal hurricane status.  This is 
consistent with analysis by Perez (2000) indicating landfall as Category 1 
hurricane over Cuba.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.

********************************************************************************

09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 12 SNBR= 257 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09465 10/10/1887 M= 3 14 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09470 10/10*  0   0   0    0*282 390  35    0*290 400  45    0*299 405  55    0
09470 10/10*  0   0   0    0*282 390  35    0*290 400  45    0*301 402  55    0
                                                               *** ***

09475 10/11*309 410  65    0*321 414  75    0*334 417  80    0*348 416  85    0
09475 10/11*313 402  65    0*325 401  75    0*337 400  75    0*352 399  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

09480 10/12*364 412  85    0*381 407  85    0*400 395  75    0*412 381  35    0
09480 10/12*368 398  75    0*384 397  75    0E400 395  60    0E412 381  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *         **     *

09485 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 12.  A peripheral pressure reading of 989 mb (22Z on the 11th)
suggests at least 64 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
75 kt used in best track.  Peak winds reduced from the standard Category 2 
(85 kt) in the original HURDAT down to Category 1 (75 kt) on the 11th and 
12th, since evidence suggests only a minimal hurricane occurred.

********************************************************************************

09490 10/16/1887 M= 4 13 SNBR= 258 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09490 10/15/1887 M= 5 15 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         * **       ***

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
09492 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 480  70    0*146 490  75    0

09495 10/16*  0   0   0    0*161 512  35    0*170 520  35    0*184 530  40    0
09495 10/16*153 500  80    0*161 510  85    0*170 520  90    0*184 530  90    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **               **

09500 10/17*197 538  45    0*209 544  45    0*220 550  50    0*229 554  50    0
09500 10/17*197 538  90    0*209 544  90    0*220 550  85    0*229 554  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09505 10/18*237 556  50    0*244 557  50    0*253 557  50    0*264 553  50    0
09505 10/18*237 556  70    0*244 557  60    0*253 557  55    0*264 553  50    0
                     **               **               ** 

09510 10/19*276 547  45    0*290 537  40    0*304 525  35    0*317 513  25    0
09515 TS 
09515 HR
      **

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm 
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 13.  
Additional observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the 
_St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper 
(St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) allow for an extension back a day and an 
increase in intensity:
"Tuesday, 25 October 1887 - Royal Mail Steam Moselle arrived at 
Barbados on October 18th and a couple of days before making port 
encountered a hurricane:  Wind began at noon of 15th from ENE. At 6pm 
strong breeze. 8pm moderate gale, barometer steady. 10 pm fresh gale, 
barometer falling. Midnight, strong gale. barometer falling, wind NE.
3 a.m. wind had increased to a hurricane, barometer 29[.00], wind NNE. 
Between 3 am and 530am lost seven Boats, all Sheep Pens, and Fowl 
Coops, with all Live Stock overboard and damaged one boat, leaving 
only two small ones serviceable. Blew away Foretopsail and Foresail,
and Awning, and considerable damage was sustained around decks. At 
5:30 a.m. wind NNE, barometer 28.80 blowing a fierce hurricane, with 
furious squalls, wind North, backing West. 6 a.m. wind WSW with 
mountainous seas. 7 a.m. Ship hove to on port tack, wind and sea 
decreasing."
These observations clearly indicate hurricane intensity was achieved
by this storm.  The 975 mb peripheral pressure (around 1030 UTC on
the 6th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.  Winds adjusted for
the 15th to the 18th, accordingly.  Complete life cycle for this 
hurricane is not known due to lack of knowledge of its genesis.

********************************************************************************

09520 10/29/1887 M= 4 14 SNBR= 259 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09520 10/29/1887 M= 9 16 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    * **       ***

09525 10/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*251 849  35    0*268 823  40    0
09525 10/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*265 860  35    0*272 845  40    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

09530 10/30*284 798  35    0*298 783  35    0*310 772  40    0*321 765  40    0
09530 10/30*280 830  40    0*289 815  35    0*300 800  40    0*313 787  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

09535 10/31*330 759  40    0*339 752  40    0*346 745  40    0*353 738  40    0
09535 10/31*327 774  50    0*339 761  55    0*348 748  60    0*354 734  60  993
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

09540 11/01*359 731  40    0*364 723  40    0*368 716  35    0*373 708  35    0
09540 11/01E360 720  65    0E365 703  70    0E370 690  70    0E378 678  70    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(2nd to 6th not in HURDAT previously.)
09541 11/02E385 666  65    0E392 654  65    0E400 640  60    0E406 617  60    0
09542 11/03E411 580  60    0E415 548  60    0E420 520  60    0E440 478  60    0
09543 11/04E474 442  60    0E511 402  60    0E530 360  60    0E536 320  60    0
09544 11/05E536 277  60    0E534 231  60  990E530 190  60    0E524 154  60    0
09545 11/06E518 114  55    0E508  73  50    0E500  40  45    0E483   4  40    0

09545 TS

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date          Time   Lat    Lon    Max   States
                                    Winds  Affected
16-10/29/1887$  1800Z  26.8   82.3    40     FL
16-10/30/1887$  0100Z  28.1   82.8    40     FL
      **        ****   ****   ****

Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who otherwise made 
large reasonable track alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 14.  A possible central pressure reading of 993 mb 
(17Z on the 3lst) suggests winds of 59 kt from the northern wind-pressure 
relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  A central pressure of 990 mb (08Z on 
the 5th) suggests winds of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 
60 kt used in best track since storm had transformed to extratropical.  
Windspeeds increased from the 30th to the 1st to account for ship and coastal 
observations (from Hudgins 2000, Roth and Cobb 2001).

The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of 
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base 
Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
10/28/1887 E      E      0    29.90  29.88  29.90    0.83"
10/29/1887 S      S      SW   29.82  29.78  29.78    0.16"
10/30/1887 NW     NW     NW   29.70  29.65  29.65
10/31/1887 NW     NW     NW   29.75  29.74  29.74

These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the SW and NW wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 30th.  The track is shifted to go just north of the Fort based upon
these west winds.  The minimum surface pressure value corresponds to a
sea level pressure of 1007 mb, which is supportive of just minimal tropical
storm conditions while crossing Florida already in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 15 SNBR= 260 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09550 11/27/1887 M= 8 17 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09555 11/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*221 670  35    0*231 686  40    0
09560 11/28*238 700  40    0*242 712  45    0*245 724  50    0*247 735  55    0
09560 11/28*238 700  40    0*242 712  45    0*245 724  50    0*245 728  55    0
                                                               *** ***  

09565 11/29*246 748  60    0*236 752  70    0*230 747  75    0*232 730  80    0
09565 11/29*244 732  60    0*241 734  65    0*237 735  70    0*233 732  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09570 11/30*239 712  80    0*248 699  85    0*256 685  85    0*260 676  85    0
09570 11/30*234 726  70    0*237 718  70    0*240 713  70    0*245 704  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09575 12/01*264 667  85    0*268 659  85    0*272 653  85    0*275 648  80    0
09575 12/01*251 694  60    0*256 686  60    0*263 673  60    0*268 664  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09580 12/02*278 644  80    0*280 640  75    0*283 635  70    0*287 629  70    0
09580 12/02*274 653  55    0*279 645  55    0*285 635  55    0*291 627  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

09585 12/03*291 623  65    0*296 617  60    0*303 610  55    0*311 601  50    0
09585 12/03*298 619  50    0*305 610  50    0*310 603  50    0*315 595  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09590 12/04*320 588  50    0*329 575  45    0*339 565  40    0*349 555  35    0
09590 12/04*320 588  50    0*329 575  50    0*339 565  45    0*349 555  40    0
                                                       **               **

09595 HR 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 15. 
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced from the 
28th until the 3rd since available observational data indicate that the
system peaked as a minimal hurricane (65 kt is chosen as peak winds), 
rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity in the original 
HURDAT. Winds slightly increased on 4th due to a ship observation.

********************************************************************************

09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 16 SNBR= 261 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09600 12/04/1887 M= 7 18 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09605 12/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*192 541  35    0*207 574  40    0
09605 12/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*192 541  35    0*207 574  35    0
                                                                        **

09610 12/05*221 600  40    0*235 619  50    0*248 628  50    0*261 632  55    0
09610 12/05*221 600  40    0*235 619  40    0*248 628  45    0*261 632  45    0
                                      **               **               **

09615 12/06*276 630  65    0*286 620  65    0*298 609  65    0*312 589  70    0
09615 12/06*276 630  50    0*286 620  50    0*298 609  55    0*312 589  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

09620 12/07*326 571  75    0*340 556  75    0*353 543  80    0*361 518  80    0
09620 12/07*326 571  65    0*340 556  70    0*353 543  70    0*361 518  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

09625 12/08*364 491  85    0*367 464  85    0*371 439  85    0*377 417  85    0
09625 12/08*364 491  70    0*367 464  70    0*371 439  70    0*377 417  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

09630 12/09*384 396  85    0*392 377  85    0*400 360  80    0*409 346  75    0
09630 12/09E384 396  60    0E392 377  60    0E400 360  60    0E409 346  55    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09635 12/10*419 334  70    0*430 325  60    0*442 318  50    0*454 313  35    0
09635 12/10E419 334  50    0E430 325  45    0E442 318  40    0E454 313  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         

09640 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 16.  All gale
force or greater observations obtained for this system were the following:  
50 kt from the southeast veering to the northwest around 02 UTC on the 7th 
(Bark "Leocadia"), 70 kt around 17 UTC on the 7th (Steamship "Kate Fawcett"), 
40 kt from the south-southwest veering to the west-northwest on the 8th 
(Steamship "Orsino"), and 60 kt from the south veering to the northwest around 
17 UTC on the 9th (Steamship "Westergate").  Winds are thus reduced for the 
whole lifecycle of the storm since best available observations indicate that 
the system likely peaked on the 7th and 8th as a minimal hurricane (70 kt 
chosen as peak winds), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) intensity 
originally suggested in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 17 SNBR= 262 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09900 12/07/1887 M= 6 19 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

09905 12/07*  0   0   0    0*125 585  35    0*127 596  35    0*129 606  40    0
09910 12/08*131 616  40    0*132 626  40    0*133 636  45    0*133 646  45    0
09915 12/09*133 657  45    0*132 668  50    0*130 680  50    0*128 695  50    0
09920 12/10*126 713  50    0*123 732  50    0*121 750  50    0*118 766  50    0
09925 12/11*115 782  50    0*113 796  50    0*110 810  50    0*109 815  45    0
09930 12/12*108 820  45    0*107 825  40    0*106 831  35    0*105 836  25    0
09935 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 17.

********************************************************************************

1887 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 10-15, 1887:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.

2) September 1-5, 1887:  At least one (possible two) gale force wind reports, 
   but unclear if system was closed circulation.

3) October 22-23, 1887:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

4) Observations obtained by Michael Chenoweth from the _St. Christopher 
Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer_ newspaper (St. Kitts, 17.4N, 62.7W) 
suggest the occurrence of (at least) a tropical depression that passed
south and then west of St. Kitts.  However, without additional 
information documenting tropical storm strength for this system, it will 
not be added into HURDAT. 
All observations made at 10am and 4pm. Read: date, station pressure (inches 
mercury), temperature (F), weather, and wind (The altitude of the 
observations were at approximately 30 m.  Thus the surface pressures provided
below must be corrected by 0.1" to convert to sea level pressure values.)
Tuesday, September 27,  1887
Meteorological Register
20 Sep 29.80 29.78 78 81 Cloudy Overcast  NE light E mod
21 Sep 29.80 29.75 83 84 Cloudy Cloudy    E light S light
22 Sep 29.78 29.70 82 82 Cloudy Overcast  S mod SW mod
23 Sep 29.80 29.80 85 84 Cloudy Hazy      SSW light SW light
24 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 85 Clear Clear      SW light SW light
25 Sep 29.80 29.80 86 86 Clear Clear      SW light SW light
26 Sep 29.80 29.77 85 84 Clear Clear      S light SE light
General Remarks
20th - Weather densely overcast with heavy showers of rain all day. 
   Night cloudy with passing showers. 
21st - Commences with a cloudy sky and calm sultry atmosphere. 
   Mid-day intermittent sunshine.  5 p.m. raining. Night showery with 
   sheet lightning.
22nd - Commences with squalls of wind and rain. At 1 a.m. the wind 
   became boisterous, and the squalls reached the force of a moderate 
   gale, with frequent heavy showers. Barometer at 29.68. Noon very 
   squally in South, thick and raining. Night cloudy and squally.
23rd - (No account.) 
24th - After the squally weather of the day before yesterday, the sky 
   cleared, the wind still from the southwest but light. Fine sunny 
   day. Night clear and dull. Plenty of sheet lightning.
25th - Bright and sunny day, clear and starry night.
26th - Warm and sunny day. 5 p.m. overcast and raining - clear 
   starlight night.

5) Another possible new system has been identified by Mr. Michael Chenoweth
to have struck southern Belize in October 1887.  Below are some excerpts
from the _Colonial Guardian_ newspaper of Belize:  
   "The storm which swept last week [October 15-16, 1887] over the town, 
has caused great havock in the country, blowing down trees, strewing the 
truck-paths with them and rendering travelling impossible.  We have been 
credibly informed that many of the banana plantations of the Southern 
District have been levelled with the ground; so that for three months 
these plantations will produce little or nothing."
   In the same day's issue, they identify the "City of Dallas" as sailing 
from New Orleans and being a day late in arriving in Belize (with the new 
Colonial Secretary) "due to a severe storm shortly after leaving", but the 
exact date is not given. It arrived in Belize Wednesday afternoon, 
October 19.
The difficulty in ascribing this destruction to a new tropical cyclone
is that storm 13 was occurring just 300-400 nmi to the north while 
passing between Cuba and the Yucatan of Mexico.  While it is not impossible
for two tropical systems to be that physically close to one another, it
is an unlikely event.  It is also a possibility that the destruction 
described here is due to storm 13, which may need a large alteration in
its track.  At this point, it is recommended that this system be retained
as a possible new system (or storm 13 in need of revision of track) until
more information can be obtained to clarify the situation.

********************************************************************************

09685 06/16/1888 M= 3  1 SNBR= 263 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09685 06/16/1888 M= 3  1 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

09690 06/16*275 932  35    0*277 937  55    0*280 943  70    0*282 948  85    0
09690 06/16*275 932  35    0*277 937  45    0*280 943  55    0*282 948  65    0
                                      **               **               **

09695 06/17*284 953  85    0*287 957  80    0*290 960  70    0*294 963  65    0
09695 06/17*284 953  70    0*287 957  70    0*290 960  50    0*294 963  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

09700 06/18*299 965  55    0*304 967  50    0*310 968  45    0*313 966  35    0
09700 06/18*299 965  35    0*304 967  30    0*310 968  30    0*313 966  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

09705 HR
09705 HRBTX1
        ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced moderately for the whole 
lifecycle of the storm as available observation evidence suggests that this
system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane status, rather than the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) utilized in the original HURDAT.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) used for inland winds over Texas.

********************************************************************************

09710 07/04/1888 M= 3  2 SNBR= 264 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09710 07/04/1888 M= 3  2 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09715 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*260 944  35    0*264 948  40    0
09720 07/05*270 951  50    0*276 953  50    0*283 955  50    0*291 956  45    0
09725 07/06*300 956  40    0*309 955  35    0*320 954  35    0*  0   0   0    0
09725 07/06*300 956  40    0*309 955  35    0*320 954  30    0*  0   0   0    0
                                                       **

09730 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas.

********************************************************************************

09735 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 265 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
09735 08/14/1888 M=11  3 SNBR= 273 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

09740 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*213 713  35    0*218 724  40    0
09740 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 710  35    0*233 721  40    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

09745 08/15*223 734  50    0*228 745  60    0*233 755  70    0*238 765  80    0
09745 08/15*238 734  50    0*241 745  60    0*243 755  70    0*246 765  80    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

09750 08/16*243 774  90    0*248 783  95    0*253 793  95    0*257 806  90    0
09750 08/16*248 774  90    0*251 782 100    0*253 790 110    0*257 799 110    0
            ***              *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

09755 08/17*262 822  85    0*266 838  90    0*269 853  90    0*271 867  95    0
09755 08/17*262 809  85    0*266 820  70    0*269 833  80    0*271 847  90    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

09760 08/18*271 880  95    0*272 891  95    0*273 899  95    0*276 904  95    0
09760 08/18*271 862  95    0*272 876  95    0*273 886  95    0*276 894  95    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

09765 08/19*279 907  95    0*283 910  95    0*288 913  95    0*293 916  90    0
09765 08/19*279 900  95    0*283 904  95    0*288 906  95    0*293 908  85    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

09770 08/20*299 918  80    0*307 920  70    0*318 921  65    0*332 916  60    0
09770 08/20*299 909  75    0*307 910  70    0*318 910  65    0*332 908  60    0
                ***  **          ***              ***              ***

09775 08/21*348 901  55    0*365 878  50    0*380 850  45    0*393 813  45    0
09780 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0*432 681  35    0*447 653  35    0
09780 08/22*406 765  40    0*419 718  40    0E432 681  50    0E447 653  50    0
                                             *         **     *         **

09785 08/23*462 628  35    0*477 605  35    0*492 590  35    0*506 571  35    0
09785 08/23E462 628  50    0E477 605  50    0E492 590  45    0E506 571  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

09790 08/24*518 558  35    0*530 550  35    0*540 540  35    0*552 530  35    0
09790 08/24E518 558  40    0E530 550  40    0E540 540  35    0E552 530  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

09795 HR    
09795 HRCFL3BFL1 LA2    
      ********** ***

U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon   Max  Saffir- Central   States
                                  Winds Simpson Pressure  Affected
3-8/16/1888$   1700Z 25.6N  80.4W  100kt  3     (953mb)   CFL3,BFL1
3-8/16/1888$   1900Z 25.8N  80.1W  110kt  3     (945mb)   CFL3,BFL1
               ****  ****   ****   ***           ***

3-8/19/1888    2100Z 29.6N  91.7W   95kt  2     (964mb)   LA2


Only one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made otherwise made 
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 994 mb (around 21Z on the 20th) suggests winds of at 
least 56 kt from the wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt at 18Z and 55 kt at 
00Z are chosen for best track since reading was for inland station.  A 
peripheral pressure reading of 992 mb (around 12Z on the 22nd) suggests at 
least 60 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for
best track since the storm had likely transitioned to extratropical
status.  Winds increased while extratropical from the 22nd to the 24th
to account for wind and peripheral pressure data.  A value of 14 foot
storm tide for Miami, Florida is reported in Barnes (1998a) - supporting
(at least) a high end Category 3 intensity at landfall.

The major change from Partagas and Diaz is due to work by Mr. Brian Jones of 
the University of Miami, who uncovered observations from the U.S. military base 
Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
8/16/1888  NE     NE     NE   29.85  29.80  29.52    0.68"
8/17/1888  SE     SE     SE   29.50  29.88  29.65    0.50"
8/18/1888  E      E      0    29.88  29.90  29.90    0.13"

These observations suggest the point of closest approach to Fort Meade
occurred between the NE and SE wind directions, nearest to about 06Z
on the 17th.  This is an impact in Florida about 6 hours later than
estimated in the Partagas and Diaz analysis.  The track is adjusted
accordingly on the 16th through the 18th.  The minimum surface pressure value 
corresponds to a sea level pressure of 1002 mb, though the hurricane center
likely passed a substantial distance to the south of the fort.

********************************************************************************

09800 08/31/1888 M= 9  4 SNBR= 266 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
09800 08/31/1888 M= 9  4 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

09805 08/31*193 603  35    0*195 613  40    0*197 623  40    0*201 637  45    0
09805 08/31*193 603  60    0*195 613  65    0*197 623  70    0*201 637  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

09810 09/01*205 649  50    0*208 661  55    0*210 671  60    0*211 679  60    0
09810 09/01*205 649  75    0*208 661  75    0*210 671  80    0*211 679  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

09815 09/02*212 685  65    0*213 692  70    0*214 701  75    0*216 713  75    0
09815 09/02*212 685  85    0*213 692  85    0*214 701  90    0*216 713  90    0
                     **               **               **               **

09820 09/03*218 724  80    0*219 736  85    0*221 748  85    0*223 759  85    0
09820 09/03*218 724  95    0*219 736 100    0*221 748 105    0*223 759 110    0
                     **              ***              ***              ***

09825 09/04*224 770  85    0*226 781  85    0*227 792  85    0*227 805  75    0
09825 09/04*225 770 110    0*227 782 110    0*229 797 110    0*230 808  90    0
            ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

09830 09/05*226 820  70    0*223 834  70    0*221 847  70    0*219 856  70    0
09830 09/05*230 819  80    0*228 828  75    0*225 837  70    0*222 849  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

09835 09/06*216 864  70    0*214 871  70    0*211 880  70    0*208 890  70    0
09835 09/06*218 861  70    0*214 871  70    0*211 880  60    0*208 890  55    0
            *** ***                                    **               **

09840 09/07*205 900  70    0*202 911  80    0*199 923  85    0*195 933  85    0
09840 09/07*205 900  50    0*202 911  60    0*199 923  70    0*195 933  85    0
                     **               **               **          

09845 09/08*188 942  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09845 09/08*190 943  75    0*180 952  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

09850 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds increased on
31st and 1st based upon ship report of hurricane force winds.  Peripheral
pressure of 980 mb (17Z on the 2nd) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.
Peripheral pressure of 972 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least
87 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in
best track.  Peripheral pressure of 979 mb (14Z on the 4th) suggests
at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  The pressure
readings on the 3rd and 4th along with extreme destruction in Sagua, Cuba 
leads to a best track wind estimate of 110 kt at landfall, which is
consistent with the analysis of Perez (2000) of a Category 3 hurricane
landfall in Cuba.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with 
modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Track 
extended six hours on the 8th for reasonable (though quick) final decay of 
hurricane over Mexico.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not 
available as the genesis was not documented.  The hurricane is known as 
"El Huracan de Faquineto" for its impact in Cuba and "San Gil" for its
impact in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

09855 09/06/1888 M= 8  5 SNBR= 267 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09855 09/06/1888 M= 8  5 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09860 09/06*  0   0   0    0*233 720  35    0*239 730  35    0*244 743  40    0
09860 09/06*  0   0   0    0*235 717  35    0*239 730  35    0*244 743  40    0
                             *** ***

09865 09/07*248 755  40    0*253 768  45    0*258 780  45    0*262 792  45    0
09870 09/08*266 803  45    0*270 814  35    0*274 824  35    0*279 829  40    0
09870 09/08*267 801  45    0*272 811  35    0*277 818  35 1002*283 824  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     **** *** ***  

09875 09/09*285 831  45    0*292 831  50  999*301 829  35    0*312 823  35    0
09875 09/09*286 826  45    0*292 829  50  999*301 829  45    0*312 823  40    0
            *** ***              ***                   **               **

09880 09/10*325 815  35    0*339 806  35    0*350 797  35    0*359 788  35    0
09885 09/11*367 779  35    0*376 769  35    0*385 759  35    0*395 747  35    0
09885 09/11*367 779  35    0*376 769  35    0E385 759  35    0E395 747  35    0
                                             *                *

09890 09/12*406 733  35    0*418 716  35    0*430 699  35    0*442 675  35    0
09890 09/12E406 733  35    0E418 716  35    0E430 699  35    0E442 675  35    0
           *                *                *                *

09895 09/13*458 648  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
09895 09/13E458 648  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *

09900 TS            

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  While the storm's
center does not get completely over water, this storm apparently began 
to re-intensify while over land - as observed by the strong winds and
low pressure at Cedar Key.  However, it is quite uncertain how intense
the storm was at landfall in Southeast Florida.  Winds decreased to below 
storm strength on the 11th to the 13th since observations in Partagas and 
Diaz show no storm force winds north of Virginia.

Confirmation of the inland Florida portion of the track and intensity
was deduced by Mr. Brian Jones of the University of Miami, who uncovered 
observations from the U.S. military base Fort Meade east of Tampa:

Fort Meade (27.7N, 81.8W):
           ----- Wind ------  --- Pressure ---       Rain
Date       14Z    20Z    02Z  14Z    20Z    02Z      
9/7/1888   NE     NE     NE   29.75  29.72  29.62    0.55"
9/8/1888   S      SE     SE   29.50  29.60  29.62    1.93"

These observations match Partagas and Diaz analysis that the storm 
tracked over or very close to Fort Meade around 12Z on the 8th.  The
surface pressure minimum above corresponds to a sea level pressure of 
1002 mb, which is may very well be a central pressure reading.  
1002 mb suggests marine winds of 45 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 35 kt retained due to over-land position.

********************************************************************************

09905 09/23/1888 M= 5  6 SNBR= 268 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
09905 09/23/1888 M= 5  6 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

09910 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 810  35    0*255 802  35    0
09915 09/24*266 797  40    0*277 791  40    0*287 786  45    0*295 782  45    0
09920 09/25*301 778  45    0*307 775  50    0*317 769  50    0*335 757  50    0
09920 09/25*301 778  45    0*307 775  50    0*317 769  55    0*335 757  60    0
                                                       **               **

09925 09/26*361 739  50    0*389 719  50    0*412 702  50    0*430 689  50    0
09925 09/26*361 739  65    0*389 719  70    0*412 702  70  985*430 689  60    0
                     **               **               **  ***          **

09930 09/27*448 675  50    0*464 663  40    0*478 652  35    0*  0   0   0    0
09930 09/27E448 675  50    0E464 663  40    0E478 652  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

09935 TS    
09935 HR
      **                

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A central pressure of 985 mb (12Z on the
26th) suggests winds of 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship -
70 kt chosen for best track making this a minimal hurricane.  However, given
the rapid translational speed, only winds of estimated 55 kt were sustained
along the U.S. coast.

********************************************************************************

09940 10/08/1888 M= 5  7 SNBR= 269 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
09940 10/08/1888 M= 5  7 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

09945 10/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*217 934  35    0*223 926  45    0
09950 10/09*229 918  50    0*236 909  60    0*242 900  65    0*249 891  75    0
09955 10/10*256 882  80    0*263 872  85    0*271 860  85    0*281 846  85    0
09955 10/10*256 882  80    0*263 872  85    0*270 860  90    0*277 846  95    0
                                              ***              ***  

09960 10/11*295 829  80    0*310 811  75    0*327 793  70    0*345 775  60    0
09960 10/11*290 833  95  970*305 813  70    0*323 795  60    0*345 775  55    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

09965 10/12*364 756  50    0*384 737  45    0*406 718  40    0*419 672  35    0
09970 HR 
09970 HRAFL2DFL1
        ********

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Landfall time from Cedar Key 
measurements in Partagas and Diaz is suggested to be slightly later than 
that originally in best track - thus positions altered slightly on the 10th 
and 11th.  A nine foot storm tide (likely also to be storm surge value
based upon tidal data - B. Jarvinen, personal communication) occurred at
Cedar Key, Florida (Partagas and Diaz 1996a).  B. Jarvinen (personal 
communication) utilized the SLOSH model with the observed storm surge and
an estimated track at landfall to the north-northeast to analyze the 
central pressure at 970 mb and RMW of 11 nmi at landfall.  A 970 mb central 
pressure suggests winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship.  Given an RMW substantially smaller than climatology for this 
central pressure and latitudinal position (22 nmi from Vickery et al. 
2000), winds at landfall are estimated at 95 kt - near the border of
Category 2 and 3.  This assessment is substantially stronger than the 
directly observed winds of 65 kt at Cedar Key.  However, it is strongly 
suspected that this was either an estimated wind and/or that the anemometer 
failed after recording this minimal hurricane conditions before the peak winds
occurred.  Observations at Jacksonville and destruction in Fort George 
Island, Florida indicate that the center crossed just to the east of the 
city and may have still retained minimal hurricane force as it was making 
oceanfall (Sandrik 2001).  The best track is adjusted accordingly on the
11th.

********************************************************************************

10230 11/01/1888 M= 8  8 SNBR= 270 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10230 11/01/1888 M= 8  8 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10235 11/01*  0   0   0    0*123 599  35    0*133 610  35    0*144 611  35    0
10240 11/02*155 612  35    0*166 613  35    0*175 613  40    0*184 613  40    0
10245 11/03*192 613  40    0*200 612  40    0*208 611  45    0*217 610  45    0
10250 11/04*226 607  45    0*235 602  45    0*245 597  50    0*255 588  50    0
10255 11/05*266 579  50    0*277 570  50    0*287 560  50    0*295 550  50    0
10260 11/06*306 539  50    0*315 530  50    0*323 520  50    0*331 513  50    0
10265 11/07*337 508  50    0*344 504  50    0*351 498  45    0*360 490  45    0
10270 11/08*369 482  45    0*379 472  40    0*390 462  35    0*400 452  35    0
10275 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

10025 11/17/1888 M=16  9 SNBR= 271 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10025 11/17/1888 M=16  9 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10030 11/17*  0   0   0    0*246 560  35    0*247 567  40    0*248 575  40    0
10030 11/17*232 560  50    0*235 565  55    0*238 571  60    0*242 578  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10035 11/18*249 583  40    0*250 590  45    0*251 598  45    0*252 605  45    0
10035 11/18*246 585  60    0*249 592  60    0*251 598  60    0*252 605  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

10040 11/19*253 612  50    0*254 619  50    0*255 626  55    0*257 634  55    0
10040 11/19*253 612  60    0*254 619  60    0*255 626  60    0*257 634  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10045 11/20*258 642  60    0*261 651  60    0*263 660  60    0*265 670  65    0
10045 11/20*260 642  60    0*263 650  60    0*267 657  60    0*269 664  65    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10050 11/21*267 680  65    0*270 690  70    0*272 700  70    0*274 710  70    0
10050 11/21*271 671  65    0*275 680  70    0*277 687  70    0*281 695  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10055 11/22*276 721  75    0*278 731  75    0*282 741  80    0*284 745  80    0
10055 11/22*284 705  75    0*288 714  75    0*293 723  80    0*296 729  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10060 11/23*287 747  80    0*290 749  85    0*292 750  85    0*295 751  85    0
10060 11/23*298 735  80    0*301 742  85    0*305 747  85    0*310 751  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

10065 11/24*299 752  85    0*305 752  85    0*310 752  85    0*314 752  85    0
10065 11/24*315 755  85    0*321 758  85    0*327 757  85    0*331 755  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10070 11/25*319 752  85    0*324 751  85    0*329 748  85    0*337 742  85    0
10070 11/25*336 752  85    0*340 750  85    0*345 747  85    0*353 742  85    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** 

10075 11/26*348 733  85    0*359 725  85    0*370 720  85    0*379 714  85    0
10075 11/26E361 736  80    0E370 730  80    0E380 723  80    0E385 719  80    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

10080 11/27*389 708  85    0*398 703  85    0*407 697  85    0*415 691  85    0
10080 11/27E393 712  80    0E400 704  80    0E407 697  80    0E415 691  80    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     *         **

10085 11/28*424 684  85    0*433 676  85    0*441 666  80    0*448 652  70    0
10085 11/28E424 684  80    0E433 676  80    0E441 666  80    0E448 652  70    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

10090 11/29*455 635  60    0*460 617  50    0*464 600  45    0*467 587  45    0
10090 11/29E455 635  60    0E460 617  50    0E464 600  45    0E467 587  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10095 11/30*469 575  45    0*471 561  45    0*472 543  45    0*472 520  45    0
10095 11/30E469 575  45    0E471 561  45    0E472 543  45    0E472 520  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10100 12/01*472 497  40    0*472 473  50    0*472 450  55    0*472 427  55    0
10100 12/01E472 497  40    0E472 473  50    0E472 450  55    0E472 427  55    0
           *                *                *                *

10105 12/02*473 404  60    0*474 381  60    0*475 358  60    0*480 333  60    0
10105 12/02E473 404  60    0E474 381  60    0E475 358  60    0E480 333  60    0
           *                *                *                *
10110 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ship observation
on the 17th suggests stronger winds than originally in HURDAT - winds
increased from the 17th to the 19th.  Peripheral pressure of 982 mb (on the
25th) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 85 kt retained in best track.  Peripheral pressure of
973 mb (14Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 80 kt - 80 kt chosen
in best track as storm likely transitioned to an extratropical storm
around 00Z on the 26th.  It is to be noted that this system had hurricane
force winds (and produced these along the U.S. coast) during its extratropical
stage on the 26th to the 28th.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is 
not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************

1888 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 13, 1888:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm or waterspout.
2) September 12-13, 1888:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was new tropical storm, was continuation of storm 5, or was an
   extratropical storm.

*********************************************************************************

10115 05/16/1889 M= 7  1 SNBR= 272 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10115 05/16/1889 M= 7  1 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10120 05/16*  0   0   0    0*215 641  35    0*217 648  40    0*219 652  40    0
10125 05/17*221 657  45    0*224 663  50    0*228 670  55    0*233 678  60    0
10125 05/17*221 657  45    0*224 663  50    0*228 670  50    0*233 678  50    0
                                                       **               **

10130 05/18*239 686  65    0*245 695  70    0*253 704  75    0*262 714  80    0
10130 05/18*239 686  50    0*245 695  50    0*253 704  50    0*262 714  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10135 05/19*273 726  85    0*283 738  85    0*292 748  85    0*299 754  85    0
10135 05/19*273 726  50    0*283 738  50    0*292 748  55    0*299 754  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

10140 05/20*305 755  85    0*312 753  85    0*319 749  80    0*328 741  75    0
10140 05/20*305 755  55    0*312 753  60    0*319 749  65    0*328 741  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

10145 05/21*337 731  70    0*346 720  60    0*358 708  55    0*371 702  45    0
10145 05/21*337 731  70    0*346 720  60    0E358 708  55    0E371 702  45    0
                                             *                *

10150 05/22*384 698  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10150 05/22E384 698  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *

10155 HR  

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Gale force and greater observations
available for this system were the following:  50 kt NNW at 38.3 N, 74.8 W
(no date - Schooner "Joseph W. Fish"), unspecific hurricane force winds
and pressure of 1002 mb on the 21st.  The writeup in the Monthly Weather 
Review indicated that the system "possessed moderate energy" from the 16th 
to 19th and that the winds for this systems "were not severe in their 
character, save on the 21st, when gales of hurricane force were reported."  
This suggests that peak intensity was reached on the 21st and that it was 
below hurricane force for the days preceding, which is consistent with 
available observations.  Thus winds are retained as is on the 21st and 
reduced to tropical storm intensity on the 18th through late on the 20th.  

********************************************************************************

10415 06/15/1889 M= 6  2 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10415 06/15/1889 M= 6  2 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

10420 06/15*198 847  35    0*206 850  35    0*213 853  40    0*220 857  40    0
10420 06/15*198 837  35    0*206 840  45    0*213 843  55    0*220 846  65    0
                ***              ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

10425 06/16*228 859  40    0*237 859  45    0*246 858  45    0*256 855  45    0
10425 06/16*228 850  65    0*237 854  60    0*246 855  55    0*256 854  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

10430 06/17*266 851  45    0*276 845  45    0*286 835  45    0*296 822  40    0
10435 06/18*307 809  35    0*317 795  40    0*327 782  40    0*337 770  45    0
10440 06/19*345 759  45    0*354 747  45    0*363 734  45    0*373 716  45    0
10445 06/20*384 694  45    0*397 668  45    0*410 640  40    0*425 612  35    0
10450 TS
10450 HR
      **

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).  However, Perez (2000) analyzed this system as reaching
minimal hurricane intensity while tracking over western Cuba.  It is listed
by Perez (2000) as a Category 1 hurricane impact in Cuba based primarily
upon wind-caused damages in Pinar del Rio.  The track and intensity are
adjusted on the 15th and 16th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

10200 08/19/1889 M= 9  3 SNBR= 274 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10200 08/19/1889 M=10  3 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **          ***

10205 08/19*  0   0   0    0*168 692  35    0*173 696  40    0*178 699  50    0
10210 08/20*183 703  50    0*187 706  50    0*192 709  45    0*196 712  45    0
10210 08/20*183 703  50    0*187 706  35    0*192 709  30    0*196 712  30    0
                                      **               **               **

10215 08/21*200 715  45    0*204 718  50    0*208 721  55    0*213 725  60    0
10215 08/21*200 715  35    0*204 718  50    0*208 721  55    0*213 725  60    0
                     **

10220 08/22*218 728  60    0*223 732  65    0*230 736  70    0*237 740  75    0
10220 08/22*218 728  60    0*223 732  60    0*230 736  60    0*237 740  60    0
                                      **               **               **

10225 08/23*245 744  75    0*253 748  80    0*262 752  80    0*271 755  85    0
10225 08/23*245 744  60    0*253 748  60    0*262 752  60    0*271 755  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10230 08/24*280 757  85    0*289 757  85    0*298 755  85    0*307 751  85    0
10230 08/24*280 757  60    0*289 757  60    0*298 755  60    0*307 751  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10235 08/25*315 745  85    0*322 739  85    0*329 734  85    0*335 730  80    0
10235 08/25*315 745  60    0*322 739  60    0*329 734  60    0*335 730  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

10240 08/26*341 726  80    0*345 723  75    0*350 720  75    0*354 718  70    0
10240 08/26*341 726  60    0*345 723  60    0*350 720  65    0*354 718  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10245 08/27*359 717  65    0*362 717  60    0*366 718  50    0*371 721  35    0
10245 08/27*359 717  70    0*362 716  70    0*366 715  70    0*371 715  70    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

(28th new to HURDAT.)
10247 08/28*375 715  65    0*380 715  60    0*385 715  50    0*390 715  40    0

10250 HR   

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced on 20th and 21st due
to passage of storm over Hispanola.  Available observational data indicates
that the system reached minimal (70 kt) hurricane intensity between the
26th and 28th, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) hurricane peak
intensity originally in HURDAT.  Winds reduced throughout much of this 
system's lifetime.  Additional day added to the track on the 28th from 
ship observations (the "Red Wing") described in the Partagas and Diaz 
report. 

********************************************************************************

10255 09/01/1889 M=12  4 SNBR= 275 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10255 09/01/1889 M=12  4 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10260 09/01*119 550  35    0*124 557  40    0*130 563  40    0*135 571  45    0
10260 09/01*119 550  35    0*124 557  40    0*130 563  45    0*137 572  50    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

10265 09/02*140 579  45    0*146 587  50    0*152 594  55    0*159 605  55    0
10265 09/02*144 582  55    0*151 593  60    0*157 603  65    0*161 613  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10270 09/03*167 615  60    0*175 626  60  999*182 635  65    0*188 644  70    0
10270 09/03*169 623  75    0*174 632  80    0*180 640  90    0*187 650  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10275 09/04*194 651  70    0*199 658  75    0*206 665  80    0*214 671  80    0
10275 09/04*194 660  90    0*199 668  90    0*205 675  90    0*211 681  90    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10280 09/05*223 677  85    0*233 681  85    0*243 684  85    0*254 685  85    0
10280 09/05*217 685  90    0*224 687  90    0*233 687  90    0*247 685  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

10285 09/06*265 686  85    0*277 687  85    0*287 687  85    0*296 687  85    0
10285 09/06*258 679  90    0*270 669  90    0*283 663  90    0*292 663  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10290 09/07*304 687  85    0*310 687  85    0*316 687  85    0*321 687  85    0
10290 09/07*299 664  90    0*309 665  90    0*320 670  90    0*326 674  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10295 09/08*326 688  85    0*331 689  85    0*336 690  85    0*341 692  85    0
10295 09/08*331 677  90    0*335 680  90    0*340 683  90    0*343 685  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10300 09/09*346 694  85    0*350 695  85    0*355 697  85    0*359 699  85    0
10300 09/09*347 688  90    0*351 692  90    0*355 695  90    0*360 698  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10305 09/10*363 701  85    0*366 702  80    0*370 704  80    0*374 707  75    0
10305 09/10*363 700  85    0*366 702  80    0*370 704  80    0*374 707  75    0
                ***

10310 09/11*377 711  70    0*380 716  70    0*383 721  65    0*384 725  60    0
10315 09/12*384 729  55    0*381 734  45    0*378 738  40    0*366 745  35    0
10315 09/12*384 729  55    0*381 734  45    0*377 739  40    0*370 745  35    0
                                              *** ***          ***

10320 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  981 mb peripheral 
pressure (around 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 76 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt used in best track.  (999 mb at 
06Z on the 3rd formerly in HURDAT is not correct.  A 995 mb peripheral 
pressure was observed at 07Z.)  Slight adjustment in last positions of 
the system to allow for more realistic translational velocity.  The hurricane 
is known as "San Martin de Hinojosa" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

10325 09/02/1889 M=10  5 SNBR= 276 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10325 09/02/1889 M=10  5 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10330 09/02*159 429  35    0*162 438  35    0*166 446  40    0*169 454  45    0
10330 09/02*159 429  35    0*162 438  35    0*166 446  40    0*169 454  40    0
                                                                        **

10335 09/03*173 462  45    0*178 471  50    0*185 482  55    0*194 495  60    0
10335 09/03*173 465  45    0*177 479  45    0*180 490  50    0*183 504  50    0
                ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10340 09/04*205 512  65    0*216 528  70    0*225 540  70    0*232 549  75    0
10340 09/04*187 519  50    0*193 531  50    0*200 543  50    0*205 550  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10345 09/05*239 555  80    0*246 561  80    0*252 565  85    0*257 570  85    0
10345 09/05*212 556  50    0*218 561  50    0*225 565  50    0*237 572  50    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

10350 09/06*262 572  85    0*267 573  85    0*273 572  85    0*283 568  85    0
10350 09/06*246 576  50    0*254 578  50    0*263 580  50    0*275 579  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10355 09/07*297 561  85    0*311 551  85    0*320 540  85    0*328 525  85    0
10355 09/07*291 573  55    0*303 563  60    0*313 553  65    0*321 541  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10360 09/08*333 510  85    0*338 494  85    0*340 480  85    0*342 468  85    0
10360 09/08*329 524  70    0*336 507  70    0*340 490  70    0*341 477  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10365 09/09*343 458  85    0*344 448  85    0*345 436  85    0*346 421  85    0
10365 09/09*342 463  70    0*343 448  70    0*345 430  70    0*345 411  70    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **          ***  **      *** ***  **

10370 09/10*348 403  85    0*349 382  80    0*350 360  75    0*355 336  70    0
10370 09/10*346 390  70    0*348 371  70    0*353 350  70    0*358 329  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10375 09/11*366 309  65    0*382 281  60    0*390 270  50    0*407 245  40    0
10375 09/11*366 309  65    0*377 290  60    0*390 270  50    0*407 245  40    0
                             *** ***

10380 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this
storm does not support Category 2 intensity (and only marginally supports
Category 1 intensity from the 8th to the 10th); winds are reduced for much 
of the duration of this storm.
 
********************************************************************************

10385 09/11/1889 M=16  6 SNBR= 277 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10385 09/12/1889 M=15  6 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

10390 09/11*155 585  35    0*155 594  35    0*155 604  40    0*155 612  40    0
(11th deleted from HURDAT.)

10395 09/12*155 621  45    0*156 631  50    0*156 641  55    0*156 652  55    0
10395 09/12*157 595  35    0*157 607  35    0*157 620  40    0*156 633  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

10400 09/13*157 664  60    0*157 676  65    0*158 688  70    0*159 701  75    0
10400 09/13*156 645  45    0*156 659  45    0*157 675  50    0*157 688  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10405 09/14*160 714  80    0*161 728  80    0*162 740  85    0*163 751  85    0
10405 09/14*157 705  50    0*159 721  50    0*160 733  50    0*162 742  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10410 09/15*165 763  85    0*167 774  85    0*169 787  85    0*170 798  85    0
10410 09/15*163 757  50    0*164 766  50    0*167 777  50    0*171 790  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10415 09/16*171 809  85    0*173 821  85    0*174 830  85    0*175 842  85    0
10415 09/16*174 797  50    0*177 807  50    0*180 815  55    0*185 827  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10420 09/17*177 851  85    0*178 860  85    0*179 870  85    0*179 878  85    0
10420 09/17*188 836  65    0*191 846  75    0*193 855  85    0*194 865  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

10425 09/18*180 886  80    0*180 894  70    0*181 902  60    0*184 913  60    0
10425 09/18*195 877  90    0*195 886  75    0*195 895  65    0*195 903  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10430 09/19*189 921  60    0*195 926  65    0*202 929  70    0*209 931  75    0
10430 09/19*196 913  70    0*198 923  85    0*202 929  85    0*209 931  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***                   **               **

10435 09/20*213 931  80    0*217 931  85    0*222 931  85    0*226 930  85    0
10435 09/20*213 931  85    0*217 931  85    0*222 931  85    0*226 930  85    0
                     **

10440 09/21*230 930  85    0*235 930  85    0*241 929  85    0*247 928  85    0
10445 09/22*252 927  85    0*261 924  85    0*270 920  85    0*279 914  85    0
10445 09/22*252 927  85    0*261 924  85    0*270 920  80    0*279 914  75    0
                                                       **               **

10450 09/23*286 906  85    0*293 894  85    0*301 880  85    0*313 862  80    0
10450 09/23*286 906  70    0*293 894  65    0*301 880  60    0*313 862  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10455 09/24*328 839  70    0*343 816  60    0*357 795  50    0*365 779  45    0
10455 09/24*328 839  45    0*343 816  45    0E357 795  40    0E365 779  40    0
                     **               **     *         **     *         **

10460 09/25*371 767  40    0*377 754  40    0*386 738  35    0*403 717  35    0
10465 09/26*428 691  35    0*459 662  35    0*495 629  35    0*  0   0   0    0
10465 09/26E428 691  35    0E459 662  35    0E495 629  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

10470 HR      
10470 HR LA1     
         ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
changes are found to be reasonable.  Available observational evidence
indicates that the system did not reach hurricane intensity until the 
17th - intensities reduced accordingly.  Intensities increased on the 
17th and 18th to account for great damage that occurred in the Yucatan
of Mexico.  Observations indicate that the hurricane weakened to a tropical 
storm by landfall in Florida, but may have still been a minimal hurricane 
while passing briefly over coastal Louisiana.  It is to be noted that the 
Cuban meteorologists (Father Benito Vines) believed that this system was 
actually two separate tropical cyclones.

********************************************************************************

10725 09/12/1889 M= 8  7 SNBR= 278 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10725 09/12/1889 M= 8  7 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10730 09/12*  0   0   0    0*152 257  35    0*157 267  35    0*162 279  35    0
10735 09/13*168 290  35    0*175 301  35    0*184 312  40    0*194 323  40    0
10740 09/14*205 333  40    0*218 342  40    0*232 350  45    0*249 355  45    0
10745 09/15*270 359  45    0*291 362  45    0*306 366  45    0*317 371  50    0
10750 09/16*326 377  50    0*333 383  50    0*340 390  50    0*345 399  50    0
10755 09/17*350 410  50    0*355 423  50    0*361 435  50    0*370 457  50    0
10760 09/18*375 475  50    0*383 488  45    0*397 494  45    0*404 494  45    0
10765 09/19*414 493  45    0*423 491  40    0*431 489  35    0*440 485  35    0
10770 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

10525 09/29/1889 M= 8  8 SNBR= 279 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10525 09/29/1889 M= 8  8 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10530 09/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*113 520  35    0*118 536  35    0
10535 09/30*123 551  35    0*127 564  40    0*132 575  40    0*137 585  40    0
10540 10/01*142 594  40    0*146 603  45    0*151 610  45    0*156 617  45    0
10545 10/02*162 623  45    0*169 629  50    0*179 637  50    0*188 643  50    0
10550 10/03*200 650  50    0*214 657  50    0*229 665  50    0*243 669  50    0
10555 10/04*258 672  50    0*273 674  45    0*288 674  45    0*303 670  40    0
10555 10/04*258 672  50    0*273 674  50    0*288 674  55    0*303 670  55    0
                                      **               **               **

10560 10/05*318 660  40    0*332 650  40    0*347 644  35    0*364 630  35    0
10560 10/05*318 660  60    0*332 650  60    0*347 644  55    0*364 630  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

10565 10/06*378 612  35    0*391 594  35    0*404 575  35    0*  0   0   0    0
10565 10/06*378 612  45    0*391 594  40    0*404 575  35    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **

10570 TS         

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds increased on the 4th to the 6th
based upon ship observations, though the peak intensity was kept at just
below hurricane force.

********************************************************************************

10575 10/04/1889 M= 7  9 SNBR= 280 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10575 10/05/1889 M= 7  9 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **                    ***

10580 10/04*  0   0   0    0*208 821  35    0*216 820  45    0*228 816  50    0
(4th removed in revised HURDAT.)

10585 10/05*237 813  45    0*248 810  50    0*258 806  50    0*270 801  45    0
10585 10/05*  0   0   0    0*200 825  30    0*215 820  30    0*234 815  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10590 10/06*288 795  45    0*303 789  45    0*317 780  50    0*340 757  50    0
10590 10/06*250 810  40    0*271 802  40    0*300 788  45    0*330 765  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

10595 10/07*361 730  50    0*383 703  50    0*403 680  50    0*425 659  50    0
10600 10/08*445 640  50    0*464 623  45    0*480 610  40    0*496 607  40    0
10600 10/08E445 640  50    0E464 623  45    0E480 610  40    0E496 607  40    0
           *                *                *                *

10605 10/09*510 602  40    0*522 596  40    0*533 590  40    0*544 588  40    0
10605 10/09E510 602  40    0E522 596  40    0E533 590  40    0E544 588  40    0
           *                *                *                *

10610 10/10*555 584  40    0*565 580  40    0*574 575  40    0*585 570  40    0
10610 10/10E555 584  40    0E565 580  40    0E574 575  40    0E585 570  40    0
           *                *                *                *

(00 and 06Z on the 11th added into HURDAT.)
10612 10/11E605 560  35    0E630 553  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **

10615 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large reasonable 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas and
Diaz recommended beginning the storm on the 5th south of Cuba (rather than
the 4th) based upon available observation data indicating formation of
closed circulation on the 5th.  R. Perez (2001, personal communication) 
analyzed this system as of tropical depression intensity crossing Cuba based 
upon observations from the Cuban weather observing network.  

********************************************************************************

1889 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 24-25, 1889:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 14-16, 1889:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

10616 05/27/1890 M= 3  1 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10617 05/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 830  30    0*211 833  30    0
10618 05/28*217 836  30    0*223 838  30    0*230 840  35    0*235 842  40    0
10619 05/29*240 843  45    0*244 844  50    0*248 846  50    0*252 848  50    0
10619 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) are introduced for this 
newly documented storm.  Complete lifecycle of this tropical storm is not 
available as the decay was not documented.

********************************************************************************

10616 08/18/1890 M=11  2 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
10617 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 620  35    0*142 628  35    0
10618 08/19*144 636  40    0*145 644  40    0*147 655  40    0*148 663  40    0
10619 08/20*150 672  40    0*151 681  40    0*153 690  40    0*154 700  40    0
10620 08/21*155 709  40    0*156 717  40    0*157 725  40    0*159 736  40    0
10621 08/22*160 745  40    0*162 755  40    0*165 765  40    0*167 773  40    0
10622 08/23*169 782  45    0*172 790  45    0*175 800  45    0*178 809  45    0
10623 08/24*182 817  50    0*186 825  50    0*190 833  50    0*196 841  50    0
10624 08/25*202 849  50    0*209 858  50    0*215 867  50    0*221 876  50    0
10625 08/26*227 884  50    0*232 892  50    0*240 900  50    0*248 905  50    0
10626 08/27*258 908  50    0*268 909  50    0*280 910  50    0*295 908  40    0
10627 08/28*315 905  35    0*340 900  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10628 TS

One major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
storm.  The track of the tropical storm was placed closer to Pt. Eads,
Louisiana, at landfall in order to be more consistent with tropical storm 
force winds that occurred there.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria 
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Mississippi.  Track 
extended twelve hours on the 28th for reasonable decay of the storm.

********************************************************************************

10620 08/26/1890 M= 9  1 SNBR= 281 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10620 08/26/1890 M= 9  3 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

10625 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*166 543  85    0*173 557  85    0
10625 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*166 543  85    0*173 557  90    0
                                                                        **

10630 08/27*180 570  85    0*186 583  85    0*193 596  85    0*200 609  85    0
10630 08/27*180 570  95    0*186 583 100    0*193 596 105    0*200 609 105    0
                     **              ***              ***              ***

10635 08/28*207 621  85    0*213 633  85    0*220 645  85    0*228 657  85    0
10635 08/28*207 621 105    0*213 633 105    0*220 645 105    0*228 657 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

10640 08/29*239 669  85    0*250 680  85    0*261 691  85    0*272 697  85    0
10640 08/29*239 669 100    0*250 680  95    0*261 691  90    0*272 697  85    0
                    ***               **               **

10645 08/30*283 698  85    0*294 696  85    0*305 692  85    0*317 684  85    0
10650 08/31*329 671  85    0*345 654  85    0*364 634  85    0*388 610  85    0
10655 09/01*416 584  85    0*445 554  85    0*472 522  85    0*497 485  85    0
10655 09/01*416 584  85    0*445 554  80    0*472 522  70    0*497 485  60    0
                                      **               **               **

10660 09/02*522 446  85    0*546 406  85    0*570 370  85    0*587 338  85    0
10660 09/02E522 446  50    0E546 406  50    0E570 370  50    0E587 338  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **
    
10665 09/03*603 308  85    0*615 281  85    0*625 256  85    0*  0   0   0    0
10665 09/03E603 308  50    0E615 281  45    0E625 256  45    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **

10670 HR 

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.  A peripheral 
pressure of 965 mb (at 07Z on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt used in best track.  Winds 
from the 26th to the 29th adjusted upward accordingly.  Winds from the 1st to 
the 3rd lowered based upon ship observations of a hurricane transitioning to
a (weaker) extratropical storm.  Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is 
not available as the genesis was not documented.

********************************************************************************

10671 10/31/1890 M= 2  4 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10672 10/31*143 803  80    0*144 813  80    0*145 823  80    0*147 833  80    0
10673 11/01*149 844  55    0*151 855  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10674 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  Track extended twelve hours on the 1st for reasonable decay of 
this hurricane over Central America.  No dissipating tropical depression
intensity is indicated for a six hour location estimate because of rapid
dissipation over mountainous terrain.

********************************************************************************

1890 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) October 2, 1890:  One report of gale force winds, insufficient to determine
   if system was a tropical storm.
2) October 21-26, 1890:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.
3) October 26-28, 1890:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

10675 07/03/1891 M= 6  1 SNBR= 282 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10675 07/03/1891 M= 6  1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

10680 07/03*  0   0   0    0*217 930  35    0*220 932  45    0*224 935  55    0
10685 07/04*229 939  65    0*234 942  75    0*240 945  80    0*247 948  85    0
10685 07/04*229 939  65    0*234 942  75    0*240 945  80    0*247 948  80    0
                                                                        **

10690 07/05*254 951  85    0*262 954  85    0*271 956  85    0*281 956  85    0
10690 07/05*254 951  80    0*262 954  80    0*271 956  80    0*281 956  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

10695 07/06*292 954  80    0*303 951  70    0*312 947  60    0*319 943  50    0
10695 07/06*292 954  70    0*303 951  60    0*312 947  55    0*319 943  50    0
                     **               **               **

10700 07/07*325 938  45    0*331 931  40    0*337 923  40    0*342 911  35    0
10700 07/07*325 938  45    0*331 931  40    0*337 923  35    0*342 911  30    0
                                                       **               **

10705 07/08*350 881  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
10705 07/08*346 897  25    0*350 881  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10710 HR
10710 HRBTX1CTX1
        ********

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at
0230Z on the 6th) suggests winds of at least 62 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track, which reduces
the peak intensity originally in HURDAT slightly.  Decay to tropical 
depression stage over land included before dissipation.  Additional
six-hourly position added at end of track to allow for reasonable
translational speed of system.

********************************************************************************

10715 08/17/1891 M=13  2 SNBR= 283 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10715 08/17/1891 M=13  2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10720 08/17*  0   0   0    0*133 244  35    0*136 255  35    0*138 266  35    0
10725 08/18*140 277  35    0*142 288  40    0*144 299  50    0*146 310  60    0
10730 08/19*149 320  70    0*152 330  75    0*154 340  80    0*156 349  85    0
10730 08/19*149 320  65    0*152 330  65    0*154 340  65    0*156 349  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10735 08/20*158 358  85    0*161 367  85    0*163 375  85    0*165 383  85    0
10735 08/20*158 358  65    0*161 367  65    0*163 375  65    0*165 383  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10740 08/21*167 390  85    0*170 398  85    0*173 406  85    0*177 415  85    0
10740 08/21*167 390  65    0*170 398  65    0*173 406  65    0*177 415  65    0
                     **               **               **               **
 
10745 08/22*182 426  85    0*187 436  85    0*192 446  85    0*196 455  85    0
10745 08/22*182 426  65    0*187 436  65    0*192 446  65    0*196 455  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10750 08/23*200 463  85    0*205 471  85    0*209 480  85    0*214 489  85    0
10750 08/23*200 463  65    0*205 471  65    0*209 480  65    0*214 489  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10755 08/24*218 498  85    0*224 508  85    0*230 518  85    0*237 529  85    0
10755 08/24*218 498  65    0*224 508  65    0*230 518  65    0*237 529  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10760 08/25*245 540  85    0*253 552  85    0*260 563  85    0*267 573  85    0
10760 08/25*245 540  65    0*253 552  65    0*260 563  65    0*267 573  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10765 08/26*274 583  85    0*281 592  85    0*288 600  85    0*295 608  85    0
10765 08/26*274 583  65    0*281 592  65    0*288 600  65    0*295 608  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10770 08/27*302 615  85    0*309 621  85    0*316 627  85    0*324 633  85    0
10770 08/27*302 615  65    0*309 621  65    0*316 627  65    0*324 633  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10775 08/28*335 637  85    0*347 641  85    0*360 644  80    0*373 646  70    0
10775 08/28*335 637  65    0*347 641  65    0*360 644  65    0*373 646  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

10780 08/29*388 645  65    0*403 644  55    0*419 641  35    0*433 640  25    0
10780 08/29*388 645  65    0E403 644  55    0E419 641  35    0E433 640  25    0
                            *                *                *         

10785 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Gale force and 
greater observations available for this system were the following:  997 mb
sea level pressure (suggestive of at least 53 kt from the subtropical 
pressure-wind relationship) at Bermuda on the 27th, a ship (the steamer
"Dunsmurry") capsized in the "hurricane" on the 29th (but no specific 
observations were provided), and 50 kt S wind on the 30th and 31st from the
steamer "La Touraine".  Thus available observational evidence suggests 
that the system may have achieved minimal hurricane intensity, but not
reaching Category 2 status as shown originally.  Winds reduced for much of 
the system's lifecycle.

********************************************************************************

10790 08/18/1891 M= 8  3 SNBR= 284 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
10790 08/18/1891 M= 8  3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

10795 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*139 578  35    0*147 597  40    0
10795 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*133 580  90    0*139 594 100    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** *** ***

10800 08/19*155 614  65    0*162 629  75    0*168 640  80    0*174 649  85    0
10800 08/19*147 611 110  961*153 625 110    0*160 640 105    0*165 650 100    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

10805 08/20*179 657  85    0*184 665  80    0*190 672  80    0*196 679  80    0
10805 08/20*170 661  95    0*175 671  90    0*180 680  85    0*187 684  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

10810 08/21*202 686  85    0*207 693  85    0*213 700  85    0*218 709  85    0
10810 08/21*196 686  85    0*203 689  85    0*210 695  85    0*215 702  85    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10815 08/22*222 718  85    0*226 727  85    0*230 736  85    0*234 744  85    0
10815 08/22*218 710  85    0*221 717  85    0*225 726  85    0*229 735  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

10820 08/23*237 752  85    0*240 759  85    0*243 767  85    0*246 775  85    0
10820 08/23*233 745  85    0*238 755  85    0*243 767  85    0*246 775  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

10825 08/24*248 782  85    0*251 789  80    0*253 797  75    0*255 806  65    0
10825 08/24*248 782  80    0*251 789  75    0*253 797  70    0*255 806  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

10830 08/25*258 815  60    0*260 826  50    0*262 837  45    0*262 848  35    0
10830 08/25*258 815  50    0*260 826  45    0*262 837  40    0*262 848  35    0
                     **               **               **

10835 HR
10835 HRCFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  A central pressure reading of 961 mb (01Z on the 
19th) suggests winds of 99 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 110 kt used in best track because of indications of a small radius of 
maximum wind (from Father Benito Vines' analysis quoted in the Partagas
and Diaz report) as well as extensive destruction in Martinique.  Hurricane 
is considered Category 1 (70 kt) at landfall in South Florida, but such 
designation is quite uncertain given the lack of observations near the 
landfall location.  Complete lifecycle of this hurricane is not available 
as neither the genesis nor the decay of the system was not documented.  The 
hurricane is also known as "San Magin", due to the rainfall-induced 
flooding that occurred in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

10840 09/02/1891 M= 9  4 SNBR= 285 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10840 09/02/1891 M= 9  4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10845 09/02*  0   0   0    0*193 582  35    0*197 592  40    0*199 600  40    0
10850 09/03*201 607  45    0*204 615  50    0*208 623  55    0*213 631  60    0
10855 09/04*218 639  70    0*223 647  75    0*228 655  80    0*234 662  85    0
10860 09/05*239 669  85    0*246 676  85    0*252 683  85    0*260 690  85    0
10865 09/06*271 697  85    0*283 703  85    0*296 710  85    0*310 714  85    0
10870 09/07*327 715  85    0*347 713  85    0*368 703  85    0*395 680  85    0
10875 09/08*426 646  80    0*458 609  75    0*486 579  70    0*509 555  65    0
10880 09/09*529 533  60    0*547 511  55    0*562 492  50    0*575 475  45    0
10880 09/09E529 533  60    0E547 511  55    0E562 492  50    0E575 475  45    0
           *                *                *                *

10885 09/10*585 459  40    0*592 445  35    0*597 433  30    0*  0   0   0    0
10885 09/10E585 459  40    0E592 445  35    0E597 433  30    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

10890 HR           

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Only intensity alteration is to
indicate extratropical stage for the hurricane north of 52N.
 
********************************************************************************

10895 09/16/1891 M=11  5 SNBR= 286 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10895 09/16/1891 M=11  5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10900 09/16*193 465  35    0*198 471  35    0*202 478  35    0*207 488  35    0
10905 09/17*213 498  35    0*218 507  35    0*223 516  40    0*228 524  40    0
10910 09/18*232 532  45    0*237 539  50    0*242 547  55    0*248 556  60    0
10915 09/19*254 566  65    0*260 575  70    0*266 583  70    0*272 590  75    0
10920 09/20*277 596  80    0*282 601  80    0*288 607  85    0*294 613  85    0
10920 09/20*281 600  80    0*288 607  80    0*295 615  85    0*300 621  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10925 09/21*300 618  85    0*306 623  85    0*312 628  85    0*318 631  85    0
10925 09/21*305 627  85    0*310 633  85    0*315 637  85    0*320 640  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10930 09/22*324 632  85    0*330 631  85    0*336 630  85    0*342 628  85    0
10930 09/22*325 641  85    0*329 641  85    0*333 640  85    0*340 635  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10935 09/23*349 624  85    0*356 617  85    0*363 607  85    0*370 591  85    0
10935 09/23*348 627  85    0*356 618  85    0*363 607  85    0*370 591  85    0
            *** ***              ***          

10940 09/24*375 573  85    0*379 555  85    0*382 538  85    0*382 523  85    0
10945 09/25*382 508  80    0*382 493  80    0*382 478  75    0*384 463  65    0
10950 09/26*388 448  55    0*394 433  40    0*402 418  35    0*413 397  30    0
10950 09/26*388 448  55    0*394 433  40    0E402 418  40    0E413 397  40    0
                                             *         **     *         **

10955 HR   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 980 mb (05Z on the 22nd) suggests winds of at least 
75 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in 
the best track.

********************************************************************************

10960 09/29/1891 M=10  6 SNBR= 287 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
10960 09/29/1891 M=10  6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

10965 09/29*  0   0   0    0*207 546  35    0*212 547  35    0*217 550  40    0
10970 09/30*222 554  45    0*228 558  45    0*233 562  50    0*238 566  50    0
10975 10/01*244 571  55    0*249 576  60    0*255 582  60    0*261 590  65    0
10980 10/02*267 600  70    0*274 611  75    0*280 620  80    0*283 626  80    0
10980 10/02*266 597  70    0*271 604  75    0*277 613  80    0*283 620  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

10985 10/03*287 633  85    0*291 639  85    0*295 645  85    0*301 653  85    0
10985 10/03*289 627  85    0*294 634  85    0*300 640  85    0*308 646  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10990 10/04*310 662  85    0*318 671  85    0*328 680  85    0*338 684  85    0
10990 10/04*318 654  85    0*327 660  85    0*335 667  85    0*346 675  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

10995 10/05*350 686  85    0*364 688  85    0*380 688  85    0*399 678  85    0
10995 10/05*353 681  85    0*365 687  85    0*380 688  75    0*399 678  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

11000 10/06*425 650  85    0*453 616  85    0*472 580  80    0*484 549  75    0
11000 10/06E425 650  55    0E453 616  50    0E472 580  50    0E484 549  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11005 10/07*496 517  70    0*506 484  65    0*516 450  65    0*525 414  60    0
11005 10/07E496 517  50    0E506 484  50    0E516 450  50    0E525 414  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11010 10/08*534 373  60    0*542 331  55    0*550 295  50    0*568 255  45    0
11010 10/08E534 373  50    0E542 331  50    0E552 295  50    0E568 255  45    0
           *         **     *         **     ****             *         

11015 HR     

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral 
pressure reading of 981 mb (01Z on the 4th) suggests winds of at least 
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt wind retained 
in the best track.  Winds reduced from the 5th to the 8th due to 
observations supporting tropical storm intensity south of and over Canada.  
Position altered slightly on last day of system to allow a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1891/07 - 2003 REVISION:

11020 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 288 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11025 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 598  35    0*176 608  40    0
11030 10/02*177 619  40    0*177 629  45    0*178 639  45    0*178 649  45    0
11035 10/03*179 659  45    0*179 670  45    0*179 680  45    0*180 690  45    0
11040 10/04*180 701  45    0*182 712  40    0*183 723  40    0*185 734  40    0
11045 10/05*189 745  40    0*193 756  45    0*198 767  45    0*204 778  45    0
11050 10/06*210 788  45    0*218 798  40    0*228 807  40    0*239 812  45    0
11055 10/07*250 812  45    0*262 810  40    0*273 804  40    0*284 797  40    0
11060 10/08*295 789  40    0*306 781  40    0*317 772  45    0*326 763  45    0
11065 10/09*334 753  45    0*342 743  45    0*350 732  45    0*360 718  45    0
11070 10/10*371 702  40    0*384 682  40    0*398 661  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11075 TS                    

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the 
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  (This storm along
with storms 8 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)


1891/07 - 2004 REVISION:

11555 10/01/1891 M=10  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11020 10/04/1891 M= 7  7 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***  

(The 1st through the 3rd are removed from HURDAT.)
11560 10/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 598  35    0*176 608  40    0
11565 10/02*177 619  40    0*177 629  45    0*178 639  45    0*178 649  45    0
11570 10/03*179 659  45    0*179 670  45    0*179 680  45    0*180 690  45    0

11575 10/04*180 701  45    0*182 712  40    0*183 723  40    0*185 734  40    0
11025 10/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 790  35    0*160 795  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

11580 10/05*189 745  40    0*193 756  45    0*198 767  45    0*204 778  45    0
11030 10/05*170 800  45    0*175 805  45    0*180 810  45    0*187 815  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11585 10/06*210 788  45    0*218 798  40    0*228 807  40    0*239 812  45    0
11035 10/06*195 820  45    0*205 823  45    0*215 825  45    0*226 823  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11590 10/07*250 812  45    0*262 810  40    0*273 804  40    0*284 797  40    0
11040 10/07*237 820  40    0*248 815  45    0*260 810  40    0*271 803  40 1004
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***     ****
 
11595 10/08*295 789  40    0*306 781  40    0*317 772  45    0*326 763  45    0
11045 10/08*282 793  40    0*293 782  40    0*305 770  40    0*318 755  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11600 10/09*334 753  45    0*342 743  45    0*350 732  45    0*360 718  45    0
11050 10/09E332 740  40    0E346 725  40    0E360 710  45    0E370 695  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***  **

11605 10/10*371 702  40    0*384 682  40    0*398 661  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11055 10/10E375 675  35    0E378 650  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **      *** ***  **

11610 TS                    

U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
7-10/7/1891$   0000Z 25.0N  81.2W   45kt     FL
7-10/7/1891$   0800Z 25.2N  81.3W   45kt     FL
               ****  ****   ****

Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell 
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. 
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9).  In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary 
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th.  MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th.  Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most 
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality".  However, they 
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the 
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks 
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."  

Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above:  two storm systems existed - 
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the 
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the 
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong 
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).  
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact 
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus the two original 
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with 
two tropical storms. 

Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. 
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth.  These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 
15 October, 1891.  (Figures showing the station and ship observations and 
the team's analyses are provided.)

The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 7.  The discussion for
the storm 8 (originally storm 8 and storm 9) is contained in that storm's
metadata file. 

The early portion of original storm 7's track (1st through the 5th) has
been discounted partly by ship data (especially on the 4th and 5th) but
primarily by the climatological studies of Puerto Rico (Salivia 1972),  
Hispanola (Garcia-Bonnelly 1958), and Cuba (Sarasola 1928).  The first two
comprehensive tropical cyclone listings indicated that no tropical storm
or hurricane impacted those locations in October 1891.  Perez (2003 - 
personal communication) reconfirmed the earlier Cuban historical study
that the tropical system in October 1891 formed in the Caribbean and
made landfall in south central Cuba late on the 6th of October, not moving 
in along eastern Cuba as suggested in HURDAT and Neumann et al. 

Ship data first indicate a closed circulation late on the 4th in the
western Caribbean.  Peripheral pressures of 1004 and 1005 mb on the 5th and 
6th from ships and Havana suggest winds of at least 39 and 36 kt, 
respectively.  These along with ship observations suggest a maximum 1 min
wind of about 45 kt for this time period.  (Some small weakening over
Cuba is accounted for on the 7th with a return to 45 kt intensity for
landfall in south Florida.)  Station observations clearly locate the
center of the storm during its trek across Florida on the 7th.  A sea
level pressure of 1004 mb in Jupiter, Florida at 1940 UTC may have been
a central pressure.  This suggests winds of about 40 kt, which is 
utilized for the HURDAT revision.  Over water observations are somewhat
sparse on the 8th and 9th, but enhanced winds in North Carolina (peak of
39 kt at Kitty Hawk and 35 kt at Cape Hatteras) suggest a relatively
close pass east of the state early on the 9th.  This likely occurred
soon after the system's extratropical transformation.  The storm then likely 
dissipated north of Bermuda on the 10th.  It is noted that the track 
provided here is quite similar from that found in HURDAT and Neumann et al. 
(1999) for storm 7 from the 7th to the 10th.


********************************************************************************

1891/08 - 2003 REVISION:

11080 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 289 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11080 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11085 10/06*  0   0   0    0*159 830  35    0*164 832  40    0*171 837  40    0
11090 10/07*178 841  45    0*186 844  45    0*193 847  45    0*200 849  45    0
11095 10/08*208 850  45    0*215 850  45    0*223 848  45    0*233 844  45    0
11100 10/09*246 837  45    0*259 831  45    0*270 825  45    0*278 819  40    0
11105 10/10*284 813  35    0*291 807  35    0*298 801  40    0*307 793  45    0
11110 10/11*316 784  45    0*326 774  40    0*337 762  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11115 TS                    

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made no alterations to the 
track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  (This storm along
with storms 7 and 9 is being further investigated by the re-analysis team.
Alterations - if any - will await the collection of all possible ship and
land based observations.)



1891/08 - 2004 REVISION:

11615 10/06/1891 M= 6  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11615 10/07/1891 M=10  8 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***                  *

(The 6th removed from HURDAT.)
11620 10/06*  0   0   0    0*159 830  35    0*164 832  40    0*171 837  40    0

11625 10/07*178 841  45    0*186 844  45    0*193 847  45    0*200 849  45    0
11625 10/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 850  30    0*185 850  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11630 10/08*208 850  45    0*215 850  45    0*223 848  45    0*233 844  45    0
11630 10/08*190 850  35    0*195 850  35    0*200 848  35    0*207 844  35    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

11635 10/09*246 837  45    0*259 831  45    0*270 825  45    0*278 819  40    0
11635 10/09*215 840  35    0*225 837  40    0*240 835  40    0E255 828  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

11640 10/10*284 813  35    0*291 807  35    0*298 801  40    0*307 793  45    0
11640 10/10E270 815  30    0E284 807  30    0E298 800  30    0E310 788  30    0
           **** ***  **     ****      **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

11645 10/11*316 784  45    0*326 774  40    0*337 762  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11645 10/11E320 770  30    0E326 758  35    0E332 750  40    0E338 745  45    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 8th to the 11th from storm 9 removed.  The track from storm 9 on the
12th to the 16th incorporated into storm 8's track.)
11655 10/08/1891 M= 9  9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11660 10/08*  0   0   0    0*238 572  35    0*245 582  40    0*251 591  40    0
11665 10/09*256 601  45    0*262 612  50    0*268 625  55    0*274 639  60    0
11670 10/10*280 653  70    0*287 666  75    0*293 680  80    0*299 694  85    0
11675 10/11*305 708  85    0*312 721  85    0*321 735  85    0*330 740  85    0

11680 10/12*340 742  85    0*350 741  85    0*359 740  85    0*366 737  85    0
11680 10/12E344 740  50    0E348 737  55    0E350 735  55    0E354 733  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

11685 10/13*373 733  85    0*380 728  85    0*388 721  85    0*395 715  85    0
11685 10/13E360 731  55    0E370 729  55    0E380 725  55    0E390 715  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     ****      **

11690 10/14*403 706  85    0*412 694  85    0*422 681  85    0*433 665  85    0
11690 10/14E400 705  55    0E410 695  55    0E420 685  50    0E433 665  45    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **

11695 10/15*446 647  80    0*460 626  75    0*475 602  70    0*500 571  65    0
11695 10/15E446 640  40    0E460 620  40    0E475 602  35    0E500 571  30    0
           *    ***  **     *    ***  **     *         **     *         **

11700 10/16*530 522  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11700 10/16E530 522  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **  

11650 TS                    


U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
8-10/9/1891$   1400Z 25.8N  81.7W   45kt     FL
(Removed from listing)

9-10/12/1891*  0600Z 35.0N  74.1W   60kt     NC
(Removed from listing)

Three tropical systems in early October were first suggested by Mitchell 
(1924), which was utilized in the HURDAT database as well as Neumann et al. 
(1999) (storms 7, 8 and 9).  In contrast, the Monthly Weather Review summary 
of the era suggested one primary low forming in the Caribbean on the 6th,
moving across Cuba and Florida, impacting the U.S. mid-Atlantic states
and dissipating near Nova Scotia on the 14th.  MWR also had a secondary
low pressure forming near the Florida Keys on the 9th and merging with
the main low on the 11th.  Partagas and Diaz (1996a) believed that, "most 
likely, only one storm ... was what happened in reality".  However, they 
"did not find enough evidence to entirely disprove the existence of the 
three storms and, consequently, [they] decided to keep unchanged the tracks 
for Storms 7, 8 and 9, 1891."  

Subsequent research by the re-analysis team has uncovered evidence to
support a different conclusion to all the above:  two storm systems existed - 
1) a moderate tropical storm forming in the Caribbean on the 4th, moving
across Cuba and Florida, being absorbed in a frontal boundary and decaying
on the 10th (storm 7); and 2) a weak tropical storm also forming in the 
Caribbean on the 7th and becomming extratropical storm system near near the 
Florida Keys on the 9th, crossing Florida, slowing and becoming a strong 
"Nor'easter" on the 11th to the 13th and decaying on the 15th and 16th over 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (was storms 8 and 9, now combined into 8).  
Storm 9 apparently never existed as a separate storm system, but was in fact 
part of the extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus the two original 
tropical storms and one original hurricane in HURDAT have been replaced with 
two tropical storms. 

Evidence for this scenario comes from both the COADS ship database, U.S. 
station data obtained from NCDC, and Bermuda observations provided by
Mike Chenoweth.  These were then plotted and analyzed twice daily from 1 to 
15 October, 1891.  (Figures showing the station and ship observations and 
the team's analyses are provided.)

The remainder of this writeup focusses upon storm 8.  The discussion for
the storm 7 is contained in that storm's metadata file. 

Original storm 8 and 9 were each depicting a portion of the same storm 
system that occurred.  The genesis of the revised system is delayed a day
until the 7th in the northwestern Caribbean.  By the time it reached
the Florida Keys on the 9th, it had merged with a pre-existing baroclinic 
zone and became an extratropical storm.  During the two day period
when the system maintained tropical cyclone status, peak observed winds
were 35 kt N from a ship at 14 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W and lowest 
observed pressures were from same ship:  1004 mb at 22 UTC on the 7th at
20.0N 84.0W and 1005 mb at 10 UTC on the 9th at 21.0N 86.0W (though a time
series of pressure from this ship suggests that the values may be 
consistant 2-4 mb too low.  1004 mb peripheral pressure suggests winds of 
at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Peak estimated 
winds as a tropical storm are 40 kt on the 9th.  However, by the
time the system reached the Florida Keys as an extratropical system, either 
it had weakened slightly or had not actually attained tropical storm 
intensity.  Peak conditions observed were only 21 kt and 1012 mb in Key West
as the system passed just to the west of the city.  The extratrpical storm 
then moved slowly northeastward across Florida into the Atlantic and then 
drifted to the north beginning on the 11th for about 36 hours southeast of 
Cape Hatteras.  During this time a high built in from the north and west and 
in conjunction with the extratropical storm caused strong northeasterly winds 
along the U.S. mid-Atlantic and New England coasts.  Peak (uncorrected) 5 min 
sustained winds reached 57 kt at Kitty Hawk, 63 kt at Cape Hatteras, 41 kt at 
Atlantic City, 63 kt at Block Island, and 50 kt at Nantucket.  The estimated
maximum 1 min winds for this system during its extratropical stage were
about 55 kt.  On the 13th to the 15th, the baroclinic low moved northeastward 
and weakened.  The baroclinic nature of this system is quite clear - it had 
at times a 25F east-west temperature gradient while along the Atlantic coast.
The early portion of the original storm 9 also appears to be incorrect 
based upon ship and Bermuda data on the 8th to the 11th.  There is no
indication that a low (tropical or baroclinic) came toward the U.S.
Atlantic seaboard from the southeast.  However, the portion of original
storm 9's track from the 12th to the 15th does closely match the analysis 
here of the extratropical storm stage for this revised storm 8.  However,
it is to be noted that the evidence for retaining this system in HURDAT
at all as a tropical storm is marginal given one gale force report and
a couple suspect low pressure readings.

********************************************************************************

1891/09 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1891/10, but became 1891/09 after the removal
of the original 1891/09 - May 2004.


1891/09 - 2003 REVISION:

11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 291 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11175 10/12/1891 M= 9 10 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11180 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 613  35    0*136 620  45    0
11180 10/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 613  35    0*136 620  35    0
                                                                        **

11185 10/13*147 627  60    0*156 632  70    0*162 636  80    0*167 639  80    0
11185 10/13*147 627  40    0*156 632  40    0*162 636  45    0*167 639  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

11190 10/14*172 641  85    0*177 644  85    0*182 646  85    0*187 648  85    0
11190 10/14*172 641  50    0*177 644  50    0*182 646  55    0*187 648  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

11195 10/15*192 650  85    0*197 652  85    0*202 654  85    0*213 656  85    0
11195 10/15*192 650  60    0*197 652  60    0*202 654  65    0*213 656  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

11200 10/16*224 658  85    0*234 660  85    0*245 662  85    0*256 663  85    0
11200 10/16*224 658  75    0*234 660  75    0*245 662  75    0*256 663  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11205 10/17*267 662  85    0*277 661  85    0*288 660  85    0*297 659  85    0
11205 10/17*267 662  75    0*277 661  75    0*288 660  75    0*297 659  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11210 10/18*303 659  85    0*310 658  85    0*320 657  85    0*334 655  85    0
11210 10/18*303 659  75    0*310 658  75    0*320 657  75    0*334 655  75    0
                     **               **               **               **

11215 10/19*353 653  85    0*372 649  85    0*390 639  85    0*409 623  85    0
11215 10/19*353 653  75    0*372 649  75    0*390 639  70    0*409 623  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11220 10/20*430 602  80    0*448 582  65    0*465 570  60    0*485 575  35    0
11220 10/20*430 602  60    0*448 582  50    0*465 570  40    0*485 575  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

11225 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) did not introduce any track changes from 
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.  Gale force and 
greater observations available for this system were the following:
"gales of hurricane force" on the 17th east-northeast of the Bahamas, 
60 kt SE-SW wind and 992 mb on the 18th at Bermuda (this peripheral
sea level pressure suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized), 70 kt wind on the 19th 
("Ocean Prince") at 36 N, 62 W.  Available observational evidence 
suggests that the peak intensity for this hurricane was a minimal 
hurricane (Category 1), rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) 
originally in HURDAT.  Winds are reduced accordingly from the 13th to 
the 20th.  Hurricane intensity attained after passing through the Lesser 
Antilles.

********************************************************************************

1891/10 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1891/11, but became 1891/10 after the removal
of the original 1891/10 - May 2004.


1891/10 - 2003 REVISION:

11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 292 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11230 11/03/1891 M= 4 11 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11235 11/03*241 738  35    0*250 725  35    0*257 716  40    0*268 703  45    0
11240 11/04*279 687  45    0*291 668  50    0*302 647  50    0*313 621  50    0
11245 11/05*325 592  50    0*338 562  50    0*352 538  45    0*380 512  40    0
11250 11/06*416 490  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11255 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The only change is to renumber the 
storm number for the year.

********************************************************************************

1891 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:


1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-July 1891:

   "1891  additional system #1 (July)  MWR mentions 'gale' winds.  
    This system may warrant further research.  Is there any COADS?"

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system was of
tropical depression intensity at its peak.  The COADS data were sparse
in the vicinity of the system until the 12th, when it was east of the
U.S. mid-Atlantic states.  Peak ship observations were 25 kt and 1014 mb,
though a weak closed circulation was analyzed.  Station data were also
obtained for Jacksonville, Jupiter, Titusville, Savannah, Charleston,
Wilmington, Cape Hatteras, Kitty Hawk, Baltimore, Atlantic City, New 
York City, New London, New Haven, Block Island and Nantucket.  Peak 
observed winds were 36 mph at Kitty Hawk (10th and 11th) and at 
Cape Hatteras (11th).  These observations also support tropical depression
status for this system.  While "fresh to strong gales" were mentioned
in the Monthly Weather Review, no evidence for these were to be found
from any source.  Thus this system is not added into HURDAT.


2) September 11-12, 1891:  Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated 
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team 
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


3) September 14-15, 1891:  Partagas and Diaz (1996b) had investigated 
this system for possibility of inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team 
agreed with Partagas and Diaz to leave it out of HURDAT as there was not
enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1996b)
in mid-September 1891:

   "1891  additional system #4 (Sept)  MWR gives TS force winds at 
    coastal stations.  This system is also given a high probability 
    by P+D, and bears further investigation."

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review, from
the COADS ship database, and coastal station data, a closed circulation for
this system could not be found.  The COADS ship data did not provide any
observations near the system, though the station data was quite thorough
with observations obtained for Key West, Jupiter, Titusville, Tampa, 
Jacksonville, Pensacola, Mobile, Port Eads, New Orleans and Galveston.
These data indicate that a disturbance did cross the Gulf of Mexico
being located roughly along longitude 78W on the 17th, 80W on
the 18th, 82W on the 19th, 85W on the 20th, 88W on the 21st, and 90W
on the 22nd.  Peak winds recorded in association with this system were
40 mph E at Titusville on the 19th, 48 mph NE at New Orleans on the 20th,
and 40 mph NE at Galveston on the 20th.  However, only easterly winds were 
reported from these locations and lowest pressure recorded was only 
1014 mb at Key West on the 19th.  It is possible that this was a
tropical storm, but confirming observations for having a closed 
circulation were not found.  (It is also possible that the system was
a vigorous easterly wave with no closed circulation and a NNE-SSW oriented
wave axis.)  Thus because of the uncertainty and lack of having an observed 
closed circulation, this system is not included into HURDAT.


5) Storm 9 in Partagas and Diaz (1996a) and Neumann et al. (1999) apparently 
did not exist as a separate tropical cyclone, but was in fact part of the 
extratropical storm stage for storm 8.  Thus this system is removed from
HURDAT.  Details on the observations for this removal can be found within
the discussion of storm 8.  (Figures showing the station and ship observations and 
the team's analyses are provided.).  Below is the original HURDAT entry for this
system:
11120 10/08/1891 M= 9  9 SNBR= 290 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11125 10/08*  0   0   0    0*238 572  35    0*245 582  40    0*251 591  40    0
11130 10/09*256 601  45    0*262 612  50    0*268 625  55    0*274 639  60    0
11135 10/10*280 653  70    0*287 666  75    0*293 680  80    0*299 694  85    0
11140 10/11*305 708  85    0*312 721  85    0*321 735  85    0*330 740  85    0
11145 10/12*340 742  85    0*350 741  85    0*359 740  85    0*366 737  85    0
11150 10/13*373 733  85    0*380 728  85    0*388 721  85    0*395 715  85    0
11155 10/14*403 706  85    0*412 694  85    0*422 681  85    0*433 665  85    0
11160 10/15*446 647  80    0*460 626  75    0*475 602  70    0*500 571  65    0
11165 10/16*530 522  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11170 HR

********************************************************************************

11260 06/10/1892 M= 7  1 SNBR= 293 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11260 06/09/1892 M= 8  1 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(9th not in HURDAT previously.)
11262 06/09*208 831  35    0*213 834  35    0*217 837  35    0*221 838  35    0

11265 06/10*237 853  35    0*245 844  35    0*250 836  40    0*258 824  40    0
11265 06/10*229 839  35    0*238 838  35    0*247 833  40    0*252 822  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

11270 06/11*265 812  45    0*272 801  45    0*278 792  35    0*283 781  35    0
11270 06/11*258 810  35    0*264 799  35    0*270 787  35    0*276 776  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

11275 06/12*287 771  40    0*290 761  45    0*293 751  45    0*296 740  45    0
11275 06/12*282 767  40    0*289 758  45    0*293 751  45    0*296 740  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***     

11280 06/13*299 728  45    0*302 719  45    0*304 716  45    0*310 716  45    0
11285 06/14*314 720  45    0*313 727  45    0*312 736  45    0*312 741  45    0
11290 06/15*313 747  45    0*315 753  45    0*318 758  45    0*320 760  45    0
11295 06/16*323 760  45    0*326 760  40    0*330 760  40    0*335 760  35    0
11300 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

11305 08/16/1892 M= 9  2 SNBR= 294 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11305 08/15/1892 M=10  2 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(15th not previously in HURDAT.)
11307 08/15*180 545  35    0*180 555  35    0*180 565  35    0*181 575  35    0

11310 08/16*  0   0   0    0*181 563  35    0*181 573  40    0*184 585  45    0
11310 08/16*182 585  35    0*185 595  35    0*189 605  40    0*193 614  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

11315 08/17*187 597  55    0*192 609  60    0*197 620  65    0*203 631  70    0
11315 08/17*197 622  45    0*201 630  45    0*206 637  50    0*211 643  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11320 08/18*210 642  75    0*218 652  80    0*228 662  80    0*241 673  85    0
11320 08/18*215 650  55    0*220 657  55    0*228 663  60    0*240 670  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

11325 08/19*258 677  85    0*274 678  85    0*288 679  85    0*299 678  85    0
11325 08/19*249 673  65    0*259 677  65    0*270 680  65    0*284 684  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11330 08/20*310 676  85    0*320 673  85    0*331 669  85    0*342 665  85    0
11330 08/20*300 686  65    0*318 686  65    0*335 680  65    0*351 672  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11335 08/21*354 660  85    0*368 652  85    0*400 630  85    0*417 616  85    0
11335 08/21*364 662  65    0*382 647  65    0*400 630  65    0*417 616  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

11340 08/22*435 598  80    0*452 578  70    0*470 552  70    0*492 515  70    0
11340 08/22E435 598  60    0E452 578  55    0E470 552  50    0E492 515  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11345 08/23*519 470  70    0*547 435  70    0*570 410  70    0*584 393  70    0
11345 08/23E519 470  50    0E547 435  50    0E570 410  50    0E584 393  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11350 08/24*595 370  70    0*601 336  65    0*606 310  60    0*609 283  55    0
11350 08/24E595 370  45    0E601 336  45    0E606 310  40    0E609 283  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11355 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Available gale force or greater observations are as follows:  40 kt SE wind
on Aug. 17 at 21.6 N, 60.1 W (steamship "Francia"), 60 kt S-SE wind at 00 UTC 
on Aug. 19 at 24.3 N, 65.4 W (steamer "Duart Castle"), 35 kt SW wind and
1006 mb at 10 UTC on Aug. 20 at Bermuda, and NW-N "gales of hurricane force
along the trans-Atlantic shipping routes between 50 and 65 W on Aug. 22.  
These observations indicate that the system peaked at minimal hurricane
status, rather than the standard Category 2 (85 kt) originally found in 
HURDAT.  The hurricane is estimated to have transitioned to extratropical on 
the 22nd based upon ship reports of strong northerly gales between 50 and 65W.

********************************************************************************

11360 09/03/1892 M=15  3 SNBR= 295 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11360 09/03/1892 M=15  3 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11365 09/03*  0   0   0    0*115 330  35    0*116 346  35    0*119 363  40    0
11370 09/04*122 378  40    0*124 391  40    0*127 402  45    0*129 410  50    0
11375 09/05*132 417  50    0*134 423  55    0*137 431  60    0*142 442  65    0
11380 09/06*148 454  65    0*154 466  70    0*161 475  75    0*168 482  75    0
11385 09/07*174 488  80    0*181 494  85    0*187 499  85    0*193 504  85    0
11390 09/08*199 509  85    0*205 513  85    0*212 518  85    0*220 523  85    0
11395 09/09*229 527  85    0*238 531  85    0*247 534  85    0*256 536  85    0
11400 09/10*264 538  85    0*273 540  85    0*281 541  85    0*290 543  85    0
11405 09/11*298 544  85    0*307 545  85    0*317 546  85    0*329 545  85    0
11410 09/12*345 540  85    0*361 532  85    0*376 522  85    0*389 509  85    0
11415 09/13*403 493  85    0*415 473  85    0*428 450  85    0*440 423  80    0
11420 09/14*451 393  75    0*461 363  70    0*470 338  65    0*477 316  60    0
11425 09/15*482 294  60    0*485 272  55    0*487 250  55    0*482 228  50    0
11430 09/16*475 206  50    0*468 184  50    0*462 162  50    0*456 144  50    0
11435 09/17*451 131  45    0*447 122  40    0*443 115  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11440 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  No observations of gale force or 
greater winds were found for this system.  Without data for substantiating
changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no alterations are made
for this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************

11445 09/09/1892 M= 9  4 SNBR= 296 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11445 09/08/1892 M=10  4 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
11447 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*220 928  35    0

11450 09/09*220 928  35    0*228 934  35    0*241 942  40    0*249 944  45    0
11450 09/09*227 932  35    0*234 937  35    0*241 942  40    0*249 944  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***

11455 09/10*256 942  50    0*261 939  50    0*266 936  50    0*269 933  50    0
11460 09/11*271 929  50    0*274 924  50    0*276 920  50    0*279 916  50    0
11465 09/12*283 912  50    0*289 907  50    0*297 901  45    0*309 889  40    0
11470 09/13*327 877  35    0*347 865  35    0*368 854  35    0*392 843  35    0
11470 09/13*327 877  35    0*347 865  35    0E368 854  40    0E392 843  45    0
                                             *         **     *         **

11475 09/14*419 831  35    0*443 820  35    0*462 808  35    0*476 792  35    0
11475 09/14E419 831  50    0E443 820  50    0E462 808  45    0E476 792  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11480 09/15*489 771  35    0*502 746  35    0*514 720  35    0*526 689  35    0
11480 09/15E489 771  40    0E502 746  40    0E514 720  35    0E526 689  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

11485 09/16*539 652  35    0*551 615  35    0*563 584  35    0*574 560  35    0
11485 09/16E539 652  35    0E551 615  35    0E563 584  35    0E574 560  35    0
           *                *                *                *

11490 09/17*584 542  35    0*594 528  35    0*603 519  35    0*  0   0   0    0
11490 09/17E584 542  35    0E594 528  35    0E603 519  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *      

11495 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track extended back in time slightly
and adjusted to provide for a more reasonable translational velocity at
the beginning of the storm.  Winds are intensified overland while
undergoing extratropical transition due to wind and pressure observations. 

********************************************************************************

11500 09/13/1892 M=11  5 SNBR= 297 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11500 09/12/1892 M=12  5 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(12th not originally in HURDAT.)
11502 09/12*153 195  35    0*154 205  40    0*155 215  45    0*156 223  50    0

11505 09/13*  0   0   0    0*153 194  35    0*154 207  35    0*156 219  35    0
11505 09/13*157 230  55    0*159 236  60    0*160 241  65    0*162 248  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11510 09/14*158 231  35    0*160 242  40    0*163 254  50    0*166 266  60    0
11510 09/14*164 255  75    0*166 262  80    0*169 270  85    0*171 277  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11515 09/15*169 277  70    0*172 289  75    0*176 300  80    0*180 311  80    0
11515 09/15*173 284  85    0*174 292  85    0*176 300  85    0*180 311  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

11520 09/16*184 323  85    0*189 334  85    0*194 345  85    0*199 356  85    0
11525 09/17*205 367  85    0*210 378  85    0*215 389  85    0*220 398  85    0
11530 09/18*224 406  85    0*229 414  85    0*234 422  85    0*239 431  85    0
11535 09/19*245 440  85    0*250 449  85    0*256 458  85    0*261 466  85    0
11540 09/20*267 474  85    0*272 482  85    0*277 489  85    0*283 495  80    0
11545 09/21*290 500  80    0*298 504  80    0*306 507  75    0*316 509  70    0
11550 09/22*326 507  70    0*337 503  70    0*347 497  65    0*355 487  60    0
11555 09/23*363 473  50    0*369 454  45    0*375 432  35    0*382 419  25    0
11560 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) for this hurricane.
Winds increased from the 12th to the 15th to account for hurricane 
conditions experienced in and near the Cape Verde Islands.

********************************************************************************

11845 09/25/1892 M= 3  6 SNBR= 298 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11845 09/25/1892 M= 3  6 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11850 09/25*  0   0   0    0*195 922  35    0*196 929  40    0*199 936  40    0
11855 09/26*203 943  45    0*208 949  50    0*213 955  50    0*219 961  50    0
11860 09/27*225 966  50    0*231 971  50    0*238 976  45    0*243 979  35    0
11865 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996a) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

11590 10/05/1892 M=11  7 SNBR= 299 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11590 10/05/1892 M=12  7 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **          ***

11595 10/05*115 562  35    0*113 570  40    0*112 576  45    0*112 578  50    0
11595 10/05*115 562  35    0*113 570  40    0*112 576  45    0*112 582  50    0
                                                                   ***

11600 10/06*112 583  55    0*111 589  55    0*111 598  60    0*111 609  65    0
11600 10/06*112 587  55    0*111 592  55    0*111 600  60    0*111 609  65    0
                ***              ***              ***

11605 10/07*111 620  70    0*112 632  75    0*113 644  80    0*115 657  80    0
11610 10/08*116 670  85    0*118 683  85    0*120 696  85    0*122 708  85    0
11615 10/09*124 720  85    0*125 731  85    0*127 743  85    0*129 756  85    0
11620 10/10*131 769  85    0*134 783  85    0*137 795  85    0*140 805  85    0
11625 10/11*143 813  85    0*146 821  85    0*150 830  85    0*155 841  85    0
11625 10/11*143 813  85    0*146 821  85    0*150 830  85    0*155 841  80    0
                                                                        **

11630 10/12*159 851  85    0*164 862  85    0*169 872  80    0*174 883  75    0
11630 10/12*159 851  75    0*164 862  80    0*169 872  85    0*174 883  85    0
                     **               **               **               **

11635 10/13*179 893  70    0*183 904  70    0*187 914  70    0*190 923  70    0
11635 10/13*179 893  60    0*183 904  55    0*187 914  55    0*190 923  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11640 10/14*193 930  70    0*195 935  75    0*198 941  80    0*200 947  85    0
11645 10/15*203 954  85    0*206 960  85    0*209 966  80    0*213 973  35    0
11645 10/15*203 954  85    0*206 960  85    0*209 966  80    0*213 973  70    0
                                                                        **

(16th not previously in HURDAT.)
11647 10/16*217 980  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

11650 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Positions on the 5th and 6th are
adjusted slightly to provide realistic translational velocities.  Winds are 
adjusted to better accommodate passage over land.  Additional six hour 
position/intensity added on the 16th to allow for reasonable (but quick) 
decay over the mountainous terrain of Mexico.

********************************************************************************

11655 10/13/1892 M= 8  8 SNBR= 300 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11655 10/13/1892 M= 8  8 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11660 10/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*262 695  35    0
11660 10/13*260 712  40    0*265 707  50    0*270 700  60    0*275 691  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11665 10/14*269 682  35    0*275 671  35    0*280 661  40    0*285 650  40    0
11665 10/14*280 683  70    0*285 677  75    0*290 670  80    0*296 662  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11670 10/15*290 640  45    0*295 632  45    0*300 626  50    0*302 623  50    0
11670 10/15*301 656  80    0*306 649  80    0*310 643  80    0*315 634  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11675 10/16*304 620  50    0*307 616  50    0*311 609  50    0*316 599  50    0
11675 10/16*320 626  75    0*325 617  70    0*330 609  60    0*337 597  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  

11680 10/17*322 588  50    0*330 575  50    0*339 561  50    0*350 547  50    0
11680 10/17*344 582  50    0*350 572  50    0*355 560  50    0*362 546  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

11685 10/18*363 532  50    0*376 517  50    0*388 502  50    0*397 487  50    0
11685 10/18E370 531  50    0E378 518  50    0E388 502  50    0E397 487  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***         *                *

11690 10/19*404 473  50    0*411 463  50    0*419 455  45    0*432 446  45    0
11690 10/19E404 473  50    0E411 463  50    0E419 455  45    0E432 446  45    0
           *                *                *                *

11695 10/20*448 441  45    0*462 449  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11695 10/20E448 441  45    0E462 449  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *

11700 TS
11700 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Intensity is
increased to Category 1 (80 kt) hurricane based upon reports of hurricane 
force ship observations on the 13th as well as 60 kt observed wind in
Bermuda in the weak semi-circle of the storm on the 15th.

********************************************************************************

11705 10/21/1892 M= 9  9 SNBR= 301 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
11705 10/21/1892 M= 9  9 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

11710 10/21*230 926  35    0*232 922  35    0*235 917  40    0*237 914  40    0
11715 10/22*239 910  40    0*242 906  45    0*246 900  45    0*251 894  45    0
11720 10/23*255 887  45    0*260 879  45    0*262 872  45    0*266 863  45    0
11720 10/23*255 887  45    0*259 879  45    0*262 872  45    0*266 863  45    0
                             ***

11725 10/24*269 855  45    0*271 848  45    0*273 840  45    0*276 830  45    0
11725 10/24*269 855  45    0*271 848  45    0*273 840  45    0*276 827  45    0
                                                                   ***

11730 10/25*278 820  40    0*280 810  40    0*282 799  35    0*284 780  35    0
11730 10/25*280 810  40    0*283 792  35    0*285 777  35    0*286 765  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

11735 10/26*287 763  35    0*290 748  40    0*293 735  40    0*297 721  45    0
11735 10/26*288 756  35    0*290 746  40    0*293 735  40    0*297 721  45    0
            *** ***              ***

11740 10/27*305 710  45    0*312 702  45    0*320 695  45    0*327 689  45    0
11745 10/28*333 683  45    0*340 678  45    0*347 672  45    0*358 666  45    0
11750 10/29*366 662  45    0*375 660  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11755 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  

********************************************************************************

1892 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 11-14, 1892:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
2) September 12, 1892:  Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
3) October 1-2, 1892:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

11760 06/12/1893 M= 9  1 SNBR= 302 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
11760 06/12/1893 M= 9  1 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***                        *

11765 06/12*  0   0   0    0*205 952  35    0*212 947  40    0*217 943  45    0
11770 06/13*222 939  55    0*227 934  65    0*233 927  75    0*240 919  80    0
11770 06/13*222 939  50    0*227 934  55    0*233 927  60    0*240 919  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

11775 06/14*245 912  85    0*252 904  85    0*258 897  85    0*262 889  85    0
11775 06/14*245 912  60    0*252 904  60    0*258 897  60    0*262 889  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

11780 06/15*266 882  85    0*270 874  85    0*275 867  85    0*286 853  80    0
11780 06/15*266 882  60    0*270 874  60    0*277 865  60    0*286 853  60    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

11785 06/16*301 834  70    0*317 815  55    0*331 798  50    0*343 784  50    0
11785 06/16*301 834  50    0*317 815  45    0*331 798  50    0*343 784  50    0
                     **               **             

11790 06/17*355 771  50    0*366 757  55    0*375 743  60    0*383 729  65    0
11795 06/18*390 716  70    0*398 702  75    0*405 688  80    0*412 668  80    0
11795 06/18*390 716  65    0*398 702  65    0*405 688  65    0*412 668  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11800 06/19*420 641  85    0*427 613  85    0*434 593  85    0*440 580  85    0
11800 06/19*420 641  65    0*427 613  65    0*434 593  65    0*440 580  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

11805 06/20*445 568  80    0*450 558  75    0*454 550  70    0*459 540  65    0
11805 06/20E445 568  60    0E450 558  60    0E454 550  60    0E459 540  60    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11810 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Available observational data for
Florida indicates that the system was likely of strong tropical storm
intensity at landfall.  Hurricane is downgraded from the original standard
Category 2 (85 kt) to a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane at peak intensity,
since observational evidence suggests that it was (at most) a minimal
hurricane.  

********************************************************************************

11815 07/04/1893 M= 4  2 SNBR= 303 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11815 07/04/1893 M= 4  2 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11820 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*111 792  35    0*118 798  40    0
11825 07/05*126 804  50    0*133 812  60    0*140 820  70    0*147 829  80    0
11825 07/05*126 804  50    0*133 812  60    0*140 820  70    0*147 829  85    0
                                                                        **

11830 07/06*154 839  85    0*160 849  85    0*167 860  85    0*172 870  80    0
11830 07/06*154 839  75    0*160 849  70    0*167 860  80    0*172 870  80    0
                     **               **               **

11835 07/07*179 882  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
11835 07/07*179 882  80    0*184 895  60    0*187 910  40    0*190 925  30    0
                     **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

11840 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced slightly on the 6th
due to the center of the hurricane passing over Honduras, though original
landfall intensity at Nicaragua/Honduras retained (85 kt).  Three position and 
intensity values were added on the 7th because original final position was 
not over land.  These allow for a reasonable decay of the hurricane over 
land by using the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model.

********************************************************************************

11845 08/13/1893 M=13  3 SNBR= 304 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11845 08/13/1893 M=13  3 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11850 08/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 96 505  35    0*103 515  40    0
11855 08/14*109 526  40    0*116 537  45    0*122 548  50    0*129 560  55    0
11860 08/15*135 573  60    0*142 585  65    0*148 597  65    0*154 608  70    0
11865 08/16*160 618  75    0*166 629  80    0*172 639  80    0*178 649  85    0
11865 08/16*160 618  75    0*166 629  80    0*172 639  90    0*176 649 100    0
                                                       **      ***     ***

11870 08/17*183 660  90    0*188 670  90    0*194 680  95    0*200 689 100    0
11870 08/17*180 659 100    0*185 670  90    0*190 680  95    0*196 689 100    0
            *** *** ***      ***              ***              ***     

11875 08/18*206 697 100    0*212 704 105    0*218 712 105    0*225 721 105    0
11875 08/18*202 697 100    0*209 704 105    0*218 712 105    0*225 721 105    0
            ***              ***    

11880 08/19*232 729 105    0*240 738 105    0*248 747 105    0*257 754 105    0
11885 08/20*267 757 105    0*279 758 105    0*301 753 105    0*308 750 105    0
11885 08/20*267 757 105    0*279 758 105    0*291 755 100    0*308 750  95    0
                                              *** *** ***              *** 

11890 08/21*327 738 105    0*348 723 105    0*370 706 105    0*395 686 100    0
11890 08/21*327 738  90    0*348 723  90    0*370 706  90    0*395 686  80    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

11895 08/22*422 663 100    0*448 638  95    0*474 597  90    0*499 553  85    0
11895 08/22*422 663  70    0E448 638  60    0E474 597  50    0E494 553  50    0
                    ***     *         **     *         **     ****      **

11900 08/23*507 525  80    0*513 500  75    0*519 480  70    0*511 451  65    0
11900 08/23E507 525  50    0E513 500  50    0E516 480  50    0E511 451  50    0
           *         **     *         **     ****      **     *         **

11905 08/24*504 431  65    0*496 418  60    0*491 400  60    0*492 387  60    0
11905 08/24E504 431  50    0E496 418  50    0E491 400  50    0E492 387  50    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11910 08/25*494 371  60    0*497 360  60    0*500 350  60    0*506 339  60    0
11910 08/25E494 371  50    0E497 360  45    0E500 350  40    0E506 339  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11915 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996a), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Analysis from
Boose et al. (2003) documents widespread Fujita-scale F2 wind-caused
damage over Puerto Rico.  Thus winds increased to 100 kt (Category 3) at
landfall over that island.  Winds are increased accordingly on the
16th and 17th.  Observational evidence found in Partagas and Diaz suggests 
a weakening of the system after recurvature - winds are reduced from the 
20th to the 22nd accordingly.  Additionally, no evidence is available that 
indicates that the storm struck as a hurricane in Canada.  Winds reduced 
from the 23rd to the 25th accordingly.  The hurricane is known as "San 
Roque III" in Puerto Rico from the impacts in that island.

********************************************************************************

11920 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 305 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
11920 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

11925 08/15*  0   0   0    0*140 365  35    0*142 377  40    0*144 386  45    0
11930 08/16*147 396  45    0*149 405  50    0*151 415  55    0*153 426  60    0
11935 08/17*156 437  65    0*159 448  65    0*161 459  70    0*163 469  75    0
11940 08/18*165 479  80    0*168 489  85    0*172 499  85    0*176 513  85    0
11945 08/19*180 529  85    0*185 545  85    0*191 558  85    0*197 570  85    0
11950 08/20*203 581  85    0*210 592  85    0*216 603  85    0*222 614  85    0
11955 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 649  85    0*244 658  85    0
11955 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 646  85    0*244 658  85    0
                                                  ***

11960 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  85    0*271 698  85    0*284 707  85    0
11960 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  90    0*271 698  95    0*284 707 100    0
                                      **               **              ***

11965 08/23*298 716  85    0*314 725  85    0*331 732  85    0*353 737  85    0
11965 08/23*298 716 100  952*314 725 100    0*331 732 100    0*350 737  95    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***      ***      **

11970 08/24*373 740  85    0*394 739  80    0*414 735  80    0*434 724  75    0
11970 08/24*368 740  85    0*386 739  80    0*407 739  75  986*430 730  60    0
            ***              ***              *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **

11975 08/25*454 707  70    0*474 685  65    0*493 660  60    0*506 631  60    0
11975 08/25E454 710  55    0E474 685  50    0E493 660  45    0E506 631  45    0
           *    ***  **     *         **     *         **     *         **

11980 08/26*511 597  60    0*511 565  60    0*507 538  60    0*500 514  60    0
11980 08/26E511 597  40    0E511 565  40    0E507 538  40    0E500 514  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **     
    
11985 HR
11985 HR NY1
         ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track near landfall slightly altered 
to better fit passage of the eye over New York City.  A central pressure 
of 952 mb (03Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of 101 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - supporting upgrading this hurricane to a 100 kt 
Category 3 for best track.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (11Z on the 24th) 
suggests winds of at least 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship
- 75 kt chosen for best track.  Estimate of RMW of 45 nmi provided by 
Coch and Jarvinen (2000), while an estimate of 30 nmi for RMW was provided
by Boose et al. (2001) based upon observations and modeling of observed 
wind-caused damages.  The latter estimate is chosen here, as this may provide
a more direct RMW result for this region.  Given the track of the hurricane 
and the estimated RMW, SLOSH model runs suggest a central pressure of 986 mb 
(Jarvinen, personal communication) - which corresponds to 67 kt maximum 
sustained winds from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  75 kt winds 
chosen for best track at landfall, which is reasonable given the slightly 
smaller than usual RMW at this latitude and central pressure.   Thus the U.S. 
landfall intensity determined here is a 75 kt Category 1 hurricane in New 
York, which is at the low end of the range of the Fujita-scale F2 (upper 
Category 1 to all of Category 2) damage analyzed in Boose et al. (2001).  
Additionally, the changes introduced here in intensity on the 24th and 25th 
after landfall match closely the analysis of wind-caused damage by Boose 
et al. (2001). Hurricane also known as the "Midnight Storm" (Coch and 
Jarvinen 2000).


1893/04 - 2006 REVISION:

12470 08/15/1893 M=12  4 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
12475 08/15*  0   0   0    0*140 365  35    0*142 377  40    0*144 386  45    0*
12480 08/16*147 396  45    0*149 405  50    0*151 415  55    0*153 426  60    0*
12485 08/17*156 437  65    0*159 448  65    0*161 459  70    0*163 469  75    0*
12490 08/18*165 479  80    0*168 489  85    0*172 499  85    0*176 513  85    0*
12495 08/19*180 529  85    0*185 545  85    0*191 558  85    0*197 570  85    0*
12500 08/20*203 581  85    0*210 592  85    0*216 603  85    0*222 614  85    0*
12505 08/21*227 624  85    0*233 635  85    0*239 646  85    0*244 658  85    0*
12510 08/22*252 671  85    0*261 684  90    0*271 698  95    0*284 707 100    0*
12515 08/23*298 716 100  952*314 725 100    0*331 732 100    0*350 737  95    0*
12520 08/24*368 740  85    0*386 739  80    0*407 739  75  986*430 730  60    0*
12525 08/25E454 710  55    0E474 685  50    0E493 660  40    0E506 631  45    0*
12530 08/26E511 597  40    0E511 565  40    0E507 538  40    0E500 514  40    0*
12535 HR NY1 VA1                                                                
12535 HR NY1 CT1
             ***

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone passed too far to the east of 
Virginia for that state to be counted as a hurricane impact.  Moreover,
inspection of the track and intensity in HURDAT suggests that Connecticut
likely experienced Category 1 hurricane impact along a portion of
their coastline.  Despite passing quite close to New Jersey, this cyclone
likely did not cause hurricane force winds along that state's coast due
the hurricane's translational speed and induced wind asymmetries.

********************************************************************************

11990 08/15/1893 M= 5  5 SNBR= 306 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
11990 08/15/1893 M= 5  5 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

11995 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*322 604  35    0*331 621  40    0
12000 08/16*342 640  45    0*355 661  55    0*370 670  60    0*384 661  70    0
12005 08/17*402 647  80    0*419 627  85    0*434 608  85    0*448 588  85    0
12010 08/18*461 568  85    0*473 547  80    0*484 525  70    0*499 497  65    0
12010 08/18*461 568  85    0*473 547  80    0*484 525  70    0*495 497  65    0
                                                               ***      

12015 08/19*505 479  65    0*517 445  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
12015 08/19*505 474  65    0*517 445  65    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***                   

12020 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Small track changes are introduced on
the 18th and 19th for more realistic translational velocities.  No 
observations of gale force or greater wind reports could be located for
this system (except for an indirect report from Bermuda of a "hurricane ...
moving northward between that station and Halifax" on the 15th).  Without 
data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity estimates, no
alterations are made to the intensity for this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************

12025 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 307 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12025 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

12030 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*181 202  40    0*176 209  40    0
12035 08/16*172 216  40    0*168 224  40    0*165 232  40    0*162 241  40    0
12040 08/17*160 250  40    0*158 260  40    0*156 269  40    0*155 278  45    0
12045 08/18*154 286  45    0*154 294  50    0*155 303  50    0*156 313  55    0
12050 08/19*158 324  55    0*161 338  60    0*165 354  65    0*170 374  70    0
12055 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  90    0
12055 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  85    0
                                                                        **

12060 08/21*198 476  90    0*205 494  95    0*210 510 100    0*214 525 100    0
12060 08/21*198 476  85    0*205 494  85    0*210 510  85    0*214 525  85    0
                     **               **               **               **

12065 08/22*217 540 100    0*219 555 105  972*220 570 105    0*221 585 105    0
12065 08/22*217 540  85    0*219 555  85  972*220 570  90    0*221 585  95    0
                     **               **              ***              ***

12070 08/23*223 600 105    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0
12070 08/23*223 600 100    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0
                    ***

12075 08/24*228 649 105    0*229 659 105    0*230 670 105    0*232 681 105    0
12080 08/25*235 693 105    0*238 704 105    0*241 716 105    0*244 729 105    0
12085 08/26*247 742 105    0*251 756 105    0*255 769 105    0*261 780 105    0
12090 08/27*270 789 105    0*281 797 105    0*292 804 105    0*303 809 100    0
12090 08/27*270 789 105    0*280 798 105    0*290 803 105    0*297 806 100    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

12095 08/28*315 812  95    0*327 812  90    0*340 810  85    0*354 805  80    0
12095 08/28*306 807 100  954*321 812  90  958*339 811  75    0*354 805  65    0
            *** *** ***  *** ***          *** *** ***  **               **

12100 08/29*368 796  75    0*384 782  70    0*402 760  70    0*420 737  65    0
12100 08/29*368 796  60    0*384 782  55    0*402 760  55    0*420 737  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

12105 08/30*443 707  60    0*466 677  60    0*490 647  55    0*501 630  55    0
12105 08/30*443 707  50    0*466 677  50    0*486 650  50    0*501 630  50    0
                     **               **      *** ***  **               **

12110 08/31*513 609  55    0*522 589  50    0*530 570  50    0*536 552  50    0
12110 08/31E513 609  50    0E522 589  50    0E530 570  50    0E536 552  50    0
           *         **     *                *                *

12115 09/01*541 535  50    0*545 518  50    0*547 500  50    0*545 481  50    0
12115 09/01E541 535  50    0E545 518  50    0E547 500  50    0E545 481  50    0
           *                *                *                *

12120 09/02*544 461  50    0*542 441  50    0*540 420  50    0*539 391  50    0
12120 09/02E544 461  50    0E542 441  50    0E540 420  50    0E539 391  50    0
           *                *                *                *

12125 HR       
12125 HR GA3 SC3 NC1 DFL1
         *** *** *** ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Track altered slightly based upon
analysis from Ho (1989).  A central pressure on the 22nd of 972 mb (was
already in best-track) suggests winds of 87 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure
of 965 mb (on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 90 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt retained in best track.

For the intensity near landfall, the analysis from Ho is not accepted 
because of concerns of two aspects.  First the 18.2 foot storm tide 
reported for Savannah Beach likely also includes a large wave component as 
well.  B. Jarvinen (personal communication) estimates that the storm tide 
itself was closer to 11-13 foot, 2-3 foot of which was due to the astronomical
high tide.  (Thus a storm surge of 9-10 foot appears to be the most
credible estimate.)  A central pressure shortly after landfall of 958 mb 
(05Z on the 28th in Savannah) suggests winds of 96 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt retained in best track since the center 
of the hurricane has already made landfall.  Ho discounted this central
pressure measurement from the Weather Bureau office in Savannah in favor of 
a measurement of 938 mb taken by a private citizen.  This 938 mb value
is dubious since it was not a calibrated instrument and that the eye of
the hurricane clearly went over the Savannah Weather Bureau office.  
Using the 958 mb central pressure, a central pressure of 954 mb 
at landfall is estimated via methodology from Ho et al. (1987) which
uses inland central pressure and time from landfall to the inland
central pressure measurement.  (In this case, the time was approximately
one hour for the hurricane to transit from the coast to Savannah - a
distance of 17 nmi.)  A landfall value of 954 mb for the central pressure
corresponds to 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship -
100 kt is chosen as the wind speed at landfall, since the RMW estimate
of 23 nmi (Ho 1989) is very close to the average value for that latitude
and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus the hurricane is
determined here to be a 100 kt Category 3 at landfall with a central
pressure around 954 mb, not the 931 mb of a Category 4 hurricane 
suggested by Ho (1989).  Winds after landfall were reduced to reflect
no observation of hurricane force north of North Carolina as described
in Partagas and Diaz (1996b).  Small track changes are introduced on
the 30th for more realistic translational velocities.  Storm is known as 
the "Sea Islands Hurricane" for its impact in Georgia and South Carolina.

1893/06 - 2006 REVISION:

12575 08/15/1893 M=19  6 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
12580 08/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*181 202  40    0*176 209  40    0*
12585 08/16*172 216  40    0*168 224  40    0*165 232  40    0*162 241  40    0*
12590 08/17*160 250  40    0*158 260  40    0*156 269  40    0*155 278  45    0*
12595 08/18*154 286  45    0*154 294  50    0*155 303  50    0*156 313  55    0*
12600 08/19*158 324  55    0*161 338  60    0*165 354  65    0*170 374  70    0*
12605 08/20*175 396  75    0*180 419  80    0*186 440  85    0*192 458  85    0*
12610 08/21*198 476  85    0*205 494  85    0*210 510  85    0*214 525  85    0*
12615 08/22*217 540  85    0*219 555  85  972*220 570  90    0*221 585  95    0*
12620 08/23*223 600 100    0*224 614 105    0*225 627 105    0*226 639 105    0*
12625 08/24*228 649 105    0*229 659 105    0*230 670 105    0*232 681 105    0*
12630 08/25*235 693 105    0*238 704 105    0*241 716 105    0*244 729 105    0*
12635 08/26*247 742 105    0*251 756 105    0*255 769 105    0*261 780 105    0*
12640 08/27*270 789 105    0*280 798 105    0*290 803 105    0*297 806 100    0*
12645 08/28*306 807 100  954*321 812  90  958*339 811  75    0*354 805  65    0*
12650 08/29*368 796  60    0*384 782  55    0*402 760  55    0*420 737  55    0*
12655 08/30*443 707  50    0*466 677  50    0*486 650  50    0*501 630  50    0*
12660 08/31E513 609  50    0E522 589  50    0E530 570  50    0E536 552  50    0*
12665 09/01E541 535  50    0E545 518  50    0E547 500  50    0E545 481  50    0*
12670 09/02E544 461  50    0E542 441  50    0E540 420  50    0E539 391  50    0*
12675 HR GA3 SC3 NC1DFL1                                                    
12675 HR GA3 SC3INC1DFL1                                                    
                ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North 
Carolina hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along 
North Carolina's Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

12415 08/20/1893 M=10  7 SNBR= 308 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12415 08/20/1893 M=10  7 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

12420 08/20*  0   0   0    0*118 272  35    0*120 280  40    0*123 287  45    0
12425 08/21*126 294  45    0*129 301  50    0*132 308  55    0*136 315  60    0
12430 08/22*140 321  65    0*144 328  70    0*148 334  75    0*151 340  75    0
12435 08/23*154 346  80    0*158 353  80    0*161 359  85    0*165 365  85    0
12440 08/24*170 371  85    0*175 378  85    0*181 384  85    0*187 390  85    0
12445 08/25*193 396  85    0*201 401  85    0*210 407  85    0*221 411  85    0
12450 08/26*233 414  85    0*246 413  85    0*260 410  85    0*274 403  85    0
12455 08/27*289 391  85    0*305 376  85    0*321 359  85    0*338 340  85    0
12460 08/28*353 323  85    0*373 305  80    0*400 280  75    0*409 265  70    0
12460 08/28*353 323  85    0*373 305  80    0*393 285  75    0*409 265  70    0
                                              *** ***

12465 08/29*414 251  65    0*418 240  60    0*420 230  55    0*421 216  50    0
12470 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).  Small track changes are introduced on the 28th for more 
realistic translational velocities.  

********************************************************************************

12190 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 309 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12190 09/04/1893 M= 6  8 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

12195 09/04*  0   0   0    0*184 853  35    0*190 861  40    0*195 870  45    0
12200 09/05*201 879  55    0*209 887  60    0*221 899  65    0*229 908  70    0
12200 09/05*201 879  40    0*209 887  35    0*221 899  45    0*229 908  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

12205 09/06*240 918  80    0*252 925  85    0*269 930  85    0*274 928  85    0
12205 09/06*240 918  65    0*252 925  75    0*264 930  85    0*274 928  85    0
                     **               **      ***

12210 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  80    0
12210 09/07*279 923  85    0*283 919  85    0*290 913  85    0*298 905  70    0
                                                                        **

12215 09/08*307 900  75    0*317 894  70    0*328 890  65    0*330 889  60    0
12215 09/08*307 900  55    0*317 894  45    0*325 890  40    0*330 889  35    0
                     **               **      ***      **               **

12220 09/09*333 888  55    0*340 887  45    0*348 885  40    0*351 885  35    0
12220 09/09*333 888  35    0*340 887  30    0*348 885  30    0*351 885  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

12225 HR        
12225 HR LA2
         ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds from the 5th to the 6th reduced
to take into account moving over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Observations
show no evidence for hurricane intensity for nearly a full day over
the southeast U.S.  Winds reduced inland via the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model modified to allow slightly less weakening while
transit over the swamps of southeast Louisiana.  Small track changes are 
introduced on the 6th and the 8th for more realistic translational velocities.  

********************************************************************************

12230 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 310 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12230 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

12235 09/25*  0   0   0    0*116 250  35    0*116 258  40    0*117 267  45    0
12240 09/26*117 275  50    0*117 283  55    0*117 291  60    0*117 298  65    0
12240 09/26*117 275  45    0*117 283  45    0*117 291  50    0*117 298  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

12245 09/27*117 305  70    0*117 311  75    0*117 319  80    0*117 328  85    0
12245 09/27*117 305  55    0*117 311  55    0*117 319  60    0*117 328  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

12250 09/28*117 336  90    0*118 345  95    0*118 354  95    0*118 363 100    0
12250 09/28*117 336  65    0*118 345  65    0*118 354  65    0*118 363  65    0
                     **               **               **              ***

12255 09/29*118 372 100    0*118 381 105    0*118 390 105    0*118 398 105    0
12255 09/29*118 372  65    0*118 381  65    0*118 390  65    0*118 398  65    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12260 09/30*119 405 105    0*119 412 105    0*120 420 105    0*121 430 105    0
12260 09/30*119 405  65    0*119 412  65    0*120 420  65    0*121 430  70    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12265 10/01*123 439 105    0*125 449 105    0*128 459 105    0*130 469 105    0
12265 10/01*123 439  75    0*125 449  80    0*128 459  85    0*130 469  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12270 10/02*133 480 105    0*136 490 105    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0
12270 10/02*133 480  95    0*136 490 100    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0
                    ***              *** 

12275 10/03*148 516 105    0*152 522 105    0*157 527 105    0*163 532 105    0
12280 10/04*169 537 105    0*176 542 105    0*182 547 105    0*188 552 105    0
12285 10/05*193 557 105    0*198 562 105    0*203 567 105    0*208 572 105    0
12290 10/06*212 577 105    0*215 582 105    0*218 587 105    0*220 592 105    0
12295 10/07*222 598 105    0*224 604 105    0*226 610 105    0*228 617 105    0
12300 10/08*229 625 105    0*231 633 105    0*233 642 105    0*235 651 105    0
12305 10/09*237 660 105    0*239 669 105    0*241 678 105    0*243 687 105    0
12310 10/10*245 695 105    0*248 703 105    0*250 712 105    0*252 722 105    0
12315 10/11*255 732 105    0*258 742 105    0*261 752 105    0*264 762 105    0
12320 10/12*268 771 100    0*272 781 100    0*276 790 100    0*282 797  95    0
12320 10/12*268 771 105    0*272 781 105    0*276 790 105    0*282 797 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

12325 10/13*293 801  95    0*309 801  90    0*329 797  85    0*357 793  80    0
12325 10/13*293 806 105    0*308 808 105    0*326 797 105  955*350 786  80    0
                *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** ***  **

12330 10/14*391 786  70    0*427 776  60    0*457 764  55    0*483 748  50    0
12330 10/14*387 781  65    0*427 776  60    0E457 764  60    0E483 748  60    0
            *** ***  **                      *         **     *         **

12335 10/15*507 729  45    0*529 707  40    0*549 682  35    0*570 660  35    0
12335 10/15E507 729  60    0E529 707  60    0E549 682  50    0E570 660  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **
12340 HR                    
12340 HR SC3 NC2 VA1                   
         *** *** ***

The only minor change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to use the track 
analyzed by Ho (1989) near the landfall in the United States.  Partagas 
and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small track changes from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1999).  It is to be noted, however, that such a long
slow translational speed of this hurricane before recurvature is very
unusual and does open the possibility that there were actually two 
separate tropical cyclones instead of just the one indicated here.  Until
more definitive information is uncovered, this will be retained relatively
unchanged from Neumann et al. (1999).  A reduction in winds from the 28th 
until the 2nd was included to make it consistent with available observations, 
which indicate at most a minimal (Category 1) hurricane on these dates.  A 
peripheral pressure of 972 mb (21Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 
84 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Peripheral pressures 
(possibly central pressures) of 962 mb (on the 13th) and 959 mb (16Z on
the 13th) suggests winds of at least 93 and 95 kt, respectively, from
the wind-pressure relationship.  Ho (1989) utilized these reports and
an estimate of the RMW of 15 nmi to obtain an estimated central pressure
of 955 mb.  This supports winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship.  Given the small RMW for this latitude and central pressure,
winds in the best track are boosted slightly to 105 kt at landfall.
Storm tide values of 14 foot are reported in Ho (1989) for Pawley's Island.
Intensity increased after landfall on the 14th and 15th due to indications
that it became a strong extratropical storm in Canada.

1893/09 - 2006 REVISION:

12780 09/25/1893 M=21  9 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
12785 09/25*  0   0   0    0*116 250  35    0*116 258  40    0*117 267  45    0*
12790 09/26*117 275  45    0*117 283  45    0*117 291  50    0*117 298  50    0*
12795 09/27*117 305  55    0*117 311  55    0*117 319  60    0*117 328  60    0*
12800 09/28*117 336  65    0*118 345  65    0*118 354  65    0*118 363  65    0*
12805 09/29*118 372  65    0*118 381  65    0*118 390  65    0*118 398  65    0*
12810 09/30*119 405  65    0*119 412  65    0*120 420  65    0*121 430  70    0*
12815 10/01*123 439  75    0*125 449  80    0*128 459  85    0*130 469  90    0*
12820 10/02*133 480  95    0*136 490 100    0*140 500 105    0*144 509 105    0*
12825 10/03*148 516 105    0*152 522 105    0*157 527 105    0*163 532 105    0*
12830 10/04*169 537 105    0*176 542 105    0*182 547 105    0*188 552 105    0*
12835 10/05*193 557 105    0*198 562 105    0*203 567 105    0*208 572 105    0*
12840 10/06*212 577 105    0*215 582 105    0*218 587 105    0*220 592 105    0*
12845 10/07*222 598 105    0*224 604 105    0*226 610 105    0*228 617 105    0*
12850 10/08*229 625 105    0*231 633 105    0*233 642 105    0*235 651 105    0*
12855 10/09*237 660 105    0*239 669 105    0*241 678 105    0*243 687 105    0*
12860 10/10*245 695 105    0*248 703 105    0*250 712 105    0*252 722 105    0*
12865 10/11*255 732 105    0*258 742 105    0*261 752 105    0*264 762 105    0*
12870 10/12*268 771 105    0*272 781 105    0*276 790 105    0*282 797 105    0*
12875 10/13*293 806 105    0*308 808 105    0*326 797 105  955*350 786  80    0*
12880 10/14*387 781  65    0*427 776  60    0E457 764  60    0E483 748  60    0*
12885 10/15E507 729  60    0E529 707  60    0E549 682  50    0E570 660  40    0*
12890 HR SC3 NC2 VA1                                                            
12890 HR SC3 NC2IVA1                                                            
                ****
             
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Virginia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Virginia's
Atlantic coast.

********************************************************************************

12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 311 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12345 09/27/1893 M= 9 10 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***

12350 09/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*164 817  35    0*170 826  40    0
12355 09/28*177 834  55    0*183 842  65    0*190 850  75    0*197 858  85    0
12360 09/29*203 865  85    0*210 873  80    0*217 880  80    0*224 887  80    0
12365 09/30*231 892  85    0*238 897  85    0*245 902  85    0*251 906  85    0
12370 10/01*257 908  85    0*262 910  85    0*269 910  85    0*276 909  85    0
12370 10/01*257 908  85    0*262 910  85    0*269 910  95    0*276 909 105    0
                                                       **              ***

12375 10/02*284 905  85    0*291 900  85    0*299 893  80  956*305 887  75    0
12375 10/02*284 905 115    0*291 900 115  948*299 893  95    0*305 887  85    0
                    ***              ***  ***          **  ***          **

12380 10/03*313 878  65    0*320 867  55    0*327 855  50    0*334 839  45    0
12385 10/04*340 818  40    0*346 797  40    0*351 780  35    0*354 760  35    0
12390 10/05*353 740  35    0*352 722  35    0*350 704  35    0*  0   0   0    0
12395 HR
12395 HR LA4 MS2 AL2
         *** *** ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ho (1989) provided central pressure
estimates for the two U.S. landfalls that this hurricane made.  For landfall
in Mississippi, a central pressure of 956 mb was derived from a peripheral
pressure measurement of 970 mb (at 16Z on the 2nd) and an estimated 
17 nmi RMW.  Ho also indicated that there was a 20 foot storm tide reported 
in Caminadaville, Louisiana and 10-12 foot storm tide in Pass Christian, 
Mississippi.  However, examination of the pressure measurements reveals 
that the 970 mb was likely a true central pressure value, not a peripheral
observation.  (However, this pressure measurement is not included above
since the timing was at 1530 UTC, not within the +/-2 hours of synoptic
time needed for inclusion in HURDAT.  This value is though included in the
U.S. landfalling table.)  This central pressure corresponds to 89 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Since Ho's reported RMW is smaller 
than what would be expected on average for this central pressure and 
latitude (Vickery et al. 2000), a windspeed of 95 kt is chosen for the best 
track.  This places the storm as a landfalling Category 2 in Mississippi
and Alabama, though near the lower boundary of Category 3.
For landfall in Louisiana, there also appear to be concerns with Ho's (1989)
estimate of intensity.  Ho used an inland decay pressure model (Ho et al. 
1987) to obtain an estimate of 940 mb central pressure.  (The south 
Florida inland decay pressure model was utilized for this particular 
hurricane, since this is more appropriate given its track over marsh-covered 
south Louisiana.)  Using instead the landfall value at Mississippi of
970 mb central pressure, an estimate of 948 mb at landfall in Louisiana is
obtained.  This central pressure corresponds to 112 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Since the Ho estimated RMW at the 
Louisiana landfall (12 nmi) is smaller than what is average for this central 
pressure and latitude, a maximum sustained wind at landfall in Louisiana is 
estimated at 115 kt.  SLOSH runs with these central pressure and RMW values 
(B. Jarvinen, personal communication), however, can simulate a maximum storm 
tide of only about 8 feet at Caminadaville - much smaller than supposedly 
observed.  As this island has a maximum height of 5 feet above mean sea 
level and is completely overtopped by storm surges from strong hurricanes, 
the 20 foot value is suspect.  115 kt at landfall in Louisiana makes this a 
Category 4 hurricane, though it is near the upper boundary of Category 3.  
The hurricane is known as the "Chenier Caminanda Hurricane" for its impacts 
in Louisiana.

********************************************************************************

12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 312 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12400 10/20/1893 M= 4 11 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12405 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 820  35    0*195 806  45    0
12405 10/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 820  30    0*195 806  30    0
                                                       **               **

12410 10/21*210 794  50    0*225 785  50    0*240 780  45    0*256 777  45    0
12410 10/21*210 794  30    0*225 785  30    0*240 780  35    0*256 777  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

12415 10/22*272 778  50    0*288 778  50    0*305 776  50    0*323 771  50    0
12415 10/22*272 778  45    0*288 778  50    0*305 776  50    0*323 771  50    0
                     **

12420 10/23*342 760  50    0*363 751  45    0*384 759  40    0*400 780  35    0
12425 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Perez (2000 and personal communication) 
indicate that this system was not of tropical storm intensity until
north of Cuba.  Thus intensities reduced on the 20th through the 22nd.

********************************************************************************

12430 11/05/1893 M= 6 12 SNBR= 313 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12430 11/05/1893 M= 8 12 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***                  *

12435 11/05*  0   0   0    0*178 797  35    0*186 798  40    0*197 797  50    0
12435 11/05*267 708  35    0*268 717  35    0*270 725  40    0*272 731  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12440 11/06*208 795  50    0*220 792  45    0*233 789  45    0*247 785  45    0
12440 11/06*274 736  50    0*277 741  45    0*280 745  45    0*284 749  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12445 11/07*260 782  50    0*273 778  50    0*287 774  50    0*301 770  50    0
12445 11/07*291 753  50    0*298 755  50    0*305 757  55    0*315 759  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12450 11/08*314 767  50    0*328 764  50    0*341 760  50    0*352 753  50    0
12450 11/08*325 759  60    0*336 757  60    0*345 753  60    0*356 746  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12455 11/09*359 747  45    0*364 739  45    0*368 731  40    0*373 719  35    0
12455 11/09*366 736  55    0*372 727  55    0*377 713  50    0*384 691  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12460 11/10*379 705  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
12460 11/10E391 663  45    0E396 632  45    0E400 605  40    0E404 576  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

(11th and 12th are new additions to HURDAT.)
12462 11/11E406 548  40    0E408 521  40    0E410 490  40    0E410 469  40    0
12464 11/12E410 449  40    0E410 426  40    0E410 405  40    0E410 379  40    0

12465 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found 
to be reasonable.  Winds increased from the 7th to the 9th based upon wind 
measurements along U.S. coast.  Storm did not actually hit land as per best 
track positions and track book, so "XING=0" is utilized.

********************************************************************************

1893 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) May 12-13, 1893:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 6, 1893: Damage reports in Cuba leave it uncertain if system was a
   tornado or tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

12466 06/06/1894 M= 4  1 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12467 06/06*190 774  35    0*190 778  35    0*190 783  35    0*190 789  35    0
12468 06/07*191 794  35    0*192 801  35    0*193 807  35    0*194 812  35    0
12469 06/08*195 821  35    0*196 827  35    0*197 833  35    0*199 838  35    0
12469 06/09*201 844  35    0*204 850  35    0*207 855  35    0*210 860  35    0
12469 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
tropical storm. 

********************************************************************************

12470 08/05/1894 M= 4  1 SNBR= 314 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12470 08/05/1894 M= 5  2 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       *** 

12475 08/05*  0   0   0    0*264 893  35    0*270 890  40    0*275 886  40    0
12480 08/06*279 882  45    0*283 879  50    0*287 876  50    0*290 874  50    0
12480 08/06*279 882  45    0*283 879  50    0*287 876  50    0*290 875  50    0
                                                                   ***

12485 08/07*294 872  50    0*297 871  50    0*300 871  50    0*304 872  50    0
12485 08/07*294 874  50    0*297 874  50    0*300 875  50    0*303 876  50    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

12490 08/08*308 874  45    0*312 876  40    0*316 880  35    0*318 885  30    0
12490 08/08*306 877  45    0*309 882  40    0*310 887  35    0*311 891  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(9th of August newly added to HURDAT.)
12492 08/09*312 895  30    0*313 899  25    0*315 905  25    0*317 915  25    0

12495 TS       

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 1.

********************************************************************************

12500 08/30/1894 M=11  2 SNBR= 315 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12500 08/30/1894 M=11  3 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12505 08/30*132 348  35    0*134 360  35    0*136 375  40    0*138 387  40    0
12510 08/31*140 399  45    0*142 411  45    0*144 423  45    0*147 435  50    0
12515 09/01*149 447  50    0*152 458  55    0*158 470  55    0*165 482  60    0
12520 09/02*172 495  65    0*179 508  65    0*186 521  70    0*193 533  75    0
12525 09/03*200 545  75    0*207 555  80    0*214 564  80    0*221 571  85    0
12530 09/04*227 576  85    0*234 580  85    0*240 584  85    0*247 588  85    0
12535 09/05*254 592  85    0*261 595  85    0*268 597  85    0*276 597  85    0
12540 09/06*284 595  85    0*293 592  85    0*301 588  85    0*309 583  85    0
12540 09/06*284 595  90    0*293 592  95    0*301 588 100    0*309 583 100    0
                     **               **              ***              ***

12545 09/07*318 577  85    0*327 569  85    0*336 560  85    0*347 549  85    0
12545 09/07*318 577 100    0*327 569 100    0*336 560 100    0*347 549 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              *** 

12550 09/08*362 534  85    0*380 516  85    0*400 496  85    0*423 473  80    0
12550 09/08*362 534 100  948*380 516 100    0*400 496 100    0*423 473  90    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***               **

12555 09/09*450 445  80    0*480 414  75    0*513 380  70    0*540 357  70    0
12555 09/09*450 445  80    0*480 414  75    0*513 380  70    0E540 357  70    0
                                                              *

12560 HR  

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Pressure 
measurement (may have been a central pressure) of 948 mb (on the 8th) suggests 
winds of at least 98 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt 
chosen for best track.  Winds increased from the 6th to the 8th accordingly,
as hurricanes tend to reach maximum intensity at or just after recurvature.

********************************************************************************

12565 09/18/1894 M=13  3 SNBR= 316 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12565 09/18/1894 M=14  4 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **  *       ***                        *

12570 09/18*120 503  35    0*122 511  40    0*124 522  45    0*126 531  50    0
12570 09/18*134 505  35    0*134 510  40    0*135 517  45    0*136 526  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12575 09/19*128 540  55    0*131 549  65    0*133 558  70    0*135 567  80    0
12575 09/19*137 535  55    0*139 545  65    0*140 555  70    0*141 563  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12580 09/20*138 577  85    0*141 588  90    0*145 599  95    0*149 612 100    0
12580 09/20*143 575  85    0*145 586  90    0*147 597  95    0*149 611 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

12585 09/21*153 627 105    0*158 642 105    0*162 655 105    0*166 667 105    0
12590 09/22*169 678 100    0*173 690  95    0*178 702  90    0*183 715  85    0
12590 09/22*170 679 100    0*176 693  95    0*183 710  90    0*188 727  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

12595 09/23*188 728  85    0*194 740  85    0*199 753  85    0*204 766  85    0
12595 09/23*194 743  80    0*199 758  85    0*205 770  70    0*209 782  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12600 09/24*210 779  85    0*215 791  80    0*220 804  75    0*227 812  70    0
12600 09/24*214 794  70    0*218 806  70    0*225 815  65    0*229 817  60  994
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

12605 09/25*236 817  75    0*247 819  90    0*257 820 105    0*267 819 105    0
12605 09/25*234 819  65    0*240 820  70    0*250 820  80  985*263 820  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

12610 09/26*276 817  95    0*286 815  80    0*295 812  70    0*305 809  70    0
12610 09/26*276 817  75    0*286 815  60    0*295 812  65    0*304 810  70    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***

12615 09/27*314 806  75    0*324 803  75    0*332 798  80    0*338 792  80    0
12615 09/27*312 809  75    0*320 807  80    0*330 803  70    0*337 794  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12620 09/28*342 786  80    0*346 781  70    0*351 774  60    0*355 767  60    0
12620 09/28*340 785  60    0*344 776  60    0*347 767  60    0*352 763  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

12625 09/29*360 761  65    0*365 756  65    0*370 750  70    0*375 745  70    0
12625 09/29*358 758  60    0*365 754  70    0*370 750  75    0*375 745  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               

12630 09/30*381 739  65    0*386 734  50    0*392 729  35    0*398 723  30    0
12630 09/30*384 739  65    0*392 732  50    0*397 725  40    0*402 715  35    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(October 1st new to HURDAT.)
12632 10/01*407 700  35    0*412 676  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

12635 HR
12635 HRBFL2DFL1 SC1 VA1
        ******** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3. Peak winds of 105 kt in the eastern Caribbean are retained, since 
the wind-caused damage in Puerto Rico is consistent with a strong hurricane
passing south of the island (Boose et al. 2003).  85 kt retained at landfall 
in Cuba - agreeing with assessment by Perez (2000).  Changes made to the track
near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by Perez (2000).  A 
central pressure of 994 mb (21Z on the 24th) suggests winds of 58 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt utilized.  Central pressure of 
985 mb (11Z on the 25th) suggests winds of 71 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 80 kt used due to observed winds in Key West.  A 
peripheral pressure of 986 mb (07Z on the 27th) suggests winds of at least 
68 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best 
track at 06Z and at landfall in South Carolina. A storm tide of 10' was 
observed in Charleston (Partagas and Diaz 1996b).  Landfall in southwest 
Florida is suggested to be at a windspeed of 90 kt (with an estimated central 
pressure of 975 mb) given the intensification from a 60 kt tropical storm (with
994 mb central pressure) over Havana to a 80 kt Category 1 hurricane (with 
985 mb central pressure) over Key West.  Analysis of historical tropical storms
and hurricanes impacting Georgia and Northeast Florida by Sandrik (2001) 
suggests that the hurricane had also impacted Northeast Florida with Category 1
hurricane conditions as it reintensified quickly as it left the Northeast 
Florida coast.  System regained hurricane intensity again right as it made 
oceanfall from North Carolina, as shown in the sustained hurricane force winds
in Cape Henry, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001).  Hurricane is known as 
"San Mateo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.  Hurricane is known as "Huracan 
de Sagua la Grande" for its impacts in Cuba.

********************************************************************************

12640 10/01/1894 M=12  4 SNBR= 317 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12640 10/01/1894 M=12  5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                       *       ***                        *

12645 10/01*125 791  35    0*130 795  35    0*135 798  40    0*140 802  40    0
12650 10/02*145 806  45    0*149 809  45    0*154 813  50    0*159 816  55    0
12655 10/03*163 820  60    0*167 823  60    0*172 826  65    0*177 830  70    0
12660 10/04*183 834  75    0*189 838  75    0*195 842  80    0*200 845  85    0
12665 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*223 859  95    0
12665 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*220 859  95    0
                                                               ***

12670 10/06*228 862 100    0*234 865 100    0*240 867 105    0*247 869 105    0
12670 10/06*225 862 100    0*230 865 100    0*237 870 105    0*243 875 105    0
            ***              ***              *** ***          *** ***

12675 10/07*255 870 105    0*264 870 105    0*271 870 105    0*276 869 105    0
12675 10/07*247 877 105    0*252 881 105    0*257 883 105    0*261 884 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12680 10/08*279 867 105    0*282 864 105    0*286 861 100    0*292 856  95    0
12680 10/08*266 884 105    0*271 884 105    0*277 883 105    0*287 877 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

12685 10/09*300 848  90    0*310 836  80    0*322 822  75    0*339 797  70    0
12685 10/09*297 863 105    0*307 847  85    0*317 830  70    0*330 803  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12690 10/10*355 775  65    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  60    0*420 719  55    0
12690 10/10*352 775  60    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  75    0*420 719  55    0
            ***      **                                **                            
12695 10/11*448 702  55    0*476 689  50    0*500 673  45    0*520 662  40    0
12695 10/11E448 702  45    0E476 689  45    0E500 673  45    0E520 662  40    0
           *         **     *         **     *                *

12700 10/12*537 652  35    0*551 643  35    0*563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0
12700 10/12E537 652  35    0E551 643  35    0E563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

12705 HR    
12705 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1
        **** *** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  Peripheral pressure of 961 mb (14 UTC on the 8th) suggests winds of
at least 99 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt in 
best track used here and at landfall in Florida.  Peripheral pressure of 984 mb 
(on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 69 kt from the northern wind-
pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen for best track and landfall in 
New York/Rhode Island, which is also supported by wind observations at Block 
Island, R.I.

1894/05 - 2006 REVISION:

13240 10/01/1894 M=12  5 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
13245 10/01*125 791  35    0*130 795  35    0*135 798  40    0*140 802  40    0*
13250 10/02*145 806  45    0*149 809  45    0*154 813  50    0*159 816  55    0*
13255 10/03*163 820  60    0*167 823  60    0*172 826  65    0*177 830  70    0*
13260 10/04*183 834  75    0*189 838  75    0*195 842  80    0*200 845  85    0*
13265 10/05*206 849  90    0*212 853  90    0*217 856  95    0*220 859  95    0*
13270 10/06*225 862 100    0*230 865 100    0*237 870 105    0*243 875 105    0*
13275 10/07*247 877 105    0*252 881 105    0*257 883 105    0*261 884 105    0*
13280 10/08*266 884 105    0*271 884 105    0*277 883 105    0*287 877 105    0*
13285 10/09*297 863 105    0*307 847  85    0*317 830  70    0*330 803  60    0*
13290 10/10*352 775  60    0*374 755  65    0*394 740  75    0*420 719  55    0*
13295 10/11E448 702  45    0E476 689  45    0E500 673  45    0E520 662  40    0*
13300 10/12E537 652  35    0E551 643  35    0E563 635  35    0*  0   0   0    0*
13305 HRAFL3 GA1 NY1 RI1                                                        
13305 HRAFL3IGA1 NY1 RI1 CT1
            ****         ***

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the Georgia
hurricane impact from this cyclone was inland, rather than along Georgia's
Atlantic coast.  Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and 
James Belanger from Georgia Institute of Technology, this cyclone also
caused a Category 1 hurricane impact in Connecticut based upon the
existing track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

12710 10/11/1894 M=10  5 SNBR= 318 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12710 10/11/1894 M=10  6 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12715 10/11*108 577  35    0*113 583  40    0*120 590  40    0*126 597  45    0
12715 10/11*108 577  35    0*113 583  45    0*120 590  55    0*126 597  65    0
                                      **               **               **

12720 10/12*132 603  50    0*138 609  55    0*145 615  60    0*152 621  65    0
12720 10/12*132 603  75    0*138 609  85    0*145 615  85    0*149 621  85    0
                     **               **               **      ***      **

12725 10/13*159 626  70    0*166 631  75    0*173 636  80    0*180 640  85    0
12725 10/13*154 628  85    0*159 634  85    0*167 640  85    0*175 645  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

12730 10/14*187 644  85    0*194 648  85    0*201 652  85    0*208 656  85    0
12730 10/14*181 649  85    0*187 652  85    0*193 655  85    0*202 658  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***        

12735 10/15*216 659  85    0*224 662  85    0*231 665  85    0*238 667  85    0
12735 10/15*209 660  85    0*217 662  85    0*225 665  85    0*231 665  85    0
            *** ***          ***              ***              *** *** 

12740 10/16*244 668  85    0*251 669  85    0*258 669  85    0*266 668  85    0
12740 10/16*237 666  95    0*243 666 105    0*250 667 115    0*261 667 115  931
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

12745 10/17*274 666  85    0*282 663  85    0*290 657  85    0*298 650  85    0
12745 10/17*274 666 115    0*282 663 115    0*290 657 110    0*300 647 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

12750 10/18*305 641  85    0*312 631  85    0*320 620  85    0*329 608  85    0
12750 10/18*311 632 100    0*323 617  95    0*333 603  90    0*341 593  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

12755 10/19*340 595  85    0*351 582  85    0*360 570  85    0*367 563  80    0
12755 10/19*348 584  85    0*354 577  85    0*360 570  85    0*367 563  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***            

12760 10/20*373 558  80    0*377 555  75    0*380 552  70    0*384 548  70    0
12765 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  Winds increased from the 11th to the 13th based upon destruction 
in St. Lucia.  Central pressure of 931 mb (21Z on the 16th) suggests winds of 
116 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 115 kt chosen for 
best track.  Winds increased from the 16th to the 18th accordingly.  Full 
lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about 
its decay after the 20th.

********************************************************************************

12770 10/21/1894 M=11  6 SNBR= 319 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12770 10/21/1894 M=11  7 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

12775 10/21*  0   0   0    0*210 603  35    0*215 610  40    0*218 617  40    0
12780 10/22*221 624  45    0*224 632  45    0*227 640  50    0*228 649  50    0
12785 10/23*229 659  55    0*232 670  60    0*235 681  65    0*241 695  65    0
12790 10/24*247 711  70    0*254 728  75    0*261 740  75    0*268 745  80    0
12790 10/24*245 706  70    0*249 718  75    0*255 730  75    0*258 735  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12795 10/25*274 746  85    0*281 744  85    0*288 741  85    0*296 737  85    0
12795 10/25*262 742  85    0*266 743  85    0*270 740  85    0*280 726  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12800 10/26*305 732  85    0*317 724  85    0*331 710  85    0*351 689  85    0
12800 10/26*290 710  85    0*300 695  85    0*310 680  85    0*329 654  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12805 10/27*378 662  85    0*403 632  85    0*421 600  85    0*433 563  85    0
12805 10/27*349 624  85    0*371 594  85    0*390 570  85    0*411 544  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

12810 10/28*443 522  85    0*451 484  85    0*458 458  85    0*464 441  85    0
12810 10/28*432 515  90    0*447 487  90    0*458 458  95    0*464 441  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

12815 10/29*470 426  85    0*476 413  85    0*481 400  85    0*486 388  85    0
12815 10/29*470 426  95  955*476 413  90    0E481 400  85    0E486 388  85    0
                     **  ***          **     *                *

12820 10/30*490 376  85    0*494 363  80    0*499 350  80    0*505 334  75    0
12820 10/30E490 376  85    0E494 363  80    0E499 350  80    0E505 334  75    0
           *                *                *                *

12825 10/31*513 315  70    0*521 293  65    0*530 270  65    0*  0   0   0    0
12825 10/31E513 315  70    0E521 293  65    0E530 270  65    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *                *

12830 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6.
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure (possible
central pressure) of 975 mb on the 28th suggests winds of at least 78 kt from 
the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds kept at 85 kt in best track.  
A possible central pressure of 955 mb on the 29th suggests winds of at least 
93 kt - 95 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are increased accordingly on the 
28th and 29th.

*******************************************************************************

1894 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 27-31, 1894:  Gale observations found, but likely was an 
   extratropical storm.
2) September 16-21, 1894:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 16-18, 1894:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

*******************************************************************************

12835 08/14/1895 M= 4  1 SNBR= 320 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12835 08/14/1895 M= 4  1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12840 08/14*  0   0   0    0*272 913  35    0*276 910  40    0*279 908  45    0
12845 08/15*283 905  45    0*286 903  50    0*289 900  50    0*292 897  50    0
12850 08/16*296 894  50    0*299 891  45    0*302 888  45    0*307 886  40    0
12855 08/17*313 884  40    0*321 882  40    0*330 881  35    0*338 879  30    0
12855 08/17*313 884  35    0*321 882  30    0*330 881  25    0*338 879  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

12860 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced after landfall with the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model.

********************************************************************************

12865 08/22/1895 M= 8  2 SNBR= 321 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
12865 08/22/1895 M= 9  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *          ***                        *

12870 08/22*134 583  35    0*137 596  40    0*140 607  45    0*143 619  50    0
12875 08/23*145 631  55    0*148 644  55    0*150 658  60    0*153 672  65    0
12880 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*162 731  80    0
12880 08/24*155 687  70    0*158 702  75    0*160 717  75    0*164 733  80    0
                                                               *** ***  

12885 08/25*164 745  80    0*167 758  80    0*170 772  85    0*175 789  85    0
12885 08/25*169 751  80    0*174 770  80    0*180 790  85    0*184 802  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

12890 08/26*184 809  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0
12890 08/26*188 813  85    0*194 829  85    0*202 845  85    0*209 858  85    0
            *** ***  

12895 08/27*215 870  85    0*221 880  85    0*226 890  85    0*230 899  85    0
12900 08/28*234 907  85    0*239 916  85    0*243 925  80    0*248 935  80    0
12900 08/28*233 905  85    0*236 914  85    0*240 923  85    0*243 931  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

12905 08/29*252 946  75    0*257 958  70    0*262 970  65    0*266 978  35    0
12905 08/29*245 939  95    0*246 947  95    0*247 955  95    0*248 963  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(30th is new to HURDAT.)
12907 08/30*249 971  95    0*250 979  65    0*251 987  40    0*252 995  30    0

12910 HR     
12910 HRATX1     
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane as causing 
Category 1 conditions in western Cuba, which is consistent with the existing 
track and intensity of Category 2 hurricane passing just offshore of the 
island.  Winds increased to 95 kt (Category 2) until landfall in Mexico, due 
to destruction in Mexico described in Ellis (1988).  Hurricane analyzed as 
causing Category 1 conditions in extreme southern Texas based upon 
description in Ellis.

********************************************************************************

12915 09/28/1895 M=10  3 SNBR= 322 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
12915 09/28/1895 M=10  3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

12920 09/28*193 860  35    0*196 866  35    0*199 872  35    0*203 882  35    0
12920 09/28*193 860  35    0*196 866  35    0*199 872  35    0*203 882  30    0
                                                                        **

12925 09/29*207 890  35    0*212 895  35    0*216 897  40    0*221 897  40    0
12925 09/29*207 890  30    0*212 895  30    0*216 897  40    0*221 897  40    0
                     **               **

12930 09/30*227 895  45    0*232 892  45    0*237 885  50    0*238 871  50    0
12935 10/01*238 858  50    0*238 845  50    0*239 834  50    0*240 825  50    0
12940 10/02*242 815  50    0*245 807  50    0*249 799  50    0*252 792  50    0
12945 10/03*256 786  50    0*262 780  50    0*270 772  50    0*280 762  50    0
12950 10/04*290 751  50    0*301 740  50    0*311 729  50    0*321 719  50    0
12955 10/05*330 710  50    0*340 700  50    0*350 690  50    0*362 678  50    0
12960 10/06*376 664  50    0*392 648  50    0*409 630  50    0*426 611  45    0
12965 10/07*444 590  40    0*463 568  40    0*482 544  40    0*  0   0   0    0
12970 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced on the 28th and 29th 
due to passage over the Yucatan.

********************************************************************************

12975 10/02/1895 M= 6  4 SNBR= 323 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
12975 10/02/1895 M= 6  4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

12980 10/02*174 829  35    0*177 837  40    0*180 846  45    0*183 855  50    0
12980 10/02*174 829  35    0*177 837  35    0*180 846  35    0*183 855  35    0
                                      **               **               **

12985 10/03*186 863  50    0*190 872  45    0*193 880  35    0*196 888  35    0
12985 10/03*186 863  35    0*190 872  35    0*193 880  30    0*196 888  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

12990 10/04*200 895  35    0*203 902  40    0*207 910  45    0*211 919  50    0
12990 10/04*200 895  30    0*203 902  30    0*207 910  35    0*211 919  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

12995 10/05*214 928  50    0*218 938  50    0*222 947  50    0*226 955  50    0
12995 10/05*214 928  35    0*218 938  35    0*222 947  35    0*226 955  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

13000 10/06*232 960  50    0*239 963  50    0*247 965  50    0*259 964  50    0
13000 10/06*232 960  35    0*239 963  35    0*247 965  35    0*259 964  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

13005 10/07*277 956  45    0*299 944  35    0*324 926  30    0*  0   0   0    0
13005 10/07*277 956  35    0*299 944  30    0*324 926  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **               **               

13010 TS                    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in sea level pressure) were found for this system.  Peak winds observed were
only 25-30 kt in Texas and Louisiana.  Partagas and Diaz commented that
since the system was not mentioned in _Monthly Weather Review_, it must have
been a "very weak" storm.  Thus winds are reduced for lifetime of storm since
available observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal 
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

13015 10/12/1895 M=15  5 SNBR= 324 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13015 10/12/1895 M=15  5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13020 10/12*120 448  35    0*120 455  40    0*120 465  45    0*120 475  50    0
13020 10/12*120 448  35    0*120 455  35    0*120 465  40    0*120 475  40    0
                                      **               **               **

13025 10/13*120 485  55    0*120 494  60    0*120 504  65    0*121 514  70    0
13025 10/13*120 485  45    0*120 494  45    0*120 504  50    0*121 514  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13030 10/14*122 524  75    0*123 535  80    0*124 546  85    0*125 558  90    0
13030 10/14*122 524  50    0*123 535  50    0*124 546  50    0*125 558  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13035 10/15*125 570  90    0*126 583  95    0*127 596  95    0*129 610 100    0
13035 10/15*125 570  50    0*126 583  50    0*127 596  50    0*129 610  50    0
                     **               **               **              ***

13040 10/16*131 624 100    0*133 639 105    0*135 653 105    0*136 666 105    0
13040 10/16*131 624  55    0*133 639  60    0*135 653  65    0*136 666  70    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13045 10/17*138 679 105    0*139 692 105    0*140 704 105    0*141 715 105    0
13045 10/17*138 679  75    0*139 692  80    0*140 704  85    0*141 715  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13050 10/18*142 726 105    0*144 737 105    0*149 747 105    0*156 757 105    0
13050 10/18*143 730  90    0*146 745  90    0*150 760  90    0*153 775  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13055 10/19*163 766 105    0*170 775 105    0*178 783 105    0*185 789 105    0
13055 10/19*157 795  90    0*161 810  90    0*165 815  90    0*171 818  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13060 10/20*193 794 105    0*200 797 105    0*208 799 105    0*215 800 100    0
13060 10/20*177 820  90    0*183 820  90    0*189 820  90    0*195 820  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13065 10/21*223 799  95    0*230 799  90    0*238 797  85    0*245 795  85    0
13065 10/21*201 820  90    0*207 817  90    0*213 813  90    0*222 807  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

13070 10/22*251 791  85    0*258 787  90    0*264 782  95    0*271 775  95    0
13070 10/22*234 800  85    0*248 792  90    0*262 784  90    0*271 775  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **               **

13075 10/23*278 765 100    0*285 752 100    0*292 735 100    0*300 715 105    0
13075 10/23*278 765  90    0*285 752  90    0*292 735  90    0*299 717  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

13080 10/24*309 692 105    0*318 666 105    0*327 638 105    0*339 609 105    0
13080 10/24*304 702  90    0*309 689  90    0*315 670  90    0*327 638  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

13085 10/25*350 579 105    0*352 549 105    0*350 515 100    0*347 486  95    0
13085 10/25*342 595  90    0*349 549  90    0*350 515  85    0*347 486  75    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***              ***               **

13090 10/26*344 454  90    0*342 421  65    0*340 388  35    0*  0   0   0    0
13090 10/26*344 454  65    0E342 421  55    0E340 388  45    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **     *         **     *         **

13095 HR                    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are
found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced from the 12th to the 15th, since the 
observations indicate that the system was, at most, a moderate tropical storm 
going through the Lesser Antilles.  Perez (2000) documents that this hurricane
made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane in Cuba - winds reduced from the 16th 
to the 21st accordingly.  A peripheral pressure of 973 mb (at 17Z on the 21st) 
suggests winds of at least 86 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship 
- 90 kt chosen for best track in agreement with assessment of Category 2 by 
Perez.  Changes made to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications 
suggested by Perez (2000).  Winds reduced from the 22nd to the 26th since 
observations indicate that the storm was only a moderate (Category 1 or 2) 
hurricane in the Atlantic.

********************************************************************************

13440 10/13/1895 M= 5  6 SNBR= 325 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13440 10/13/1895 M= 5  6 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

13445 10/13*  0   0   0    0*194 937  35    0*200 930  35    0*206 924  35    0
13450 10/14*212 918  35    0*217 911  35    0*222 904  35    0*226 897  35    0
13455 10/15*231 888  35    0*235 880  35    0*239 870  35    0*243 859  35    0
13460 10/16*248 846  35    0*252 832  35    0*256 816  35    0*264 802  30    0
13465 10/17*276 786  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13470 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

*******************************************************************************

1895 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 21, 1895:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) November 1-3, 1895:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

13135 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 326 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13135 07/04/1896 M= 9  1 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                               ***                        *

13140 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  45    0
13140 07/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*209 811  35    0*218 820  40    0
                                                                        **

13145 07/05*226 828  50    0*234 836  60    0*242 842  75    0*249 847  80    0
13145 07/05*226 828  45    0*234 836  45    0*242 842  55    0*249 847  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13150 07/06*256 852  85    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0
13150 07/06*256 852  75    0*263 856  85    0*270 860  85    0*277 862  85    0
                     **

13155 07/07*284 862  85    0*290 862  85    0*297 861  80    0*305 861  75    0
13155 07/07*284 865  85    0*290 866  85    0*297 867  85    0*305 864  85    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          ***  **

13160 07/08*314 860  65    0*326 854  60    0*340 850  55    0*356 847  45    0
13160 07/08*316 853  60    0*324 843  45    0*333 835  35    0*345 829  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13165 07/09*373 844  40    0*390 842  40    0*406 840  35    0*421 838  35    0
13165 07/09*364 832  30    0*385 840  30    0*406 840  25    0*421 838  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

13170 07/10*436 835  30    0*451 833  30    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0
13170 07/10*436 835  25    0*451 833  25    0*467 830  25    0*483 822  25    0
                     **               **

13175 07/11*500 808  25    0*517 788  25    0*535 765  25    0*553 741  25    0
13180 07/12*571 713  25    0*589 683  25    0*608 649  25    0*  0   0   0    0
13185 HR            
13185 HRAFL2
        ****            

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced from
the 4th to the 6th since there were no observations in Cuba of a strong
tropical storm or hurricane.  Based upon the 72 mph sustained wind out of 
the north at Pensacola reported in _Monthly Weather Review_, the Category 2 
(85 kt) at landfall originally in HURDAT appears reasonable.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
Southeast U.S. 

********************************************************************************

13190 08/30/1896 M=13  2 SNBR= 327 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13190 08/30/1896 M=13  2 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13195 08/30*  0   0   0    0*140 596  35    0*145 605  50    0*149 614  65    0
13200 08/31*153 624  80    0*158 633  95    0*163 642 100    0*169 651 105    0
13200 08/31*153 624  80    0*158 633  85    0*163 642  85    0*169 651  85    0
                                      **              ***              ***

13205 09/01*175 660 105    0*181 669 100    0*186 678  90    0*190 686  85    0
13205 09/01*175 660  85    0*181 669  85    0*186 678  75    0*190 686  80    0
                    ***              ***               **               **

13210 09/02*193 692  85    0*197 699  85    0*200 706  85    0*203 714  85    0
13215 09/03*206 722  85    0*209 731  90    0*212 739  95    0*215 747  95    0
13215 09/03*206 722  85    0*209 731  85    0*212 739  85    0*215 747  85    0
                                      **               **               **

13220 09/04*218 754 100    0*222 762 100    0*227 768 105    0*233 772 105    0
13220 09/04*218 754  85    0*222 762  85    0*227 768  85    0*233 772  90    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13225 09/05*239 773 105    0*245 773 105    0*252 772 105    0*259 770 105    0
13225 09/05*239 773  95    0*245 773 100    0*252 772 100    0*259 770 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13230 09/06*265 768 105    0*272 764 105    0*278 758 105    0*285 750 105    0
13230 09/06*265 768 100    0*272 764 100    0*278 758 100    0*285 750 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13235 09/07*291 741 105    0*298 732 105    0*304 723 105    0*313 715 105    0
13235 09/07*291 741 100  956*298 732 100    0*304 723 100    0*313 715 100    0
                    ***  ***         ***              ***              ***

13240 09/08*324 707 105    0*336 700 105    0*346 695 105    0*354 692 105    0
13240 09/08*324 707 100    0*336 700 100    0*346 695 100    0*354 692 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13245 09/09*362 691 105    0*370 691 105    0*378 691 105    0*386 691 105    0
13245 09/09*362 691 100    0*370 691  95    0*378 691  90    0*386 693  85    0
                    ***              ***              ***          *** ***

13250 09/10*393 692 100    0*400 692 100    0*408 693  95    0*417 694  90    0
13250 09/10*393 697  80    0*400 702  75    0*410 706  70    0*420 707  55    0
                *** ***          *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13255 09/11*426 694  85    0*437 695  80    0*448 696  80    0*460 700  75    0
13255 09/11E430 705  50    0E439 701  45    0E448 696  40    0E457 690  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     *         **     **** ***  **

13260 HR    
13260 HR RI1 MA1    
         *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found to be 
reasonable.  Boose et al. (2003) analyze the wind-caused damage for this 
hurricane at landfall in Puerto Rico as only isolated Fujita-scale F1 damage, 
which does not support intensity as a major hurricane landfall.  Winds are 
reduced accordingly on the 31st and 1st to Category 2 (85 kt) intensity.  Perez
(2000 and personal communication) indicate that this hurricane produced only 
tropical storm conditions over Cuba during its close trek just offshore the 
coast.  Thus winds are reduced somewhat on the 3rd through the 5th.  A central 
pressure of 956 mb at 00Z on the 7th suggests winds of 98 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt is utilized in the best track.
Winds adjusted from the 5th to the 9th accordingly.  Hurricane is determined
from wind observations to be a Category 1 hurricane in New England; winds
adjusted accordingly from the 9th to the 11th.  Winds at landfall (Category 1)
and inland agree with assessment by Boose et al. (2001), based upon modeling
of wind-caused damages.  Boose et al. (2001) also estimated a RMW of 30 nmi.
Hurricane is known as "San Ramon Nonato III" or "San Gil" for its impacts in 
Puerto Rico.  

********************************************************************************

13605 09/18/1896 M=11  3 SNBR= 328 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13605 09/18/1896 M=11  3 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13610 09/18*171 551  35    0*175 565  40    0*178 580  40    0*182 593  45    0
13615 09/19*187 606  50    0*191 618  55    0*196 628  60    0*201 637  65    0
13620 09/20*206 645  70    0*211 653  75    0*216 662  80    0*221 672  85    0
13625 09/21*227 683  85    0*234 694  85    0*241 705  85    0*249 715  85    0
13630 09/22*258 724  85    0*269 733  85    0*280 740  85    0*292 741  85    0
13635 09/23*304 738  85    0*317 727  85    0*330 710  85    0*344 690  85    0
13640 09/24*360 669  85    0*375 647  85    0*389 627  85    0*402 608  85    0
13645 09/25*413 589  85    0*425 570  85    0*438 550  85    0*452 529  85    0
13650 09/26*467 505  85    0*482 479  85    0*497 450  85    0*512 419  85    0
13655 09/27*528 388  85    0*543 357  80    0*558 325  80    0*571 293  75    0
13660 09/28*582 261  70    0*592 229  70    0*600 197  65    0*  0   0   0    0
13665 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

13330 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 329 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13330 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                               ***                        *

13335 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  40    0*167 638  45    0
13335 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  35    0*167 638  35    0
                                                       **               **

13340 09/23*167 647  50    0*168 656  60    0*168 665  65    0*168 673  70    0
13340 09/23*167 647  40    0*168 656  40    0*168 665  45    0*168 673  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

13345 09/24*169 680  80    0*169 687  85    0*170 698  90    0*171 711  95    0
13345 09/24*169 680  50    0*169 687  50    0*170 698  55    0*171 711  55    0
                     **               **               **               **

13350 09/25*171 724 100    0*172 736 100    0*173 749 105    0*174 762 105    0
13350 09/25*171 724  60    0*172 736  60    0*173 749  65    0*174 762  65    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

13355 09/26*177 774 105    0*180 787 105    0*185 800 105    0*191 812 105    0
13355 09/26*177 774  70    0*180 787  75    0*185 800  80    0*188 809  85    0
                    ***              ***              ***      *** *** ***

13360 09/27*199 822 105    0*207 831 105    0*216 840 105    0*225 848 105    0
13360 09/27*191 819  90    0*194 828  95    0*197 837 100    0*201 842 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

13365 09/28*234 854 105    0*244 856 105    0*254 855 100    0*265 850 100    0
13365 09/28*206 849 110    0*214 853 110    0*223 855 110    0*238 853 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

13370 09/29*279 841  95    0*295 832  90    0*312 824  80    0*338 808  75    0
13370 09/29*253 851 110    0*270 842 110  960*296 829 100  963*322 812  85  973 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **  ***

13375 09/30*369 790  65  992*410 775  50    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13375 09/30*357 792  70  988E395 785  60  987E420 790  50    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **  ******* ***  **  ******* ***  **

13380 HR 
13380 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
        ******** *** *** *** ***

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
is to use the track analyzed by Sandrik et al. (2001) near the landfall in 
the United States.  Winds reduced from the 22nd until the 27th since 
observations from Partagas and Diaz only support intensification to 
hurricane status as it approached Cuba.  Perez (2001) analyzes the impacts 
of this hurricane as Category 1 in Cuba, consistent with the track chosen 
as just offshore the west tip of Cuba as a major hurricane.  Sandrik et al. 
(2001) analyzed the landfall as a 960 mb hurricane in Florida with a 15 nmi 
radius of maximum winds.  This central pressure suggests 100 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  With a smaller than usual RMW 
for this central pressure and latitude (22 nmi on average - Vickery et al. 
2000) and a rapid forward motion (30 kt at landfall), winds are estimated at 
110 kt at landfall.  A 963 mb central pressure estimated via Ho's methodology 
for 12Z on the 29th suggests 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 100 kt chosen due to small RMW and fast speed of motion 
although the hurricane is overland.  A 973 mb central pressure estimated via 
Ho's methodology for 18Z on the 29th suggests winds of 83 kt for maximum
sustained winds, 85 kt is chosen for the best track for the same reasons
above.  A 988 mb central pressure estimated for 00Z on the 30th suggests
winds of 65 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship, which is
boosted to 70 kt for the same reasons above.  (Note that this was 
originally recorded in HURDAT as 992 mb, which was a peripheral pressure 
measurement not a central pressure.)  Finally, an observed central pressure 
(at 04Z on the 30th) of 987 mb occurred as the storm was going extratropical.

1896/04 - 2006 REVISION:

13935 09/22/1896 M= 9  4 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3                     
13940 09/22*  0   0   0    0*167 618  35    0*167 628  35    0*167 638  35    0*
13945 09/23*167 647  40    0*168 656  40    0*168 665  45    0*168 673  45    0*
13950 09/24*169 680  50    0*169 687  50    0*170 698  55    0*171 711  55    0*
13955 09/25*171 724  60    0*172 736  60    0*173 749  65    0*174 762  65    0*
13960 09/26*177 774  70    0*180 787  75    0*185 800  80    0*188 809  85    0*
13965 09/27*191 819  90    0*194 828  95    0*197 837 100    0*201 842 105    0*
13970 09/28*206 849 110    0*214 853 110    0*223 855 110    0*238 853 110    0*
13975 09/29*253 851 110    0*270 842 110  960*296 829 100  963*322 812  85  973*
13980 09/30*357 792  70  988E395 785  60  987E420 790  50    0*  0   0   0    0*
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1 NC1 VA1
13985 HRAFL3DFL3 GA2 SC1INC1IVA1
                        ********

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that the North
Carolina and Virginia hurricane impacts from this cyclone were inland, 
rather than along these states' Atlantic coast.  

********************************************************************************

13385 10/07/1896 M=10  5 SNBR= 330 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13385 10/07/1896 M=10  5 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***                        *

13390 10/07*225 912  35    0*230 902  40    0*234 890  50    0*236 882  60    0
13390 10/07*225 912  35    0*230 902  40    0*234 892  45    0*236 882  50    0
                                                  ***  **               **

13395 10/08*239 873  70    0*242 863  80    0*248 852  85    0*255 839  85    0
13395 10/08*239 873  50    0*242 863  50    0*248 852  50    0*255 839  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

13400 10/09*262 825  85    0*270 811  80    0*278 800  70    0*286 791  70    0
13400 10/09*262 825  50    0*270 811  40    0*278 800  35    0*286 791  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

13405 10/10*294 782  75    0*302 774  80    0*310 767  80    0*318 760  85    0
13405 10/10*294 782  50    0*302 774  55    0*310 767  60    0*318 760  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13410 10/11*327 753  85    0*335 747  85    0*343 739  85    0*351 731  85    0
13410 10/11*327 753  75    0*335 747  85    0*343 739  85    0*351 731  85    0
                     **   

13415 10/12*358 723  85    0*366 714  85    0*373 706  85    0*380 698  85    0
13420 10/13*386 689  85    0*393 680  85    0*400 672  85    0*408 664  85    0
13420 10/13*386 689  80    0*393 680  75    0*400 672  70    0*408 664  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

13425 10/14*416 657  85    0*424 649  85    0*432 642  85    0*440 635  85    0
13425 10/14E416 657  60    0E424 649  55    0E432 642  50    0E440 635  45    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

13430 10/15*449 629  80    0*458 622  75    0*467 615  70    0*481 600  65    0
13430 10/15E449 629  40    0E458 622  35    0E467 615  35    0E481 600  35    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     *         **

13435 10/16*502 570  55    0*528 528  45    0*557 482  40    0*  0   0   0    0
13435 10/16E502 570  35    0E528 528  35    0E557 482  35    0*  0   0   0    0
           *         **     *         **     *         **     

13440 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds reduced while in Gulf of Mexico
since observations do not support hurricane status there or at landfall 
in Florida.  Winds reduced from the 13th until the 16th since observations
do not indicate hurricane intensity north of 41N or at landfall in Canada.
Small alteration to the track on the 7th provides a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

13445 10/26/1896 M=15  6 SNBR= 331 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13445 10/26/1896 M=15  6 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13450 10/26*  0   0   0    0* 87 442  35    0* 87 450  35    0* 88 455  40    0
13455 10/27* 89 460  40    0* 90 466  45    0* 92 474  45    0* 95 483  50    0
13460 10/28* 98 492  55    0*101 501  60    0*105 510  65    0*109 519  65    0
13465 10/29*114 528  70    0*120 537  75    0*126 546  80    0*134 553  85    0
13470 10/30*142 557  85    0*151 559  85    0*161 560  85    0*172 560  85    0
13475 10/31*183 558  85    0*194 555  85    0*204 550  85    0*214 543  85    0
13480 11/01*223 536  85    0*231 529  85    0*239 523  85    0*247 517  85    0
13485 11/02*254 512  85    0*261 506  85    0*267 500  85    0*273 494  85    0
13490 11/03*279 488  85    0*285 481  85    0*291 475  85    0*297 468  85    0
13495 11/04*303 461  85    0*309 454  85    0*315 446  85    0*323 436  85    0
13500 11/05*333 424  85    0*345 411  85    0*356 403  85    0*370 393  85    0
13505 11/06*384 390  85    0*398 397  85    0*404 410  80    0*404 415  80    0
13510 11/07*401 421  80    0*396 426  75    0*390 430  75    0*385 430  75    0
13515 11/08*379 425  70    0*374 417  70    0*370 407  65    0*366 396  60    0
13520 11/09*364 383  55    0*362 367  50    0*360 350  45    0*360 339  35    0
13525 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The only observation possibly 
available for this system is from Bark "Gerald C. Tobay" on Oct. 28th at
21.2N 62.5W where "it came in a whirlwind with rain, thunder and lightning
... lasted only 20 minutes" and caused substantial damage to the ship.  As
Partagas and Diaz discussed, this ship was about 800 miles to the northwest
of the hurricane's position on the 28th.  So either the observation is 
unrelated to the hurricane or the storm was a large system with an outer 
rainband (and possible embedded tornado) that impacted the ship.  Without 
additional data for substantiating changes to HURDAT's original intensity 
estimates, no alterations are made to this hurricane. 

********************************************************************************

13527 11/27/1896 M= 3  7 SNBR= 344 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13527 11/27*109 611  35    0*112 613  35    0*115 615  40    0*120 617  40    0
13527 11/28*127 618  45    0*134 619  45    0*140 620  50    0*149 622  50    0
13527 11/29*160 623  50    0*170 624  50    0*180 625  40    0*196 623  35    0
13527 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

1896 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 28-29, 1896:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

13530 08/31/1897 M=11  1 SNBR= 332 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13530 08/31/1897 M=11  1 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

13535 08/31*  0   0   0    0*140 240  35    0*140 250  35    0*141 261  35    0
13540 09/01*142 273  35    0*143 284  40    0*145 295  55    0*147 306  65    0
13545 09/02*150 317  70    0*153 328  75    0*156 339  75    0*160 350  80    0
13550 09/03*164 361  80    0*169 372  85    0*175 383  85    0*181 395  85    0
13555 09/04*188 408  85    0*195 422  85    0*203 435  85    0*211 448  85    0
13560 09/05*220 462  85    0*229 475  85    0*239 488  85    0*250 498  85    0
13565 09/06*262 502  85    0*275 502  85    0*286 499  85    0*296 494  85    0
13570 09/07*304 487  85    0*313 480  85    0*322 472  85    0*332 464  85    0
13575 09/08*344 455  85    0*356 443  85    0*370 425  85    0*387 402  85    0
13580 09/09*408 373  85    0*430 345  80    0*448 319  80    0*463 294  75    0
13585 09/10*477 269  65    0*489 244  55    0*499 219  50    0*511 194  50    0
13585 09/10E477 269  65    0E489 244  55    0E499 219  50    0E511 194  50    0
           *                *                *                *

13590 HR

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 972 mb 
apparently close to the eye (11 UTC on the 7th) supports at least 84 kt 
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in the 
best track.  Extratropical stage is suggested to begin on the 10th, while 
north of 45N. 

********************************************************************************

13595 09/10/1897 M= 4  2 SNBR= 333 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13595 09/10/1897 M= 4  2 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13600 09/10*  0   0   0    0*237 800  65    0*240 810  65    0*244 819  65    0
13600 09/10*  0   0   0    0*237 800  50    0*240 810  55    0*244 819  60    0
                                      **               **               **

13605 09/11*248 829  65    0*254 836  75    0*260 846  80    0*266 856  85    0
13605 09/11*248 829  65    0*254 836  75    0*260 846  75    0*266 856  75    0
                                                       **               **

13610 09/12*272 868  85    0*278 879  85    0*284 892  80    0*289 906  75    0
13610 09/12*272 868  75    0*278 879  75    0*283 892  75    0*288 905  75    0
                     **               **      ***      **      *** *** 

13615 09/13*295 920  70    0*299 936  65    0*304 952  50    0*327 965  40    0
13615 09/13*293 922  75    0*298 941  75    0*303 957  50    0*312 975  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

13620 HR
13620 HRCTX1 LA1
        **** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The hurricane is
lowered to a tropical storm on the 10th, since observations in Key West 
do not indicate hurricane force had yet been reached.  The hurricane is
downgraded from Category 2 (85 kt) to Category 1 (75 kt) over the Gulf of 
Mexico and at landfall in Texas/Louisiana, due to evidence from observed winds,
6 ft of storm tide in Sabine Pass (Partagas and Diaz 1996b) and damage in 
Texas/Louisiana.  Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of
information about its genesis.

********************************************************************************

13625 09/20/1897 M= 6  3 SNBR= 334 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13625 09/20/1897 M= 6  3 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

13630 09/20*221 844  40    0*232 842  40    0*243 838  40    0*253 831  40    0
13630 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*243 838  40    0*253 831  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **                                **

13635 09/21*263 825  40    0*273 819  40    0*283 814  35    0*293 808  35    0
13635 09/21*263 825  60    0*273 819  50    0*283 814  45    0*293 807  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

13640 09/22*303 802  35    0*314 795  40    0*324 789  40    0*333 783  40    0
13640 09/22*303 799  45    0*314 790  50    0*324 783  55    0*333 776  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

13645 09/23*342 777  40    0*349 772  40    0*358 766  40    0*368 759  40    0
13645 09/23*341 769  60    0*348 762  60    0*355 753  60    0*366 746  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13650 09/24*381 751  40    0*396 740  40    0*412 728  35    0*433 706  30    0
13650 09/24*383 741  60    0*397 736  55    0*410 725  45    0*433 706  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

13655 09/25*459 667  30    0*490 612  30    0*525 550  25    0*  0   0   0    0
13660 TS    
      
No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found
to be reasonable.  Storm is boosted to a strong tropical storm at landfall 
in Florida based upon description of impacts.  Storm is boosted to a strong 
tropical storm while passing along the Atlantic seaboard, but not enough 
evidence was found to support Partagas and Diaz' suggestion to upgrade this 
to a hurricane.

********************************************************************************

13661 09/25/1897 M= 5  4 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13662 09/25*196 829  35    0*198 832  35    0*200 835  35    0*203 838  35    0
13663 09/26*205 840  35    0*207 842  35    0*210 845  35    0*214 848  35    0
13664 09/27*219 851  35    0*224 853  35    0*230 855  40    0*238 856  40    0
13665 09/28*247 857  40    0*254 856  40    0*259 855  40    0*263 854  40    0
13666 09/29*266 852  40    0*268 849  40    0*270 845  40    0*272 838  35    0
13667 TS

This newly documented tropical storm is incorporated from Partagas and Diaz 
(1996a) without alteration.

********************************************************************************

13665 10/09/1897 M=14  4 SNBR= 335 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13665 10/09/1897 M=14  5 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***                  

13670 10/09*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*124 617  40    0
13675 10/10*125 626  40    0*127 638  40    0*130 649  40    0*132 661  40    0
13680 10/11*134 672  40    0*136 684  40    0*138 696  40    0*140 708  40    0
13685 10/12*141 720  40    0*142 733  40    0*144 745  40    0*146 758  40    0
13690 10/13*148 771  40    0*151 784  40    0*155 796  40    0*160 807  40    0
13695 10/14*166 815  40    0*172 823  40    0*178 829  40    0*184 835  40    0
13695 10/14*163 811  40    0*167 816  40    0*170 820  40    0*173 823  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
      
13700 10/15*189 841  40    0*195 846  40    0*200 850  40    0*205 854  40    0
13700 10/15*176 826  40    0*178 828  40    0*180 830  40    0*183 831  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

13705 10/16*210 857  40    0*214 859  40    0*219 860  40    0*225 861  40    0
13705 10/16*184 831  40    0*185 831  40    0*187 830  40    0*190 828  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

13710 10/17*231 860  40    0*236 859  40    0*241 857  40    0*245 854  40    0
13710 10/17*192 825  40    0*194 823  45    0*197 820  50    0*199 816  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13715 10/18*248 851  40    0*251 847  40    0*254 844  40    0*257 841  40    0
13715 10/18*201 811  60    0*203 808  65    0*206 803  70    0*212 796  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13720 10/19*260 837  40    0*263 834  40    0*266 830  35    0*277 822  35    0
13720 10/19*218 789  70    0*225 782  60    0*233 777  55    0*253 772  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13725 10/20*299 807  40    0*323 787  40    0*343 765  40    0*358 742  40    0
13725 10/20*275 767  55    0*298 765  55    0*322 763  55    0*346 758  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

13730 10/21*372 718  40    0*383 693  40    0*390 670  40    0*393 651  40    0
13730 10/21*372 744  50    0*388 719  45    0E397 690  40    0E401 663  40    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

13735 10/22*396 636  40    0*398 619  40    0*400 595  40    0*401 574  40    0
13735 10/22E399 640  40    0E398 619  40    0E400 595  40    0E401 574  40    0
           **** ***         *                *                *

13740 TS    
13740 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.
These track changes are found to be reasonable.  Peripheral pressure of 
993 mb (on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt used in best track which is consistent 
with analysis of a Category 1 landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  Changes made 
to the track near Cuba are consistent with modifications suggested by 
Perez (2000).  Storm is thus upgraded to a hurricane and winds are 
increased accordingly from the 17th until the 21st.  The hurricane is known 
as "Ciclon de Tunas de Zaza" due to its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).

********************************************************************************

13745 10/23/1897 M= 9  5 SNBR= 336 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13745 10/23/1897 M= 9  6 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***                        *

13750 10/23*  0   0   0    0*245 773  50    0*258 769  50    0*275 761  50    0
13755 10/24*291 755  50    0*306 750  50    0*321 745  50    0*335 740  50    0
13760 10/25*347 737  50    0*359 732  55    0*370 741  55    0*367 753  55    0
13760 10/25*347 735  50    0*359 732  55    0*370 741  55    0*367 753  55    0
                ***

13765 10/26*359 758  50    0*350 754  45    0*348 750  40    0*345 748  40    0
13765 10/26*359 758  50    0*350 754  45    0*347 751  40    0*345 748  40    0
                                              *** ***

13770 10/27*343 744  45    0*340 738  50    0*338 730  50    0*337 721  50    0
13775 10/28*337 712  50    0*336 702  50    0*336 692  50    0*340 681  50    0
13775 10/28*336 712  50    0*336 702  50    0*336 692  50    0*340 681  50    0
            ***

13780 10/29*348 668  50    0*355 657  50    0*365 647  50    0*372 639  50    0
13780 10/29*348 668  50    0*355 657  50    0E365 647  50    0E372 639  50    0
                                             *                *

13785 10/30*378 633  50    0*385 627  50    0*392 620  50    0*400 613  50    0
13785 10/30E378 633  50    0E385 627  50    0E392 620  50    0E400 613  50    0
           *                *                *                *

13790 10/31*409 606  50    0*418 598  50    0*426 590  50    0*436 574  50    0
13790 10/31E409 606  50    0E418 598  50    0E426 590  50    0E436 578  50    0
           *                *                *                *    ***

13795 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Slight
adjustments to track made on the 25th, 26th, 28th and 31st to allow for more 
realistic translational velocities.  Extratropical stage indicated for portion 
of track as it moved toward the northeast north of 36N in late October.  Full 
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis.

*******************************************************************************

1897 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 15, 1897:  Damage reports in Nicaragua leave it uncertain if 
   system was a tornado or tropical storm.

*******************************************************************************

13800 08/02/1898 M= 2  1 SNBR= 337 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13800 08/02/1898 M= 2  1 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13805 08/02*268 792  35    0*274 810  70    0*280 826  65    0*289 838  65    0
13805 08/02*268 792  35    0*274 810  30    0*280 826  35    0*289 838  55    0
                                      **               **               **

13810 08/03*298 849  65    0*306 861  60    0*315 872  35    0*320 882  25    0
13810 08/03*298 849  70    0*306 861  50    0*315 872  35    0*320 882  25    0
                     **               ** 

13815 HR
13815 HRAFL1
        ****

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.  Category 1
landfall status maintained in Northwest Florida, but available observational
data (i.e., the _Monthly Weather Review_ described it as a "feeble disturbance
near Jupiter" with maximum sustained winds of 32 kt from the east on Aug.
1st) suggests that the system was only a weak tropical storm at its 
first landfall in peninsular Florida.  

********************************************************************************

13820 08/30/1898 M= 3  2 SNBR= 338 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
13820 08/30/1898 M= 3  2 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

13825 08/30*  0   0   0    0*293 791  35    0*301 794  65    0*309 798  80    0
13825 08/30*  0   0   0    0*293 791  35    0*301 794  65    0*309 798  75    0
                                                                        **

13830 08/31*315 802  85    0*320 807  85    0*324 814  65  990*326 822  60    0
13830 08/31*315 802  75    0*320 807  75    0*324 814  60     *326 822  50    0
                     **               **               **  ***          **

13835 09/01*326 831  45    0*327 841  40    0*328 853  35    0*331 866  30    0
13840 HR
13840 HR GA1 SC1
         *** ***

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the Southeast U.S.  A
peripheral pressure (incorrectly listed as a central pressure in original
version of HURDAT) of 990 mb (at 09Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at 
least 63 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt chosen 
for best track.

********************************************************************************

13841 09/03/1898 M= 4  3 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13842 09/03*  0   0   0    0*408 421  70    0*420 410  70    0*429 398  70    0
13843 09/04*439 383  70    0*449 369  70    0*460 355  70    0*468 343  70    0
13844 09/05*477 328  70    0*486 314  70    0E495 300  60    0E507 280  50    0
13845 09/06E520 253  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
13846 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented 
hurricane.  

********************************************************************************

13845 09/05/1898 M=16  3 SNBR= 339 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
13845 09/05/1898 M=16  4 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

13850 09/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*112 269  35    0*114 290  35    0
13855 09/06*115 310  40    0*116 328  45    0*117 344  55    0*117 358  65    0
13860 09/07*117 372  70    0*118 385  75    0*119 399  80    0*119 414  80    0
13865 09/08*120 430  85    0*120 446  85    0*120 462  85    0*120 481  85    0
13865 09/08*120 430  85    0*120 446  85    0*120 462  85    0*120 477  85    0
                                                                   ***

13870 09/09*120 501  85    0*120 521  85    0*121 537  85    0*121 549  85    0
13870 09/09*120 491  85    0*120 503  85    0*120 515  85    0*120 526  85    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

13875 09/10*122 559  85    0*123 569  85    0*125 579  85    0*130 595  85    0
13875 09/10*121 541  85    0*122 556  85    0*123 570  85    0*123 580  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

13880 09/11*136 609  85    0*145 620  85    0*153 628  85    0*162 630  85    0
13880 09/11*125 589  95    0*127 598  95    0*130 607  95    0*136 615  95  965 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

13885 09/12*169 632  85    0*177 633  85    0*185 634  85    0*191 635  85    0
13885 09/12*145 622  95    0*157 628  95    0*170 633  95    0*183 635  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

13890 09/13*197 636  85    0*204 637  85    0*210 639  85    0*217 640  85    0
13890 09/13*197 636  95    0*204 637  95    0*210 639  95    0*217 640  95    0
                     **               **               **               **

13895 09/14*223 642  85    0*229 644  85    0*236 648  85    0*239 649  85    0
13895 09/14*223 642  90    0*229 644  85    0*236 648  85    0*239 649  85    0
                     **

13900 09/15*243 652  85    0*247 655  85    0*250 658  85    0*254 662  85    0
13905 09/16*258 666  85    0*262 671  85    0*266 675  85    0*272 679  85    0
13910 09/17*281 685  85    0*290 690  85    0*300 693  85    0*309 691  85    0
13915 09/18*319 687  85    0*330 680  85    0*340 672  85    0*352 659  85    0
13920 09/19*366 647  85    0*382 634  80    0*400 620  75    0*422 603  65    0
13925 09/20*451 583  55    0*485 563  45    0*520 541  40    0*  0   0   0    0
13925 09/20E451 583  55    0E485 563  45    0E520 541  40    0*  0   0   0    0
           *                *

13930 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  A central pressure of 965mb (on 16Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
95 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Given the estimated 
motion of the hurricane and wind reports from St. Vincent, a RMW of 15 nmi is 
analyzed which is close to the climatological RMW for that central pressure 
and latitude (14 nmi, from Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus 95 kt is chosen for 
landfall in the Lesser Antilles.  Winds are altered from the 8th to the 14th
accordingly.

********************************************************************************

13935 09/12/1898 M=11  4 SNBR= 340 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
13935 09/12/1898 M=11  5 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

13940 09/12*  0   0   0    0*129 791  50    0*132 795  50    0*135 797  50    0
13945 09/13*138 799  50    0*141 802  50    0*144 804  50    0*147 807  50    0
13950 09/14*149 809  50    0*152 812  50    0*154 815  50    0*156 818  50    0
13955 09/15*159 821  50    0*161 825  50    0*163 831  50    0*166 840  50    0
13960 09/16*169 851  50    0*172 863  50    0*176 875  50    0*180 887  50    0
13960 09/16*169 851  50    0*172 863  50    0*176 875  50    0*180 887  40    0
                                                                        **

13965 09/17*185 900  45    0*191 913  40    0*199 924  40    0*208 932  45    0
13965 09/17*185 900  35    0*191 913  40    0*199 924  40    0*208 932  45    0
                     **

13970 09/18*217 936  45    0*225 938  50    0*234 939  50    0*243 939  50    0
13975 09/19*252 939  50    0*260 938  50    0*269 937  50    0*277 935  50    0
13980 09/20*284 933  50    0*291 930  50    0*298 928  50    0*305 925  45    0
13980 09/20*284 933  50    0*291 930  50    0*298 928  45    0*305 925  40    0
                                                       **               **

13985 09/21*313 923  40    0*320 920  35    0*327 917  35    0*339 913  35    0
13985 09/21*313 923  35    0*320 920  35    0*327 917  30    0*339 913  30    0
                     **                                **               **

13990 09/22*358 910  35    0*380 905  35    0*399 900  35    0*  0   0   0    0
13990 09/22*358 910  30    0*380 905  25    0*399 900  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **               **

13995 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central 
America and the Southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************

14055 09/20/1898 M= 9  6 SNBR= 342 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14055 09/20/1898 M= 9  6 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

14060 09/20*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*110 798  50    0*121 806  50    0
14065 09/21*131 813  50    0*140 820  50    0*148 826  50    0*154 831  50    0
14070 09/22*161 835  50    0*167 840  50    0*173 845  50    0*180 851  50    0
14075 09/23*187 857  50    0*194 863  50    0*200 869  50    0*205 875  50    0
14075 09/23*187 857  50    0*194 863  50    0*200 869  50    0*205 875  40    0
                                                                        **

14080 09/24*210 881  45    0*214 886  40    0*218 892  40    0*222 897  40    0
14080 09/24*210 881  35    0*214 886  35    0*218 892  40    0*222 897  40    0
                     **               **

14085 09/25*225 902  45    0*229 907  50    0*233 912  50    0*237 918  50    0
14090 09/26*241 924  50    0*245 931  50    0*250 937  50    0*255 942  50    0
14095 09/27*261 945  50    0*267 947  50    0*273 948  50    0*279 949  50    0
14100 09/28*286 948  45    0*293 947  40    0*300 945  35    0*309 944  30    0
14100 09/28*286 948  50    0*293 947  50    0*300 945  40    0*309 944  30    0
                     **               **               **

14105 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America and the 
Texas.  50 kt sustained winds maintained until landfall in Texas, rather
than weakening indicated in original HURDAT before reaching the coast.

********************************************************************************

14110 09/25/1898 M=12  7 SNBR= 343 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=9
14110 09/25/1898 M=12  7 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                        *

14115 09/25*162 583  35    0*166 587  40    0*171 592  40    0*175 598  45    0
14115 09/25*162 583  35    0*166 587  40    0*171 592  40    0*177 598  45    0
                                                               ***

14120 09/26*179 605  50    0*183 611  60    0*187 617  65    0*191 623  70    0
14120 09/26*184 608  50    0*191 617  60    0*197 625  65    0*205 634  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14125 09/27*194 630  80    0*197 636  85    0*201 642  90    0*205 648  95    0
14125 09/27*213 643  65    0*219 651  70    0*225 660  75    0*232 670  80  977 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14130 09/28*210 654  95    0*216 661  95    0*222 667  95    0*228 673  95    0
14130 09/28*237 678  85    0*244 689  90    0*250 700  95    0*254 706  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14135 09/29*234 679  95    0*241 684  95    0*247 690  95    0*254 696  95    0
14135 09/29*258 712  95    0*262 719  95    0*265 725  95    0*268 730  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14140 09/30*260 703  95    0*267 710  95    0*273 717  95    0*278 724  95    0
14140 09/30*271 735  95    0*272 739  95    0*275 745  95    0*279 752  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14145 10/01*283 732  95    0*287 741  95    0*292 751  95    0*297 763  95    0
14145 10/01*283 759  95    0*287 766 100    0*290 773 105    0*293 780 110    0
                ***              *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14150 10/02*302 779  90    0*307 794  90    0*312 808  85    0*317 820  75    0
14150 10/02*296 787 115    0*299 796 115    0*304 806 115  938*311 818  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **

14155 10/03*323 831  65    0*329 842  60    0*335 852  55    0*343 861  50    0
14155 10/03*319 831  65    0*327 842  45    0*335 852  35    0*343 861  30    0
            ***              ***      **               **               **

14160 10/04*352 869  45    0*364 875  40    0*376 879  40    0*391 876  35    0
14160 10/04*352 869  30    0*364 875  30    0*376 879  30    0*391 876  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

14165 10/05*410 862  35    0*429 838  30    0*445 808  30    0*456 770  30    0
14165 10/05*410 862  25    0*429 838  25    0*445 808  25    0*456 770  25    0
                     **               **               **               **

14170 10/06*464 720  25    0*468 658  25    0*470 588  25    0*480 528  25    0
14175 HR    
14175 HR GA4DFL2
         *******

The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), was to incorporate the 
findings of Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
A central pressure of 977 mb (on 18Z on the 27th) suggests winds of 81 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt used in the best track.  
Winds adjusted on the 26th to the 28th accordingly.  Sandrik and Jarvinen 
(1999) analyzed a 938 mb central pressure at landfall based upon SLOSH runs 
with observed storm surge values (16' maximum at Brunswick, Georgia) and an 
estimated RMW of 18 n.mi.  938 mb central pressure suggests winds of 112 kt 
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  A slightly higher value - 
115 kt - is chosen at landfall because of the slightly smaller RMW than 
would be expected climatologically (Vickery et al. 2000).  Inland winds 
adjusted downward based upon inland decay model and analysis of observations 
from Sandrik (1998).

********************************************************************************

14000 09/20/1898 M= 9  5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

14005 09/20*  0   0   0    0*155 593  50    0*157 600  50    0*160 607  50    0
14010 09/21*164 614  50    0*167 620  50    0*170 627  50    0*173 633  50    0
14015 09/22*175 639  50    0*178 645  45    0*181 651  40    0*185 659  40    0
14020 09/23*189 669  40    0*193 678  45    0*197 686  50    0*200 692  50    0
14025 09/24*203 698  50    0*207 704  50    0*210 710  50    0*214 716  50    0
(20th through the 24th are omitted.  Storm started on the 25th.)

14030 09/25*217 722  50    0*221 728  50    0*225 734  50    0*229 740  50    0
14030 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14035 09/26*234 747  50    0*239 754  50    0*244 760  50    0*250 765  50    0
14035 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14040 09/27*256 768  50    0*262 770  50    0*268 770  50    0*273 768  45    0
14040 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14045 09/28*277 764  45    0*281 758  40    0*285 750  35    0*289 740  30    0
14045 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  **

14050 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track altered 
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1898/08 - 2003 REVISION: 

14000 09/20/1898 M= 9  5 SNBR= 341 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14000 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

14005 09/20*  0   0   0    0*155 593  50    0*157 600  50    0*160 607  50    0
14010 09/21*164 614  50    0*167 620  50    0*170 627  50    0*173 633  50    0
14015 09/22*175 639  50    0*178 645  45    0*181 651  40    0*185 659  40    0
14020 09/23*189 669  40    0*193 678  45    0*197 686  50    0*200 692  50    0
14025 09/24*203 698  50    0*207 704  50    0*210 710  50    0*214 716  50    0
(20th through the 24th are omitted.  Storm started on the 25th.)

14030 09/25*217 722  50    0*221 728  50    0*225 734  50    0*229 740  50    0
14030 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14035 09/26*234 747  50    0*239 754  50    0*244 760  50    0*250 765  50    0
14035 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14040 09/27*256 768  50    0*262 770  50    0*268 770  50    0*273 768  45    0
14040 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14045 09/28*277 764  45    0*281 758  40    0*285 750  35    0*289 740  30    0
14045 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***                           *** ***  **

14050 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track altered 
slightly on the 28th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.


1898/08 - 2004 REVISION:

14830 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14830 09/25/1898 M= 4  8 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                                                    *

14835 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*241 830  35    0
14835 09/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 845  30    0
                                                               *** ***  **

14840 09/26*248 814  35    0*254 800  40    0*260 790  40    0*264 782  45    0
14840 09/26*210 840  30    0*217 833  30    0*225 825  30 1008*235 813  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

14845 09/27*268 775  50    0*272 768  50    0*276 762  50    0*279 758  45    0
14845 09/27*245 800  35    0*255 790  40    0*265 780  45    0*270 772  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

14850 09/28*281 755  45    0*283 752  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
14850 09/28*275 764  45    0*280 757  40    0*285 750  35    0*287 748  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***            

14855 TS


U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date         Time   Lat    Lon    Max    States
                                   Winds  Affected
8-9/26/1898    0600Z  25.1   80.8    40     FL
(Removed from listing)


The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested that additional
research be done into this tropical storm and storm 1898/8:

   "1898, Storms #7 and #8: While the series of events that Chris
    has gone with matches what was originally stated in the Monthly
    Weather Review, the meteorology of this situation troubles me.
    Storm #8 is moving northeastward on the northwest side of storm
    #7 - a developing major hurricane - and by 28 September the
    two systems are only 400-500 n mi apart. Would a northeastward
    motion for storm #8 be reasonable under those conditions? Chris
    needs to give this situation a closer look."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the 
COADS ship database, and coastal station data, this system's track and 
intensity record has been substantially altered. However, that there was 
a tropical cyclone that moved generally to the northeast in advance of 
an intensifying hurricane was confirmed.  The relevant ship and station data
are included in the attached spreadsheet.

Ship data on the 25th and early on the 26th indicated a disturbance becoming
organized in the south central Gulf of Mexico/northwestern Caribbean
Sea.  A weak vortex moved across western Cuba on the 26th accompanied by
winds of less than gale force.  (The 1008 mb pressure minimum recorded
in Havana may have been a central pressure measurement, which suggests
winds of 28 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  30 kt 
utilized at 12 UTC on the 26th.)  Tampa's pressure readings reached a 
minimum of 1011 mb at 1930 UTC on the 26th, indicating a closest point of 
approach near that time.  While no gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) 
were recorded at any time for this system, the combination of coastal and
ship observations do confirm that a closed circulation existed and that
it moved off to the northeast (just off of the southeast coast of Florida)
on the 27th and 28th with a gradual decrease in forward speed.  The track 
was adjusted for the lifetime of the system.  The intensity was reduced to a 
tropical depression during its trek across Cuba and ramped back up to the 
original tropical storm intensity thereafter.  It is possible, however, that 
this system never achieved tropical storm status, as no COADS or station
data provide any direct evidence of tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

14251 10/21/1898 M= 3 10 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14252 10/21*185 858  35    0*190 856  35    0*195 853  35    0*200 850  35    0
14253 10/22*206 847  40    0*211 843  40    0*218 837  40    0*226 828  40    0
14254 10/23*235 816  35    0*242 804  40    0E250 790  35    0E263 769  35    0
14255 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

14255 10/27/1898 M= 9  9 SNBR= 345 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14255 10/27/1898 M= 9 11 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       *** 

14260 10/27*  0   0   0    0*179 612  50    0*177 626  50    0*176 637  50    0
14265 10/28*175 648  50    0*174 659  50    0*174 670  50    0*174 681  50    0
14270 10/29*174 692  50    0*174 703  50    0*174 713  50    0*174 723  50    0
14275 10/30*174 732  50    0*174 741  50    0*174 749  50    0*174 757  50    0
14280 10/31*174 766  50    0*174 774  50    0*174 782  50    0*174 791  50    0
14285 11/01*175 800  50    0*176 808  50    0*177 817  50    0*177 824  50    0
14290 11/02*177 830  50    0*178 836  50    0*178 843  50    0*179 851  50    0
14295 11/03*180 859  50    0*180 868  50    0*181 878  50    0*181 889  45    0
14295 11/03*180 859  50    0*180 868  50    0*181 878  40    0*181 889  35    0 
                                                       **               **

14300 11/04*182 901  40    0*182 913  30    0*182 927  25    0*183 938  20    0
14300 11/04*182 901  30    0*182 913  30    0*182 927  25    0*183 938  20    0
                     **              

14305 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Partagas
and Diaz did indicate substantial doubt that the storm did in fact exist
(since their only documentation of this system comes from Mitchell 
[1924], which offers no details on the storm).  However, observations
from Rivas, Nicaragua (11.4N, 85.8W) from the December 1898 _Monthly Weather
Review_ do indicate a closed circulation to the north at the time that
this tropical storm would have been by passing that location.  Thus this 
tropical storm will be kept in the HURDAT database.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America.  Full
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about
its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

1898 - Additional Notes - 2004 ADDITION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee identified a possible new tropical
storm to add into HURDAT for 1898:

   "1898 - note possible additional system.  Significant rainfall 
    in Jamaica found in MWR. No wind data, but a pressure is given 
    of 28.66. (May 23-27)."

Upon investigation of this system in the Monthly Weather Review and from
the COADS ship database, this system - while producing huge amounts of
rainfall in Jamaica and some reports of gusty winds - did not have a 
closed circulation and thus was not a tropical cyclone.  (The "28.66"
report was actually the rainfall, not pressure, that occurred in one
day at Cinchona Plantation, Jamaica on the 25th.)


Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) September 9-11, 1898:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 5-7, 1898:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
******************************************************************************* 

14306 06/26/1899 M= 2  1 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14307 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 930  35    0*278 936  35    0
14308 06/27*282 942  35    0*288 948  35    0*295 955  30    0*303 962  25    0
14309 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm.  It is noted, however, that the evidence that this was
a tropical cyclone of tropical storm intensity was not completely
conclusive, as no reports of gale force winds (or pressure/damage
equivalent) were obtained.

********************************************************************************

14310 07/31/1899 M= 3  1 SNBR= 346 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14310 07/28/1899 M= 6  2 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        *

(28th to the 30th are new to HURDAT.)
14311 07/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 695  70    0*183 708  70    0
14312 07/29*196 723  50    0*205 739  40    0*213 755  40    0*220 768  40    0
14313 07/30*229 781  40    0*241 796  40    0*251 808  35    0*258 817  35    0

14315 07/31*  0   0   0    0*262 846  60    0*270 850  65    0*277 853  70    0
14315 07/31*263 823  45    0*269 830  55    0*275 835  65    0*279 838  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

14320 08/01*285 852  70    0*290 850  70    0*297 846  65    0*301 844  55    0
14320 08/01*283 841  85    0*288 843  85    0*293 845  85    0*298 848  85  979 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14325 08/02*305 843  45    0*308 841  40    0*311 839  35    0*313 837  30    0
14325 08/02*304 852  60    0*310 856  45    0*315 860  35    0*323 865  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14330 HR
14330 HRAFL2
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 1.
These dramatic track changes are found to be reasonable.  Hurricane status is 
indicated at landfall in the Dominican Republic based upon description of 
damages in Partagas and Diaz (1996b).  A central pressure of 979 mb (on the 
1st from Barnes 1998a) suggests winds of 78 kt - 85 kt chosen for best track 
because of analysis described in Partagas and Diaz (1996b) that the hurricane 
had a smaller than usual size.  (For a given central pressure, a hurricane
with a smaller radius of maximum winds will have stronger winds than a
larger RMW hurricane.)  Assessment as Category 2 at landfall in 
Florida is an upgrade from tropical storm at landfall status indicated in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, 
due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

14335 08/03/1899 M=22  2 SNBR= 347 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
14335 08/03/1899 M=33  3 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **  *       ***             
                       
14340 08/03*118 330  35    0*120 347  35    0*121 360  35    0*123 373  35    0
14340 08/03*117 310  35    0*118 324  45    0*120 340  50    0*122 357  55  995 
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14345 08/04*125 385  35    0*128 399  40    0*130 412  45    0*132 426  50    0 
14345 08/04*124 374  60    0*126 388  60    0*127 403  60    0*130 420  60    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14350 08/05*135 440  50    0*137 455  55    0*140 470  60    0*143 487  65    0
14350 08/05*135 440  60    0*137 455  60    0*140 470  60    0*143 487  65    0
                     **               **    

14355 08/06*146 506  70    0*148 524  75    0*151 542  80    0*154 558  80    0
14355 08/06*146 506  70    0*148 524  75    0*151 542  80    0*154 558  90    0
                                                                        **

14360 08/07*157 574  85    0*159 590  85    0*162 605  90    0*165 620  90    0
14360 08/07*157 574 100    0*159 590 110    0*162 605 120    0*165 620 130  930
                    ***              ***              ***              ***  ***

14365 08/08*169 634  90    0*174 647  95    0*178 658 100  940*183 668 100    0
14365 08/08*169 634 130    0*174 648 125    0*180 662 120  940*186 673 105    0
                    ***          *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14370 08/09*187 678 100    0*192 687 100    0*196 697 100    0*199 707 105    0
14370 08/09*189 681 105    0*193 689 105    0*197 698 105    0*201 706 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  

14375 08/10*202 716 105    0*205 726 105    0*208 735 105    0*211 744 105    0
14375 08/10*204 714 105    0*207 722 105    0*210 730 105    0*214 737 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14380 08/11*214 751 105    0*218 758 105    0*222 764 105    0*229 772 105    0
14380 08/11*220 745 105    0*225 753 105    0*230 760 105    0*234 765 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14385 08/12*235 779 105    0*243 784 105    0*250 789 105    0*255 791 105    0
14385 08/12*238 770 105    0*242 774 105    0*245 777 105    0*251 780 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14390 08/13*260 793 105    0*265 795 105    0*270 796 105    0*276 798 105    0
14390 08/13*256 782 105    0*262 784 105    0*270 786 105    0*276 788 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

14395 08/14*283 800 105    0*290 800 105    0*297 800 105    0*303 798 105    0
14395 08/14*283 790 105    0*290 791 105    0*297 790 105    0*303 789 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

14400 08/15*308 796 105    0*314 793 105    0*319 789 105    0*322 784 105    0
14400 08/15*309 787 105    0*313 784 105    0*317 780 105    0*322 775 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14405 08/16*325 778 105    0*328 774 105    0*330 770 105    0*338 762 105    0
14405 08/16*326 769 105    0*328 762 105    0*330 755 105    0*333 750 105    0
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** *** 

14410 08/17*341 758 105    0*345 755 100    0*349 755  95    0*352 758  90  968
14410 08/17*337 746 105    0*341 744 105    0*345 745 105    0*348 750 105    0 
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

14415 08/18*355 761  85  969*359 761  80    0*363 757  80    0*366 751  75    0
14415 08/18*351 757 105    0*357 760  90    0*363 757  80    0*364 755  75    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **                       *** ***

14420 08/19*370 744  75    0*374 737  70    0*378 730  70    0*381 723  65    0
14420 08/19*364 753  75    0*364 750  70    0*365 747  70    0*370 740  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14425 08/20*385 715  65    0*388 703  65    0*390 688  60    0E391 671  60    0
14425 08/20*377 729  70    0*383 719  70    0*388 707  70    0*393 690  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **

14430 08/21E392 653  55    0E391 636  55    0E390 621  55    0E389 606  50    0
14430 08/21*394 673  70    0*395 654  70    0*397 635  70    0*395 613  65    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

14435 08/22E387 591  50    0E384 575  50    0E380 557  50    0E376 538  50    0
14435 08/22E393 589  60    0E391 565  55    0E387 543  50    0E383 529  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

14440 08/23E372 518  50    0E369 500  45    0E365 483  45    0E362 468  45    0
14440 08/23E379 520  50    0E373 509  45    0E367 500  45    0E360 490  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

14445 08/24E359 455  45    0E357 440  40    0E357 425  40    0*  0   0   0    0
14445 08/24E354 482  45    0E347 472  40    0E343 460  40    0E342 450  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(25th through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
14446 08/25E343 441  40    0E346 433  40    0E353 430  40    0E356 430  40    0
14447 08/26*360 432  40    0*363 433  40    0*365 435  40    0*368 437  40    0
14448 08/27*372 440  40    0*375 442  40    0*377 445  40    0*382 447  40    0
14449 08/28*387 449  40    0*394 450  40    0*400 450  40    0*403 447  40    0
14450 08/29*406 441  40    0*406 435  40    0*405 430  40    0*405 427  40    0
14451 08/30*405 423  40    0*405 419  40    0*403 415  40    0*402 412  40    0
14452 08/31*401 409  40    0*400 405  40    0*400 400  40    0*399 393  40    0
14453 09/01*399 387  40    0*399 379  40    0*400 370  40    0*399 357  40    0
14454 09/02*397 347  45    0*395 333  50    0*390 320  55    0*383 311  60    0
14455 09/03*379 305  65    0*375 296  70    0*373 287  70    0*378 275  65    0
14456 09/04E390 255  60    0E415 225  55    0E450 185  50    0E490 155  45    0

14450 HR NC3

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) are to extend the track 
through the 4th as an extratropical storm based upon available ship 
observations and to reposition the hurricane slightly more offshore Florida 
to account for relatively weak winds along the coast despite having a strong 
hurricane offshore.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable though
large alterations to the track that shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 2.  Central pressure of 995 mb (18Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of
56 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 55 kt utilized in best 
track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 3rd to the 5th.  A central 
pressure of 930 mb (on the 7th) suggests winds of 128 kt from the southern 
wind-pressure relationship - 130 kt utilized in best track.  Winds are 
adjusted accordingly on the 6th to the 8th.  A central pressure of 940 mb 
(around 12Z on the 8th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 120 kt used in best track.  This agrees with the 
assessment of Boose et al. (2003) in their wind-caused damage estimates of 
extensive Fujita-scale F3 damage from this hurricane.  The 968 and 969 mb 
central pressures originally listed in HURDAT are determined to be peripheral 
pressures (though they do suggest winds of at least 83 kt from the northern 
wind-pressure relationship) - 105 kt retained in best track up to landfall in 
North Carolina.  Landfall as a Category 3 (~105 kt) supported by peripheral 
pressure and wind reports along with extensive wind and surge damage reported 
in Barnes (1998b).  Assessment as Category 3 retains that indicated in the
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999).  
Peripheral pressure of 983 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 
70 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 75 kt utilized in best 
track.  The hurricane is known as "San Ciriaco" for its impact in Puerto 
Rico.

********************************************************************************

14455 08/29/1899 M=11  3 SNBR= 348 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14455 08/29/1899 M=11  4 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14460 08/29*  0   0   0    0*150 582  60    0*150 585  60    0*150 598  60    0
14460 08/29*  0   0   0    0*168 573  60    0*168 585  60    0*168 597  60    0
                             *** ***          ***              *** ***   

14465 08/30*150 611  65    0*151 624  70    0*153 637  70    0*156 654  70    0
14465 08/30*168 608  65    0*168 619  70    0*167 630  70    0*166 641  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

14470 08/31*159 671  70    0*164 688  70    0*169 704  70    0*172 712  70    0
14470 08/31*166 654  70    0*166 667  70    0*165 680  70    0*166 690  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***   

14475 09/01*177 720  70    0*182 726  70    0*189 731  70    0*195 733  70    0
14475 09/01*167 700  70    0*170 710  70    0*175 720  70    0*185 722  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14480 09/02*202 735  70    0*209 735  75    0*216 734  80    0*225 731  85    0
14480 09/02*192 721  40    0*200 719  50    0*207 717  55    0*217 712  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14485 09/03*233 728  90    0*242 724  90    0*250 720  95    0*264 712 100    0
14485 09/03*226 708  65    0*236 703  75    0*245 700  85    0*257 693  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

14490 09/04*278 703 105    0*291 693 105    0*304 683 105    0*315 671 105    0
14490 09/04*270 687  90    0*282 681  90    0*295 675  85    0*316 660  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14495 09/05*327 657 105    0*339 640 100    0E350 623  95    0E359 604  90    0
14495 09/05*333 639  75    0*345 617  65    0E355 595  60    0E361 583  60    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

14500 09/06E366 583  90    0E372 562  85    0E380 544  85    0E389 530  85    0
14500 09/06E366 571  60    0E372 558  60    0E380 544  60    0E389 530  60    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **               **

14505 09/07E398 517  75    0E408 507  70    0E418 498  60    0E429 490  55    0
14505 09/07E398 517  60    0E408 507  60    0E418 498  60    0E429 490  55    0
                     **               **

14510 09/08E441 482  50    0E454 476  45    0E467 471  40    0E481 470  40    0
14515 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and moderate changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Available observations
of gale force or greater winds (or equivalent in sea level pressure) are as
follows:  60 kt S at 12 UTC on Aug. 31 from a ship at 15.5N, 67W;  45 kt SW
on Aug. 31 at San Juan;  50 kt SE at 12 UTC on Sep. 3 from a ship at 25N,
67.5W;  70 kt on Sep. 3 from the ship "Kilpatrick" at 25N, 68.6W;  40 kt NE 
at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 from a ship at 30N, 69W;  50 kt SSE at 12 UTC on Sep. 4 
from a ship at 30N, 63.7W;  "winds of hurricane force blew over Bermuda in a 
12 hours storm" on Sep. 4.  Winds unchanged along track through Caribbean as 
available observations from ships and coastal stations are consistent with a 
strong tropical storm/weak hurricane.  Winds reduced while storm transited
over Hispanola from Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, modified
to account for mountainous terrain.  Peak winds reduced from Category 3 
(105 kt) to Category 2 (90 kt), since data from ship reports and observations
in Bermuda supports a weaker hurricane.  Winds reduced accordingly from the 
3rd to the 7th.

********************************************************************************

14520 09/03/1899 M=13  4 SNBR= 349 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14520 09/03/1899 M=13  5 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14525 09/03*132 384  35    0*132 402  35    0*134 420  35    0*138 440  35    0
14530 09/04*142 458  35    0*145 473  35    0*147 483  40    0*149 490  45    0
14535 09/05*150 497  50    0*151 504  55    0*153 511  60    0*155 519  65    0
14540 09/06*158 527  70    0*160 534  70    0*162 542  70    0*164 549  70    0
14545 09/07*165 554  70    0*166 560  75    0*168 568  80    0*170 577  85    0
14550 09/08*173 587  85    0*177 596  90    0*180 606  95    0*183 615 100    0
14550 09/08*172 586  85    0*173 595  90    0*175 605  95    0*180 617 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14555 09/09*187 625 100    0*192 634 105    0*198 643 105    0*206 654 105    0
14555 09/09*184 626 100    0*189 636 105    0*195 645 105    0*200 657 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14560 09/10*216 667 105    0*225 680 105    0*234 691 105    0*243 698 105    0
14560 09/10*205 668 105    0*211 677 105    0*217 687 105    0*225 694 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14565 09/11*251 701 105    0*260 701 105    0*268 699 100    0*277 694 100    0
14565 09/11*232 696 105    0*242 698 105    0*250 700 105    0*259 698 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14570 09/12*285 688  95    0*294 680  90    0*302 672  90    0*309 663  85    0
14570 09/12*269 696 105    0*278 690 105    0*287 683 105    0*298 673 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

14575 09/13*315 654  85    0*323 643  85    0*333 632  85    0*348 619  85    0
14575 09/13*310 660 105    0*322 646 105  939*335 632 105    0*349 619 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** ***     ***      ***     ***

14580 09/14*364 604  80    0*381 589  80    0*398 575  70    0*414 563  65    0
14580 09/14*365 605  95    0*385 588  90    0*405 570  85    0*431 551  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
            
14585 09/15*431 552  55    0E447 541  50    0E464 532  45    0E484 522  40    0
14585 09/15*458 535  75    0E489 525  60    0E520 525  50    0E550 530  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

14590 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  A central pressure of 939 mb (07Z on the 13th) suggests winds of 
111 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Wind reports from 
Bermuda allow an estimation of 30 nmi for the RMW, which is larger than usual 
(~21 nmi) for this central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.  2000).  Thus
105 kt chosen for best track during track near Bermuda and winds are adjusted 
accordingly from the 11th to the 13th.  Winds increased on the 14th and 15th 
based upon ship observations and damage reports in Canada.  Extratropical 
transition delayed, as per Partagas and Diaz' suggestion, until after landfall
in Canada.

********************************************************************************

14595 10/02/1899 M= 7  5 SNBR= 350 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14595 10/02/1899 M= 7  6 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

14600 10/02*  0   0   0    0*200 841  35    0*205 847  35    0*211 852  35    0
14600 10/02*  0   0   0    0*200 841  35    0*205 847  35    0*211 851  40    0
                                                                   ***  **

14605 10/03*217 856  35    0*223 860  35    0*230 862  35    0*238 863  35    0
14605 10/03*218 855  40    0*227 860  40    0*237 865  45    0*245 868  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14610 10/04*246 863  35    0*254 862  40    0*262 860  40    0*268 857  35    0
14610 10/04*255 871  50    0*265 872  50    0*273 870  50    0*278 860  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14615 10/05*273 852  35    0*280 843  40    0*290 830  40    0*305 812  40    0
14615 10/05*278 848  50    0*278 835  50    0*280 825  40    0*293 811  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

14620 10/06*322 792  40    0*339 769  40    0E357 745  35    0E374 720  35    0
14620 10/06*309 796  40    0E324 783  40    0E344 763  35    0E371 727  35    0
            *** ***         **** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

14625 10/07E391 695  35    0E408 669  35    0E426 642  35    0E445 614  35    0
14625 10/07E403 688  35    0E436 648  35    0E463 613  35    0E493 575  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14630 10/08E468 585  35    0E492 556  35    0E518 525  35    0E543 502  35    0
14630 10/08E522 537  35    0E550 499  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **

14635 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  Winds increased slightly based upon ship reports and land stations 
for the 2nd to the 5th.

********************************************************************************

14636 10/10/1899 M= 5  7 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14637 10/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*100 350  40    0*107 357  40    0
14638 10/11*113 363  40    0*119 369  40    0*125 375  40    0*132 382  40    0
14639 10/12*138 388  40    0*144 394  40    0*150 400  40    0*157 405  40    0
14640 10/13*163 410  40    0*169 414  40    0*175 418  40    0*183 423  40    0
14641 10/14*193 427  40    0*204 431  40    0*215 435  40    0*  0   0   0    0
14642 TS

Evidence provided in the "Special statement" section of Partagas and Diaz
(1996b) suggests strongly that a tropical storm existed in the eastern
Atlantic from at least the 10th through the 14th of October.  Thus a best
track was created for this newly documented tropical storm.  Based upon
two ships showing gale force winds on the 10th and 14th, respectively,
12Z positions of 12.5N 37.5W (10th) and 21.5N 43.5W (14th) were
estimated.  A smooth track was created based upon these two positions.
Full lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of 
information about its genesis and decay stages.

********************************************************************************

14640 10/23/1899 M=13  6 SNBR= 351 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
14640 10/26/1899 M=10  8 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
         **        **  *       ***                        *

14645 10/23*  0   0   0    0*117 803  50    0*120 804  50    0*123 805  50    0
14650 10/24*125 806  55    0*128 807  60    0*130 808  65    0*133 809  70    0
14655 10/25*135 810  70    0*138 810  65    0*140 811  65    0*142 811  70    0
(The 23rd through the 25th are deleted from the revised HURDAT.)

14660 10/26*145 812  70    0*148 813  70    0*152 813  70    0*157 814  70    0
14660 10/26*162 788  35    0*166 789  35    0*170 790  35    0*174 791  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14665 10/27*163 816  70    0*169 817  70    0*175 818  70    0*181 818  70    0
14665 10/27*178 792  40    0*182 793  40    0*185 794  45    0*188 795  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14670 10/28*187 817  70    0*193 814  70    0*199 811  70    0*205 807  70    0
14670 10/28*191 796  55    0*194 797  60    0*200 798  65    0*206 797  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

14675 10/29*213 803  70    0*221 798  70    0*229 794  70    0*243 789  70    0
14675 10/29*213 796  70    0*221 795  70    0*229 794  60    0*239 790  65    0
                ***              ***                   **      *** ***  

14680 10/30*255 786  75    0*267 783  80    0*280 780  85    0*293 780  85    0
14680 10/30*255 786  75    0*267 783  85    0*280 780  95    0*293 783  95    0
                                      **               **          ***  **

14685 10/31*305 783  85    0*319 788  85    0*332 789  80    0*350 784  70    0
14685 10/31*310 786  95    0*327 789  95    0*345 790  75    0*362 783  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

14690 11/01E375 773  55    0E401 758  50    0E422 739  45    0E438 717  45    0
14690 11/01E381 771  50    0E401 758  50    0E422 739  45    0E438 717  45    0
            *** ***  **

14695 11/02E453 689  40    0E466 654  40    0E476 612  40    0E484 559  40    0
14700 11/03E489 497  45    0E495 435  50    0E503 380  50    0E513 332  50    0
14705 11/04E524 285  45    0E536 242  40    0E550 202  40    0E578 175  40    0
14710 HR SC1 NC1 
14710 HR SC2 NC2 
         *** ***

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 6.  After reconsideration of the available 
observations, it was analyzed that the system did begin on the 26th, but
likely south of Jamaica instead of east.  Track is adjusted accordingly on
the 26th through the 28th.  With deletion of the 23rd through the 25th and 
a new genesis point on the 26th south of Hispanola, winds are reduced from 
the 26th to the 28th to reflect a reasonable intensification rate.  A 
peripheral pressure of 996 mb (on 05Z on the 29th) suggests winds of at 
least 55 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for 
best track which is consistent with available ship observations and 
re-analysis work of Perez (2000) that suggests landfall in Cuba as a 
Category 1 hurricane.  Winds reduced slightly on the 29th after Cuban 
landfall.  Ho (1989) estimated a central pressure of 955 mb at landfall in the
Carolinas, based upon a peripheral pressure measurement of 979 mb (10Z on the 
31st), an estimated RMW of 35 nmi, and an environmental pressure of 1012 mb.  
This central pressure suggests winds of 99 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship.  Given the larger than climatology (~25 nmi from 
Vickery et al. 2000) RMW, 95 kt chosen in the best track for landfall in the 
Carolinas.  Winds increased accordingly on the 30th and 31st.  Landfall as a 
Category 2 in the Carolinas (95 kt) is lowered from the Category 3 shown in 
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999), but increased from the Category 1 in the 
U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the middle Atlantic states.  
A storm tide of 8' was observed in Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina 
(Ho 1989) and 9' was observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth and Cobb 2001).

********************************************************************************

14711 11/07/1899 M= 4  9 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14712 11/07*117 783  35    0*122 779  35    0*127 775  40    0*136 772  40    0
14713 11/08*146 768  45    0*159 765  50    0*170 765  55    0*180 765  55    0
14714 11/09*189 766  45    0*198 767  45    0*207 767  35    0*225 761  35    0
14715 11/10*244 748  30    0*260 733  30    0*275 713  30    0*284 695  30    0
14716 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) for this newly documented
tropical storm - storm number 8 in Partagas and Diaz.

********************************************************************************

1899 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the third system as a new tropical storm 
into HURDAT.  (See storm 7, 1899.)  The re-analysis team agreed to leave 
the first two out of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 24-26, 1899:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 7-9, 1899:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

******************************************************************************* 

14715 08/27/1900 M=20  1 SNBR= 352 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
14715 08/27/1900 M=20  1 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***                

14720 08/27*160 435  35    0*160 448  35    0*162 458  35    0*162 470  35    0
14720 08/27*150 421  35    0*152 434  35    0*153 447  35    0*154 456  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14725 08/28*163 482  35    0*163 494  35    0*164 505  35    0*165 516  35    0
14725 08/28*156 466  35    0*158 479  35    0*160 491  35    0*161 503  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14730 08/29*165 527  35    0*166 537  35    0*167 548  40    0*168 559  40    0
14730 08/29*163 514  35    0*164 524  35    0*165 537  40    0*166 551  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14735 08/30*168 570  40    0*169 581  40    0*170 592  45    0*171 605  45    0
14735 08/30*168 566  40    0*169 580  40    0*170 593  45    0*170 606  45    0
                ***              ***              ***          *** ***

14740 08/31*172 620  45    0*174 635  45    0*175 647  45    0*176 657  45    0
14740 08/31*171 619  45    0*172 633  45    0*173 647  45    0*174 656  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

14745 09/01*178 668  45    0*179 678  45    0*181 688  45    0*183 699  40    0
14745 09/01*175 664  45    0*176 674  45    0*177 683  45    0*180 692  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14750 09/02*186 709  40    0*189 720  35    0*192 730  35    0*194 740  35    0
14750 09/02*183 703  40    0*187 713  35    0*190 723  35    0*193 732  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14755 09/03*195 748  35    0*196 757  35    0*198 765  35    0*202 773  35    0
14755 09/03*195 741  35    0*197 750  35    0*200 760  35    0*203 766  35    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14760 09/04*206 782  35    0*210 790  35    0*215 797  35    0*220 803  40    0
14760 09/04*206 772  35    0*210 777  35    0*213 783  35    0*216 789  35    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

14765 09/05*225 808  50    0*230 813  55    0*235 817  60    0*240 823  80  974
14765 09/05*220 795  35    0*224 801  35    0*230 807  45    0*235 815  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

14770 09/06*246 829  85    0*251 835  90    0*255 841  95    0*258 853 100    0
14770 09/06*241 823  60    0*248 832  65    0*255 841  75    0*261 852  85  974
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** *** ***  ***

14775 09/07*260 865 105    0*262 874 105    0*264 887 110    0*266 897 110    0
14775 09/07*265 862  95    0*268 874 105    0*270 887 115    0*272 897 125    0
            *** *** ***      ***              ***     ***      ***     ***

14780 09/08*269 906 115    0*273 915 115    0*278 924 115    0*284 935 115    0
14780 09/08*274 906 125    0*276 915 125    0*278 924 125    0*282 935 125    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***              ***      ***     ***

14785 09/09*291 946 115  964*300 958  65    0*310 969  50    0*322 976  45    0
14785 09/09*289 947 125  936*298 959  90    0*310 969  65    0*322 976  50    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **               **               **

14790 09/10*334 978  40    0*347 978  40    0*360 976  35    0*374 973  35    0
14790 09/10*334 978  45    0*347 978  40    0*360 976  35    0*374 973  30    0
                     **                                                 **

14795 09/11*388 965  35    0*402 951  35    0E415 924  35    0E426 886  35    0
14795 09/11*388 965  30    0*402 951  30    0E415 924  40    0E426 886  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

14800 09/12E434 842  40    0E443 794  40    0E452 745  40    0E463 693  40    0
14800 09/12E434 842  55    0E443 794  60    0E452 745  65    0E463 693  65    0
                     **               **               **               **

14805 09/13E475 640  45    0E486 587  45    0E497 539  45    0E506 498  45    0
14805 09/13E475 640  65    0E486 587  65    0E497 539  65    0E506 498  60    0
                     **               **               **               **

14810 09/14E514 462  45    0E521 430  45    0E530 400  45    0E541 372  45    0
14810 09/14E514 462  55    0E521 430  50    0E530 400  45    0E541 372  45    0
                     **               **     

14815 09/15E553 346  45    0E567 322  40    0E582 300  40    0E600 280  35    0
14820 HRCTX4

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure
of 996 mb (at 23Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
The 974 mb central pressure originally listed as occurring at 18Z on the
5th actually occurred at 19Z on the 6th.  This central pressure suggests 
winds of 84 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt
chosen for best track.  Winds adjusted on the 5th to the 7th based on
these pressure reports.  Winds maintained at 35 kt during the 4th and 5th 
while traversing over Cuba based upon reports of no more than minimum
gale force winds over land.  The 964 mb pressure listed as a central
pressure (at 00Z on the 9th) is actually a peripheral pressure.  Ho et al. 
(1987) utilized this information to analyze this hurricane as a 936 mb 
hurricane at landfall in Texas with a 14 nmi RMW.  This value is close to
the 931 mb central pressure estimated in Jarrell et al. (1992) at landfall,
which is from an estimate by Connor (1956).  A 936 mb central pressure 
suggests winds of 123 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  
Given the slightly smaller than climatological RMW (Vickery et al. 2000, 
~18 nmi), maximum sustained winds at landfall are estimated at 125 kt.  This 
is consistent with the assessment of Category 4 at landfall from Neumann 
et al. (1999) in their Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 7th through the 9th.  A storm tide of 
20' in Galveston is reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b).  Inland decay 
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the 
central U.S.  Intensities increased from the 11th to the 14th based upon 
observations of strong winds during extratropical phase in the northern 
United States and Canada (Partagas and Diaz 1996b).

********************************************************************************

14950 09/13/1900 M= 6  4 SNBR= 355 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14950 09/07/1900 M=13  2 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***

(7th to the 12th are new to HURDAT.)
14951 09/07*145 280  35    0*147 295  40    0*150 310  45    0*152 323  50    0
14952 09/08*153 336  55    0*154 348  60    0*155 360  60    0*157 373  60    0
14953 09/09*158 386  60    0*159 398  60    0*160 410  60    0*162 423  60    0
14954 09/10*163 436  60    0*164 448  60    0*165 460  60    0*167 472  60    0
14955 09/11*168 483  60    0*169 494  60    0*170 505  60    0*172 517  60    0
14956 09/12*173 528  60    0*174 539  60    0*175 550  60    0*177 561  60    0

14955 09/13*185 549  60    0*187 559  60    0*190 570  65    0*193 579  70    0
14955 09/13*180 572  60    0*185 583  60    0*190 593  65    0*195 600  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

14960 09/14*197 587  75    0*202 596  80    0*206 606  80    0*210 615  85    0
14960 09/14*200 606  75    0*205 613  80    0*210 620  80    0*214 625  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14965 09/15*215 624  85    0*221 632  85    0*227 640  85    0*234 647  85    0
14965 09/15*218 631  85    0*222 635  85    0*227 640  85    0*234 647  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***         

14970 09/16*242 652  90    0*251 655  95    0*260 658 100    0*270 659 105    0
14970 09/16*238 650  90    0*243 653  95    0*250 655 100    0*260 657 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14975 09/17*280 657 105    0*290 652 100    0*300 645  95    0*310 635  85    0
14975 09/17*271 656 105    0*282 654 105    0*293 650 100    0*311 641  95    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

14980 09/18*321 620  75    0*331 601  65    0*342 580  50    0*350 560  35    0
14980 09/18*332 626  85    0*351 604  75    0*365 580  65    0*380 560  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(19th new to HURDAT.)
14982 09/19*397 533  35    0*415 498  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

14985 HR   

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b) is to extend the track 
back to the 7th based upon ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise 
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 4. Winds are increased on the 17th and 18th to 
account for observations in Bermuda on weak (west) side of hurricane.

********************************************************************************

14825 09/09/1900 M=15  2 SNBR= 353 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14825 09/08/1900 M=16  3 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***

(8th not previously in HURDAT.)
14828 09/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*100 185  40    0*103 194  45    0

14830 09/09*  0   0   0    0*123 223  60    0*128 232  60    0*131 240  65    0
14830 09/09*106 203  50    0*109 212  55    0*112 221  60    0*116 230  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14835 09/10*133 248  70    0*134 255  70    0*136 263  70    0*137 270  70    0
14835 09/10*120 239  70    0*125 248  70    0*130 257  70    0*135 263  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14840 09/11*138 277  70    0*140 283  70    0*141 290  75    0*142 298  80    0
14840 09/11*140 270  70    0*145 277  70    0*150 283  75    0*155 291  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14845 09/12*144 308  85    0*147 318  85    0*150 327  85    0*158 334  85    0
14845 09/12*159 299  85    0*164 306  85    0*171 313  85    0*186 320  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14850 09/13*173 342  85    0*189 344  85    0*202 345  85    0*212 345  85    0
14850 09/13*197 326  85    0*208 330  85    0*220 335  85    0*230 339  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14855 09/14*221 344  85    0*230 343  85    0*237 341  85    0*243 340  85    0
14855 09/14*240 343  85    0*250 347  85    0*260 350  85    0*269 346  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14860 09/15*248 338  80    0*253 336  75    0*258 333  75    0*264 329  75    0
14860 09/15*281 339  80    0*290 331  75    0*297 323  75    0*300 318  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14865 09/16*268 327  75    0*270 323  75    0*274 319  75    0*276 316  75    0
14865 09/16*302 313  75    0*304 307  75    0*304 300  75    0*303 295  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14870 09/17*278 312  75    0*279 308  75    0*280 303  75    0*278 295  75    0
14870 09/17*301 290  75    0*295 288  75    0*290 290  75    0*288 295  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

14875 09/18*273 294  75    0*270 300  75    0*268 312  70    0*265 323  70    0
14875 09/18*286 301  75    0*284 307  75    0*282 315  70    0*278 325  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14880 09/19*263 336  65    0*262 351  65    0*261 366  65    0*264 382  65    0
14880 09/19*272 337  65    0*267 349  65    0*265 365  65    0*266 381  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14885 09/20*270 399  65    0*275 416  60    0*280 430  50    0*284 442  45    0
14890 09/21*289 451  40    0*293 459  40    0*296 466  35    0*298 472  35    0
14895 09/22*299 477  35    0*300 483  35    0*301 489  35    0*302 495  30    0
14900 09/23*303 502  30    0*303 508  25    0*304 515  25    0*306 522  20    0
14905 HR         

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), is to extend the track 
back to the 8th based upon ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise 
made reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 2.  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on the 
8th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.  

********************************************************************************

14910 09/10/1900 M= 6  3 SNBR= 354 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
14910 09/11/1900 M= 5  4 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***   

14915 09/10*  0   0   0    0*211 831  35    0*218 837  35    0*227 851  35    0
(10th deleted from HURDAT.)

14920 09/11*235 863  35    0*243 874  40    0*251 880  40    0*259 893  45    0
14920 09/11*200 852  35    0*209 860  40    0*218 870  40    0*228 876  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14925 09/12*266 901  45    0*273 905  45    0*280 905  45    0*287 901  45    0
14925 09/12*238 882  45    0*248 887  45    0*260 893  45    0*270 897  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

14930 09/13*294 896  45    0*300 891  35    0*306 887  35    0*310 884  35    0
14930 09/13*281 898  45    0*291 895  40    0*300 890  35    0*305 886  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

14935 09/14*313 881  35    0*316 878  35    0*320 874  35    0*324 869  35    0
14935 09/14*310 883  30    0*315 878  30    0*320 874  30    0*324 869  30    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **               **               **

14940 09/15*328 863  35    0*333 855  35    0*337 847  30    0*340 833  25    0
14940 09/15*328 863  25    0*333 855  25    0*337 847  25    0*340 833  25    0
                     **               **               **

14945 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  This tropical storm was 
originally storm 3 in Neumann et al.  The track changes are found
to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 1005 mb (around 12Z on the 13th) 
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship - 35 kt retained in best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************

14990 10/04/1900 M=11  5 SNBR= 356 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
14990 10/04/1900 M=11  5 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

14995 10/04*  0   0   0    0*212 613  35    0*223 623  35    0*232 628  35    0
14995 10/04*  0   0   0    0*212 613  30    0*222 623  30    0*232 628  30    0
                                      **      ***      **               **

15000 10/05*245 631  35    0*253 637  35    0*259 644  40    0*263 653  40    0
15000 10/05*242 631  30    0*251 637  30    0*259 644  30    0*263 653  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

15005 10/06*267 662  40    0*270 671  40    0*272 680  40    0*273 688  40    0
15005 10/06*267 662  30    0*270 671  30    0*272 680  30    0*273 688  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

15010 10/07*273 695  40    0*273 702  45    0*274 709  45    0*275 716  45    0
15010 10/07*273 695  35    0*273 702  35    0*274 709  40    0*275 716  45    0
                     **               **               **     

15015 10/08*277 722  50    0*280 727  50    0*283 728  55    0*287 726  55    0
15015 10/08*275 724  50    0*271 729  50    0*265 730  55    0*264 721  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15020 10/09*293 721  60    0*299 715  60    0*306 708  60    0*313 701  60    0
15020 10/09*269 715  60    0*276 711  60    0*290 705  60    0*307 695  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15025 10/10*321 695  60    0*329 688  55    0E340 680  50    0E355 672  45    0
15025 10/10*334 688  60    0E364 685  55    0E385 685  50    0E398 685  45    0
            *** ***         **** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15030 10/11E376 664  40    0E397 655  40    0E415 647  40    0E428 639  40    0
15030 10/11E412 685  40    0E428 681  40    0E440 670  40    0E452 639  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

15035 10/12E438 631  40    0E448 623  40    0E462 615  40    0E480 597  40    0
15035 10/12E460 606  40    0E471 584  40    0E485 565  40    0E497 549  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15040 10/13E499 564  35    0E519 527  35    0E537 500  35    0E553 482  35    0
15040 10/13E511 531  35    0E523 516  35    0E537 500  35    0E553 482  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          

15045 10/14E568 468  35    0E582 457  35    0E595 451  35    0*  0   0   0    0
15050 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  However, the track
change on the 11th to bring it inland as an extratropical storm over
Nova Scotia has only moderate evidence and thus is altered with some
uncertainty.  Small track alterations on the 4th and 5th to allow for a 
more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

15055 10/08/1900 M= 8  6 SNBR= 357 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15055 10/10/1900 M= 6  6 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15060 10/08*  0   0   0    0*178 855  35    0*181 866  40    0*189 879  40    0
15065 10/09*196 889  35    0*203 898  35    0*210 905  35    0*216 910  35    0
(8th to 9th deleted in new HURDAT.)

15070 10/10*220 913  35    0*225 913  35    0*232 910  35    0*241 904  35    0
15070 10/10*  0   0   0    0*210 914  35    0*220 910  35    0*235 907  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15075 10/11*250 896  35    0*260 885  40    0*270 872  40    0*280 857  40    0
15075 10/11*248 902  35    0*261 894  40    0*273 885  40    0*285 866  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15080 10/12*290 840  40    0*300 824  35    0E311 808  35    0E322 793  35    0
15080 10/12*292 842  40    0*300 824  35    0E311 808  35    0E322 793  35    0
            *** ***    

15085 10/13E334 780  35    0E346 766  35    0E358 754  35    0E369 749  35    0
15090 10/14E380 745  35    0E392 741  35    0E403 737  35    0E419 724  30    0
15095 10/15E441 707  30    0E468 686  25    0E497 661  25    0E528 638  25    0
15100 TS       

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track changes are found to
be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

15105 10/23/1900 M= 7  7 SNBR= 358 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15105 10/24/1900 M= 6  7 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15110 10/23*  0   0   0    0*133 602  35    0*138 612  35    0*142 621  35    0
(23rd removed from HURDAT.)

15115 10/24*146 630  35    0*151 638  35    0*157 646  35    0*163 653  35    0
15115 10/24*150 645  30    0*155 652  30    0*160 660  30    0*165 668  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15120 10/25*170 660  35    0*176 667  35    0*183 674  35    0*190 682  35    0
15120 10/25*170 676  30    0*175 685  30    0*180 695  30    0*185 705  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15125 10/26*196 690  35    0*203 699  35    0*210 708  35    0*216 719  40    0
15125 10/26*190 715  30    0*195 725  30    0*200 733  35    0*206 739  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

15130 10/27*222 729  40    0*231 739  40    0*240 749  40    0*251 749  45    0
15130 10/27*212 744  40    0*218 748  40    0*225 750  40    0*236 748  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15135 10/28*279 742  45    0*293 729  45    0*307 712  45    0*321 697  45    0
15135 10/28*256 744  45    0*272 738  45    0*290 728  45    0*315 714  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15140 10/29*335 683  45    0*348 668  45    0*360 653  45    0E388 630  45    0
15140 10/29E348 693  45    0E380 673  45    0E415 650  45    0E450 630  45    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***          *** 

15145 TS 

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1996b), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Track is extended back to the 24th based upon available observational
data that indicates the system existed as a tropical depression in
the Caribbean.

********************************************************************************

1900 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1996b) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 9-13, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) June 12-17, 1900:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm intensity.
3) July 25-27, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 4-5, 1900:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

******************************************************************************* 

15150 06/10/1901 M= 5  1 SNBR= 359 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15150 06/11/1901 M= 5  1 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **                    ***

15155 06/10*171 822  35    0*179 827  35    0*187 830  35    0*195 832  35    0
(10th is removed from the revised HURDAT.)

15160 06/11*204 835  35    0*212 837  35    0*219 840  35    0*226 843  35    0
15160 06/11*193 823  25    0*200 830  25    0*207 835  30    0*214 839  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15165 06/12*233 846  35    0*240 849  35    0*247 852  35    0*254 856  35    0
15165 06/12*221 843  35    0*229 847  35    0*240 850  35    0*251 852  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15170 06/13*262 860  35    0*269 864  35    0*276 868  35    0*283 871  35    0
15170 06/13*261 852  35    0*274 850  35    0*285 847  35    0*295 846  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15175 06/14*290 874  35    0*297 877  35    0*304 880  35    0*313 883  35    0
15175 06/14*305 847  30    0*315 848  30    0*325 850  25    0*338 854  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(15th is new to HURDAT.)
15177 06/15*349 862  25    0*359 870  25    0*370 880  25    0*385 897  25    0

15180 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds reduced to 
tropical depression status on 11th, since observations indicate that tropical 
storm status was not reached until the 12th.  Inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over the southeast U.S.  

********************************************************************************

15185 07/02/1901 M= 9  2 SNBR= 360 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15185 07/01/1901 M=10  2 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(1st is new to HURDAT.)
15187 07/01*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 90 540  35    0* 95 550  35    0

15190 07/02*  0   0   0    0*132 575  35    0*131 590  35    0*130 607  35    0
15190 07/02*102 562  35    0*108 574  35    0*115 587  35    0*123 601  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15195 07/03*130 624  35    0*130 640  40    0*131 657  40    0*132 674  40    0
15195 07/03*132 619  35    0*142 636  40    0*153 657  40    0*159 674  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** 

15200 07/04*133 690  45    0*135 706  50    0*137 720  55    0*140 732  55    0
15200 07/04*163 692  45    0*166 708  50    0*170 725  55    0*174 736  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15205 07/05*142 742  60    0*145 752  60    0*149 762  60    0*154 774  60    0
15205 07/05*178 746  60    0*183 755  60    0*187 765  60    0*189 774  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

15210 07/06*159 787  55    0*164 799  55    0*170 810  55    0*176 820  50    0
15210 07/06*192 783  60    0*194 793  60    0*197 803  60    0*201 810  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15215 07/07*181 829  50    0*187 838  50    0*193 846  50    0*199 854  45    0
15215 07/07*206 819  60    0*210 826  60    0*215 835  60    0*219 843  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15220 07/08*206 862  45    0*213 870  45    0*220 878  45    0*227 884  45    0
15220 07/08*222 850  60    0*226 859  60    0*230 870  60    0*235 879  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15225 07/09*235 894  45    0*243 903  45    0*251 912  40    0*260 924  40    0
15225 07/09*241 887  60    0*248 896  60    0*253 905  60    0*260 919  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

15230 07/10*269 938  40    0*279 952  40    0*289 965  35    0*300 978  30    0
15230 07/10*269 935  55    0*279 950  50    0*289 965  35    0*300 978  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **      

15235 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds boosted from the 6th to 
the 10th based upon 60 kt ship observation on the 9th.  A 4' storm tide was 
reported in Galveston, Texas (Connor 1956).

********************************************************************************

15240 07/05/1901 M= 9  3 SNBR= 361 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
15240 07/04/1901 M=10  3 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***

(4th is new to HURDAT.)
15242 07/04* 95 555  30    0*102 558  30    0*110 563  30    0*118 570  30    0

15245 07/05*  0   0   0    0*136 600  35    0*141 608  35    0*146 617  35    0
15245 07/05*125 578  35    0*132 587  35    0*137 597  35    0*144 608  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15250 07/06*150 625  35    0*155 633  40    0*159 641  45    0*163 648  50    0
15250 07/06*150 619  35    0*155 630  40    0*159 641  45    0*166 651  50    0
                ***              ***                           *** ***  

15255 07/07*168 655  60    0*172 661  65    0*177 668  70    0*189 680  75    0
15255 07/07*174 663  55    0*182 676  60    0*190 690  60    0*200 702  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15260 07/08*205 697  80    0*222 715  80    0*238 730  85    0*254 742  85    0
15260 07/08*213 713  60    0*228 722  60    0*245 733  60    0*264 745  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15265 07/09*269 752  85    0*285 757  85    0*300 756  85    0*314 748  85    0
15265 07/09*277 758  60    0*290 766  60    0*305 767  60    0*318 759  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15270 07/10*326 740  85    0*336 738  85    0*345 737  85    0*352 739  85    0
15270 07/10*330 751  65    0*337 742  70    0*346 738  70    0*357 738  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15275 07/11*356 741  80    0*360 750  75    0*356 762  65    0*353 764  50    0
15275 07/11*361 746  70    0*361 756  70    0*356 762  60    0*353 764  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               ** 

15280 07/12*347 766  40    0*342 768  40    0*340 771  35    0*339 776  35    0
15285 07/13*338 781  35    0*338 788  35    0*338 795  35    0*339 802  30    0
15285 07/13*340 781  35    0*342 788  35    0*345 795  35    0*348 802  30    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

15290 HR NC1    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Winds 
are reduced from the 7th to the 11th, since observations indicate that the 
system did not obtain hurricane force until about the 10th.  Additionally, 
there is no evidence for the system attaining more than a Category 1 hurricane
status, thus peak winds are reduced from 85 kt down to 70 kt.  Landfall
as a Category 1 hurricane in the U.S. as reported in Table 6 of Neumann
et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT is retained.  The 
storm is known as "San Cirilo" for its impacts in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

15295 08/04/1901 M=15  4 SNBR= 362 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
15295 08/02/1901 M=17  4 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **          ***                        *

(2nd and 3rd are new to HURDAT.)
15296 08/02*326 384  25    0*323 391  25    0*320 400  25    0*316 411  25    0
15298 08/03*311 423  25    0*305 437  25    0*300 450  25    0*293 463  25    0

15300 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*264 495  35    0*263 516  35    0
15300 08/04*286 473  30    0*277 488  30    0*270 500  30    0*263 516  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

15305 08/05*261 535  35    0*258 553  35    0*257 569  35    0*256 583  35    0
15305 08/05*256 532  30    0*249 548  30    0*245 565  30    0*242 579  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15310 08/06*256 596  35    0*255 609  35    0*254 623  35    0*253 639  35    0
15310 08/06*239 593  30    0*237 608  30    0*237 623  30    0*239 639  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

15315 08/07*252 656  35    0*250 673  35    0*249 688  35    0*249 702  40    0
15315 08/07*242 657  30    0*246 675  30    0*250 690  30    0*253 702  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

15320 08/08*248 714  40    0*248 725  40    0*248 734  40    0*249 743  40    0
15320 08/08*255 716  30    0*255 727  30    0*255 740  30    0*254 745  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15325 08/09*250 750  40    0*250 756  40    0*252 764  40    0*253 771  40    0
15325 08/09*250 750  35    0*250 756  35    0*252 764  40    0*253 771  40    0
                     **               **

15330 08/10*254 778  40    0*256 784  40    0*258 790  40    0*261 796  40    0
15335 08/11*264 803  40    0*267 809  35    0*269 815  35    0*270 821  40    0
15335 08/11*264 804  35    0*267 813  35    0*269 821  40    0*270 827  45    0
                ***  **          ***              ***  **          ***  **

15340 08/12*272 828  45    0*273 835  55    0*274 842  65    0*274 850  70    0
15340 08/12*272 832  50    0*273 837  55    0*274 842  65    0*274 848  70    0
                ***  **          ***                               ***  

15345 08/13*275 859  75    0*275 868  80    0*275 876  80    0*276 884  85    0
15345 08/13*275 854  75    0*275 860  80    0*275 867  80    0*276 876  80    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

15350 08/14*278 890  85    0*279 895  85    0*281 897  85    0*284 898  85    0
15350 08/14*279 887  80    0*283 893  80    0*287 897  80    0*291 898  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

15355 08/15*288 898  80    0*293 897  75    0*299 895  65  973*305 892  50    0
15355 08/15*294 895  80    0*297 892  80    0*300 890  80    0*305 887  70  973 
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***

15360 08/16*311 890  40    0*318 889  35    0E326 892  35    0E335 895  30    0
15360 08/16*310 883  60    0*315 881  45    0*320 880  40    0*330 887  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **
2
15365 08/17E344 898  30    0E354 900  30    0E363 899  25    0E371 893  25    0
15365 08/17E340 895  30    0E350 900  30    0E363 899  25    0E371 893  25    0
            *** ***          ***

15370 08/18E378 887  25    0E384 878  25    0E390 868  25    0E398 854  25    0
15375 HR LA2 MS2 
15375 HR LA1 MS1 AL1
         *** *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations 
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track 
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Analysis of 973 mb 
central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) is based upon a peripheral 
pressure of 993 mb from Mobile along with an estimated 33 nmi radius of 
maximum wind.  (This analysis of central pressure was very similar to the
estimation in Jarrell et al. (1992) taken from Connor (1956) of 972 mb.)
A 973 mb central pressure suggests 85 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship.  Given that this radius of maximum wind is
larger than climatological value (of 23 nmi for this latitude and
central pressure - Vickery et al. 2000), a maximum sustained windspeed
of 80 kt is chosen at landfall making this system a Category 1 hurricane.
This is a downgrade from the Category 2 at U.S. landfall reported in
Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in 
HURDAT.  Winds from the 13th to the 15th adjusted accordingly.  Winds 
increased on the 16th based upon observed wind reports for the day.  Storm 
tides of 8' were observed in Port Eads, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama 
(Connor 1956, Cline 1926).

********************************************************************************

15376 08/18/1901 M= 5  5 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15377 08/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*115 530  30    0*116 540  30    0
15378 08/19*117 548  30    0*119 557  30    0*120 567  35    0*121 577  35    0
15379 08/20*122 586  40    0*122 595  40    0*123 603  45    0*123 612  45    0
15380 08/21*124 622  40    0*124 633  35    0*125 645  30    0*126 658  30    0
15381 08/22*126 671  25    0*126 683  25    0*127 695  25    0*128 710  25    0
15382 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

15380 08/30/1901 M=13  5 SNBR= 363 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15380 08/29/1901 M=14  6 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0    
         **        **  *       ***  

(29th new to HURDAT.)
15383 08/29*  0   0   0    0*136 224  30    0*137 240  35    0*139 259  35    0

15385 08/30*141 360  50    0*142 372  50    0*145 380  55    0*147 387  60    0
15385 08/30*141 274  40    0*142 288  40    0*143 302  45    0*144 315  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15390 08/31*149 395  65    0*152 404  70    0*156 414  70    0*160 426  75    0
15390 08/31*145 330  50    0*147 345  50    0*150 363  55    0*151 377  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15395 09/01*165 440  80    0*171 453  80    0*176 462  85    0*181 470  85    0
15395 09/01*154 390  60    0*157 404  60    0*163 420  65    0*168 432  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15400 09/02*185 474  85    0*190 480  85    0*195 486  85    0*200 492  85    0
15400 09/02*174 446  70    0*180 460  70    0*185 475  75    0*189 488  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15405 09/03*206 498  90    0*212 504  90    0*219 510  95    0*227 517  95    0
15405 09/03*192 501  80    0*196 514  80    0*200 527  85    0*207 542  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15410 09/04*237 526 100    0*246 535 100    0*255 543 105    0*262 550 105    0
15410 09/04*215 556  90    0*226 570  90    0*240 580  90    0*250 584  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15415 09/05*268 557 105    0*275 564 105    0*282 570 105    0*290 576 100    0
15415 09/05*261 587  90    0*271 589  90    0*280 590  90    0*288 591  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15420 09/06*298 581  95    0*307 585  90    0*315 587  85    0*323 583  85    0
15420 09/06*295 592  90    0*301 591  90    0*307 590  85    0*316 586  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15425 09/07*330 578  85    0*336 570  85    0*342 561  85    0*347 553  85    0
15425 09/07*326 578  85    0*336 570  85    0*342 561  85    0*347 553  85    0
            ***

15430 09/08*352 540  85    0*356 519  80    0*358 500  80    0*360 475  80    0
15430 09/08*352 540  85    0*356 520  80    0*358 500  80    0*360 475  80    0
                                 ***

15435 09/09*360 444  80    0*362 413  80    0*370 390  80    0*381 381  75    0
15435 09/09*360 444  80    0*362 413  80    0*370 390  80    0*381 374  75    0
                                                                   ***

15440 09/10*397 377  70    0*415 379  70    0E431 378  65    0E445 368  65    0
15440 09/10*395 357  70    0*410 338  70    0*430 320  65    0*444 309  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  

15445 09/11E469 325  55    0E480 290  45    0E486 250  40    0E492 200  35    0
15445 09/11E458 293  55    0E473 277  45    0E486 250  40    0E492 200  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***

15450 HR         

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 5.  These track and intensity changes are found to be
reasonable.  A 991 mb peripheral pressure on 12Z of the 8th supports 
winds of at least 62 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - winds 
maintained at 80 kt.  Peak winds are reduced from 105 kt down to 90 kt, since 
observations available support only a Category 1 hurricane, or Category 2 
hurricane at most.  Winds reduced from the 1st to the 6th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

15455 09/09/1901 M=11  6 SNBR= 364 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15455 09/09/1901 M=11  7 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15460 09/09*  0   0   0    0*188 493  35    0*186 504  35    0*184 518  35    0
15460 09/09*  0   0   0    0*176 507  35    0*175 520  35    0*175 532  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15465 09/10*184 532  35    0*183 546  35    0*183 560  35    0*182 574  35    0
15465 09/10*174 546  35    0*174 560  35    0*173 573  35    0*174 588  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15470 09/11*182 587  35    0*181 600  40    0*182 614  40    0*183 630  40    0
15470 09/11*175 601  35    0*176 613  40    0*178 627  45    0*181 643  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15475 09/12*185 647  40    0*186 665  40    0*186 682  40    0*188 698  35    0
15475 09/12*184 656  50    0*185 669  50    0*186 682  50    0*187 696  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

15480 09/13*190 714  35    0*192 730  35    0*194 742  35    0*197 757  40    0
15480 09/13*188 710  35    0*189 726  35    0*190 743  45    0*191 757  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      ***      **

15485 09/14*199 770  40    0*201 783  45    0*204 796  45    0*208 809  50    0
15485 09/14*192 770  55    0*194 783  60    0*197 795  65    0*201 806  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15490 09/15*214 822  50    0*221 834  50    0*228 847  50    0*234 857  50    0
15490 09/15*205 819  70    0*210 833  70    0*215 845  70    0*220 856  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15495 09/16*240 864  50    0*245 869  50    0*251 875  50    0*257 880  50    0
15495 09/16*226 865  60    0*233 873  55    0*243 880  50    0*253 885  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15500 09/17*263 883  50    0*270 885  50    0*278 887  45    0*289 882  45    0
15500 09/17*265 885  50    0*277 881  50    0*290 875  50    0*303 867  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15505 09/18*302 873  40    0*316 850  35    0E330 812  35    0E342 770  35    0
15505 09/18*316 853  40    0*325 834  35    0*330 812  35    0*342 770  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *                *

15510 09/19E358 742  35    0E371 725  35    0E387 700  35    0E405 672  35    0
15510 09/19E358 742  40    0E371 725  45    0E387 700  50    0E405 672  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

15515 TS
15515 HR
      **

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm 
to a hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba. Partagas and Diaz otherwise made 
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999), originally storm number 6.  This upgrade to a hurricane is 
based upon the re-analysis work of Perez (2000), which analyzed the storm as 
a Category 1 hurricane in the vicinity of Cuba.  Winds are increased 
accordingly on the 13th to the 16th.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (06Z 
on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track.  Winds adjusted accordingly on the 
11th and 12th.  The storm is known as "San Leoncio" or "San Vicente IV" for 
its impacts in Puerto Rico.

********************************************************************************

15520 09/12/1901 M= 6  7 SNBR= 365 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15520 09/12/1901 M= 6  8 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15525 09/12*111 281  35    0*115 285  35    0*121 289  35    0*127 291  35    0
15530 09/13*133 294  35    0*138 295  35    0*143 296  35    0*148 296  35    0
15530 09/13*133 294  40    0*138 295  40    0*143 296  45    0*148 296  45    0
                     **               **               **               **

15535 09/14*153 296  35    0*158 294  40    0*162 292  40    0*166 291  40    0
15535 09/14*153 296  50    0*158 294  50    0*162 292  50    0*166 291  50    0
                     **               **               **               **

15540 09/15*170 290  40    0*174 290  35    0*178 292  35    0*181 294  35    0
15540 09/15*170 290  45    0*174 290  40    0*178 292  35    0*181 294  35    0
                     **               ** 

15545 09/16*184 298  35    0*186 302  35    0*189 307  35    0*191 309  35    0
15550 09/17*194 311  35    0*198 314  35    0*202 316  35    0*208 320  30    0
15555 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes to the track shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 7.  However, ship reports
indicate that the storm was somewhat stronger than originally indicated
in HURDAT.  Winds increased on the 13th to the 15th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

15560 09/21/1901 M=12  8 SNBR= 366 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15560 09/21/1901 M=12  9 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *       ***

15565 09/21*110 802  35    0*115 804  35    0*120 806  35    0*125 808  35    0
15565 09/21*137 730  35    0*138 740  35    0*140 750  35    0*142 759  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15570 09/22*130 810  35    0*135 813  35    0*140 815  35    0*146 817  35    0
15570 09/22*144 769  35    0*147 780  35    0*150 790  35    0*152 798  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15575 09/23*151 820  35    0*157 822  35    0*163 825  35    0*168 828  35    0
15575 09/23*155 806  35    0*159 813  35    0*165 820  35    0*169 823  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15580 09/24*173 831  35    0*178 834  35    0*183 837  35    0*189 840  35    0
15580 09/24*174 825  35    0*180 828  35    0*185 830  35    0*188 832  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15585 09/25*194 843  35    0*201 846  35    0*207 849  40    0*213 852  40    0
15585 09/25*192 833  35    0*196 834  35    0*200 835  40    0*203 837  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15590 09/26*220 853  40    0*228 854  45    0*238 855  45    0*250 855  45    0
15590 09/26*207 838  40    0*211 839  45    0*215 840  45    0*221 842  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15595 09/27*263 853  40    0*275 851  40    0*288 848  40    0*300 843  40    0
15595 09/27*232 845  40    0*243 848  40    0*255 850  40    0*270 849  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15600 09/28*312 839  40    0*325 835  40    0E337 830  35    0E354 823  35    0
15600 09/28*288 847  40    0*306 845  35    0E325 840  35    0E351 827  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

15605 09/29E378 814  30    0E403 801  25    0E425 786  25    0E442 765  25    0
15610 09/30E457 745  25    0E470 725  25    0E480 674  25    0E482 639  30    0
15610 09/30E457 745  25    0E470 725  25    0E480 685  25    0E482 639  30    0
                                                  ***

15615 10/01E482 601  30    0E483 559  35    0E485 515  35    0E490 461  40    0
15620 10/02E508 394  40    0E531 326  45    0E553 270  45    0*  0   0   0    0
15625 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 8.  These
track changes are found to be reasonable.  Track adjusted slightly on the 
30th to allow for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

15630 10/07/1901 M= 8  9 SNBR= 367 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15630 10/05/1901 M=10 10 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        ** **       ***

(The 5th and 6th are new to HURDAT.)
15632 10/05*120 515  35    0*122 517  35    0*125 520  35    0*127 523  35    0
15634 10/06*130 526  40    0*132 529  40    0*135 533  40    0*138 537  45    0

15635 10/07*147 508  35    0*148 520  35    0*150 531  35    0*151 542  35    0
15635 10/07*142 541  50    0*146 545  55    0*150 550  60    0*155 556  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15640 10/08*153 554  35    0*155 567  35    0*158 581  35    0*161 597  35    0
15640 10/08*162 567  60    0*169 576  60    0*175 585  55    0*184 596  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15645 10/09*165 615  35    0*172 634  35    0*178 650  35    0*185 662  35    0
15645 10/09*194 606  45    0*202 614  40    0*210 623  35    0*218 637  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15650 10/10*193 675  35    0*204 689  35    0*220 700  35    0*240 702  35    0
15650 10/10*227 655  35    0*240 670  35    0*256 685  35    0*277 690  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15655 10/11*261 689  40    0*281 670  40    0*302 651  45    0*323 638  45    0
15655 10/11E303 685  40    0E330 672  40    0E350 650  45    0E358 638  45    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** 

15660 10/12*346 625  45    0*366 613  40    0E381 600  35    0E392 587  35    0
15660 10/12E365 625  45    0E373 613  40    0E381 600  35    0E392 587  35    0
           ****             ****

15665 10/13E402 570  35    0E411 556  35    0E420 541  35    0E430 516  35    0
15670 10/14E439 484  35    0E449 444  35    0E458 400  35    0*  0   0   0    0
15675 TS

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to provide a more 
realistic position on the 5th.  The Partagas and Diaz position on the 5th 
required a motion toward the northeast, which is not supported by climatology 
or available ship observations.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large
though reasonable alterations to the track and intensity from that shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 9.  Winds increased from the 
7th to the 9th based upon ship reports in Partagas and Diaz.

********************************************************************************

15676 10/15/1901 M= 4 11 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15677 10/15*210 800  30    0*215 793  30    0*220 785  30    0*225 777  35    0
15678 10/16*229 767  40    0*233 758  45    0*237 750  50    0*243 737  50    0
15679 10/17*252 724  50    0*258 711  50    0*265 695  45    0*269 684  40    0
15679 10/18*273 672  40    0E276 661  40    0E280 650  40    0E284 637  40    0
15679 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

15680 10/31/1901 M= 7 10 SNBR= 368 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15680 10/30/1901 M= 8 12 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         * **       ***

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
15682 10/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*193 673  30    0*205 672  30    0

15685 10/31*  0   0   0    0*217 688  35    0*225 680  35    0*235 672  35    0
15685 10/31*217 671  35    0*229 669  35    0*240 667  35    0*247 664  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15690 11/01*243 665  35    0*251 659  35    0*258 653  40    0*263 648  40    0
15690 11/01*254 661  40    0*261 657  45    0*267 653  50    0*274 649  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15695 11/02*268 644  45    0*273 639  45    0*278 634  45    0*284 628  50    0
15695 11/02*280 646  55    0*286 642  60    0*293 635  60    0*296 628  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

15700 11/03*290 622  50    0*297 616  50    0*305 610  50    0*313 604  50    0
15700 11/03*300 620  70    0*305 611  70    0*312 603  70    0*324 591  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15705 11/04*322 599  50    0*331 594  50    0*340 590  50    0*351 585  50    0
15705 11/04*340 581  65    0*356 571  60    0*368 563  55    0*374 557  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

15710 11/05*364 578  50    0*374 565  50    0*378 550  45    0*380 538  45    0
15710 11/05*379 555  50    0*383 550  50    0*385 545  45    0*383 534  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15715 11/06*381 525  40    0*381 512  40    0*381 500  35    0*383 485  30    0
15715 11/06E378 525  40    0E373 515  40    0E370 505  35    0E370 492  30    0
           ****             **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  

15720 TS
15720 HR
      **

The major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to upgrade the storm to a 
hurricane.  A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds 
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for the best track.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable 
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 10.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on
the 1st) suggests winds of at least 45 kt from the southern wind-
pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for the best track.  Winds changed 
accordingly from the 1st to the 4th based upon these measurements.

*******************************************************************************

1901 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) October 5, 1901:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine if
   system was tropical storm intensity.

*******************************************************************************

15725 06/10/1902 M= 7  1 SNBR= 369 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15725 06/12/1902 M= 6  1 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

15730 06/10*  0   0   0    0*134 817  35    0*138 819  35    0*141 821  35    0
15735 06/11*144 823  35    0*150 826  35    0*158 828  35    0*168 831  35    0
(The 10th and 11th are removed from HURDAT.)

15740 06/12*178 834  35    0*189 837  35    0*201 840  35    0*213 843  35    0
15740 06/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*177 840  30    0*191 836  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15745 06/13*226 845  35    0*238 847  40    0*250 848  40    0*262 848  45    0
15745 06/13*207 833  35    0*222 831  40    0*238 830  45    0*249 832  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15750 06/14*275 847  45    0*287 845  45    0*299 841  40    0*306 838  30    0
15750 06/14*259 835  50    0*269 838  50    0*280 840  50    0*290 839  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15755 06/15*312 835  25    0*320 832  25    0*331 825  25    0*336 821  25    0
15755 06/15*300 836  45    0*310 832  40    0*320 825  35    0*330 817  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15760 06/16E344 814  25    0E352 807  25    0E360 798  25    0E370 780  25    0
15760 06/16*340 807  35    0*352 795  35    0E367 780  40    0E386 749  40    0
           **** ***  **     *    ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 17th is new to HURDAT.)
15762 06/17E419 715  35    0E450 682  35    0E475 660  30    0E494 640  30    0

15765 TS 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Winds increased slightly from 
the 13th to the 16th based upon ship and coastal observations.

********************************************************************************

15770 06/19/1902 M=10  2 SNBR= 370 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15770 06/21/1902 M= 9  2 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **        **          ***                        

15775 06/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 850  35    0*173 858  35    0
15780 06/20*175 866  40    0*177 873  40    0*181 880  40    0*183 885  35    0
(The 19th and 20th are removed from HURDAT.)

15785 06/21*185 890  35    0*187 895  35    0*189 899  35    0*192 907  35    0
15785 06/21*172 921  25    0*176 924  25    0*180 927  25    0*182 929  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15790 06/22*195 915  35    0*197 922  35    0*199 928  40    0*202 932  40    0
15790 06/22*184 930  30    0*187 932  30    0*190 935  30    0*192 937  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15795 06/23*205 935  45    0*208 938  45    0*211 942  50    0*215 946  50    0
15795 06/23*195 939  30    0*197 941  30    0*200 943  30    0*203 945  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15800 06/24*219 950  55    0*223 954  60    0*228 958  65    0*233 961  70    0
15800 06/24*205 946  30    0*207 948  30    0*210 950  35    0*215 953  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15805 06/25*238 964  70    0*243 966  70    0*248 968  70    0*253 969  70    0
15805 06/25*221 956  45    0*227 960  50    0*233 963  55    0*239 966  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15810 06/26*258 970  70    0*264 970  70    0*270 970  75    0*278 970  80    0
15810 06/26*247 968  65    0*255 969  70    0*264 970  65    0*272 971  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **

15815 06/27*288 969  65    0*299 967  50    0*310 965  40    0*321 962  30    0
15815 06/27*281 972  50    0*290 973  45    0*300 974  40    0*315 972  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

15820 06/28*332 959  30    0*343 954  25    0E354 949  25    0*  0   0   0    0
15820 06/28*328 966  35    0*342 959  35    0E358 945  35    0E376 923  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 29th was not in HURDAT previously.)
15822 06/29E395 886  35    0E406 854  35    0E415 820  35    0E418 786  35    0

15825 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Despite HURDAT having 80 kt at 
landfall originally and Neumann et al. (1999) showing hurricane intensity in 
the track plot up to landfall in Texas, this storm was not listed in Neumann 
et al.'s Table 6 or HURDAT's U.S. hurricane characterization as a U.S. 
landfalling hurricane.  More significantly, Connor (1956) specifically 
listed this system as being "not hurricane intensity" at landfall in Texas.  
For the re-analysis here, it was decided to reduce the hurricane to just 
below hurricane force before landfall in Texas based upon Connor's 
assessment, but still maintaining a peak intensity of 70 kt while over the 
open Gulf of Mexico.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb (on the 26th) suggests 
winds of at least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship at 
landfall - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is a reduction from 80 kt 
previously in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

15830 09/16/1902 M=10  3 SNBR= 371 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15830 09/16/1902 M=10  3 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

15835 09/16*  0   0   0    0* 82 330  35    0* 85 336  35    0* 90 342  35    0
15835 09/16*  0   0   0    0* 77 308  35    0* 80 320  35    0* 85 332  35    0
                              ** ***           ** ***           ** *** 

15840 09/17* 95 350  35    0* 99 360  35    0*104 375  35    0*110 394  35    0
15840 09/17* 92 345  35    0* 98 360  35    0*104 375  35    0*109 389  35    0
             ** ***           **                               *** ***

15845 09/18*116 411  40    0*123 430  40    0*129 448  40    0*134 464  45    0
15845 09/18*114 403  40    0*119 417  40    0*123 430  40    0*126 444  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15850 09/19*139 480  50    0*146 498  50    0*153 514  55    0*167 523  60    0
15850 09/19*131 461  50    0*136 477  50    0*143 493  55    0*153 509  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15855 09/20*180 528  65    0*194 530  70    0*210 530  75    0*229 526  80    0
15855 09/20*168 523  65    0*189 530  70    0*210 530  75    0*229 526  80    0
            *** ***          ***  

15860 09/21*250 515  85    0*271 502  85    0*290 490  85    0*305 480  85    0
15860 09/21*247 517  85    0*265 505  85    0*283 495  85    0*302 484  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15865 09/22*322 469  80    0*336 460  75    0E348 448  75    0E359 422  70    0
15865 09/22*321 473  80    0*336 460  75    0E348 448  75    0E358 429  70    0
            *** ***                                            *** ***

15870 09/23E369 401  65    0E379 381  65    0E389 361  60    0E399 349  55    0
15870 09/23E368 414  65    0E378 399  65    0E387 385  60    0E395 371  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15875 09/24E407 341  55    0E416 332  50    0E426 323  50    0E439 314  45    0
15875 09/24E404 358  55    0E413 345  50    0E423 331  50    0E440 317  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

15880 09/25E456 303  45    0E476 296  45    0E498 288  40    0E516 292  40    0
15880 09/25E457 304  45    0E476 296  45    0E498 288  40    0E516 292  40    0
            *** ***   

15885 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 981 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 
74 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt retained in 
best track.

********************************************************************************

15890 10/03/1902 M=11  4 SNBR= 372 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
15890 10/03/1902 M=11  4 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               *** 

15895 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 930  50    0*150 930  50    0
15895 10/03*140 938  30    0*145 940  30    0*150 942  30    0*155 943  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

15900 10/04*159 930  50    0*167 929  45    0*172 929  40    0*176 928  40    0
15900 10/04*160 944  30    0*165 945  30    0*170 946  30    0*175 947  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

15905 10/05*179 927  40    0*182 927  45    0*184 926  50    0*186 926  55    0
15905 10/05*180 948  30    0*185 949  30    0*187 949  35    0*188 947  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15910 10/06*188 926  60    0*189 925  60    0*191 925  65    0*193 925  70    0
15910 10/06*189 944  55    0*191 940  60    0*193 937  65    0*195 933  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

15915 10/07*195 924  70    0*198 923  75    0*201 924  75    0*205 923  80    0
15915 10/07*197 929  85    0*200 925  90  970*203 920  90    0*207 915  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15920 10/08*211 922  80    0*219 921  85    0*228 920  85    0*235 918  85    0
15920 10/08*211 911  90    0*215 908  90    0*220 905  90    0*227 902  90    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15925 10/09*243 916  85    0*251 913  85    0*260 909  80    0*269 906  70    0
15925 10/09*234 900  90    0*239 899  85    0*245 897  80    0*253 895  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15930 10/10*277 903  65    0*285 898  60    0*294 892  60    0*303 883  50    0
15930 10/10*262 891  65    0*271 888  60    0*280 885  55    0*294 878  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** 

15935 10/11E314 874  40    0E325 863  35    0E337 848  35    0E349 828  35    0
15935 10/11*310 869  40    0E325 859  35    0E337 848  35    0E349 828  35    0
           **** ***              ***

15940 10/12E366 799  35    0E376 780  35    0E388 728  35    0E399 691  35    0
15940 10/12E364 805  35    0E376 780  35    0E388 728  35    0E399 691  35    0
            *** *** 

15945 10/13E409 655  35    0E419 610  40    0E428 551  40    0*  0   0   0    0
15950 HR    

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  The formation of the system in the Gulf of Tehuantepec as
found in Neumann et al. has been retained, though slightly altered in
track based upon observations collected by Partagas and Diaz.  Trek across
the Mexico likely to be at tropical depression intensity.  A central 
pressure of 970 mb (at 09Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 89 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track.  
Winds are adjusted according on the 6th through the 9th.  Slight alteration 
in track on the 12th to provide for a more realistic translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

15955 11/01/1902 M= 6  5 SNBR= 373 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15955 11/01/1902 M= 6  5 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

15960 11/01*  0   0   0    0*221 621  35    0*231 630  35    0*242 638  35    0
15960 11/01*200 673  30    0*210 683  30    0*225 673  35    0*246 663  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

15965 11/02*253 640  35    0*266 642  35    0*279 642  40    0*295 637  40    0
15965 11/02*266 653  35    0*287 639  40    0*305 626  45    0*318 613  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15970 11/03*311 625  40    0*327 611  40    0*342 590  45    0*352 575  45    0
15970 11/03*327 603  55    0*335 592  60    0*343 580  60    0*348 572  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

15975 11/04*362 560  45    0*372 543  45    0*377 530  50    0*381 520  50    0
15975 11/04*352 565  60    0*357 557  55    0*360 550  50    0*363 538  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

15980 11/05*385 510  50    0*388 500  50    0*390 490  50    0*392 480  40    0
15980 11/05*366 528  50    0*368 519  50    0*370 510  50    0*371 498  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

15985 11/06*394 470  35    0*396 460  30    0*397 450  25    0*398 439  20    0
15985 11/06*371 486  35    0*370 474  30    0*370 465  25    0*371 454  20    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

15990 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 3rd) suggests winds of at least 
59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best 
track.  (A slightly higher wind speed could have been chosen, but given the 
time of year - early November - with cooler SSTs prevailing a more 
conservative value is chosen.)  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 2nd 
through the 4th.

*******************************************************************************

1902 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) August 25-28, 1902:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

15995 07/19/1903 M= 8  1 SNBR= 374 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
15995 07/21/1903 M= 6  1 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

16000 07/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*165 618  35    0*172 639  35    0
16005 07/20*179 656  35    0*185 668  35    0*193 683  35    0*200 697  40    0
(The 19th and 20th are omitted from the new HURDAT.)

16010 07/21*209 710  45    0*216 720  55    0*225 732  60    0*236 742  60    0
16010 07/21*200 678  35    0*207 689  35    0*215 700  35    0*225 712  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16015 07/22*248 748  60    0*261 750  70    0*273 750  80    0*284 747  85    0
16015 07/22*237 726  35    0*249 738  35    0*265 750  40    0*276 755  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16020 07/23*295 742  90    0*305 737  90    0*316 730  90    0*324 723  90    0
16020 07/23*288 756  45    0*299 754  50    0*310 750  55    0*322 736  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16025 07/24*332 716  90    0*340 705  90    0*347 696  85    0*353 685  85    0
16025 07/24*334 716  65    0*343 701  70    0*353 685  70    0*364 669  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16030 07/25*358 672  80    0*364 656  75    0*370 638  70    0*378 605  70    0
16030 07/25*373 652  70    0*379 636  65    0*385 615  60    0*393 580  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16035 07/26*388 570  60    0*398 535  50    0E410 503  45    0E425 466  40    0
16035 07/26*399 547  50    0E405 514  50    0E410 485  45    0E414 457  40    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***              ***          *** *** 

16040 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Partagas and Diaz'
analysis documented that this hurricane reached, at best, a Category 1
hurricane status.  Thus peak winds are reduced from 90 kt to 70 kt
and winds are adjusted downward accordingly for the lifetime of this
system.

********************************************************************************

16045 08/06/1903 M=11  2 SNBR= 375 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16045 08/06/1903 M=11  2 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16050 08/06*  0   0   0    0*125 432  50    0*125 450  50    0*127 470  50    0
16050 08/06*  0   0   0    0*118 423  50    0*120 435  50    0*123 447  50    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16055 08/07*130 488  55    0*132 505  65    0*134 520  70    0*136 533  70    0
16055 08/07*126 460  55    0*131 475  65    0*135 490  70    0*137 509  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16060 08/08*138 544  70    0*139 556  70    0*141 569  70    0*143 583  75    0
16060 08/08*138 526  70    0*138 541  70    0*140 560  70    0*143 578  75    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16065 08/09*144 598  75    0*145 614  80    0*147 630  80    0*149 647  80    0
16065 08/09*144 598  80    0*145 614  90  970*147 630 100    0*149 647 105    0
                     **               **  ***         ***              ***

16070 08/10*152 664  85    0*156 682  85    0*160 700  90    0*165 720  90    0
16070 08/10*152 664 105    0*156 682 105    0*160 700 105    0*166 720 105    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

16075 08/11*170 741  90    0*176 762  95    0*182 780 100    0*189 796 105    0
16075 08/11*172 738 105    0*177 756 105    0*183 773 105    0*186 787 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

16080 08/12*193 810 105    0*197 823 105    0*200 836 105    0*203 849 100    0
16080 08/12*190 800 105    0*194 811 105  958*197 825 105    0*201 840 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***      *** *** ***          *** *** ***

16085 08/13*206 861  95    0*208 873  90    0*210 884  90    0*211 892  85    0
16085 08/13*204 856 105    0*208 873  85    0*210 884  70    0*212 894  65    0
            *** *** ***               **               **      *** ***  **

16090 08/14*212 900  85    0*213 909  85    0*215 914  85    0*217 923  85    0
16090 08/14*214 904  70    0*217 914  70    0*220 925  70    0*221 934  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16095 08/15*220 930  85    0*224 940  85    0*228 950  85    0*230 960  80    0
16095 08/15*223 943  70    0*226 951  70  986*230 960  70    0*231 968  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16100 08/16*232 968  75    0*234 975  50    0*234 986  40    0*232 996  35    0
16100 08/16*230 976  70    0*228 983  50    0*225 990  40    0*220 996  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** 

16105 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
A central pressure of 970 mb (0430Z on the 9th) suggests winds of 89 kt from 
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt utilized in best track, up
from 80 kt previously.  A peripheral pressure of 975 mb (0930Z on the
11th) suggests winds of at least 84 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 105 kt was observed - 105 kt used in
the best track, up from 100 kt previously.  A central pressure of 958 mb 
(05Z on the 12th) suggests winds of 102 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship and a wind measurement of 100 kt was observed - 105 kt retained 
in best track.  A central pressure of 986 mb (03Z on the 15th) suggests
winds of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
used in best track, down from 85 kt.  Winds adjusted accordingly from the
9th to the 16th.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized 
for inland winds over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Full lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16110 09/09/1903 M= 8  3 SNBR= 376 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
16110 09/09/1903 M= 8  3 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *   

16115 09/09*  0   0   0    0*214 724  50    0*218 734  50    0*222 740  50    0
16120 09/10*226 747  55    0*232 753  60    0*238 760  65    0*240 765  70    0
16120 09/10*226 747  55    0*232 753  60    0*238 760  65    0*245 767  70    0
                                                               *** ***

16125 09/11*244 769  80    0*249 775  85    0*254 784  85    0*258 791  85    0
16125 09/11*251 775  75    0*255 782  75    0*257 789  75    0*259 796  75  976 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

16130 09/12*264 803  75    0*269 812  65    0*273 821  60  988*278 829  50    0
16130 09/12*262 803  70    0*267 812  60    0*273 821  55  988*277 829  50    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **      ***

16135 09/13*281 836  55    0*285 842  60    0*289 848  65    0*295 853  70    0
16135 09/13*281 836  60    0*285 842  70    0*289 848  80    0*295 853  80    0
                     **               **               **               **

16140 09/14*303 857  65    0*310 859  55    0*316 860  35    0*320 860  35    0
16140 09/14*303 857  80    0*310 859  60    0*316 860  45    0*320 860  35    0
                     **               **               **

16145 09/15*324 859  35    0*327 856  35    0*330 853  35    0*333 849  35    0
16150 09/16*336 843  35    0*338 837  35    0*340 830  35    0*339 823  30    0
16150 09/16*336 843  30    0*338 837  30    0*340 830  30    0*339 823  30    0
                     **               **               ** 

16155 HRCFL2AFL1
16155 HRCFL1AFL1
        ****

Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) where made to the track of
this hurricane.  The first alteration is to bring the center of the system 
to just west of Nassau near 00 UTC on the 10th, based upon wind and pressure 
observations.  The second major alteration is to utilize the Ho 
et al. (1987) landfall position for Southeast Florida, which does better 
match the possible central position from Cat Cay.  Partagas and Diaz 
otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A central pressure of 976 mb (11th) suggests 
winds of 80 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  However, Ho 
et al. estimate a large (43 nmi) RMW, so that winds are chosen to be 75 kt 
which matches the observed winds in Jupiter, Florida - this is a moderate 
reduction from the original HURDAT.  Ho et al.'s estimate of 977 mb at 
landfall in Southeast Florida was based upon a peripheral pressure of 996 mb 
from Tampa.  This is consistent with the measured 976 mb central pressure 
from Cat Cay, Bahamas.  The 75 kt at landfall in Southeast Florida makes this 
hurricane a Category 1, which is downgraded from the estimate of Category 2 
in Neumann et al.'s (1999) Table 6/U.S. hurricane characterization in 
HURDAT.  A storm tide of 8' was recorded at Jupiter, Florida (Barnes 1998a).

A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 22Z on the 13th) suggests winds of at 
least 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  A storm tide 
value of 10' was recorded at Apalachicola, Florida (Barnes 1998a).  Winds
at landfall are estimated at 80 kt based upon these observations, which is 
increased slightly from the 70 kt originally in HURDAT.  The 80 kt at landfall 
in the panhandle of Florida retains the Category 1 in Neumann et al.'s 
assessment.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 13th and 14th.

Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16160 09/12/1903 M= 6  4 SNBR= 377 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16160 09/12/1903 M= 6  4 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

16165 09/12*225 556  60    0*233 564  60    0*242 573  70    0*251 583  70    0
16165 09/12*225 556  60    0*233 564  60    0*242 573  60    0*254 587  60    0
                                                       **      *** ***  **

16170 09/13*260 594  70    0*268 607  70    0*275 620  70    0*281 636  70    0
16170 09/13*265 604  60    0*274 622  60    0*280 640  60    0*284 652  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16175 09/14*286 654  70    0*292 672  70    0*297 686  70    0*303 696  70    0
16175 09/14*288 665  60    0*291 678  60    0*295 690  60    0*301 703  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16180 09/15*309 704  70    0*315 712  75    0*321 718  80    0*331 723  85    0
16180 09/15*308 715  70    0*316 726  75    0*325 733  80    0*341 740  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

16185 09/16*346 728  85    0*364 733  80    0*384 739  70    0*400 747  65    0
16185 09/16*362 745  80    0*380 746  75    0*393 747  70  990*403 750  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***      *** *** ***  **

16190 09/17*410 756  55    0*419 764  45    0E430 772  40    0E448 770  30    0
16190 09/17*411 755  55    0*419 763  45    0E430 770  40    0E448 770  30    0
            *** ***              ***              ***

16195 HR NJ1 NY1 CT1
16195 HR NJ1 DE1 
             *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A 
peripheral pressure of 997 mb (15Z on the 16th) suggests winds of at least 
53 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best 
track which is the same as the original HURDAT.  990 mb was analyzed as the 
central pressure at landfall in Jarrell et al. (1992), which suggests winds 
of 63 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship.  Intensity at landfall 
is retained as a Category 1 at New Jersey (70 kt) - which agrees with Table 6 
in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  A ship 
report of hurricane force winds at the Delaware Capes (from Roth and Cobb 
2001) suggests that the Delaware coast also experienced Category 1 
conditions.  However, observations collected by Partagas and Diaz indicate 
that New York and Connecticut were not likely affected by sustained 
hurricane winds so that they are removed from being listed as a Category 1 
at landfall.  Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of 
information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16200 09/20/1903 M= 7  5 SNBR= 378 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16200 09/19/1903 M= 8  5 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
16202 09/19*208 716  30    0*213 717  30    0*217 717  30    0*220 717  30    0

16205 09/20*219 716  35    0*225 714  35    0*230 712  35    0*234 713  35    0
16205 09/20*223 717  30    0*226 717  30    0*230 717  30    0*235 718  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16210 09/21*239 714  35    0*243 716  35    0*247 718  40    0*251 720  40    0
16210 09/21*241 720  30    0*246 722  30    0*250 725  30    0*255 727  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16215 09/22*254 722  45    0*258 724  45    0*262 726  45    0*267 728  45    0
16215 09/22*260 729  30    0*265 731  30    0*270 733  35    0*275 735  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16220 09/23*272 729  45    0*278 729  45    0*284 729  45    0*290 729  45    0
16220 09/23*279 736  40    0*285 736  40    0*290 737  45    0*300 739  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

16225 09/24*297 727  50    0*303 724  50    0*310 720  50    0*318 713  50    0
16225 09/24*314 740  50    0*328 738  50    0*340 730  50    0*347 716  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16230 09/25*328 703  50    0*339 691  45    0*347 675  45    0*351 659  40    0
16230 09/25*351 704  50    0*354 690  45    0*355 675  45    0*360 653  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** *** 

16235 09/26*358 637  35    0*360 611  30    0*366 582  25    0*  0   0   0    0
16235 09/26*367 627  35    0*373 601  30    0*378 575  25    0*382 556  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

16240 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (12Z on the 24th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt retained in HURDAT.
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 25th) suggests winds of
at least 42 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt
retained in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16245 09/26/1903 M= 5  6 SNBR= 379 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16245 09/26/1903 M= 5  6 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16250 09/26*  0   0   0    0*229 588  40    0*233 600  40    0*236 616  40    0
16255 09/27*239 628  45    0*243 638  50    0*248 646  50    0*261 653  55    0
16255 09/27*239 628  45    0*243 638  50    0*248 646  55    0*260 653  60    0
                                                       **      ***      **

16260 09/28*274 654  60    0*288 652  65    0*302 647  70    0*316 637  75    0
16260 09/28*273 657  70    0*287 657  80    0*300 655  90    0*321 642  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16265 09/29*331 624  80    0*346 606  85    0*362 576  85    0*379 530  85    0
16265 09/29*341 623  95    0*360 591  95    0*375 563  90    0*394 528  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

16270 09/30*388 500  80    0E406 462  75    0E435 410  70    0*  0   0   0    0
16270 09/30*412 486  80    0E427 448  75    0E445 405  70    0E465 355  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

16275 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (16Z on the 28th) suggests winds of 
at least 66 kt - 95 kt is chosen for the best track which is appropriate
given hurricane force winds were observed in Bermuda on the weak side of 
the storm.  

********************************************************************************

16280 10/01/1903 M=10  7 SNBR= 380 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16280 10/01/1903 M=10  7 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16285 10/01*202 575  60    0*204 588  60    0*208 600  65    0*214 612  70    0
16285 10/01*170 560  60    0*177 573  60    0*185 585  60    0*194 597  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16290 10/02*221 620  70    0*229 628  70    0*237 634  70    0*247 636  70    0
16290 10/02*203 610  65    0*215 622  70    0*230 635  70    0*243 638  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16295 10/03*259 633  70    0*271 629  70    0*281 622  75    0*290 612  75    0
16295 10/03*254 637  70    0*263 634  70    0*273 630  75    0*280 627  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16300 10/04*297 603  80    0*301 593  80    0*301 580  85    0*299 566  85    0
16300 10/04*289 622  80    0*295 616  80    0*300 607  85    0*305 591  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16305 10/05*296 552  85    0*293 538  85    0*289 525  85    0*286 510  80    0
16305 10/05*306 572  85    0*304 552  85    0*300 534  85    0*295 519  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16310 10/06*284 497  75    0*282 484  70    0*279 471  70    0*273 470  70    0
16310 10/06*289 502  75    0*281 488  70    0*270 480  70    0*268 482  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16315 10/07*268 478  70    0*269 488  70    0*272 493  70    0*279 489  70    0
16315 10/07*267 484  70    0*268 487  70    0*270 490  70    0*276 488  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16320 10/08*281 482  70    0*282 472  70    0*283 465  70    0*284 450  65    0
16320 10/08*280 482  70    0*282 472  70    0*283 462  70    0*285 450  65    0
            ***                                   ***          ***

16325 10/09*285 434  65    0*286 419  60    0*288 404  50    0*293 390  45    0
16325 10/09*290 431  65    0*295 415  60    0*300 400  50    0*305 387  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16330 10/10E301 375  40    0E312 362  35    0E324 350  35    0*  0   0   0    0
16330 10/10E309 375  40    0E316 362  35    0E324 350  35    0E336 332  35    0
            ***              ***                              **** ***  **
16335 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Full lifecycle of this hurricane is not known, due to lack of information 
about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16340 10/05/1903 M= 6  8 SNBR= 381 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16340 10/05/1903 M= 6  8 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16345 10/05*240 688  40    0*244 691  45    0*250 695  50    0*257 695  55    0
16345 10/05*255 725  35    0*257 723  35    0*260 720  40    0*263 717  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16350 10/06*263 694  55    0*268 692  60    0*272 690  65    0*275 688  70    0
16350 10/06*266 713  40    0*269 709  40    0*272 705  40    0*275 701  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

16355 10/07*278 685  70    0*280 683  70    0*283 680  70    0*286 676  70    0
16355 10/07*278 697  40    0*281 693  40    0*285 688  40    0*290 682  45    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

16360 10/08*289 671  70    0*292 666  70    0*297 661  75    0*300 660  75    0
16360 10/08*295 674  50    0*300 669  55    0*305 665  60    0*311 662  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16365 10/09*304 660  80    0*309 662  85    0*313 668  85    0*316 677  85    0
16365 10/09*317 659  60    0*323 657  60    0*330 655  60    0*337 653  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16370 10/10*319 691  85    0*322 709  75    0*330 730  70    0E344 737  70    0
16370 10/10*345 652  55    0*353 651  50    0E361 650  50    0E372 648  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

16375 HR     
16375 TS
      **

Major changes were made to this system from that proposed by Partagas and 
Diaz (1997).  Portions of track that they proposed are not reasonable.
After re-examination of available observations for this system from
the Historical Weather Map series, new track positions are proposed for 
the 5th through the 8th, which are different from both Neumann et al. 
(1999) as well as Partagas and Diaz.  These position are only moderately
altered from those seen in Neumann et al.  (Partagas and Diaz' apparent
error was in focusing upon a possible position based on one ship [at 23N,
75W] on the 6th.  However, space-time continuity with data on the 7th and 
8th was not consistent with what they believed occurred on the 6th.)  
Positions for the 9th and 10th proposed by Partagas and Diaz are large 
alterations to what appears in Neumann et al., but do look quite 
reasonable and are retained as suggested.  (On the 9th, a strong front 
entered the Atlantic from the U.S. east coast accompanied by an 
extratropical low centered near 35N, 73W.  On the 10th, the 
extratropical low had drifted north (37N, 73.5W) and intensified, while 
the tropical storm was becoming absorbed into the extratropical system 
near the warm frontal boundary on the east side of the extratropical low.)  
Partagas and Diaz analyzed this tropical system as peaking as a tropical 
storm, rather than as a hurricane as found in Neumann et al. and HURDAT.  
Partagas and Diaz' characterization of the intensity is retained here.
Two peripheral pressures of 997 mb (both at 12Z on the 9th) suggest winds 
of at least 53 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt 
chosen for the best track.  Peak winds reduced from the standard 
Category 2 (85 kt) down to a strong tropical storm (60 kt), since 
available observations support a substantially weaker system.  A storm 
tide of 9' attributed to this system observed in Norfolk, Virginia (Roth 
and Cobb 2001) was instead caused by the separate, strong extratropical 
storm system.

********************************************************************************

16376 10/21/1903 M= 7  9 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16376 10/21*  0   0   0    0*212 720  30    0*215 725  30    0*219 729  30    0
16376 10/22*225 733  30    0*232 736  30    0*240 740  30    0*248 742  30    0
16376 10/23*256 743  30    0*263 743  30    0*270 743  35    0*279 745  40    0
16376 10/24*290 748  45    0*301 751  50    0*312 750  50    0E324 745  50    0
16376 10/25E336 731  50    0E345 715  50    0E358 695  50    0E380 669  50    0
16376 10/26E405 637  50    0E428 604  50    0E450 575  45    0E473 554  40    0
16376 10/27E491 537  40    0E511 524  40    0E530 510  35    0E552 495  35    0
16376 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

16380 11/17/1903 M= 9  9 SNBR= 382 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16380 11/17/1903 M= 9 10 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***

16385 11/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*197 396  35    0*201 410  35    0
16385 11/17*  0   0   0    0*190 370  35    0*195 385  35    0*199 397  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

16390 11/18*205 420  35    0*211 432  35    0*219 444  35    0*228 456  35    0
16390 11/18*204 413  35    0*211 429  35    0*219 444  35    0*228 456  35    0
            *** ***              ***

16395 11/19*237 468  35    0*245 480  40    0*255 493  45    0*264 500  50    0
16395 11/19*237 468  35    0*245 480  40    0*255 493  45    0*264 498  50    0
                                                                   ***

16400 11/20*273 502  60    0*282 500  65    0*290 492  70    0*292 483  70    0
16400 11/20*273 496  60    0*282 493  65    0*290 485  70    0*292 477  70    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          *** 

16405 11/21*293 473  70    0*293 462  75    0*293 454  75    0*295 447  80    0
16405 11/21*293 471  70    0*293 462  70    0*293 454  70    0*295 447  70    0
            *** ***                   **               **               **

16410 11/22*297 441  80    0*300 436  85    0*304 432  85    0*313 429  85    0
16410 11/22*297 441  70    0*300 436  70    0*304 432  70    0*313 429  70    0
                     **               **               **               **

16415 11/23*328 427  85    0*343 425  80    0*354 423  75    0*363 421  70    0
16415 11/23*328 427  70    0*343 425  70    0*354 423  70    0*363 421  70    0
                     **               **               **   

16420 11/24*370 419  70    0*377 417  70    0*385 414  70    0*394 409  70    0
16425 11/25*403 405  65    0*413 400  65    0*422 396  65    0E435 389  50    0
16430 HR  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 9.  Peak winds are reduced from the standard
Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) based upon available 
observations that suggest that the system was, at most, a minimal 
hurricane.

********************************************************************************

1903 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the possible storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997)
in mid-June 1903:

   "1903  Additional system #1  Block Island and Nantucket observations 
    suggest tropical storm force winds, although the structure of the 
    system is not clear.  Needs further research." 

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, 
this system did cause winds of gale force both over the Atlantic and at the 
coast, but it had an extratropical storm structure at that time.  The system 
formed near the northern Bahamas on the 9th; apparently achieved tropical 
depression status on the 10th near 28N, 78W; moved to the north-northeast on 
the 11th with maximum winds of 30kt; merged with a frontal boundary and
intensified on the 12th; made landfall late on the 12th in New York;
moved northward and occluded over land on the 13th; and weakened on
the 14th near Lake Erie.  Peak winds from this storm were 63 kt E at 
Block Island (this corrects to 52 kt after accounting for the high bias 
of the anemometer and converting to a peak 1 min wind), 42 kt SE at 
Nantucket, 36 kt E at Boston, 35 kt E at Portland, and a COADS ship of 
35 kt SE at 37N, 70W.  Lowest sea level pressure observed was 997 mb at 
New York City.  (All peak observations were on the 12th of June).  
However, the system at the time of tropical storm force conditions had
already acquired a baroclinic structure.  As an example, New York City
experienced 67 F temperature and 65 F dewpoint with a 27 kt E wind
under light rain conditions at 12 UTC on the 12th.  This became 57 F 
temperature, 54 F dewpoint with a 5 kt W wind under cloudy conditions
a day later.  Such changes are typical of that experienced in the region.
This structure is consistent with a moderate cold frontal feature.
Thus the system was likely not a tropical storm and is not included 
into HURDAT. 


Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned two additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) August 20-23, 1903:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) November 23-26, 1903:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.


4) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
a possible storm system identified by the Committee from information
within Monthly Weather Review:

   "1903  Additional system for 10-11 Sept.  A possible depression 
    in the Gulf of Mexico.  Isaac Cline states that warnings were 
    issued.  System not noted in P+D.   Needs further research."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and coastal station data, 
this system did cause heavy rains and winds up to 25 kt in the northern
Gulf of Mexico and in Louisiana and Texas.  However, there was no closed
circulation with this system and it did not produce gale force winds.
Therefore, this system will not be included into HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16435 06/11/1904 M= 4  1 SNBR= 383 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16435 06/10/1904 M= 5  1 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
16437 06/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 805  30    0*136 807  30    0

16440 06/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*155 793  35    0*159 792  35    0
16440 06/11*142 807  30    0*146 805  30    0*150 803  30    0*157 802  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16445 06/12*164 792  35    0*168 791  35    0*172 790  35    0*176 788  35    0
16445 06/12*162 801  35    0*168 799  40    0*173 797  45    0*177 795  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16455 06/13*180 786  40    0*184 783  45    0*188 780  50    0*192 778  55    0
16450 06/13*181 792  55    0*184 789  60    0*187 785  65    0*194 777  70    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16455 06/14*195 774  60    0*197 770  55    0*199 765  35    0*201 760  25    0
16455 06/14*203 768  55    0*211 760  40    0*220 753  35    0*229 746  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

16460 TS
16460 HR
      **

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm 
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 70 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based 
upon the analysis from Perez (2000).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  Winds are also boosted from the 12th and the 13th based upon 
observations in Jamaica listed by Partagas and Diaz.  Winds reduced on the 
14th, due to earlier landfall in revised HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16465 09/08/1904 M= 8  2 SNBR= 384 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16465 09/08/1904 M= 8  2 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

16470 09/08*193 539  60    0*196 550  60    0*200 561  65    0*205 575  70    0
16470 09/08*162 540  50    0*167 548  50    0*173 557  50    0*181 571  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16475 09/09*210 586  70    0*214 596  70    0*218 606  70    0*223 615  70    0
16475 09/09*190 586  50    0*199 603  50    0*210 620  50    0*217 630  50    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16480 09/10*226 621  70    0*230 630  70    0*236 640  70    0*241 650  70    0
16480 09/10*225 642  50    0*234 655  50    0*240 665  50    0*247 673  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16485 09/11*245 659  70    0*249 667  70    0*254 676  75    0*259 685  75    0
16485 09/11*251 680  50    0*255 690  50    0*259 700  50    0*262 708  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16490 09/12*263 693  75    0*267 702  80    0*271 711  85    0*275 721  85    0
16490 09/12*266 716  55    0*268 723  60    0*270 730  65    0*272 738  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16495 09/13*280 732  85    0*284 742  85    0*290 753  85    0*296 760  85    0
16495 09/13*276 747  70    0*281 757  70    0*290 767  70    0*297 774  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

16500 09/14*305 770  85    0*315 780  80    0*327 790  75    0*346 792  65    0
16500 09/14*304 780  70    0*315 785  70    0*327 790  70    0*346 795  60    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **               **          ***  **

16505 09/15E365 776  65    0E391 750  65    0E420 703  65    0E459 640  55    0
16505 09/15*365 776  55    0E391 750  65    0E420 703  75    0E459 640  55    0
           *         **                                **

16510 HR SC1 

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Peak 
winds reduced from Category 2 (85 kt) down to Category 1 (70 kt) as a hurricane
since observations indicate that the system was, at best, a minimal hurricane.
Winds reduced accordingly from the 8th to the 14th.  Winds are increased on 
the 15th due to observations over New England in Partagas and Diaz while 
during its extratropical stage.  Landfall at South Carolina as a 70 kt 
Category 1 agrees with assessment in the U.S. landfall categorization
in HURDAT/Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999).  It is to be noted that 
this system had hurricane force winds (and produced these along the U.S. 
coast) during its extratropical stage on the 15th.  Full lifecycle of this 
hurricane is not known, due to lack of information about its genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

16515 10/12/1904 M=10  3 SNBR= 385 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16515 10/12/1904 M=10  3 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

16520 10/12*  0   0   0    0*153 757  35    0*153 764  35    0*154 771  35    0
16525 10/13*156 777  35    0*159 782  35    0*164 787  35    0*171 791  35    0
16525 10/13*159 777  35    0*164 782  35    0*170 787  40    0*175 791  40    0
            ***              ***              ***      **      ***      **

16530 10/14*179 793  35    0*186 795  35    0*193 797  40    0*199 798  40    0
16530 10/14*180 793  40    0*186 795  40    0*193 797  45    0*198 798  50    0
            ***      **               **               **      ***      **

16535 10/15*204 799  45    0*209 799  45    0*215 800  40    0*221 799  40    0
16535 10/15*201 799  55    0*206 799  60    0*210 800  65    0*214 800  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

16540 10/16*228 797  40    0*235 795  45    0*242 793  55    0*248 791  65    0
16540 10/16*217 800  65    0*220 800  55    0*225 800  50    0*233 799  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16545 10/17*253 792  65    0*256 794  65    0*260 798  65    0*260 805  60    0
16545 10/17*242 799  65    0*251 801  70    0*257 807  60    0*259 809  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16550 10/18*260 809  55    0*257 814  45    0*252 816  40    0*253 809  35    0
16550 10/18*262 811  45    0*265 814  40    0*267 817  40    0*268 823  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

16555 10/19*259 808  30    0*263 809  25    0*267 810  25    0*269 809  20    0
16555 10/19*267 825  35    0*266 826  35    0*263 827  35    0*259 826  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16560 10/20*271 807  20    0*273 806  20    0*275 805  20    0*277 802  20    0
16560 10/20*256 822  35    0*254 816  35    0*255 810  35    0*258 800  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16565 10/21*280 799  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
16565 10/21*261 790  25    0*265 782  20    0*270 770  20    0*274 759  20    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16570 HR
16570 HRCFL1
        ****

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to increase the storm 
to minimal hurricane status (Category 1 - 65 kt) at landfall in Cuba, based 
upon the analysis from Perez (2000).  Winds increased accordingly on the 14th 
through the 16th.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small 
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on the 12th) suggests winds of at least 
39 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best
track.  A peripheral pressure of 989 mb (05Z on the 17th) suggests winds
of at least 65 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track.  Winds at landfall in southeast Florida are
estimated at 70 kt, making this a Category 1 landfall which is consistent
with the original HURDAT 6 hourly intensity estimate just before landfall 
(which had 65 kt).  However, Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT did not list this as a U.S. landfalling 
hurricane.  A peripheral pressure of 1001 mb (12Z on the 20th) suggests 
winds of at least 43 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 
35 kt chosen for best track since the center had already made a second 
landfall by this time.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Florida.

********************************************************************************

16575 10/19/1904 M= 5  4 SNBR= 386 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16575 10/19/1904 M= 7  4 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16580 10/19*  0   0   0    0*260 462  35    0*258 470  35    0*255 479  35    0
16580 10/19*  0   0   0    0*258 454  35    0*250 463  35    0*238 475  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

16585 10/20*250 488  35    0*247 497  35    0*245 506  35    0*244 514  35    0
16585 10/20*227 488  35    0*221 503  35    0*225 516  35    0*230 522  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16590 10/21*244 522  40    0*244 529  40    0*245 537  45    0*246 544  45    0
16590 10/21*236 523  40    0*243 522  40    0*250 520  45    0*260 522  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16595 10/22*250 550  45    0*254 555  45    0*260 560  40    0*265 564  35    0
16595 10/22*267 528  45    0*275 536  45    0*285 545  40    0*296 553  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16600 10/23*275 570  35    0*286 573  35    0*300 578  30    0*  0   0   0    0
16600 10/23*311 561  35    0*328 568  35    0*350 575  35    0*367 575  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(24th and 25th are new to HURDAT.)
16601 10/24E392 567  35    0E417 556  35    0E445 540  35    0E473 512  35    0
16602 10/25E504 484  35    0E534 454  35    0E560 425  35    0E578 395  35    0

16605 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1005 mb (12Z on the 21st) suggests winds of at least 38 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt retained in best track.

********************************************************************************

16610 10/29/1904 M= 8  5 SNBR= 387 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16610 10/31/1904 M= 7  5 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

16615 10/29*  0   0   0    0*199 860  35    0*203 868  40    0*206 875  35    0
16620 10/30*208 881  35    0*212 889  35    0*217 896  35    0*222 901  35    0
(The 29th and 30th are deleted from HURDAT.)

16625 10/31*226 906  35    0*231 911  35    0*237 916  35    0*242 919  35    0
16625 10/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*200 913  35    0*204 918  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***
           
16630 11/01*246 920  35    0*251 920  40    0*257 919  40    0*262 918  45    0
16630 11/01*210 920  35    0*216 922  40    0*223 920  40    0*231 917  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16635 11/02*268 915  45    0*274 911  45    0*282 906  40    0*290 899  35    0
16635 11/02*238 914  45    0*244 911  45    0*253 907  40    0*265 898  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

16640 11/03*300 891  35    0*309 879  35    0*316 864  35    0*316 843  35    0
16640 11/03*278 889  35    0*291 881  35    0*303 867  35    0*313 848  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

16645 11/04*319 828  35    0*328 806  35    0*336 786  35    0*340 765  35    0
16645 11/04*321 827  30    0*329 804  30    0E335 780  35    0E338 760  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** ***

16650 11/05*344 745  35    0*349 724  35    0*353 703  30    0*360 685  25    0
16650 11/05E345 734  35    0E351 711  35    0E360 687  35    0E377 660  35    0
           **** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***

(The 6th is new to HURDAT.)
16652 11/06E400 624  35    0E424 593  35    0E450 575  35    0E466 557  35    0

16655 TS   

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1005 mb (12Z on the 31st) suggests winds of at least 34 kt - 35 kt retained 
in best track.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for 
inland winds over the Southeast U.S.

********************************************************************************

1904 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned five additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 3-5, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) September 24-30, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) October 10-16, 1904:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
4) October 28-November 2, 1904:  Gale force intensity, but likely 
   extratropical.
5) November 9-14, 1904:  Numerous gale to hurricane force observations, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.

********************************************************************************

16660 09/06/1905 M= 2  1 SNBR= 388 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16660 09/06/1905 M= 3  1 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16665 09/06*  0   0   0    0*140 580  50    0*140 590  50    0*140 600  50    0
16665 09/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*116 585  50    0*120 598  50    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

16670 09/07*141 609  50    0*141 618  50    0*141 627  40    0*141 640  30    0
16670 09/07*125 611  50    0*130 628  50    0*135 643  40    0*139 658  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
16672 09/08*144 673  30    0*149 689  30    0*153 703  30    0*159 721  25    0

16675 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track
and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Full lifecycle
of this tropical storm is not known, due to lack of information about its 
genesis stage.

********************************************************************************

17350 09/11/1905 M= 6  2 SNBR= 389 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17350 09/11/1905 M= 6  2 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

17355 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*195 510  35    0*197 521  35    0
17360 09/12*200 533  35    0*202 541  35    0*205 550  40    0*210 560  40    0
17365 09/13*214 568  40    0*218 574  45    0*221 579  50    0*223 583  50    0
17370 09/14*226 586  50    0*229 588  50    0*232 591  45    0*238 594  40    0
17375 09/15*244 597  35    0*250 600  35    0*255 603  35    0*259 606  35    0
17380 09/16*263 611  35    0*267 615  35    0*270 620  30    0*272 625  30    0
17385 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

16720 09/24/1905 M= 7  3 SNBR= 390 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16720 09/24/1905 M= 7  3 SNBR= 412 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               *** 

16725 09/24*  0   0   0    0*177 840  35    0*182 847  35    0*186 854  35    0
16730 09/25*190 860  35    0*194 867  40    0*199 874  40    0*204 881  35    0
16735 09/26*209 888  35    0*215 897  35    0*222 905  35    0*229 909  40    0
16735 09/26*209 888  35    0*215 897  35    0*222 905  45    0*229 909  45    0
                                                       **               **

16740 09/27*237 914  40    0*245 918  40    0*253 920  40    0*259 922  45    0
16740 09/27*237 914  45    0*245 918  45    0*253 920  45    0*259 922  45    0
                     **               **               **

16745 09/28*265 924  45    0*272 926  45    0*277 927  45    0*283 928  45    0
16750 09/29*287 927  45    0*292 926  45    0*298 925  40    0*306 918  35    0
16755 09/30*317 909  35    0*330 912  35    0*341 920  35    0*348 934  30    0
16760 TS    

Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes for this storm from
that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressures of 1002 mb 
(12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt chosen for best track.  Winds are
adjusted accordingly on the 26th and 27th.  Another peripheral pressure of 
1002 mb (on the 28th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt - 40 kt retained for 
best track at 12Z since the storm was inland by this time.

********************************************************************************

16765 10/01/1905 M=13  4 SNBR= 391 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16765 10/01/1905 M=13  4 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

16770 10/01*  0   0   0    0*107 797  60    0*110 797  60    0*111 797  60    0
16770 10/01*  0   0   0    0*110 792  30    0*110 790  30    0*111 788  30    0
                             *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  ** 

16775 10/02*113 796  60    0*115 796  60    0*117 795  60    0*119 794  60    0
16775 10/02*113 787  30    0*115 786  30    0*117 785  30    0*119 783  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

16780 10/03*121 793  70    0*124 792  70    0*128 790  70    0*133 788  70    0
16780 10/03*121 782  35    0*124 781  35    0*127 780  35    0*132 779  35    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16785 10/04*138 786  70    0*145 782  70    0*150 779  70    0*158 773  70    0
16785 10/04*137 778  40    0*141 777  40    0*145 775  45    0*152 770  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16790 10/05*164 769  70    0*171 764  70    0*178 758  70    0*184 754  70    0
16790 10/05*158 765  50    0*163 760  50    0*170 755  55    0*181 748  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16795 10/06*190 749  70    0*196 742  70    0*202 737  70    0*211 729  70    0
16795 10/06*192 742  60    0*202 736  60    0*210 730  60    0*221 723  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16800 10/07*222 717  70    0*233 707  70    0*242 697  70    0*249 690  70    0
16800 10/07*232 717  60    0*243 711  60    0*253 705  60    0*264 696  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16805 10/08*255 684  70    0*262 677  70    0E270 670  75    0E280 660  75    0
16805 10/08*273 686  65    0*281 676  70    0*290 665  75    0*301 650  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***         **** ***         **** ***  **

16810 10/09E290 650  80    0E300 640  80    0E310 630  85    0E320 613  85    0
16810 10/09*308 637  95    0*317 621 105    0*323 605 105    0*329 575 105    0
           **** ***  **     **** *** ***     **** *** ***     **** *** ***

16815 10/10E330 593  85    0E340 571  85    0E350 550  85    0E363 528  85    0
16815 10/10*333 548 105    0*340 522 100    0*350 500  95    0*363 486  90    0
           **** *** ***     *    *** ***     *    *** ***     *    ***  **

16820 10/11E379 502  85    0E396 479  85    0E410 460  75    0E421 450  65    0
16820 10/11*379 479  85    0E396 471  80    0E410 460  80    0E429 448  80  945 
           *    ***              ***  **               **      *** ***  **  ***

16825 10/12E431 448  55    0E442 449  50    0E455 452  45    0E467 458  40    0
16825 10/12E452 450  75    0E470 460  70    0E490 475  65    0E501 484  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16830 10/13E480 464  40    0E493 478  35    0E508 498  35    0E523 512  35    0
16830 10/13E510 492  45    0E521 501  35    0E530 510  35    0E540 521  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

16835 HR

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 1st 
and 2nd as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best 
track and to delay the extratropical stage until the 11th.  Partagas and
Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (12Z on 
the 4th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt - 45 kt chosen for best track.  
A possible central pressure of 945 mb (20Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
100 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best 
track since the hurricane had already transitioned to an extratropical storm.  
However, because of the very low pressures encountered, it is likely that it 
retained tropical characteristics close to the observation date.  It is 
concluded that this hurricane reached Category 3 hurricane status (105 kt) 
before becoming extratropical.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 8th 
through the 13th.

********************************************************************************

16840 10/05/1905 M= 6  5 SNBR= 392 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16840 10/05/1905 M= 7  5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16845 10/05*  0   0   0    0*230 889  35    0*230 895  35    0*230 899  35    0
16845 10/05*  0   0   0    0*230 889  35    0*230 895  40    0*230 899  40    0
                                                       **               **

16850 10/06*231 904  35    0*233 908  35    0*236 911  35    0*240 916  35    0
16850 10/06*231 904  40    0*233 908  40    0*236 911  40    0*240 916  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

16855 10/07*244 920  35    0*249 924  35    0*252 926  35    0*256 928  40    0
16855 10/07*244 920  40    0*249 924  40    0*252 926  40    0*256 927  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***

16860 10/08*258 929  45    0*260 930  45    0*263 930  45    0*267 931  45    0
16860 10/08*258 927  45    0*260 926  45    0*263 925  45    0*267 924  45    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***

16865 10/09*273 930  45    0*280 927  45    0*287 920  40    0*296 913  35    0
16865 10/09*273 923  45    0*280 922  45    0*287 920  45    0*296 913  40    0
                ***              ***                   **               **

16870 10/10*307 905  35    0*320 898  30    0*335 887  25    0*  0   0   0    0
16870 10/10*307 905  35    0E320 898  30    0E335 887  25    0E347 865  25    0
                            *                *                **** ***  **

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
16872 10/11E356 843  25    0E364 824  25    0E373 800  25    0E385 777  25    0

16875 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (12Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 39 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

1905 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) August 18-20, 1905:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) August 27-30, 1905:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.
3) September 27, 1905:  Gale to hurricane force observations found, but
   likely was an extratropical storm.
4) November 28-December 3, 1905:  Gale force intensity, but likely 
   extratropical.

********************************************************************************

16880 06/08/1906 M= 6  1 SNBR= 393 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
16880 06/08/1906 M= 7  1 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

16885 06/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 836  35    0*204 839  35    0
16885 06/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*194 836  35    0*204 837  35    0
                                                                   ***

16890 06/09*214 842  35    0*222 844  35    0*229 845  35    0*234 846  35    0
16890 06/09*214 838  35    0*222 839  35    0*230 840  40    0*235 841  45    0
                ***              ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16895 06/10*239 847  40    0*244 847  40    0*250 848  45    0*258 849  45    0
16895 06/10*239 842  45    0*244 842  45    0*250 843  45    0*254 844  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***          *** ***

16900 06/11*264 850  45    0*268 851  45    0*274 852  45    0*278 853  45    0
16900 06/11*258 846  45    0*261 848  45    0*265 850  45    0*270 852  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16905 06/12*282 854  45    0*286 855  45    0*291 856  45    0*300 856  40    0
16905 06/12*275 854  45    0*280 855  45    0*287 855  45    0*296 856  45    0
            ***              ***              *** ***          ***      **

16910 06/13*307 856  40    0*318 857  35    0*330 857  35    0*341 860  30    0
16910 06/13*307 856  40    0*318 857  35    0*330 857  35    0*346 865  30    0
                                                               *** ***

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
16912 06/14E362 877  30    0E380 891  30    0E400 895  30    0E418 898  30    0

16915 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These large
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral
pressure of 1002 mb (21Z on the 9th) suggests winds of at least 41 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - winds chosen to be 45 kt
in best track and winds on the 9th and 10th are adjusted accordingly.

********************************************************************************

16920 06/14/1906 M=10  2 SNBR= 394 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
16920 06/14/1906 M=10  2 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***
  
16925 06/14*  0   0   0    0*226 752  35    0*226 757  35    0*226 762  35    0
16925 06/14*  0   0   0    0*229 764  35    0*230 775  35    0*231 782  35    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16930 06/15*226 767  35    0*227 773  40    0*227 778  40    0*228 784  45    0
16930 06/15*231 790  35    0*232 798  40    0*233 805  40    0*233 808  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16935 06/16*229 791  45    0*230 797  50    0*231 803  55    0*238 808  60    0
16935 06/16*233 811  50    0*233 813  55    0*235 815  60    0*240 815  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16940 06/17*246 810  65    0*255 809  70    0*267 804  70    0*279 795  75    0
16940 06/17*245 813  70    0*250 809  75  979*257 803  75    0*267 790  75    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***

16945 06/18*291 785  80    0*300 772  80    0*310 761  85    0*324 744  85    0
16945 06/18*281 775  80    0*295 761  80    0*310 747  85    0*324 734  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

16950 06/19*336 728  90    0*344 714  90    0*351 701  90    0*353 695  85    0
16950 06/19*338 723  90    0*351 712  90    0*363 695  90    0*367 682  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16955 06/20*355 689  80    0*357 682  75    0*357 674  65    0*356 664  65    0
16955 06/20*366 672  80    0*363 660  75    0*360 650  65    0*357 646  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

16960 06/21*354 652  55    0*353 641  50    0*353 630  45    0*355 623  45    0
16960 06/21*354 641  55    0*351 636  50    0*350 630  45    0*352 623  45    0
                ***          *** ***          ***              ***

16965 06/22*358 616  45    0*360 608  40    0*363 600  40    0*367 590  40    0
16965 06/22*356 616  45    0*358 608  40    0*360 600  40    0*363 590  40    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

16970 06/23*372 578  35    0*377 565  35    0*382 551  35    0E390 530  30    0
16970 06/23*365 578  35    0*368 565  35    0*370 551  35    0E373 530  30    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

16975 HRCFL1
16975 HRBFL1CFL1
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small 
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Ho et. al. (1987)
analyzed a central pressure at landfall of 979 mb and a RMW of 26 nmi in 
peninsula Florida.  This central pressure suggests winds of 79 kt from the 
southern wind-pressure relationship.  Given an RMW slightly larger than what 
is typical at this latitude and central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000), the 
maximum sustained windspeed at landfall is estimated at 75 kt.  Thus the 
hurricane is retained as a Category 1 hurricane at landfall in the Florida 
Keys and southern Florida, agreeing with Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/
U.S. hurricane categorization in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

16976 08/22/1906 M= 4  3 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16977 08/22*  0   0   0    0*287 531  30    0*290 540  30    0*294 548  30    0
16978 08/23*299 556  35    0*305 565  35    0*313 567  40    0*321 564  45    0
16979 08/24*326 558  50    0*330 551  55    0*338 541  60    0*349 528  60    0
16979 08/25*364 512  55    0E375 497  50    0E390 480  45    0E402 463  40    0
16979 TS

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

16980 08/25/1906 M=19  3 SNBR= 395 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
16980 08/25/1906 M=19  4 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

16985 08/25*127 265  65    0*129 276  65    0*131 287  70    0*133 298  70    0
16985 08/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 210  35    0*140 225  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

16990 08/26*135 309  70    0*137 321  70    0*139 332  70    0*139 343  70    0
16990 08/26*140 240  40    0*140 255  40    0*140 270  45    0*140 285  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

16995 08/27*140 355  70    0*140 366  70    0*140 380  70    0*141 386  70    0
16995 08/27*140 300  50    0*140 315  50    0*140 330  55    0*140 346  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17000 08/28*141 394  70    0*142 401  70    0*142 410  70    0*143 421  70    0
17000 08/28*139 362  60    0*139 378  60    0*138 395  65    0*138 412  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17005 08/29*144 432  70    0*144 442  70    0*145 453  70    0*145 465  70    0
17005 08/29*137 428  70    0*137 444  70    0*136 460  70    0*136 477  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17010 08/30*145 477  75    0*145 491  75    0*146 506  75    0*148 524  80    0
17010 08/30*136 493  75    0*135 509  75    0*135 525  75    0*137 540  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17015 08/31*151 539  80    0*154 554  80    0*158 569  85    0*160 577  85    0
17015 08/31*141 553  80    0*145 565  80    0*150 575  85    0*155 583  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17020 09/01*164 585  85    0*168 593  85    0*172 601  90    0*175 608  90    0
17020 09/01*160 590  85    0*165 600  85    0*170 607  90    0*175 614  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              *** 

17025 09/02*178 613  90    0*181 619  90    0*184 625  90    0*188 633  95    0
17025 09/02*180 622  90    0*185 631  90    0*190 640  90    0*193 647  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17030 09/03*192 643  95    0*194 650 100    0*197 659 100    0*199 668 105    0
17030 09/03*196 654  95    0*198 660 100    0*200 667 100    0*203 676 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17035 09/04*202 675 105    0*206 683 110    0*211 692 110    0*215 700 110    0
17035 09/04*206 683 105    0*209 690 110    0*213 696 110    0*216 702 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17040 09/05*220 706 115    0*225 712 115    0*231 720 115    0*235 727 115    0
17040 09/05*221 708 115    0*225 714 115    0*231 720 115    0*235 727 115    0
            *** ***              ***                 

17045 09/06*239 734 115    0*244 740 115    0*250 747 115    0*259 750 110    0
17045 09/06*239 734 115    0*244 740 115    0*250 747 115    0*258 756 110    0
                                                               *** ***

17050 09/07*269 750 110    0*276 747 110    0*283 740 105    0*290 731 100    0
17050 09/07*268 764 110    0*279 766 110    0*290 760 110    0*295 748 110    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***

17055 09/08*296 722 100    0*301 714  95    0*307 704  95    0*311 693  95    0
17055 09/08*298 735 110    0*300 721 110    0*303 705 110    0*307 693 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

17060 09/09*315 682  90    0*319 673  90    0*324 664  90    0*334 650  85    0
17060 09/09*313 681 105    0*319 669 105    0*325 657 105    0*336 643 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

17065 09/10*344 638  85    0*357 621  85    0*378 600  80    0*398 581  80    0
17065 09/10*347 629 100    0*358 614 100    0*370 600 100    0*384 569 100    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***

17070 09/11*421 561  80    0*447 533  75    0E470 490  70    0E490 427  65    0
17070 09/11*400 528  95  950*422 488  85    0E450 450  75    0E475 404  65    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

17075 09/12E508 367  60    0E536 314  55    0E564 259  50    0*  0   0   0    0
17075 09/12E495 354  60    0E513 303  55    0E530 250  50    0E540 203  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

17080 HR      

Major changes are made to the track proposed by Partagas and Diaz (1997) for
the 25th through the 30th.  The track is begun on the 25th farther to
the east based upon re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series.
Track determined through the 30th based upon analysis of available 
observational data along with a reasonable extrapolation of the storm in 
time.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the 
track and large changes (early in the hurricane's lifecycle) to the intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  A peripheral 
pressure of 982 mb (07Z on the 7th) suggests winds of at least 72 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 110 kt retained in the best track.  
A possible central pressure of 950 mb (01Z on the 11th) suggests winds of 
97 kt - 95 kt chosen for the best track.  Winds are adjusted upward from the 
7th to the 11th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

17085 09/03/1906 M=16  4 SNBR= 396 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
17085 09/03/1906 M=16  5 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

17090 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*102 330  35    0*103 337  35    0
17095 09/04*103 342  35    0*104 349  35    0*105 357  35    0*106 366  35    0
17100 09/05*109 376  35    0*112 385  35    0*116 395  35    0*120 405  35    0
17105 09/06*124 414  40    0*128 423  40    0*132 432  45    0*137 442  45    0
17105 09/06*124 414  35    0*128 423  35    0*132 432  35    0*137 442  35    0
                     **               **               **               **

17110 09/07*141 449  45    0*146 456  45    0*151 462  50    0*153 466  50    0
17110 09/07*141 449  40    0*146 456  40    0*151 462  40    0*153 466  40    0
                     **               **               **               **

17115 09/08*155 471  55    0*157 475  55    0*160 480  60    0*164 487  60    0
17115 09/08*155 471  40    0*157 475  40    0*160 480  40    0*164 484  40    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

17120 09/09*169 495  60    0*174 503  65    0*179 510  65    0*183 515  70    0
17120 09/09*169 488  45    0*175 491  45    0*180 493  45    0*184 496  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17125 09/10*187 520  70    0*190 524  70    0*195 529  70    0*201 536  75    0
17125 09/10*188 499  50    0*193 503  50    0*197 507  50    0*202 513  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17130 09/11*207 544  75    0*216 556  75    0*224 569  80    0*230 581  80    0
17130 09/11*206 521  55    0*208 530  55    0*210 540  55    0*214 553  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17135 09/12*233 593  80    0*237 606  80    0*240 619  80    0*242 626  85    0
17135 09/12*218 565  60    0*222 577  60    0*227 590  65    0*230 602  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17140 09/13*245 632  85    0*249 639  85    0*254 645  85    0*260 650  85    0
17140 09/13*232 612  70    0*236 623  70    0*243 633  75    0*253 641  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17145 09/14*265 654  85    0*271 657  90    0*280 660  90    0*289 664  90    0
17145 09/14*266 647  80    0*279 655  80    0*290 663  80    0*295 667  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17150 09/15*296 668  95    0*303 670  95    0*310 675 100    0*314 683 105    0
17150 09/15*299 671  80    0*302 675  80    0*305 680  80    0*309 685  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17155 09/16*317 692 110    0*319 701 115    0*321 711 125    0*323 722 125    0
17155 09/16*312 690  80    0*315 697  80    0*317 707  80    0*320 720  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17160 09/17*325 735 120    0*328 748 110    0*332 763 100    0*335 781  85    0
17160 09/17*320 734  80    0*321 751  80    0*323 767  80    0*329 782  80  977
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

17165 09/18*338 795  60    0*341 808  40    0*347 821  30    0*353 834  30    0
17165 09/18*335 798  60    0*343 815  40    0*350 830  30    0*355 845  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17170 HR SC3 NC3
17170 HR SC1 NC1
         *** ***

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large but 
reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999).  This hurricane - originally storm number 4 - was listed as a 
Category 3 at landfall in North and South Carolina with a central pressure 
of 947 mb (Neumann et al. 1999; Jarrell et al. 1992).  This was based upon 
a supposed surface pressure reading of 945 mb at Cape Fear, North Carolina.  
Both Ho et al. (1987) and Partagas and Diaz (1997) reject this measurement 
as being erroneous since it does not correspond to nearby pressure 
measurements nor do wind observations suggest that the center went over 
Cape Fear.  (Instead, landfall is analyzed at being near Georgetown, South 
Carolina - over 60 nmi to the southwest of Cape Fear.)  It is worth noting 
that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time did not mention this supposed
947 mb central pressure reading, nor did Tannehill (1938).  Barnes (1998b) 
corroborates the damages and impacts of having a much weaker hurricane than 
a 947 mb hurricane in the shipping, coastal and inland effects in the 
Carolinas.  The apparent source for 947 mb was Dunn and Miller (1960), which 
gave the surface pressure value without any attribution.  Instead, Ho et al. 
(1987) analyze this hurricane as a 977 mb hurricane with a RMW of 30 nmi at 
landfall in the Carolinas, which much better matches the observed wind 
observations, pressure observations and damage incurred along the coast.  
Such a central pressure with a near-climatological RMW (for that central 
pressure and latitude) supports a wind speed of 79 kt from the subtropical 
wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt utilized in best track.  Such an 
intensity corresponds well with the moderate wind damage incurred in South 
Carolina, from newspaper archives in Charleston and Georgetown analyzed by 
Prof. Cary Mock at the University of South Carolina.  Without evidence for 
a major hurricane at landfall in the United States, there is no support for 
this hurricane ever being more than a minimal (Category 1) hurricane at its 
peak.  Winds are adjusted from the 13th to the 19th accordingly.

********************************************************************************

17175 09/19/1906 M=11  5 SNBR= 397 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
17175 09/19/1906 M=12  6 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                   **  *       ***                        *

17180 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*149 725  35    0*149 730  35    0
17180 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 770  30    0*121 775  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17185 09/20*149 736  35    0*150 742  35    0*150 751  35    0*150 760  35    0
17185 09/20*122 779  35    0*123 783  35    0*125 787  35    0*128 792  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17190 09/21*151 771  35    0*152 781  35    0*154 791  35    0*157 799  35    0
17190 09/21*132 797  35    0*136 801  35    0*140 805  35    0*146 809  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17195 09/22*161 806  40    0*165 812  40    0*170 819  45    0*175 826  45    0
17195 09/22*152 813  40    0*158 818  40    0*163 823  45    0*169 828  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17200 09/23*180 830  50    0*185 835  50    0*193 840  55    0*200 844  60    0
17200 09/23*175 832  50    0*181 837  50    0*187 840  55    0*193 843  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

17205 09/24*206 847  65    0*212 850  70    0*220 854  75    0*227 856  80    0
17205 09/24*200 846  65    0*206 848  70    0*214 851  75    0*219 852  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17210 09/25*234 859  85    0*240 861  90    0*248 863  95    0*255 865 100    0
17210 09/25*223 855  85    0*228 857  90    0*233 860  95    0*240 863 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17215 09/26*261 867 105    0*268 870 110    0*275 872 120    0*284 877 125    0
17215 09/26*247 866 105    0*255 868 105    0*263 870 105  953*273 874 100    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

17220 09/27*292 880 125    0*298 882 120    0*306 886 115    0*312 888  60    0
17220 09/27*284 879 100    0*294 884  95    0*304 887  95  958*314 890  65    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **

17225 09/28*324 892  50    0*336 896  40    0*347 899  40    0*357 901  35    0
17225 09/28*324 893  50    0*336 896  40    0*347 899  40    0*356 902  35    0
                ***                                            *** ***

17230 09/29*367 901  35    0*376 899  30    0E385 897  30    0*  0   0   0    0
17230 09/29*366 904  35    0*373 905  30    0E380 903  30    0E382 894  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17232 09/30E380 884  30    0E373 875  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17235 HR MS3 AL3
17235 HR MS2 AL2AFL2 LA1
         ***************

The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) are to retain the 19th 
as a tropical depression rather than eliminating it from the best track and 
to extend the extratropical stage until 06Z on the 30th.  Partagas and Diaz
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
This hurricane was formerly storm number 5 in Neumann et al. (1999).
Perez (2000) analyzed this hurricane causing Category 1 hurricane 
conditions in western Cuba, but did keep the center of the storm just
offshore the coast.  This is in agreement with the small changes that Partagas
and Diaz introduced for the hurricane near Cuba.  A central pressure of
953 mb (at 12Z on the 26th) suggests winds of 107 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 105 kt are utilized in the best track.  
A pressure value of 965 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) measured by a ship in the
eye of the hurricane anchored off Scranton, MS suggests winds of 94 kt 
from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Ho et al. (1987) 
utilized this 965 mb observation as the hurricane's landfall central pressure 
at the U.S. coastline and estimated a RMW of 43 nmi.  However, Jarrell et al. 
(1992) (from Connor 1956) suggested a central pressure value at U.S. landfall 
of 958 mb.  This value is likely closer to the actual central pressure
given that the ship's 965 mb was a "pegged" value for at least 45 minutes,
leading to the probability that the value was an underestimate of how 
deep the hurricane was.  958 mb central pressure in the Gulf of Mexico
suggests maximum sustained winds of 102 kt.  The RMW value of 43 nmi from 
Ho et al. is much larger than what climatology for a central pressure value 
of 958 mb and 30 deg N latitude calls for (22 nmi), suggesting the winds 
should be moderately lower than what the standard wind-pressure relationship
calls for.  95 kt at landfall are chosen for the best track, making this a 
Category 2.  This is a change from that shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. 
(1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 26th and 27th.  Storm tide measurements of 14' in
Galt, Florida (Barnes 1998a) and 11' in Pensacola, Florida were observed 
(Cline 1926).

********************************************************************************

17240 09/22/1906 M=11  6 SNBR= 398 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17240 09/22/1906 M=11  7 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17245 09/22*  0   0   0    0*244 339  35    0*250 344  35    0*256 352  35    0
17245 09/22*303 319  50    0*296 329  50    0*290 338  50    0*283 347  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17250 09/23*261 358  35    0*265 365  35    0*269 371  40    0*270 377  40    0
17250 09/23*277 356  55    0*273 364  55    0*269 371  60    0*266 378  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17255 09/24*271 381  40    0*272 386  40    0*272 392  40    0*276 405  45    0
17255 09/24*263 385  60    0*261 392  60    0*260 400  60    0*258 407  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17260 09/25*285 430  45    0*288 439  45    0*290 449  45    0*290 461  45    0
17260 09/25*257 415  60    0*257 422  60    0*257 430  60    0*257 437  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17265 09/26*285 468  50    0*276 469  50    0*270 464  50    0*270 457  50    0
17265 09/26*260 443  60    0*264 446  60    0*270 447  60    0*275 447  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17270 09/27*271 447  50    0*274 438  50    0*278 430  50    0*284 424  50    0
17270 09/27*279 444  60    0*282 440  60    0*286 433  60    0*292 423  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17275 09/28*290 420  50    0*297 415  50    0*304 406  50    0*312 386  55    0
17275 09/28*299 410  60    0*305 397  60    0*310 385  60    0*317 370  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17280 09/29*320 365  55    0*329 343  60    0*339 322  60    0*351 302  60    0
17280 09/29*324 354  60    0*331 337  60    0*339 322  60    0*347 308  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***                           *** *** 

17285 09/30*365 284  60    0*381 265  55    0E398 245  50    0E409 229  45    0
17285 09/30*358 296  60    0*367 287  55    0*377 277  50    0*392 263  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***         **** ***

17290 10/01E418 217  40    0E427 203  35    0E437 187  35    0E448 167  35    0
17290 10/01*408 244  40    0E421 225  35    0E433 205  35    0E448 180  35    0
           **** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17295 10/02E461 144  30    0E474 119  30    0E488  92  30    0*  0   0   0    0
17295 10/02E465 150  30    0E485 112  30    0E500  80  30    0E515  47  30    0
           **** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **

17300 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally
storm number 6.  A loop which was originally described by the track of
the storm is now removed.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 
22nd) suggests winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt used in best track.  A peripheral pressure of 994 mb
(at 12Z on the 23rd) suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the subtropical
wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt used in best track.  Winds are increased
accordingly from the 22nd through the 29th (which had 60 kt in the
original HURDAT).  Lifecycle of this tropical storm is not complete as 
information on the genesis is not available.

********************************************************************************

17305 10/08/1906 M= 3  7 SNBR= 399 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17305 10/08/1906 M=16  8 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                   **  *       ***                  *     *

17310 10/08*  0   0   0    0*110 790  35    0*111 797  35    0*113 804  50    0
17310 10/08*  0   0   0    0*113 764  35    0*113 773  35    0*113 783  50    0
                             *** ***          *** ***              ***

17315 10/09*114 809  65    0*115 815  85    0*117 820  85    0*120 827  85    0
17315 10/09*113 793  65    0*113 804  75    0*115 815  85    0*117 824  95    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

17320 10/10*123 835  85    0*125 843  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
17320 10/10*121 831 105    0*126 839  80    0*130 846  70    0*132 851  65    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17325 HR
17330 10/11/1906 M=12  8 SNBR= 400 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
(These two lines are removed from the new HURDAT.)

17335 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*144 611  50    0*145 625  50    0
17335 10/11*134 855  60    0*137 859  55    0*140 863  50    0*144 867  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

17340 10/12*145 639  55    0*146 653  60    0*147 667  65    0*149 681  70    0
17340 10/12*147 869  40    0*151 871  40    0*155 873  50    0*158 874  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17345 10/13*150 696  70    0*152 711  70    0*154 725  70    0*156 739  70    0
17345 10/13*161 876  65    0*164 878  70    0*167 880  75    0*169 881  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17350 10/14*158 752  75    0*160 764  75    0*162 776  75    0*164 787  80    0
17350 10/14*171 882  70    0*174 883  65    0*177 883  60    0*179 883  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17355 10/15*167 798  80    0*170 808  80    0*174 818  85    0*181 828  85    0
17355 10/15*181 882  50    0*183 881  50    0*185 880  50    0*188 878  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

17360 10/16*189 838  85    0*197 845  90    0*205 847  95    0*213 846 100    0
17360 10/16*191 876  50    0*193 873  60    0*195 870  70    0*198 863  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** *** 

17365 10/17*221 842 105    0*229 836 110    0*237 826 115    0*244 818 115    0
17365 10/17*200 857  90    0*203 851 100    0*207 840 105    0*215 827 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** *** 

17370 10/18*249 811 110    0*255 806 105    0*261 800 100    0*268 792  95    0
17370 10/18*226 821 105    0*239 816 105    0*253 807 105  953*266 795  95    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** ***    

17375 10/19*276 786  90    0*283 782  85    0*291 779  80    0*300 780  80    0
17375 10/19*279 786  90    0*290 781  85    0*300 780  80    0*305 780  80    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** 

17380 10/20*306 781  75    0*311 783  70    0*318 790  65    0*312 797  50    0
17380 10/20*309 780  75    0*314 781  75    0*317 783  70    0*321 793  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17385 10/21*307 800  45    0*300 804  40    0*293 807  40    0*287 810  35    0
17385 10/21*317 804  60    0*307 812  50    0*295 815  40    0*290 815  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** *** 

17390 10/22*282 812  30    0*276 815  30    0*271 817  25    0*266 819  25    0
17390 10/22*283 816  30    0*273 817  30    0*260 820  25    0*249 828  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

(The 23rd is new to HURDAT.)
17392 10/23*240 838  25    0*231 848  25    0*223 857  25    0*215 866  25    0

17395 HRCFL2
17395 HRBFL3CFL3
        ********

No major changes were made to the track suggested by Partagas and Diaz 
(1997).  They made large alterations from Neumann et al. (1999) by 
combining storm numbers 7 and 8 into a single hurricane with a revised track 
and intensity.  These dramatic changes are found to be reasonable.  The 
hurricane is increased to Category 3 intensity at landfall in Nicaragua 
(105 kt) based upon the reported 15' storm tide and the vast destruction in 
the country.  Winds are thus increased on the 9th and 10th.  Perez (2000) 
analyzed this hurricane as a Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba.  
Winds for the hurricane at Cuba landfall are thus lowered from 115 kt down 
to 105 kt on the 17th and 18th.  Perez also altered the track for this 
hurricane eastward even more than provided by Partagas and Diaz such that 
the hurricane went on the east side of the Isle of Pines.  The track here 
reflects this re-analysis.  Ho et al. (1987) had analyzed a central pressure
of 967 mb and an RMW of 16 nmi for landfall in southern Florida.  
However, land-based readings of pressure were as low as 953 mb in Miami.
This is taken to be the central pressure for this hurricane, which suggests
winds of 100 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship.  Descriptions
from Barnes (1998a) suggest a small inner core of this system with an RMW
on the order of 10-12 nmi.  Such an RMW is somewhat smaller than that 
expected from this central pressure and latitude (~17 nmi - Vickery et al.
2000).  Thus highest winds near the time of landfall in southern Florida are 
suggested to be 105 kt, making this system a major (Category 3) hurricane
for the region.  A Category 3 categorization is an upgrade from the 
Category 2 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane 
characterization in HURDAT.  This upgrade does, however, agree with the
assessment by Partagas and Diaz.  A peripheral pressure of 987 mb (at 22Z on 
the 20th) suggest winds of at least 67 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - winds chosen to be 70 kt for best track.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 20th and 21st.

********************************************************************************

17400 10/13/1906 M= 5  9 SNBR= 401 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17400 10/14/1906 M= 4  9 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***                  *

17405 10/13*  0   0   0    0*331 609  35    0*333 616  35    0*335 623  35    0
(The 13th is omitted from HURDAT.)

17410 10/14*337 630  35    0*338 637  35    0*338 644  35    0*337 658  35    0
17410 10/14*  0   0   0    0*337 620  35    0*337 635  35    0*337 651  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***              ***

17415 10/15*336 671  35    0*334 684  35    0*332 697  35    0*329 710  35    0
17415 10/15*336 669  40    0*334 682  40    0*332 697  45    0*327 714  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **               **      *** ***  **

17420 10/16*326 723  35    0*322 737  35    0*318 750  35    0*313 764  35    0
17420 10/16*321 731  45    0*312 749  45    0*305 765  45    0*301 773  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17425 10/17*308 779  35    0*303 794  35    0*297 810  35    0*  0   0   0    0
17425 10/17*299 780  40    0*296 787  35    0*293 795  30    0*288 806  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17430 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Peripheral pressures of 1003 mb (at 12Z on the 15th and 16th) suggests winds 
of at least 43 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 45 kt 
chosen for best track.  Winds increased accordingly on the 15th to the 17th.
XING set equal to "0" since landfall occurred after decay to tropical
depression status.

********************************************************************************

17435 10/16/1906 M= 5 10 SNBR= 402 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17435 10/15/1906 M= 6 10 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
17438 10/15*  0   0   0    0*210 694  35    0*217 700  35    0*227 707  35    0

17440 10/16*  0   0   0    0*263 706  35    0*266 700  35    0*269 694  35    0
17440 10/16*239 713  35    0*252 716  35    0*262 713  35    0*271 710  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17445 10/17*271 689  35    0*273 685  35    0*275 680  35    0*278 675  35    0
17445 10/17*278 704  35    0*282 698  35    0*285 693  35    0*288 685  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17450 10/18*281 670  40    0*284 666  40    0*286 660  45    0*284 645  45    0
17450 10/18*290 677  40    0*292 669  40    0*293 660  45    0*293 650  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***

17455 10/19*279 635  40    0*275 621  35    0*274 605  30    0*275 597  30    0
17455 10/19*293 640  40    0*293 630  40    0*293 620  35    0*293 610  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17460 10/20*276 590  30    0*277 583  25    0*278 576  25    0*280 569  25    0
17460 10/20*292 600  30    0*291 590  30    0*290 580  25    0*289 571  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  
       
17465 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable. 

********************************************************************************

17470 11/06/1906 M= 4 11 SNBR= 403 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17470 11/05/1906 M= 6 11 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
17472 11/05*185 825  30    0*190 825  30    0*195 825  35    0*199 824  40    0

17475 11/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 767  35    0*163 780  35    0
17475 11/06*203 821  45    0*207 818  50    0*210 815  55    0*213 810  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17480 11/07*175 788  35    0*188 793  35    0*200 796  35    0*212 795  35    0
17480 11/07*215 805  65    0*217 800  70    0*220 793  60    0*224 784  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17485 11/08*224 789  35    0*236 776  35    0*247 760  35    0*252 749  35    0
17485 11/08*227 776  45    0*230 766  40    0*233 757  35    0*236 748  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17490 11/09*255 740  35    0*257 731  35    0*260 720  30    0*266 706  30    0
17490 11/09*239 739  35    0*242 730  35    0*245 723  35    0*248 715  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
17492 11/10E251 705  30    0E255 695  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17495 TS
17495 HR
      **

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Perez (2000) analyzed this as 
a Category 1 landfall in Cuba, agreeing with Partagas and Diaz' assessment.  
Thus this tropical storm is upgraded to a hurricane in the vicinity of 
central Cuba.  A peripheral pressure of 997 mb (at 02Z on the 7th) suggests 
winds of at least 53 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt 
utilized in best track.

********************************************************************************

1906 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) September 16, 1906:  Possible new hurricane, but location not known.
2) October 13, 1906:  At least one gale force wind report, but unclear if 
   system was closed circulation.
3) October 14-15, 1906:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

17500 06/24/1907 M= 6  1 SNBR= 404 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17500 06/24/1907 M= 7  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***

17505 06/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 780  35    0*161 788  35    0
17510 06/25*164 797  35    0*167 806  35    0*170 815  35    0*177 824  35    0
17515 06/26*186 834  35    0*196 843  35    0*206 853  40    0*218 862  40    0
17520 06/27*229 871  45    0*240 880  45    0*252 889  45    0*262 892  45    0
17520 06/27*229 871  45    0*240 880  45    0*252 889  45    0*262 894  45    0
                                                                   ***

17525 06/28*272 891  45    0*281 880  45    0*288 869  50    0*296 850  50    0
17525 06/28*270 896  45    0*276 894  45    0*283 890  50    0*293 878  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17530 06/29*304 825  45    0*310 810  40    0*322 791  35    0E349 770  30    0
17530 06/29*303 858  50    0*308 835  45    0*318 808  55    0E340 780  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17532 06/30E365 760  45    0E392 733  40    0E420 705  35    0E450 675  30    0

17535 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
These changes include shifting the landfall location in Florida westward
of its original position.  Winds are increased on the 29th based upon wind 
observations from Jacksonville.

********************************************************************************

17540 09/17/1907 M= 7  2 SNBR= 405 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17540 09/18/1907 M= 6  2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

17545 09/17*225 756  35    0*227 767  35    0*228 778  40    0*229 789  40    0
(The 17th is deleted from HURDAT.)

17550 09/18*230 800  40    0*232 810  40    0*234 819  40    0*236 827  45    0
17550 09/18*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 790  30    0*255 803  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17555 09/19*239 835  45    0*242 842  50    0*246 850  50    0*251 859  50    0
17555 09/19*259 816  30    0*263 828  35    0*267 840  35    0*271 850  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17560 09/20*256 865  50    0*261 873  45    0*267 881  45    0*272 887  40    0
17560 09/20*275 858  40    0*279 864  40    0*283 870  40    0*287 876  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

17565 09/21*278 891  40    0*284 895  40    0*290 897  40    0*297 898  35    0
17565 09/21*291 882  40    0*295 887  40    0*300 890  40    0*305 889  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17570 09/22*305 897  35    0*314 889  35    0*322 881  35    0E330 860  35    0
17570 09/22*310 888  35    0*315 884  35    0*321 876  35    0E329 863  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17575 09/23E336 848  35    0E341 835  35    0E356 802  35    0E377 773  30    0
17575 09/23E338 847  35    0E347 830  35    0E357 813  35    0E368 796  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17580 TS

The only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997) is to begin the storm on 
the 18th (as a tropical depression) rather than on the 19th (as a tropical 
storm) that Partagas and Diaz suggested.  This is based upon the (limited) 
data on the 18th that suggests that the storm had developed as a tropical 
depression just east of Florida.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large 
track and intensity alterations to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  Peak winds
for this storm reached, at most, minimal tropical storm status from
available observations.  Thus winds are lowered on the 19th and 20th.

********************************************************************************

17585 09/27/1907 M= 3  3 SNBR= 406 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17585 09/27/1907 M= 4  3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *          ***               

17590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*223 941  35    0*233 933  35    0*243 925  35    0
17590 09/27*  0   0   0    0*223 941  35    0*233 933  35    0*245 925  35    0
                                                               ***

17595 09/28*251 919  35    0*262 907  35    0*274 893  40    0*287 879  45    0
17595 09/28*257 913  35    0*270 900  35    0*283 885  40    0*296 866  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17600 09/29*301 858  40    0*315 835  35    0*332 786  35    0E352 745  30    0
17600 09/29*309 843  40    0*318 819  35    0*327 790  35    0E340 755  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
17602 09/30E355 715  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17605 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).

********************************************************************************

17610 10/17/1907 M= 5  4 SNBR= 407 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17610 10/17/1907 M= 4  4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *          ***

17615 10/17*273 598  35    0*280 606  35    0*288 616  35    0*295 623  35    0
17615 10/17*  0   0   0    0*263 674  45    0*264 660  45    0*268 646  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17620 10/18*301 627  35    0*310 630  35    0*318 631  40    0*331 629  40    0
17620 10/18*275 632  45    0*283 618  45    0*290 605  45    0*304 594  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17625 10/19*354 622  45    0*378 602  45    0*402 571  45    0*428 535  40    0
17625 10/19*317 582  45    0*328 573  45    0*340 560  45    0E356 540  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***         **** ***

17630 10/20E454 498  40    0E477 467  35    0E500 439  35    0E524 421  35    0
17630 10/20E376 491  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***         **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

17635 10/21E545 414  35    0E565 409  35    0E587 400  35    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 21st is omitted from the new HURDAT.)

17640 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and
intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 
1003 mb (at 12Z on the 17th) suggests winds of at least 43 kt from the 
subtropical wind-pressure relationship - winds are chosen at 45 kt for the 
best track.  Winds are increased accordingly on the 17th and 18th.  The full 
lifecycle of this tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on 
its genesis.

********************************************************************************

17641 11/06/1907 M= 7  5 SNBR= 430 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17642 11/06*315 397  35    0*308 399  35    0*300 400  35    0*295 401  35    0
17643 11/07*289 402  35    0*282 403  35    0*275 405  35    0*272 409  35    0
17643 11/08*269 414  40    0*267 419  40    0*267 425  40    0*272 435  40    0
17643 11/09*281 440  40    0*291 442  40    0*300 445  40    0*308 447  40    0
17643 11/10*318 450  40    0*326 454  40    0*335 460  40    0*341 464  40    0
17643 11/11*347 469  40    0*354 476  40    0*365 480  40    0*377 480  40    0
17643 11/12*387 473  35    0*396 467  35    0*405 460  35    0E417 450  35    0
17643 TS

No changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
tropical storm.

********************************************************************************

1907 - Additional Notes - 2004 REVISION:

1) The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late March
to early April 1907:

   "1907 additional system #1  This system bears re-evaluation in 
    light of Ana (2003).  There is no doubt of 35 kt winds, but the 
    structure is not known."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database and the Historical Weather Map series, this system did produce
tropical storm and hurricane force winds as an extratropical storm system,
but the winds weakened considerably by the time the baroclinic structure
had dissipated.  Numerous gale force to hurricane force winds were observed 
on the 25th and 26th of March, but the storm system had a well-defined
surface baroclinic frontal feature associated with it.  By late on the 27th, 
the temperature contrast had dissipated (though with temperatures in the
upper 60s), but no high wind observations were present.  From the 28th until 
the 31st, the system drifted south but contained no gale force winds near
the center.  On the 1st of April, it began moving back to the northeast 
without intensification and was likely absorbed by a vigorous extratropical
storm system on the 2nd.  Thus during its non-baroclinic phase (from the
27th of March until the 1st of April), it does not appear that tropical
storm intensity was maintained.  Thus this system is not added into
HURDAT. 


Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

2) September 11-15, 1907:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
3) October 3-17, 1907:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 30, 1907:  Damage reports in Texas leave it uncertain if system 
   was a tornado or tropical storm.


********************************************************************************

17645 03/06/1908 M= 4  1 SNBR= 408 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17645 03/06/1908 M= 4  1 SNBR= 431 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                               ***

17650 03/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 602  50    0*227 607  55    0
17655 03/07*216 611  65    0*206 615  70    0*197 619  80    0*188 622  85    0
17660 03/08*180 625  85    0*173 628  70    0*166 631  65    0*160 634  65    0
17665 03/09*154 637  65    0*149 640  50    0*144 642  40    0*138 646  35    0
17670 HR    

Partagas and Diaz (1997) did not introduce any changes to the track or
from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  The full lifecycle of this 
tropical storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.

********************************************************************************

17671 05/24/1908 M= 8  2 SNBR= 432 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17672 05/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 717  30    0*217 720  30    0
17672 05/25*224 723  30    0*233 728  30    0*240 735  30    0*247 743  30    0
17672 05/26*254 750  35    0*260 756  35    0*267 763  35    0*272 773  35    0
17672 05/27*277 781  40    0*285 791  45    0*295 795  50    0*301 795  55    0
17672 05/28*306 792  60    0*312 788  65    0*317 783  65    0*323 779  65    0
17672 05/29*328 774  65    0*334 770  65    0*340 765  65    0*348 759  65  989
17672 05/30*356 753  65    0*363 747  60    0*373 740  50    0*394 730  40    0
17672 05/31*418 717  35    0E438 703  35    0E455 690  35    0E464 683  35    0
17673 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997) for this newly documented
hurricane.  A possible central pressure of 989 mb suggests winds of 64 kt
from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 65 kt chosen in best
track.  Despite this hurricane making landfall, no observations of
hurricane force wind were recorded on the U.S. coast and it is likely
the such winds stayed offshore.  

********************************************************************************

17675 07/25/1908 M=10  2 SNBR= 409 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
17675 07/24/1908 M=11  3 SNBR= 433 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***

(24th is new to HURDAT.)
17677 07/24*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*275 750  30    0*278 752  30    0

17680 07/25*  0   0   0    0*285 790  35    0*287 785  35    0*289 780  35    0
17680 07/25*281 755  30    0*284 759  30    0*287 763  35    0*289 766  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***              ***

17685 07/26*289 776  35    0*290 773  35    0*290 770  35    0*287 765  35    0
17685 07/26*290 769  35    0*290 772  35    0*290 775  35    0*289 778  35    0
            *** ***              ***              ***          *** ***

17690 07/27*279 763  35    0*273 764  35    0*270 768  35    0*270 772  35    0
17690 07/27*287 780  35    0*283 783  35    0*277 785  35    0*273 783  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17695 07/28*272 775  40    0*275 778  55    0*278 780  60    0*281 781  60    0
17695 07/28*271 777  40    0*271 772  55    0*273 770  60    0*277 770  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17700 07/29*285 782  60    0*289 783  60    0*294 783  65    0*302 784  70    0
17700 07/29*280 775  60    0*282 779  60    0*285 782  60    0*294 783  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17705 07/30*312 785  75    0*322 785  80    0*330 783  85    0*335 781  85    0
17705 07/30*304 783  65    0*314 782  70    0*325 780  70    0*331 779  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17710 07/31*339 778  85    0*343 774  85    0*348 767  75    0*354 760  70    0
17710 07/31*337 776  70    0*342 774  70    0*347 770  70    0*352 758  60    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17715 08/01*362 749  70    0*371 737  75    0*380 725  80    0*391 710  85    0
17715 08/01*356 741  60    0*361 728  60    0*365 717  60    0*372 700  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17720 08/02*403 693  85    0*416 675  85    0*430 652  85    0E445 630  75    0
17720 08/02*378 685  60    0*387 669  60    0*400 655  60    0E417 630  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17725 08/03E464 603  60    0E481 585  55    0E496 569  50    0E528 552  50    0
17725 08/03E440 606  60    0E463 585  55    0E485 565  50    0E506 543  50    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

17730 HR NC1

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.
A peripheral pressure of 988 mb (at 21Z on the 30th) suggests winds of at 
least 66 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen 
for best track at landfall in North Carolina.  This agrees with the 
assessment of Table 6 in Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization 
in HURDAT.  Winds are adjusted downward moderately accordingly from the 30th 
and the 31st.  There is no indication that the system regained hurricane 
strength after passing back into the open Atlantic.  Winds reduced 
accordingly on the 1st and 2nd to a 60 kt tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*325 722  35    0*327 728  35    0*329 732  35    0
17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          ***    

17745 08/31*331 737  35    0*333 741  40    0*336 748  40    0*339 750  40    0
17745 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17750 09/01*342 752  45    0*345 753  45    0*349 753  45    0*353 749  45    0
17750 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17755 09/02*357 743  40    0*362 733  40    0*367 721  35    0*374 709  25    0
17755 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***         **** ***

17760 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 3.  

********************************************************************************

1908/04 - 2004 ADDITION:

18900 07/29/1908 M= 6  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18901 07/29*296 940  30    0*293 935  30    0*290 930  35    0*287 925  40    0
18902 07/30*284 920  45    0*281 917  50    0*280 915  50    0*281 914  50    0
18903 07/31*283 913  50    0*286 914  50    0*290 915  50    0*293 917  50    0
18904 08/01*297 921  40    0*301 927  35    0*305 930  35    0*309 931  35    0
18905 08/02*312 929  30    0*316 925  30    0*320 920  30    0*324 915  30    0
18906 08/03*328 911  25    0*331 908  25    0*335 905  25    0*340 902  25    0
18907 TS

The NHC Best Track Change Committee requested further investigation into
the storm system first identified by Partagas and Diaz (1997) in late
July 1908: 

   "1908 additional system #2   It is noted that Isaac Cline felt that 
    warnings in the Gulf were justified for this system."

Upon investigation of this system from the Monthly Weather Review, the COADS 
ship database, the Historical Weather Map series, and station data, this
system was a tropical storm and is thus added into HURDAT.  

July 28:  Surface trough forming over eastern Texas and Louisiana.  Closed
low not yet formed.  
July 29:  System moves off of the U.S. Gulf coast and develops into a
tropical cyclone.  Closed circulation is found from combination of coastal
stations and ship observations.  Ship highlight:  25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 
27.5N, 91.5W at 22 UTC (COA).
July 30:  HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 90W.  Center from
additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to 29.0N, 
91.5W.  Ship highlights:  25 kt SW and 1004 mb at 27.5N, 91.5W at 02 UTC 
(COA), 50 kt SW and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 90.5W at 10 UTC (COA), 45 kt SW and
990 mb at 26.0N, 89.0W at 18 UTC (COA).  Coastal station highlights:
lowest observed pressure:  1009 mb at 00 UTC at Galveston, 1009 mb at
12 UTC at New Orleans;  peak winds 30 kt SE winds in New Orleans at 13 
and 14 UTC.
July 31st:  HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 92.5W.  Center
from additional ship observations in COADS suggests a location closer to the 
coast at 29N, 91.5W.  No reports of gale force winds.
August 1st:  HWM gives a low of at most 1012.5 mb at 31.5N, 93.5W.  Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 30.5N, 93.0W.  No 
reports of gale force winds.  
August 2nd:  HWM gives a low of at most 1010 mb at 32.5N, 91.5W.  Center
from additional stations suggests a location closer to 32N, 92W.  No reports 
of gale force winds.
August 3rd:  Station data suggests a closed low near 33.5N, 90.5W.  No
reports of gale force winds.
August 4th:  The system dissipated.

Status of system as tropical storm was confirmed by several ship wind
and pressure observations.  Peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 22 UTC
on the 29th and 02 UTC on the 30th) from a ship suggests winds of at least
37 kt.  50 kt chosen for the nearest synoptic times to these pressure
readings up until landfall late on the 31st based primarily upon ship wind 
observations.  No reports of gale force winds (or equivalent from sea
level pressure readings) were observed over land.  However, landfall likely
west of New Orleans, Louisiana in an area of quite sparse meteorological
stations.  Thus it is analyzed that the system came ashore as a 50 kt
tropical storm around 2130 UTC on the 31st near 29.5N, 91.9W.

********************************************************************************

1908/05 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/04, but became 1908/05 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/05 - 2003 REVISION:

17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  3 SNBR= 410 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17735 08/30/1908 M= 4  4 SNBR= 434 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*325 722  35    0*327 728  35    0*329 732  35    0
17740 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***          ***    

17745 08/31*331 737  35    0*333 741  40    0*336 748  40    0*339 750  40    0
17745 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17750 09/01*342 752  45    0*345 753  45    0*349 753  45    0*353 749  45    0
17750 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17755 09/02*357 743  40    0*362 733  40    0*367 721  35    0*374 709  25    0
17755 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***         **** ***

17760 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 3.  

1908/05 - 2006 REVISION:

18930 08/30/1908 M= 4  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=0                           
18930 08/30/1908 M= 4  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                                                    * *****

18935 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*330 725  35    0*330 732  35    0*
18940 08/31*330 741  35    0*330 750  40    0*330 760  40    0*332 765  40    0*
18945 09/01*338 768  45    0*344 767  45    0*350 763  45    0*361 750  45    0*
18950 09/02*372 736  40    0*382 723  40    0*390 707  35    0E398 682  25    0*
18955 TS                                                                        

Based upon research provided by Mark Jelinek and James Belanger from Georgia
Institute of Technology, this cyclone's track taking it over the Outer Banks
of North Carolina should make it a U.S. landfall ("XING=1") as a tropical
storm ("SSS=0").

********************************************************************************

1908/06 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/05, but became 1908/06 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/06 - 2003 REVISION:

17765 09/07/1908 M=13  4 SNBR= 411 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17765 09/07/1908 M=13  5 SNBR= 435 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17770 09/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*154 517  40    0*159 528  40    0
17775 09/08*163 538  40    0*167 548  40    0*170 558  45    0*172 566  45    0
17780 09/09*174 573  45    0*176 580  50    0*180 595  55    0*183 605  55    0
17780 09/09*174 573  45    0*176 580  50    0*180 591  55    0*183 605  55    0
                                                  ***

17785 09/10*187 630  60    0*190 650  65    0*194 668  70    0*197 679  75    0
17785 09/10*187 630  60    0*190 650  60    0*194 668  60    0*197 680  60    0
                                      **               **          ***  **

17790 09/11*200 689  80    0*203 700  85    0* 06 711  85    0*211 720  90    0
17790 09/11*198 692  60    0*201 707  65    0*205 720  75    0*210 729  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
       
17795 09/12*216 728  95    0*221 735  95    0*226 742 100    0*231 749 100    0
17795 09/12*215 737  95    0*219 743  95    0*225 750 100    0*229 755 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17800 09/13*235 754 105    0*240 759 105    0*245 761 105    0*251 759 105    0
17800 09/13*232 758 105    0*238 761 105    0*245 761 105    0*251 759 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***       

17805 09/14*257 755 105    0*264 748 105    0*270 742 105    0*281 729 100    0
17805 09/14*257 755 105    0*262 751 105    0*267 745 105    0*275 736 100    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

17810 09/15*291 715 100    0*301 704  95    0*310 695  90    0*317 691  85    0
17810 09/15*284 726 100    0*291 718  95    0*300 710  90    0*308 702  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17815 09/16*323 687  85    0*329 684  80    0*338 679  80    0*351 670  75    0
17815 09/16*316 694  85    0*325 686  80    0*338 677  80    0*351 672  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17820 09/17*363 663  75    0*378 654  70    0*396 641  70    0*407 631  70    0
17820 09/17*363 668  75    0*378 660  70    0*393 650  70    0*404 639  70    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

17825 09/18*420 620  70    0*429 610  70    0*438 597  70    0E456 564  60    0
17825 09/18*411 629  70    0*419 618  70    0*430 600  70    0*454 570  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17830 09/19E470 535  55    0E484 514  55    0E500 483  50    0E518 450  50    0
17830 09/19E486 530  55    0E515 496  55    0E540 465  50    0E562 438  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17835 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 4.  A peripheral pressure of 993 mb (at 12Z on the 
15th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 90 kt retained in the best track.  A peripheral pressure of 
993 mb (at 12Z on the 18th) suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the 
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt retained in the best track.  
Slight adjustment in the track on the 9th provides a more realistic 
translational velocity.

********************************************************************************

1908/07 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/06, but became 1908/07 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/07 - 2003 REVISION:

18655 09/16/1908 M= 3  5 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18655 09/16/1908 M= 3  6 SNBR= 436 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

18660 09/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*247 905  40    0*251 911  40    0
18665 09/17*256 917  45    0*260 921  45    0*265 926  50    0*270 931  55    0
18670 09/18*274 934  60    0*279 938  55    0*283 938  35    0*287 934  25    0
18675 TS

Partagas and Diaz (1997) introduced no changes from that shown in Neumann
et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.

********************************************************************************

1908/08 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/07, but became 1908/08 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/08 - 2003 REVISION:

17865 09/21/1908 M=17  6 SNBR= 413 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17865 09/21/1908 M=17  7 SNBR= 437 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

17870 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 500  35    0*122 507  35    0
17870 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 460  35    0*127 472  35    0
                                              *** ***          *** ***

17875 09/22*124 513  35    0*126 520  35    0*128 527  35    0*130 534  35    0
17875 09/22*129 483  35    0*132 495  35    0*135 507  35    0*138 518  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17880 09/23*132 541  35    0*135 548  35    0*138 556  40    0*142 563  40    0
17880 09/23*139 530  35    0*140 542  35    0*143 553  40    0*145 563  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** 

17885 09/24*146 570  40    0*149 578  40    0*153 584  45    0*157 592  45    0
17885 09/24*148 572  40    0*150 579  40    0*153 587  45    0*155 594  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***  **

17890 09/25*160 600  45    0*164 609  50    0*168 618  50    0*171 627  50    0
17890 09/25*157 603  55    0*158 610  60    0*160 617  65    0*162 627  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17895 09/26*172 637  50    0*173 650  50    0*173 665  50    0*175 673  50    0
17895 09/26*164 641  70    0*165 651  70    0*165 663  70    0*165 674  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17900 09/27*176 680  50    0*178 687  50    0*181 695  45    0*184 705  40    0
17900 09/27*167 685  70    0*168 695  70    0*170 705  70    0*173 711  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17905 09/28*187 713  35    0*190 720  35    0*192 727  35    0*194 733  35    0
17905 09/28*176 716  70    0*181 722  70    0*185 727  65    0*187 731  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17910 09/29*196 738  35    0*199 744  35    0*202 750  35    0*206 753  35    0
17910 09/29*191 737  65    0*197 742  70    0*200 745  75    0*204 750  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17915 09/30*210 758  35    0*216 764  40    0*222 769  55    0*229 774  65    0
17915 09/30*210 754  70    0*214 759  75    0*220 763  80    0*225 767  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17920 10/01*235 778  70    0*248 784  70    0*258 785  70    0*268 781  75    0
17920 10/01*232 772  90    0*239 777  95    0*247 780  95    0*259 778  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17925 10/02*276 773  75    0*284 764  80    0*290 752  85    0*292 739  85    0
17925 10/02*268 765  95    0*275 746  95    0*280 730  95    0*284 721  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17930 10/03*294 726  85    0*296 712  85    0*302 698  85    0*304 713  80    0
17930 10/03*287 716  95    0*293 711  90    0*300 715  85    0*297 720  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

17935 10/04*295 727  75    0*287 716  70    0*285 702  70    0*287 693  70    0
17935 10/04*292 721  75    0*288 716  70    0*285 710  70    0*290 700  70    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

17940 10/05*290 685  70    0*294 679  70    0*298 673  70    0*303 665  70    0
17940 10/05*297 692  70    0*301 684  70    0*305 675  70    0*308 662  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17945 10/06*308 655  70    0*314 645  70    0*320 634  65    0*325 626  55    0
17945 10/06*311 650  70    0*313 638  70    0*315 627  65    0*318 613  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17950 10/07*331 618  45    0E337 609  40    0E343 600  40    0E354 593  40    0
17950 10/07*320 600  45    0E323 587  40    0E325 575  40    0E328 561  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17955 HR    

The was one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm 
number 5.  Partagas and Diaz did not provide evidence that the hurricane 
status was retained until transitioning to an extratropical on the 7th,
though this was depicted in their track map.  Thus the switch to tropical 
storm status on the 6th found in Neumann et al. is kept in the best track.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the track 
reasonably from that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas and Diaz
analysis of hurricane force through the Caribbean from the 25th to the
28th necessitated large increases to the existing HURDAT intensity 
estimates.  A peripheral pressure of 990 mb (at 10Z on the 28th) suggests 
winds of at least 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt 
chosen for the best track.  Perez (2000) had analyzed this as a Category 2 
hurricane at landfall in Cuba based upon wind and surge caused damage, which 
does not seem completely reasonable because of the interaction of the system 
with Hispanola.  Thus Category 1 hurricane at landfall in Cuba is retained.  A 
peripheral pressure of 971 mb (at 15Z on the 1st) suggests winds of at least 
85 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 95 kt chosen for the 
best track.  Winds increased accordingly from the 25th until the 3rd.


********************************************************************************

1908/09 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/08, but became 1908/09 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/09 - 2003 REVISION:

17960 10/15/1908 M= 4  7 SNBR= 414 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
17960 10/14/1908 M= 6  8 SNBR= 438 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       *** 

(The 14th is new to HURDAT.)
17962 10/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*117 785  30    0*117 788  30    0

17965 10/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*116 778  45    0*117 785  45    0
17965 10/15*117 792  35    0*117 796  40    0*117 800  45    0*117 803  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

17970 10/16*118 791  50    0*120 797  60    0*122 802  65    0*124 807  70    0
17970 10/16*118 807  50    0*119 811  60    0*120 815  65    0*121 818  70    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

17975 10/17*126 811  70    0*127 815  70    0*129 820  70    0*130 825  70    0
17975 10/17*122 821  75    0*123 824  80    0*125 827  85    0*126 830  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

17980 10/18*132 831  70    0*134 837  70    0*136 843  60    0*138 849  35    0
17980 10/18*127 834  90    0*128 837  65    0*130 840  50    0*133 843  35    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
17982 10/19*138 848  30    0*145 855  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

17985 HR

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1997), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 7.  Intensity is increased at landfall to a 
Category 2 hurricane (90 kt) to match descriptions of widespread destruction
("destroying the towns of Rio Grande and Prinzapolca") in Nicaragua.

********************************************************************************

1908/10 - 2004 REVISION:

Note:  Storm was originally 1908/09, but became 1908/10 after the addition
of a new storm in July (new 1908/04) - May 2004


1908/10 - 2003 REVISION:

17990 10/21/1908 M= 3  8 SNBR= 415 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
17990 10/19/1908 M= 5  9 SNBR= 439 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

(The 19th and 20th are new to HURDAT.)
17992 10/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E350 720  35    0E343 715  35    0
17994 10/20E337 710  35    0E331 705  35    0*325 697  35    0*317 686  35    0

17995 10/21*  0   0   0    0*274 667  35    0*277 682  35    0*280 694  35    0
17995 10/21*307 673  35    0*296 663  35    0*285 660  35    0*275 676  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18000 10/22*284 707  35    0*290 721  35    0*297 735  35    0*305 750  35    0
18000 10/22*274 699  35    0*282 721  35    0*290 740  35    0*303 754  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

18005 10/23*314 765  35    0*324 781  35    0*334 797  35    0*342 810  30    0
18005 10/23*314 766  35    0E324 782  35    0E334 797  35    0E342 810  30    0
                ***         *    ***         *                *

18010 TS

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1997), originally storm
number 8.  The storm - obviously of extratropical origins from Partagas and 
Diaz' analysis - is given extratropical status on the 19th and early on the 
20th, until transforming to more tropical in nature late on the 20th.  
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable.  Since the storm was determined to have transitioned back 
to extratropical before landfall in South Carolina, XING was changed from 
"1" to "0".

********************************************************************************

1908 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1997) mentioned four additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave them out 
of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 2-5, 1908:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) July 29-30, 1908:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
3) August 5, 1908:  One gale force report, insufficient to determine 
   if system was of tropical storm intensity.
4) October 25-31, 1908:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.

********************************************************************************

18011 06/15/1909 M= 5  1 SNBR= 440 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18012 06/15*106 825  30    0*108 825  30    0*110 825  35    0*112 825  35    0
18013 06/16*115 825  40    0*117 825  40    0*120 825  40    0*122 825  40    0
18014 06/17*124 825  40    0*126 825  40    0*128 825  40    0*130 825  40    0
18014 06/18*132 826  40    0*134 827  40    0*135 828  40    0*137 830  40    0
18014 06/19*138 833  40    0*139 836  35    0*140 840  30    0*140 845  25    0
18014 TS

This newly documented tropical storm comes from the "Case of Jun. 15-18,
1909" in Partagas and Diaz (1999).  They had described a low pressure center
in the southwestern Caribbean Sea with two ship reports (on the 15th and
18th) of gale force winds, but had decided not to add this system as
a new storm.  After reviewing the data in the June 1909 Historical Weather
Maps, it was determined that there did exist a closed circulation with
convection for five consecutive days and that the two ship reports of
gale force winds were enough evidence that it did reach tropical storm
status.  Following the methodology in Partagas and Diaz (1999), positions
for 12Z on the 15th through the 19th were estimated from the Historical
Weather Maps and the remaining synoptic time positions were interpolated.
Ship observations indicate that the system likely reached only weak
tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

18015 06/25/1909 M= 6  1 SNBR= 416 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18015 06/25/1909 M= 6  2 SNBR= 441 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

18020 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 840  35    0*252 847  35    0
18020 06/25*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 840  35    0*255 847  35    0
                                                               ***  

18025 06/26*254 853  35    0*256 859  35    0*257 865  40    0*258 871  40    0
18025 06/26*259 855  35    0*263 862  35    0*267 870  40    0*267 877  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18030 06/27*259 876  45    0*259 881  45    0*260 887  50    0*260 895  50    0
18030 06/27*266 885  45    0*266 893  45    0*265 901  50    0*265 909  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18035 06/28*260 904  50    0*260 913  50    0*261 921  50    0*262 930  50    0
18035 06/28*264 917  50    0*264 925  50    0*263 933  50    0*263 941  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18040 06/29*263 938  50    0*264 945  50    0*266 952  50    0*267 959  45    0
18040 06/29*262 949  65    0*262 957  75    0*261 965  85    0*261 973  70  972 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

18045 06/30*268 965  40    0*269 971  40    0*270 977  30    0*  0   0   0    0
18045 06/30*260 980  50    0*260 986  35    0*260 990  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

18050 TS     
18050 HRATX2
      ******

Major changes near landfall in Texas are made from Partagas and Diaz (1999),
storm number 1.  Based upon analysis of Ellis (1988), this storm is increased
in intensity up to a Category 2 hurricane over the western Gulf of Mexico and 
at landfall in Texas and the track is altered to make landfall near
Brownsville.  Ellis provides description of damaging impacts in Brownsville 
and Harlington, along with a storm tide of 7' and a possible central pressure 
of 972 mb.  This pressure suggests winds of 86 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
wind-pressure relationship - 85 kt chosen at landfall in Texas making
it a Category 2 hurricane.  Thus this is a new U.S. landfalling hurricane, 
previously unlisted in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable 
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).

Below is an analysis provided by David Roth from the _Houston Post_ and 
_San Antonio Daily Express_ newspapers from the storm's aftermath (July 1-10)
(though a portion of the rainfall and flooding that occurred likely was
not the direct effect of the hurricane itself):

It rained a great deal from the cyclone...10" fell in 24 hours at
Mercedes TX.  Rains swelled the Rio Grande...so much so that is was
expected to cause lowland flooding by July 3.  By the 4th, flooding was
occurring along the Rio Grande and San Juan valleys.  It was considered
the biggest rise in 5 years for the Rio Grande.

This cyclone set the stage for quite a flood.  By the 9th, the Rio
Grande was still rising at Brownsville, and levees gave way west of the
city.  Flood conditions were reaching serious proportions in Hidalgo
and Starr counties, as canals began flooding.  By that time, Mercedes
was surrounded on 3 sides by water, when Llano Grande Lake overflowed.
The Arroyo Colorado and El Fuest rivers were raging torrents. Many were
forced to abandon their homes throughout the region.

The river was just beginning to fall on the 10th at Fordyce and Rio
Grande City.  A number of passengers on a train stranded at Donna were
rescued by boat, and sailed two miles to the railroad tracks near
Mercedes.  A large section of the Mexican settlement near Brownsville
(it does not specify) was flooded.  A levee break at Ramireno caused
lowlands between there and Brownsville to be flooded.

In Mexico, by the 10th floods in the state of Vera Cruz caused the
Orizaba river to rise out of its banks, surrounding the country with 5-
6 feet of water.  Thousands in damage was reported.

Railroad tracks were underwater between Laredo and Monterey on the
2nd.  Trains leaving Laredo could get no farther than Lampasas.
Railroad service was "completely demoralized" in northern Mexico due to
washouts between the 1st and the 3rd.  Bridges at Salinas, Morelos, and
Villaldama were washed out.  Monterey lost 25 railroad bridges and over
200 km of track were washed away in its vicinity.  Railroad damage in
this region of Mexico was estimated at $750,000.  Rumors circulated that
Sabinas Hidalgo was "gone" after the cyclone...I could not find
anything to substantiate it though. Several km of track was reported
missing north of Zacatecas on the 8th.  An additional $500,000 of
damage was incurred there.

As for winds, Brownsville reported a "hurricane from the northwest" on
the 30th, which tore down fences and trees, but did little damage to
buildings.  Sounds like a gale for sure...would need to get their
observations from that time period to be certain.  Winds reached "high
velocity at times" in Mercedes.  At Falfurrias, the winds at times
was "alarming."  Winds at Point Isabel reached 65 mph.

Several dwellings and buildings were blown down in Harlingen, Point
Isabel, Donna, San Benito, Norias, and Brazos Pass.  Windmills were
leveled at Chapin, along with the Santa Anita and Mesenas ranches.

Damages listed:
McAllen              $1,000
Brownsville          $2,000
Vera Cruz        "thousands"
San Benito          $10,000
Harlingen          $100,000
Mexico railroads $1,250,000

The Point Isabel storm surge was at least 5 feet when the telegraph
went out...I never saw a later report to see what its final level was.
The Washington Post reported tides over 10 feet above normal in
northeast Mexico, between the Mouth of the Rio Grande and Tampico.

********************************************************************************

18055 06/26/1909 M= 6  2 SNBR= 417 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18055 06/26/1909 M= 9  3 SNBR= 442 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *       ***

18060 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*235 746  35    0*237 751  35    0
18060 06/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 720  30    0*212 731  30    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18065 06/27*240 756  35    0*243 762  35    0*247 768  35    0*252 775  35    0
18065 06/27*214 741  30    0*217 751  30    0*220 760  35    0*227 769  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

18070 06/28*258 783  35    0*263 791  40    0*268 798  45    0*273 805  40    0
18070 06/28*234 776  35    0*242 785  40    0*250 793  45    0*258 799  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18075 06/29*278 812  35    0*282 818  35    0*287 825  35    0*292 832  35    0
18075 06/29*265 805  40    0*273 811  35    0*280 817  35    0*284 822  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18080 06/30*296 839  35    0*301 847  35    0*306 855  35    0*311 864  30    0
18080 06/30*290 829  35    0*295 834  35    0*300 840  35    0*302 843  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18085 07/01*315 876  30    0*319 890  30    0*322 904  25    0*  0   0   0    0
18085 07/01*304 845  30    0*306 846  30    0*310 847  30    0*313 846  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 2nd through the 4th are new to HURDAT.)
18086 07/02*316 843  25    0*319 838  25    0*320 835  25    0*322 828  25    0
18087 07/03*324 817  25    0*324 807  30    0*323 797  30    0*320 783  30    0
18088 07/04*315 770  30    0*310 757  30    0*303 745  30    0*296 732  30    0

18090 TS    

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  The storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 26th rather than 
dropping this date from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas and Diaz, since there
is no strong evidence that a closed circulation did not exist at that point.
Partagas and Diaz otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found
to be reasonable.

********************************************************************************

18095 07/13/1909 M=10  3 SNBR= 418 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18095 07/13/1909 M=10  4 SNBR= 443 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                       *       ***                  

18100 07/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 605  35    0*123 620  35    0
18100 07/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 605  30    0*123 620  30    0
                                                       **               **

18105 07/14*124 635  35    0*126 649  35    0*130 662  35    0*135 674  35    0
18105 07/14*124 635  30    0*126 649  30    0*130 662  30    0*135 674  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

18110 07/15*140 686  35    0*145 698  35    0*149 710  40    0*152 724  40    0
18110 07/15*140 686  30    0*145 698  30    0*149 710  30    0*152 722  30    0
                     **               **               **          ***  **

18115 07/16*158 740  40    0*163 755  40    0*168 768  45    0*174 778  45    0
18115 07/16*155 733  30    0*158 744  30    0*160 755  30    0*162 767  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18120 07/17*180 788  45    0*186 797  50    0*192 807  50    0*200 818  55    0
18120 07/17*164 778  35    0*167 789  40    0*172 800  45    0*180 810  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18125 07/18*208 829  55    0*215 840  60    0*222 850  60    0*229 859  65    0
18125 07/18*190 820  55    0*200 830  60    0*210 840  60    0*220 850  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18130 07/19*235 868  70    0*241 875  75    0*244 882  85    0*250 888  95    0
18130 07/19*230 859  70    0*240 867  70    0*250 875  70    0*256 883  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18135 07/20*255 894 105    0*260 900 110    0*264 906 115    0*269 913 120    0
18135 07/20*261 889  70    0*266 897  70    0*270 906  70    0*274 915  70  985 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***  ***

18140 07/21*273 919 120    0*278 927 115    0*282 935 105    0*287 945  95  982
18140 07/21*278 925  80    0*282 935  90    0*286 945 100    0*290 955  90  959
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **  ***

18145 07/22*293 958  65    0*296 972  30    0*302 988  25    0*  0   0   0    0
18145 07/22*293 965  65    0*296 976  30    0*302 988  25    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***              ***

18150 HRCTX3

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  First, the storm is kept as a tropical depression on the 13th to 
the 16th rather than dropping these dates from HURDAT as suggested by Partagas
and Diaz, since there is no evidence that a closed circulation did not exist 
then.  Secondly, the storm's landfall location in Texas is adjusted to better 
fit the analysis by Ho et al. (1987).  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made
reasonable small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999).  A central pressure of 985 mb (at 17Z on the 20th) suggests 
winds of 70 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship, which are
utilized in the best track.  Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 19th
and 20th.  Ho et al. also analyzed a central pressure estimate of 959 mb and 
a RMW of 19 nmi at landfall in Texas.  (This was partially based upon a 
peripheral pressure value of 982 mb at 2030Z on the 21st, which was mistakenly
recorded as a central pressure previously.)  Jarrell et al. (1992) (based
upon Connor 1956) provided a very similar estimate of 958 mb at landfall
in Texas.  The central pressure of 959 mb suggests winds of 101 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.   Since the RMW is very close to 
the climatological RMW for this intensity and central pressure (Vickery et 
al. 2000), a value of 100 kt is chosen for the best track at landfall.  Winds 
are adjusted accordingly on the 21st.  The 959 mb/100 kt at landfall in Texas 
making this a Category 3 hurricane agrees with that recorded in Table 6 of 
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.  A storm 
tide of 10' in Galveston and Velasco, Texas was reported by Connor (1956) and 
Ellis (1988).

********************************************************************************

18155 07/27/1909 M=16  4 SNBR= 419 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18155 07/27/1909 M= 5  5 SNBR= 444 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                   **  *       ***

18160 07/27*  0   0   0    0*107 516  35    0*108 522  35    0*109 528  35    0
18165 07/28*110 536  35    0*111 544  35    0*113 553  35    0*116 564  35    0
18170 07/29*119 576  35    0*121 587  35    0*124 598  35    0*126 607  35    0
18175 07/30*129 616  35    0*131 624  35    0*134 632  35    0*136 639  40    0
18180 07/31*139 647  40    0*141 653  40    0*143 658  45    0*144 662  45    0
18185 08/01*146 666  45    0*147 669  45    0*148 673  45    0*149 677  45    0
18190 08/02*151 682  45    0*152 686  45    0*153 690  45    0*154 693  45    0
18195 08/03*154 696  45    0*154 698  45    0*155 701  45    0*156 705  45    0
18200 08/04*158 709  45    0*159 713  45    0*160 718  50    0*161 723  50    0
18205 08/05*161 729  50    0*162 735  50    0*163 742  50    0*164 749  50    0
(The 27th to the 5th removed from HURDAT.)

18210 08/06*164 757  50    0*165 766  50    0*166 775  50    0*168 785  50    0
18210 08/06*166 795  30    0*173 800  30    0*180 805  30    0*188 812  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18215 08/07*171 795  50    0*175 802  50    0*179 809  50    0*183 828  50    0
18215 08/07*196 820  35    0*206 830  35    0*210 843  40 1004*209 854  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** *** ***  **

18220 08/08*187 835  45    0*191 842  45    0*195 851  45    0*200 862  45    0
18220 08/08*208 865  40    0*206 876  35    0*205 885  30    0*204 893  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18225 08/09*205 875  35    0*211 888  35    0*216 903  35    0*219 915  35    0
18225 08/09*204 904  30    0*204 914  35    0*205 925  35    0*209 939  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18230 08/10*222 932  35    0*223 949  35    0*224 961  35    0*225 973  35    0
18230 08/10*215 954  35    0*223 970  35    0*230 985  30    0*237 998  25    0
            *** ***  **          ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18235 08/11*226 984  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 11th is removed from HURDAT.)

18240 TS    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  Partagas and Diaz recommended removing July 27th through 
August 5th as no closed circulation existed during its supposed trek across 
the eastern and central Caribbean Sea.  These dramatic track and intensity 
changes are found to be reasonable.  A possible central pressure of 1004 mb 
(at 12Z on the 7th) suggests winds of 39 kt from the southern wind-pressure 
relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

18245 08/20/1909 M= 9  5 SNBR= 420 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
18245 08/20/1909 M= 9  6 SNBR= 445 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***                        *

18250 08/20*  0   0   0    0*154 545  60    0*156 555  60    0*157 564  70    0
18250 08/20*  0   0   0    0*154 553  60    0*155 563  60    0*157 573  70    0
                                 ***          *** ***              ***

18255 08/21*158 574  70    0*159 585  70    0*160 598  70    0*161 612  75    0
18255 08/21*159 582  70    0*161 594  70    0*163 605  70    0*165 619  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18260 08/22*162 626  75    0*164 641  75    0*165 655  80    0*167 670  80    0
18260 08/22*167 630  75    0*170 642  75    0*173 657  80    0*176 675  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18265 08/23*168 684  80    0*171 699  85    0*174 714  85    0*178 731  90    0
18265 08/23*179 691  80    0*183 707  70    0*188 723  65    0*199 740  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18270 08/24*184 751  90    0*192 772  90    0*199 791  95    0*204 808  95    0
18270 08/24*203 758  65    0*205 776  65    0*206 795  75    0*207 811  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18275 08/25*208 825 100    0*212 841 100    0*214 854 100    0*217 865 105    0
18275 08/25*208 826  95    0*209 841 100    0*210 855 100    0*211 869  90    0
                *** ***      ***              *** ***          *** *** ***

18280 08/26*220 875 105    0*223 885 105    0*228 896 105    0*232 908 105    0
18280 08/26*213 884  80    0*216 897  90    0*220 910 100    0*225 925 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** 

18285 08/27*237 920 100    0*241 932  95    0*244 944  90    0*248 956  85    0
18285 08/27*229 940 105    0*233 955 105    0*237 967 105    0*238 973 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18290 08/28*252 967  70    0*256 979  65    0*260 990  35    0*  0   0   0    0
18290 08/28*237 979  85    0*237 983  55    0*237 987  35    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

18295 HRATX2    
18295 HRATX1    
        ****

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 5.  The analysis of Perez (2000) showed that the hurricane made 
landfall near Baracoa, Cuba, rather than near Santiago de Cuba as shown in 
Partagas and Diaz.  Perez' Cuba landfall location is utilized here.  Partagas
and Diaz made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are otherwise reasonable.
Perez also analyzed this hurricane to have made landfall as a Category 2
system, based upon wind-caused damage.  However, this does not appear to be
completely reasonable given the hurricanes' interaction with Hispanola and
Category 1 at landfall in Cuba is utilized.  The hurricane is maintained in 
the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 3 hurricane up until landfall in northeast 
Mexico, based upon damages incurred there.  The storm had been listed as 
causing Category 2 hurricane conditions in southern Texas (Table 6 in Neumann 
et al. 1999/U.S. hurricane landfall characterization in HURDAT), but this is 
reduced down to Category 1 hurricane impact due to observations of only 
minimal hurricane conditions in Texas and due the to distance from the 
hurricane center to the Texas coast. The full lifecycle of this tropical 
storm is not known due to lack of information on its genesis.

********************************************************************************

18300 08/27/1909 M= 6  6 SNBR= 421 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18300 08/28/1909 M= 4  7 SNBR= 446 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

18305 08/27*208 689  35    0*214 697  35    0*221 706  35    0*228 717  35    0
(The 27th is omitted from HURDAT.)

18310 08/28*234 730  35    0*239 741  35    0*244 750  40    0*248 757  40    0
18310 08/28*237 730  35    0*246 744  35    0*255 760  40    0*260 773  40    0
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18315 08/29*251 764  45    0*255 770  45    0*259 777  45    0*263 784  45    0
18315 08/29*263 785  45    0*264 796  45    0*265 805  40    0*266 809  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18320 08/30*268 790  45    0*272 797  45    0*277 803  35    0*282 807  35    0
18320 08/30*268 812  30    0*271 815  30    0*277 817  30    0*285 813  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

18325 08/31*287 809  35    0*292 810  35    0*297 810  35    0*302 809  30    0
18325 08/31*295 805  35    0*304 797  35    0*310 790  35    0*315 784  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***
   
18330 09/01*307 804  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
(The 1st is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18335 TS  

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 6.

********************************************************************************

18340 09/10/1909 M=12  7 SNBR= 422 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
18340 09/13/1909 M=10  8 SNBR= 447 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***                        *  

18345 09/10*  0   0   0    0*134 563  35    0*136 579  35    0*137 595  35    0
18350 09/11*138 611  35    0*139 625  35    0*139 636  35    0*139 646  35    0
18355 09/12*139 655  35    0*139 665  35    0*139 674  35    0*139 683  35    0
(The 10th to the 12th were omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18360 09/13*139 693  35    0*140 702  35    0*141 708  35    0*141 717  35    0
18360 09/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 710  30    0*178 725  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18365 09/14*142 723  35    0*143 729  35    0*144 738  35    0*145 742  35    0
18365 09/14*181 739  30    0*183 752  30    0*185 765  30    0*187 775  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18370 09/15*146 749  40    0*148 756  40    0*151 764  45    0*157 775  50    0
18370 09/15*189 784  35    0*191 793  40    0*193 800  45    0*195 806  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18375 09/16*167 791  55    0*178 806  60    0*187 812  65    0*194 821  70    0
18375 09/16*197 810  55    0*200 815  60    0*203 820  65    0*206 824  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

18380 09/17*202 827  70    0*209 831  70    0*214 836  70    0*218 841  75    0
18380 09/17*209 829  70    0*213 833  75    0*217 837  80    0*220 842  85  976
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

18385 09/18*223 845  75    0*227 849  80    0*231 854  80    0*235 859  85    0
18385 09/18*223 845  75    0*226 849  80    0*229 854  80    0*232 859  85    0
                             ***              ***              ***

18390 09/19*240 864  95    0*244 868 110    0*255 873 115    0*262 878 120    0
18390 09/19*235 867  95    0*239 874 105    0*243 880 105    0*248 885 105    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18395 09/20*272 884 120    0*280 890 110    0*284 896  95    0*296 905  85    0
18395 09/20*254 890 105    0*261 895 105    0*269 901 105    0*277 907 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** *** 

18400 09/21*310 910  65  990*325 917  50    0*342 918  35    0*359 912  30    0
18400 09/21*295 913 105  952*314 917  75    0*332 915  55    0*350 913  40    0
            *** *** ***  *** ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
18402 09/22*368 911  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0 

18405 HR LA4
18405 HR LA3 MS2
         *** ***

One major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who otherwise made large,
but reasonable alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 7.  The 13th is retained in HURDAT based
upon a re-examination of the Historical Weather Map series, which indicated
a probable closed circulation existed on that date south of Hispanola.  The 
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  A possible central 
pressure of 976 mb (21Z on the 17th) suggests winds of 83 kt - 85 kt chosen 
for best track.  This agrees with the classification of the hurricane as a 
Category 2 at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000).  Winds are adjusted accordingly 
on the 17th and 18th.  Jarrell et al. (1992) (from Connor 1956) classified 
this hurricane at landfall in the United States as 931 mb central pressure 
apparently based primarily upon the storm tide of 15' observed in Terrebonne 
Bay, Louisiana (Cline 1926).  Ho et al. (1987) on the other hand analyzed a 
965 mb central pressure from a 990 mb peripheral pressure measurement and an 
estimated RMW of 28 nmi.  (Note that this 990 mb was mistakenly listed in 
HURDAT previously as a central pressure.)  Jarvinen (2001, personal 
communication), however, showed with SLOSH runs that such an estimate of 
central pressure and RMW could not correctly simulate the observed large 
storm surge values.  David Roth was able to provide descriptions (see below) 
of the storm's impact in Louisiana, which corroborated altering the positions 
of the hurricane consistent with Cline's analysis of making landfall farther 
west than Ho's analysis and substantially faster forward motion.  Jarvinen 
utilized the new position estimates and iterated possible central pressure 
and RMW values with SLOSH to arrive at a best fit of 952 mb and 28 nmi.  This 
value of central pressure falls between the estimates of Jarrell et al. and 
Ho.  A 952 mb central pressure suggests winds of 108 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico wind-pressure relationship.  Given a RMW which is moderately larger 
than that expected climatologically for this central pressure and latitude 
(e.g. Vickery et al. 2000) tempered by being a quick moving (18 kt) hurricane 
at landfall, the maximum sustained winds at U.S. landfall are a slightly 
reduced estimate of 105 kt - making this a Category 3 hurricane at landfall.  
A Category 3 designation at landfall in the U.S. is lower than the 
Category 4 shown in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S.  hurricane 
characterization in HURDAT.  Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
utilized for inland winds over Louisiana and Arkansas.  Winds are adjusted 
accordingly on the 20th through the 22nd.

From the _New Orleans Time-Democrat_ as obtained by David Roth:
The only hurricane to destroy capital domes at both Baton Rouge, LA and 
Jackson, MS.
Mobile AL....High southeast gale.
Pass Christian MS....The worst storm that ever struck this place reached its
height last night at 12 o'clock and ruin and wreckage are strewn from one end 
of town to the other.  The great storm in 1893 did not do so much damage and 
cannot surpass this in amount of loss at the Pass and other points.
Bayou Portage MS (just north of Pass Christian)...the water rose at least 
fifteen feet and spread over an area of several miles.
Donaldsonville LA...In the morning the wind blew with some velocity and a heavy
rain followed, but it was between 4 and 9 pm that the greatest damage
was done.
New Orleans LA...The wind increased in violence until 6:15 last night (the 
20th) when it reached a velocity of 66 mph.  An hour later the barometer began
rising, and at an early hour this morning, the disturbance had almost subsided.
Brusly Landing LA...One of the worst storms that has visited this section in
years swept over West Baton Rouge parish yesterday, doing heavy damage. The
wind started at 6 am and steadily increased until 9 pm, when it attained the 
force of a hurricane.  At 10 pm last night, after the winds abated...
Thibodaux LA...Worst between 4 and 6 pm the 20th. 
Norwood LA...Worst between 8 and 10:30 pm, when wind veered to southwest and
lessened in force.
Wilson LA...Severe wind and rain storms between 8 and 11:30 pm.
Washington LA...Stiff NW wind blew all day....worst at night.
Zachary LA....Terrific gale from noon until midnight the 20th.
St. Francisville LA...Most severe wind and rain storm this immediate section 
has known in many years came last night (20th) between 6 and 11 pm after a 
stormy day.
Lutcher LA..."Terrific gale" reached maximum intensity beginning at 7:30 pm,
continuing for some time.
Lulling LA...A gale of considerable violence from the SE began to blow early on
the morning of the 20th, increasing in violence until 10 pm.
Port Hudson LA...The rain and wind which raged all yesterday (the 20th) 
culminated in a hurricane, lasting from 7 to 10 pm.
Covington LA...At 11 pm last night the wind attained a velocity of 50 mph.
Plaquemines LA...Storm at its height at 8 pm.
Abbeville LA...A tropical hurricane raged from 9 am the morning of the 20th 
until a late hour that night. The barometer was 28.75 and fell steadily.  It 
has been thirty years since this section experienced such an equinoctial storm.


********************************************************************************

18410 09/22/1909 M= 9  8 SNBR= 423 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
18410 09/24/1909 M= 6  9 SNBR= 448 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***                  *

18415 09/22*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*121 795  35    0*125 797  35    0
18420 09/23*130 800  35    0*136 803  35    0*144 806  35    0*153 810  35    0
(The 22nd to the 23th are omitted in the revised HURDAT.)

18425 09/24*162 816  35    0*171 821  35    0*181 823  35    0*191 828  35    0
18425 09/24*220 830  30    0*225 830  30    0*230 830  30    0*235 830  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18430 09/25*200 829  35    0*210 830  35    0*220 830  40    0*230 830  45    0
18430 09/25*241 830  30    0*247 830  30    0*253 828  30    0*258 822  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18435 09/26*241 830  45    0*252 828  40    0*262 823  40    0*272 815  35    0
18435 09/26*263 813  30    0*269 804  30    0*275 795  35    0*280 789  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

18440 09/27*281 807  35    0*289 798  35    0*295 790  35    0*300 783  35    0
18440 09/27*284 784  40    0*290 778  45    0*295 770  50    0*301 750  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

18445 09/28*304 777  35    0*308 770  40    0*312 758  40    0*318 743  45    0
18445 09/28*306 728  50    0*311 706  45    0*315 687  40    0*318 669  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***  **

18450 09/29*322 729  45    0*327 714  35    0*331 700  35    0*334 685  35    0
18450 09/29*322 655  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18455 09/30*336 671  35    0*338 657  30    0*340 642  25    0*341 621  25    0
(The 30th is omitted in the revised HURDAT.)

18460 TS

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 8.  Perez (2000 and personal communication), in his analysis of Cuban 
tropical cyclones, agrees with not calling this system a tropical storm over 
Cuba, but indicated that a closed low did exist near Havana on the 24th.  
Thus a track beginning early on the 24th along Neumann et al.'s track just
south of Cuba, but about a day earlier is included.  However, Partagas and
Diaz were correct about the lack of a closed circulation on the 22nd and
23rd and thus these dates are removed from HURDAT.  Partagas and Diaz 
otherwise made large alterations to the track and intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  These track and intensity changes are found to be 
reasonable.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb (at 12Z on the 27th) suggests 
winds of at least 48 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship - 
50 kt chosen for best track.  A peripheral pressure of 1004 mb (at 12Z on 
the 28th) suggests winds of at least 40 kt from the subtropical wind-
pressure relationship - 40 kt chosen for best track.

********************************************************************************

18465 10/06/1909 M= 8  9 SNBR= 424 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18465 10/06/1909 M= 8 10 SNBR= 449 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                      **       ***                        

18470 10/06*  0   0   0    0*112 778  50    0*121 780  60    0*123 781  65    0
18470 10/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*107 760  30    0*112 763  30    0
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18475 10/07*127 782  70    0*132 783  70    0*139 783  70    0*146 784  75    0
18475 10/07*120 768  35    0*128 772  40    0*137 777  45    0*145 782  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18480 10/08*157 786  75    0*165 790  80    0*172 798  80    0*175 805  85    0
18480 10/08*154 786  55    0*164 792  60    0*172 798  65    0*177 805  70    0
            ***      **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

18485 10/09*180 811  90    0*184 817  95    0*190 825  95    0*194 830 100    0
18485 10/09*182 811  80    0*186 817  90    0*190 825  95    0*193 832 100    0
            ***      **      ***      **                       *** ***  

18490 10/10*200 832 105    0*205 834 105    0*210 836 105    0*220 834 105    0
18490 10/10*196 838 105    0*200 842 105    0*205 844 105    0*211 845 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

18495 10/11*230 830 105    0*235 825 100    0*240 818  90  957*251 804  85    0
18495 10/11*218 845 105    0*226 841 105    0*237 830 105    0*247 810 100  957 
            *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

18500 10/12*260 791  80    0*270 776  75    0*278 765  70    0*289 744  70    0
18500 10/12*260 789  90    0*275 768  80    0*290 748  70    0*303 726  60    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

18505 10/13*299 725  65    0*309 706  55    0*315 690  45    0*340 648  30    0
18505 10/13*316 700  50    0*329 675  40    0*340 650  35    0*349 629  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

18510 HRCFL3
18510 HRBFL3CFL3
        ****

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made reasonable small
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 9.  Partagas and Diaz also suggested reasonable large changes to the
intensity on the 6th to the 8th and smaller changes elsewhere.  Peripheral 
pressure of 965 mb (at 15Z on the 10th) suggests winds of at least 95 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Winds are retained at 105 kt 
for the 10th and 11th.  This agrees with the assessment of a Category 3 
impact in Cuba by Perez (2000).  A central pressure reading at Knight's Key 
(from Ho et al. (1987) and Barnes (1998a) of 957 mb (on the 11th) suggests 
winds of 103 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship.  Ho et al. 
also analyzed a RMW of 22 nmi for this hurricane at landfall in the Florida 
Keys.  Since this RMW is slightly larger than that expected climatologically 
for the center pressure and latitude observed, winds at landfall in the Keys 
are estimated at 100 kt.  This makes this system a Category 3 hurricane at 
landfall in south Florida, which agrees with what is listed in Table 6 of 
Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************

18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 10 SNBR= 425 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18515 11/08/1909 M= 7 11 SNBR= 450 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **       ***    

18520 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*111 810  35    0*115 808  35    0
18520 11/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*105 810  35    0*107 808  35    0
                                              ***              ***

18525 11/09*119 806  35    0*122 804  35    0*126 802  35    0*129 800  35    0
18525 11/09*109 806  35    0*111 804  35    0*113 802  35    0*116 800  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

18530 11/10*133 797  35    0*136 794  40    0*139 791  40    0*141 788  45    0
18530 11/10*121 797  35    0*127 794  40    0*133 791  40    0*139 788  45    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

18535 11/11*143 785  45    0*146 780  50    0*149 774  50    0*155 765  50    0
18535 11/11*145 785  45    0*151 780  50    0*157 774  50    0*165 767  55    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  **

18540 11/12*161 752  50    0*167 737  50    0*173 722  50    0*179 707  50    0
18540 11/12*174 760  60    0*182 753  65    0*190 745  70    0*196 735  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18545 11/13*185 691  50    0*191 675  45    0*196 660  45    0*201 645  40    0
18545 11/13*201 721  80    0*206 704  85    0*210 685  90    0*213 663  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18550 11/14*204 630  40    0*207 615  40    0*209 600  35    0*215 565  30    0
18550 11/14*214 640  90    0*215 615  85    0*215 590  80    0*215 565  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **

18555 TS
18555 HR
      **

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 10.   First, Partagas and Diaz recommended keeping this as a tropical 
storm.  However, two ship reports and hurricane impacts in Hispanola, Grand 
Turk and Cuba described in Partagas and Diaz all suggest that this system 
reached hurricane strength, likely up to Category 2 intensity at its peak 
late on the 13th and early on the 14th.  Perez (2000) analyzed this system 
as causing Category 1 hurricane conditions in eastern Cuba (on the weak side 
of the system).  Thus it is estimated that this system was a hurricane from 
the 12th to the 14th with a peak intensity of 90 kt.  Secondly, Perez 
described a major change to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1999) with a 
track that took the hurricane closer to Jamaica and between Cuba and 
Hispanola, with the center grazing the coast of Haiti.  A compromise track 
between Perez and Partagas/Diaz was utilized here with Partagas/Diaz track 
mainly chosen from the 8th to the 10th, Perez' track primarily used from the 
11th to the 13th and Partagas/Diaz track chosen for the 14th.  Complete 
lifecycle of this hurricane is not available as its decay was not documented.  
The hurricane is known as "San Savero" for its impacts in Hispanola.

********************************************************************************

1909 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned three additional systems considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team decided that there was
enough information to include the first system as a new tropical storm 
into HURDAT.  (See storm 1, 1909.)  The re-analysis team agreed to leave 
the first and third out of HURDAT for the following reasons:

1) June 2-4, 1909:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.
2) October 16-24, 1909:  Not enough evidence for tropical storm intensity.

********************************************************************************

18560 08/20/1910 M=12  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18560 08/23/1910 M= 7  1 SNBR= 451 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

18565 08/20*  0   0   0    0*124 592  35    0*125 604  35    0*127 616  35    0
18570 08/21*130 629  35    0*133 640  35    0*136 649  35    0*138 657  35    0
18575 08/22*140 665  35    0*142 671  35    0*146 681  35    0*149 691  35    0
(The 20th to the 22nd are omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18580 08/23*154 702  35    0*159 714  35    0*163 725  35    0*166 735  35    0
18580 08/23*  0   0   0    0*150 620  35    0*155 637  35    0*159 654  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18585 08/24*169 745  35    0*171 754  35    0*174 763  35    0*176 771  35    0
18585 08/24*165 673  35    0*172 695  35    0*180 715  35    0*187 728  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18590 08/25*178 778  35    0*180 785  35    0*183 792  35    0*187 801  40    0
18590 08/25*194 740  30    0*203 754  30    0*213 767  30    0*225 775  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18595 08/26*191 808  40    0*195 816  40    0*199 825  40    0*202 832  45    0
18595 08/26*239 781  30    0*256 787  30    0*275 790  30    0*284 790  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18600 08/27*205 839  45    0*208 846  45    0*211 852  50    0*215 858  50    0
18600 08/27E296 790  35    0E307 790  35    0E317 787  35    0E323 784  35    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18605 08/28*219 863  50    0*222 869  50    0*225 876  50    0*227 883  50    0
18605 08/28E329 780  40    0E335 776  40    0E340 770  40    0E349 761  40    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18610 08/29*229 891  50    0*231 899  50    0*233 907  50    0*235 915  50    0
18610 08/29E356 754  35    0E363 747  35    0E370 740  30    0E376 734  30    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

18615 08/30*237 924  50    0*239 932  50    0*241 939  45    0*243 948  45    0
18620 08/31*246 961  40    0*248 970  40    0*251 979  35    0*254 988  30    0
(The 30th and 31st are omitted from this storm and included as part of
storm number 450.)

18625 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms.  These dramatic
changes are found to be reasonable.  This system is the first of the two 
separate storms.

********************************************************************************

18560 08/20/1910 M=12  1 SNBR= 426 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18526 08/26/1910 M= 6  2 SNBR= 452 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **  *       ***     

18565 08/20*  0   0   0    0*124 592  35    0*125 604  35    0*127 616  35    0
18570 08/21*130 629  35    0*133 640  35    0*136 649  35    0*138 657  35    0
18575 08/22*140 665  35    0*142 671  35    0*146 681  35    0*149 691  35    0
18580 08/23*154 702  35    0*159 714  35    0*163 725  35    0*166 735  35    0
18585 08/24*169 745  35    0*171 754  35    0*174 763  35    0*176 771  35    0
18590 08/25*178 778  35    0*180 785  35    0*183 792  35    0*187 801  40    0
(The 20th to the 25th are omitted from this storm and parts of this track
are included in storm number 445.)

18626 08/26*191 808  40    0*195 816  40    0*199 825  40    0*202 832  45    0
18626 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*267 917  30    0*267 920  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/27*205 839  45    0*208 846  45    0*211 852  50    0*215 858  50    0
18626 08/27*267 923  30    0*267 927  30    0*267 930  30    0*267 934  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/28*219 863  50    0*222 869  50    0*225 876  50    0*227 883  50    0
18626 08/28*266 938  30    0*266 942  30    0*265 945  30    0*265 948  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/29*229 891  50    0*231 899  50    0*233 907  50    0*235 915  50    0
18626 08/29*264 950  30    0*264 952  30    0*263 955  30    0*262 958  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/30*237 924  50    0*239 932  50    0*241 939  45    0*243 948  45    0
18626 08/30*262 960  35    0*261 962  35    0*260 965  40    0*259 969  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 08/31*246 961  40    0*248 970  40    0*251 979  35    0*254 988  30    0
18626 08/31*257 972  40    0*255 976  35    0*253 980  30    0*251 985  25    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18626 TS

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations
to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Note that
the original storm number 1 of 1910 in Neumann et al. was instead found by
Partagas and Diaz to be two separate tropical storms.  These dramatic
track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  This system is
the second of the two separate storms.

********************************************************************************

18630 09/05/1910 M=11  2 SNBR= 427 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
18630 09/05/1910 M=11  3 SNBR= 453 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                       

18635 09/05*  0   0   0    0*170 570  60    0*171 595  65    0*171 606  70    0
18635 09/05*  0   0   0    0*170 583  60    0*171 595  65    0*171 606  70    0
                                 ***

18640 09/06*171 617  75    0*172 627  80    0*174 638  80    0*175 649  85    0
18645 09/07*175 660  85    0*176 671  85    0*176 682  80    0*177 694  75    0
18645 09/07*175 660  85    0*176 671  85    0*176 682  80    0*176 697  75    0
                                                                   ***

18650 09/08*177 706  70    0*178 719  70    0*179 731  70    0*181 742  70    0
18650 09/08*177 712  70    0*178 729  70    0*180 747  70    0*183 764  70    0
                ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***

18655 09/09*183 754  70    0*185 765  70    0*188 776  70    0*190 788  70    0
18655 09/09*186 778  70    0*190 792  70    0*195 807  70    0*200 818  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18660 09/10*194 801  70    0*198 814  75    0*201 825  80    0*207 835  80    0
18660 09/10*205 829  70    0*209 838  75    0*213 847  80    0*217 851  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18665 09/11*213 845  85    0*220 855  85    0*225 863  85    0*232 872  85    0
18665 09/11*221 856  85    0*225 862  85    0*229 870  85    0*232 876  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***              ***

18670 09/12*237 878  90    0*240 883  90    0*244 890  95    0*249 898 100    0
18670 09/12*236 883  90    0*240 889  90    0*244 895  95    0*249 903  95    0
            *** ***              ***              ***              *** ***

18675 09/13*253 904 105    0*257 913 105    0*260 922 105    0*262 931 105    0
18675 09/13*253 912  95    0*257 918  95    0*260 925  95    0*262 934  95    0
                *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

18680 09/14*263 941 100    0*265 952  85    0*266 961  65    0*268 973  65    0
18680 09/14*263 943  95    0*265 953  95    0*266 963  95    0*268 969  95    0
                *** ***          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

18685 09/15*269 982  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
18685 09/15*269 976  65    0*270 983  45    0*270 990  35    0*270 996  30    0
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18690 HRATX2

There are two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 2.  First, hurricane intensity was maintained from the 9th through 
the 12th, since Perez (2000) analyzed this system as causing hurricane 
conditions in western Cuba.  Perez also recommended keeping the hurricane 
just offshore of western Cuba (as seen in Neumann et al.) rather than 
making landfall in Cuba.  Secondly, the landfall position of Partagas and 
Diaz being in northeastern Mexico rather than southern Texas is discarded 
in favor of the position analyzed by Connor (1956) which was shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Partagas altered the landfall position incorrectly 
based upon sparse, once-daily observations from the Historical Weather Map 
series.  Partagas and Diaz otherwise made reasonable small alterations to the 
track and intensity to that shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Jarrell et al. 
(1992) (from Connor 1956) listed this hurricane as a having a central pressure 
at landfall of 965 mb, based primarily upon a description of the storm tide 
entirely inundating Padre Island, Texas.  (It is to be noted that Ho et al. 
(1987) did not system as being a U.S. impacting hurricane in their analysis
and that the _Monthly Weather Review_ at the time considered the system a
strong tropical storm.)  Assuming that the 965 mb central pressure is valid 
(though the evidence supporting it is somewhat sparse), this would suggest a 
94 kt sustained windspeed from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship 
- 95 kt utilized in best track.  95 kt at landfall in Texas makes this 
hurricane a Category 2 in the United States, which agrees with the assessment 
in Table 6 of Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane characterization in HURDAT.
The 95 kt windspeed is taken as the peak intensity reached by this system and 
winds are adjusted accordingly on the 12th to the 14th.  Inland decay model 
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Texas and Mexico.  
Track of storm is slightly altered on the 5th to provide for a more realistic 
translational velocity.  The hurricane is known as "San Zacarias II" for its 
impacts in Puerto Rico.

*******************************************************************************

18695 09/23/1910 M= 6  3 SNBR= 428 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
18695 09/23/1910 M= 6  4 SNBR= 454 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

18700 09/23*255 594  60    0*262 600  65    0*268 606  70    0*272 611  70    0
(The 23rd is omitted from the revised HURDAT.)

18705 09/24*276 615  75    0*283 620  80    0*291 625  85    0*301 631  90    0
18705 09/24*  0   0   0    0*278 605  35    0*283 613  45    0*289 621  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18710 09/25*311 636  95    0*322 639 100    0*333 641 105    0*345 640 105    0
18710 09/25*298 628  65    0*308 634  75    0*320 637  85    0*336 634  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18715 09/26*357 635 100    0*369 629  95    0*380 620  90    0*389 611  85    0
18715 09/26*348 628  85    0*360 619  85    0*370 610  80    0*381 602  75    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18720 09/27*395 602  80    0*399 591  75    0E402 580  70    0E405 565  70    0
18720 09/27*391 594  70    0*401 586  65    0E410 575  60    0E413 563  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18725 09/28E406 550  70    0E407 533  70    0E408 517  70    0E406 501  65    0
18725 09/28E411 549  60    0E409 537  60    0E407 520  60    0E405 496  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
18727 09/29E408 461  50    0E410 428  45    0E415 400  40    0E421 374  35    0

18730 HR    

No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1999), who made large alterations to
the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm 
number 3.  These track and intensity changes are found to be reasonable.  The 
peak intensity of this hurricane is reduced from 105 kt (Category 3) down to 
a 85 kt (Category 2) due to available observations that suggest that the 
system was substantially weaker.  Another solution considered but discarded 
was to reduce the peak winds for this hurricane to Category 1 intensity.   
Winds are adjusted accordingly on the 24th to the 28th.

*******************************************************************************

18735 10/09/1910 M=15  4 SNBR= 429 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
18735 10/09/1910 M=15  5 SNBR= 455 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *       ***                        *

18740 10/09*  0   0   0    0*112 795  50    0*113 797  50    0*113 797  50    0
18740 10/09*  0   0   0    0*112 795  30    0*113 797  30    0*113 797  30    0
                                      **               **               **

18745 10/10*114 798  50    0*116 799  50    0*118 800  55    0*121 801  55    0
18745 10/10*114 798  30    0*116 799  30    0*118 800  30    0*121 801  30    0
                     **               **               **               **

18750 10/11*124 803  55    0*128 805  60    0*132 807  65    0*137 810  70    0
18750 10/11*124 803  35    0*128 805  35    0*132 807  40    0*138 809  45    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

18755 10/12*142 813  75    0*148 815  80    0*155 818  80    0*165 821  85    0
18755 10/12*146 811  50    0*152 813  55    0*160 815  65    0*169 818  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18760 10/13*178 824  90    0*191 827  90    0*199 829  95    0*203 830  95    0
18760 10/13*177 821  85    0*186 823  90    0*195 825  95    0*204 827  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18765 10/14*207 832 100    0*210 833 105    0*215 834 105    0*219 835 105    0
18765 10/14*214 830 100    0*223 836 100  960*230 840  90    0*233 842  85    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18770 10/15*225 837 105    0*230 838  95    0*234 839  90    0*242 842  90    0
18770 10/15*236 844  90    0*237 847  90    0*237 850  90    0*236 852  90    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

18775 10/16*245 848  90    0*238 854  90    0*231 852  95    0*226 845 100    0
18775 10/16*234 853 100    0*232 854 110    0*229 855 120    0*224 854 130    0
            *** *** ***      ***     ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

18780 10/17*227 841 100    0*231 834 105    0*236 830 105    0*245 823 105    0
18780 10/17*221 849 130  924*225 843 125    0*234 835 120    0*244 828 115  941 
            *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

18785 10/18*254 819 100  941*265 817  65    0*275 818  60    0*283 819  60    0
18785 10/18*255 822 105    0*265 820  95  955*275 819  70    0*283 819  60    0
            *** *** ***  ***     *** ***  ***     ***  **     

18790 10/19*292 820  60    0*301 819  60    0*310 816  60    0*320 806  60    0
18790 10/19*292 819  50    0*301 819  50    0*310 816  50    0*320 806  60    0
                ***  **               **               **

18795 10/20*327 798  60    0*336 785  60    0*344 771  55    0*353 751  50    0
18795 10/20*327 798  60    0*336 785  60    0*344 771  55    0*353 750  50    0
                                                                   ***

18800 10/21*363 726  45    0E373 696  45    0E382 671  45    0E388 651  40    0
18800 10/21*360 723  45    0E366 690  45    0E370 660  45    0E370 644  40    0

18805 10/22E390 634  40    0E391 618  40    0E385 603  40    0E379 596  40    0
18805 10/22E368 632  40    0E364 618  40    0E360 610  40    0E358 601  40    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***  

18810 10/23E376 592  35    0E369 586  35    0E361 580  35    0*  0   0   0    0
18810 10/23E357 589  35    0E357 582  35    0E357 573  35    0E357 564  35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

18815 HRBFL3
18815 HRBFL2
        ****

There is one major change from Partagas and Diaz (1999), originally storm 
number 4.  They recommended removing the 9th and the 10th from HURDAT, but 
it was decided to keep these dates in HURDAT since observations do support 
the system having a closed circulation on both days though with tropical 
depression intensity.  Partagas and Diaz (1999) otherwise made reasonable
small alterations to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
A central pressure of 960 mb (at 07Z on the 14th) suggests winds of 100 kt 
from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used in best track at 
the first Cuban landfall of this hurricane.  Perez (2000) analyzed this 
hurricane at its second landfall on the 17th as having a central pressure of 
924 mb, based upon a peripheral pressure of 947 mb from the ship "Prince
Crown" (listed in the Partagas and Diaz report).  This central pressure 
suggests winds of 134 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship 
- 130 kt utilized in best track.  A central pressure of 941 mb (at 1625Z on 
the 17th) suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure 
relationship.  120 kt chosen for 12Z and 115 kt chosen for 18Z on the
17th.  Ho et al. (1987) utilized this ship measured central pressure 
and an estimate of 28 nmi RMW to be conditions at landfall for this
hurricane in the Southwest Florida.  However, observed storm surge for
the region does not correspond with a Category 4 (or even Category 3)
hurricane making landfall (B. Jarvinen, personal communication).  Jarrell 
et al. (1992), instead, listed this hurricane as making landfall with a 
central pressure of 955 mb based upon a measurement in Ft. Myers, Florida.
(The pressure observation can also be found in Partagas and Diaz (1999).)
A 955 mb central pressure suggests winds of 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship.  With an estimated RMW (from Ho et al.) 
substantially larger than expected climatologically for this central 
pressure and latitude (about 19 nmi from Vickery et al. 2000), maximum 
sustained winds at landfall in Southwest Florida are estimated at 95 kt.
This makes this hurricane a Category 2 hurricane (though near the Category
2-3 boundary) at landfall in the United States, which is weaker than the
Category 3 listing found in Table 6 or Neumann et al. (1999)/U.S. hurricane
characterization in HURDAT.  A peripheral pressure of 985 mb (at 21Z on the 
18th) suggests winds of at least 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship - 60 kt retained for best track at 18Z and 50 kt chosen for 
best track at 00Z on the 19th since the hurricane was inland at that time.  
A storm tide measurement of 15' in Key West, Florida was described in Barnes 
(1998a).  The storm is known as "El Huracan De Los Cinco Dias" for its 
impact in Cuba (Partagas and Diaz 1999, Perez 2000).

*******************************************************************************

1910 - Additional Notes:

Partagas and Diaz (1999) mentioned one additional system considered 
for inclusion into HURDAT.  The re-analysis team agreed to leave it out 
of HURDAT for the following reason:

1) September 13-18, 1910:  Gale force intensity, but likely extratropical.

********************************************************************************
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT - 
2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914
****************************************************************************

By Chris Landsea, William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock.  
(Special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock.)

*******************************************************************************

1911/01 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
19889 08/04/1911 M= 9  1 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19889 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*310 860  20    0*311 848  20    0*
19889 08/05*312 837  20    0*313 826  20    0*315 815  25    0*317 805  25    0*
19889 08/06*318 795  25    0*319 785  25    0*320 775  25    0*320 764  25    0*
19889 08/07*320 753  30    0*320 742  30    0*320 730  30    0*320 719  30    0*
19889 08/08*320 708  30    0*320 697  30    0*320 685  30    0*323 672  30    0*
19889 08/09*328 660  35    0*334 647  35    0*340 635  35    0*346 623  35    0*
19889 08/10*352 611  40    0*358 599  45    0*365 585  50    0*374 568  50    0*
19889 08/11*384 546  50    0*395 520  45    0*410 490  40    0*425 460  35    0*
19889 08/12*440 430  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
19889 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 4:  A closed circulation formed over the southeast U.S., centered
near 31N, 86W.  No frontal boundaries can be detected near the system and
heavy rain occurred mainly to the east and north of the center.  No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 5:  The system moved to the east, reaching the ocean along the Georgia 
border.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb surface pressure at 32N, 
80.5W, though the center appears to have been farther west and south near 
31.5N, 81.5W.  Heavy rainfall again fell near and to the northeast of the 
system.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 6:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 79W, though the 
center appears to have been father east near 32N, 77.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 7:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 75.5W, though the
center appears to have been farther east and north near 32N, 73W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 8:  The system moved to the east and the observations indicated 
some intensification.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 67W,
though the center appears to have been farther west and north near 32N, 
68.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  The system moved toward the northeast with evidence of near gale 
force winds close to the center of the system.  HWM indicated a low of at 
most 1015 mb at 35N, 61W, though it appears that the center was farther 
west and south near 34N, 63.5W.  Heavy rain was also reported at Bermuda as 
this system moved eastward just to the north of the island.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  Ship highlight:  30 kt SW 
at 33.7N, 61.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 10:  The system continued to move toward the northeast, along with
a few reports of gale force winds.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1010 mb
at 36.5N, 58W, though it appears that the center was farther west near 36.5N, 
58.5W.  A stationary front was located to the northeast of the system.  Ship 
highlight:  45 kt N at 36.1N, 60.4W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 11:  The system accelerated to the northeast and wind observations
available were weaker.  HWM indicated a baroclinic low of at most 1010 mb
at 41N, 49W with a cold front extending southwest from the center and a
warm front extending east of the center.  However, evidence is weak that 
the cold front exists and that the warm frontal feature may not have
extended into the center of the system.   No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
August 12:  The system apparently continued to weaken and no closed
circulation center could be found.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.

The system began on the 4th as a tropical depression (over land), reaching
the ocean early on the 5th, reached tropical storm intensity on the 9th,
achieved maximum intensity on the 10th, weakened on the 11th and dissipated
early on the 12th.  Given that the strongest observed wind was a northerly
ship measurement of 45 kt on the 10th as the system was moving to the 
northeast, an estimate of (at least) 50 kt in the strong semi-circle is
indicated.

*******************************************************************************

1911/02 - 2005 REVISION:
 
19890 08/09/1911 M= 6  1 SNBR= 456 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
19890 08/09/1911 M= 7  2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *  *       ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
19893 08/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 825  30    0*255 826  30    0*

19895 08/09*  0   0   0    0*248 820  60    0*254 825  65    0*260 830  70    0*
19895 08/09*255 827  30    0*255 828  35    0*257 830  35    0*260 833  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

19900 08/10*265 833  70    0*271 838  70    0*278 843  70    0*281 848  70    0*
19900 08/10*265 836  40    0*271 839  45    0*276 843  50    0*281 848  55    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      ***      **               **

19905 08/11*286 854  70    0*290 859  70    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
19905 08/11*286 854  60    0*290 859  65    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
                     **               **                     

19910 08/12*305 876  65    0*310 881  60    0*315 886  50    0*320 890  40    0*
19910 08/12*304 877  65    0*306 883  55    0*308 890  45    0*309 898  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

19915 08/13*324 893  35    0*329 897  30    0*334 900  30    0*339 904  30    0*
19915 08/13*310 907  35    0*310 916  30    0*310 925  30    0*314 930  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

19920 08/14*344 907  25    0*350 911  20    0*355 915  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
19920 08/14*322 933  25    0*334 934  20    0*350 935  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     

19925 HRAFL1 AL1

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tannehill 
(1938), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and
Jarrell et al. (1992).  

August 8:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.5N, 82.5W from HWM.  No HURDAT position/intensity on this date.  No 
gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.7N, 83W from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.4N, 82.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed, but peak observations were 27 kt and 1012 mb at 21 UTC in Key 
West.  "A moderate atmospheric depression was evident in the east Gulf" 
(MWR).  
August 10:  No closed circulation indicated in HWM from available 
observations.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
27.8N, 84.3W.  Peak winds observed were 50 kt E at Pensacola (PEN) at 22 UTC 
(likely in outer band, as gale force winds were not observed again at 
Pensacola until 18 UTC on the 11th).
August 11:  Closed low indicated near 27.5N, 86.5W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
29.5N, 86.5W.  Station highlight:  70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 2248 UTC at 
Pensacola (MWR).  "[The storm] appeared as a distinct disturbance between 
Burwood, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and Pensacola on the 
morning of the 11th.  The atmospheric pressure at Pensacola fell slowly from 
29.95 inches [1014 mb] at 11 a. m. to 29.73 inches [1007 mb] at 5 p. m., the 
lowest attained, and the 7 p. m. weather map revealed that the storm was 
then central between Pensacola and Mobile ... at 5.48 p. m. a maximum [5 min 
velocity] of 80 miles was registered ... total precipitation on 11th and 
12th, 4.48 inches ...  At Pensacola ... considerable damage was done to 
property in the city and harbor ... One-third of the roof of the Monarch 
pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was torn off, and also a few portions of old 
roofs in the city ... About 12 barges dragged anchors and grounded, some 
small launches and fishing smacks were wrecked, and some coal barges 
belonging to the navy yard went ashore.  In the city telegraph and telephone 
lines were blown down and the street car and electric light services were 
interrupted.  The damage at Pensacola is conservatively estimated as 
follows:  To electric lines, $500; local lumber interests $500; to launches, 
barges, etc., $3,000; fishing smacks, $2,500; loss of coal belonging to hay 
yard, $1,100; total, $12,600.  The highest wind at Mobile was 35 miles an 
hour and no damage resulted at that place" (MWR).  "Passed inland near 
Pensacola on August 11.  It was of small diameter but of considerable 
intensity; the wind reached 80 miles an hour from the southeast at 
Pensacola" (Tannehill).  "Aug 12 1911; center crossed coast near Pensacola; 
Pensacola 1 ft tide" (Connor).  "Aug. 11, NW FL, Minimal" (Dunn and Miller).  
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  1911 Aug NW-FL1 (AFL1) and AL1, U.S. landfalling
minimum sea level pressure missing (Jarrell et al. 1992).  
August 12:  Closed low indicated near 30N, 90W with 1010 mb pressure at most
in HWM, but wind observations suggest a position somewhat farther north and 
east.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 88.6W.  
Station highlight: 56 kt S at 03 and 05 UTC at Pensacola (PEN).  "The storm 
drifted slowly westward to Louisiana and Texas on the 12th, with heavy rains 
causing some washouts.  Rain and high southeast winds continued at Pensacola 
on the 12th" (MWR).
August 13:  Possible closed low centered near 31N, 92.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 90.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 14:  Possible closed low centered near 35N, 93.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 91.5W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

Track of this system is begun a day early (8th) than in HURDAT based upon HWM 
data.  Track is also adjusted slightly to the west on the 9th and 10th
based upon HWM/COADS data.  Larger changes to the track made on the 12th
to the 14th (biggest on the 13th) again based upon synoptic data.  Note
that the changes after landfall are now consistent with the description on 
the system's position given in MWR.  The system was substantially weaker
than originally estimated in HURDAT early in its lifetime as shown by Key
West observations on the 9th.  Observational evidence for intensity 
suggests that hurricane stage achieved earlier on the 11th.  Winds reduced
on the 9th and 10th, accordingly.  Peak observed winds of 70 kt from that 
era's anemometer converts to 54 kt after accounting for their high bias 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 57 kt after converting from a peak 
5 min wind to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  As it is unlikely 
that the observed wind in Pensacola sampled the highest winds existing in
the storm, a higher intensity estimate is appropriate.  The 70 kt at landfall
(Category 1) originally in HURDAT is consistent with winds somewhat higher
than seen at Pensacola and also with the resulting wind-forced damage in the
same town.  Thus no change to the landfall intensity is made to HURDAT.  
Landfall near the Alabama/Florida border occurred around 2300 UTC on the 
11th.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this 
suggests winds of 63, 51, 44, and 38 kt for the 12th at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC.  
Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the synoptic time
were 70, 56, 43 and 36 kt.  (These convert to 57, 46, 36 and 30 kt, 
respectively after for correction for bias and time averaging.)  Inland 
winds reduced slightly in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 12th based upon
these observations.  (The winds in HURDAT could be reduced even more after 
landfall based upon measurements, but as these were only available at 
Pensacola and Mobile, higher winds likely did occur but were not measured.)
Peak observed storm tide was 1 ft at Pensacola (Connor), though it is likely
that higher values would have occurred near the Florida-Alabama border.  

*******************************************************************************

1911/03 - 2005 REVISION:

19930 08/23/1911 M= 8  2 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
19930 08/23/1911 M= 9  3 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        

19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*237 668  50    0*241 674  50    0*245 680  55    0*
19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*252 655  35    0*255 665  40    0*258 674  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19940 08/24*250 687  65    0*254 693  70    0*258 700  70    0*262 707  75    0*
19940 08/24*261 683  45    0*263 692  50    0*265 700  55    0*267 707  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

19945 08/25*265 714  75    0*269 721  80    0*273 728  85    0*279 735  85    0*
19945 08/25*269 714  65    0*272 721  70    0*275 728  70    0*280 735  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

19950 08/26*287 743  85    0*296 751  85    0*301 758  85    0*305 764  85    0*
19950 08/26*287 743  80    0*296 751  80    0*301 758  80    0*305 764  80    0*
                     **               **               **               **

19955 08/27*308 771  85    0*311 778  85    0*315 787  85    0*317 792  80    0*
19955 08/27*308 771  80    0*311 778  80    0*315 787  85    0*318 792  85    0*
                     **               **                       ***      **

19960 08/28*318 796  65  983*320 803  65    0*322 810  65    0*323 815  45    0*
19960 08/28*320 796  85    0*321 803  85  972*322 810  65    0*323 815  50    0*
            ***      **  *** ***      **  ***                           **

19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*324 825  45    0*325 829  45    0*328 830  40    0*
19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*323 825  35    0*321 830  35    0*320 834  30    0*
                             ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19970 08/30*332 830  40    0*336 830  40    0*340 828  35    0*345 822  35    0*
19970 08/30*322 837  30    0*330 839  30    0E340 840  30    0E348 835  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 31st is new to HURDAT.)
19972 08/31E354 825  25    0E358 810  25    0E360 795  20    0*  0   0   0    0*

19975 HR GA2 SC2
19975 HR GA1 SC2
         *** 

Minor changes from the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ship database, Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, Cline (1926), Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 23:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to south and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 66.5W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
24.1N, 67.4W.  "First observations of this storm were at about 27N 
and 66W" (Tannehill).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 24:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to east, south, and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 70W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 25.8N, 70.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 25:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26N, 73W with 1010 mb pressure at
most, but center with additional COADS observations appears to be closer to the
original HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 27.3N, 72.8W.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt ESE at 01 UTC at 
29.5N, 70.5W (COA), 45 kt SE at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA), and 45 kt SSE
at 21 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA).
August 26:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26.5N, 75.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
at most, but little data is available west and south of the center.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 75.8W.  Peak ship 
observation: 35 kt NW at 21 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA).
August 27:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 31.N, 79.0W with 1010 mb pressure at
most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 31.4N, 77.3W (am) and 32.1N, 
78.7W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 
78.7W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 12 UTC at 32N, 77.2W with 1010 mb central 
pressure.  Peak ship observation:  60 kt WNW, 1000 mb at 01 UTC at 
30.0N, 77.0W (COA).  Peak station wind: 52 kt NE at 2250 UTC at 
Charleston, SC (MWR).  "[At Charleston] the wind in force from the north 
[during the afternoon] attaining a velocity of 46 miles an hour ... At 
6.50 p. m. the velocity was 60 miles an hour" (MWR).  
August 28:  Closed low indicated just inland on HWM at 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb
pressure at most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 32.9N, 80.3W (am) 
and 32.8N, 81.8W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 32.2N, 81.0W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 00 UTC at 32N 79W with 1000 mb 
central pressure and at 12 UTC at 32.2N 80.5W with 983 mb central pressure.  
Peak ship observation:  35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 28.2N, 78.7W (HWM).  Peak 
station observations:  82 kt E at 0320 UTC, 992 mb at 0350 UTC at Charleston 
(MWR);  76 kt NW at 0710 UTC, 982 mb at 0810 UTC at Savannah (MWR).
"Pursuing a west-northwest course, it passed inland between Savannah and 
Charleston on the 28th.  There was great damage from winds and high tides 
between those cities.  At Charleston, the barometer fell to 29.30 inches 
[992 mb] and the wind reached 106 miles an hour [estimated by observer after 
instrument failure] from the northeast at 11:50 p.m. of the 27th.  On the 28th,
at 3:10 a.m. the center was closest to Savannah, barometer 29.02 inches 
[983 mb], wind 88 miles northwest" (Tannehill).  Aug. 27-28 Ga., S.C.,  Major 
Hurricane, 17 killed near Charleston (Dunn and Miller).  Aug GA2, SC2.
No mention of MSLP (Jarrell et al.).  Aug. 28, 1911   Storm direction toward 
280 deg.  Est MSLP 979 mb (computed from pressure profile and adjusted to the 
coast).  Lowest obs. Pressure 983 mb, Savannah, GA,  27 nmi RMW observed from 
wind speed record at Savannah, GA, 8 kts translational speed, landfall point 
32.2N 80.6W (Ho et al.).  75 kt estimated max 1 min, surface wind at landfall,
1011 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.).  "The Charleston-Savannah 
hurricane of August 27-29, 1911, was characterized by its relatively small 
diameter but intense energy, its unusual path directly from east to west, and 
its rapid loss of power after entering the coast line ... At Charleston the 
lowest pressure, 29.30 inches [992 mb], occurred at 11:50 p.m., August 27, wind 
southeast; at Savannah it was 29.02 inches [983 mb] at 8 a. m., August 28, 
wind northwest.  The diameter of the isobar of 29.30 inches [992 mb] 
surrounding the storm was approximately 100 miles.  The center or eye of 
the storm passed a few miles north of Savannah, where for two hours, from 
8.10 a. m. to 10.10 a. m., the 28th, the pressure remained lowest 
and the wind decreased to only 20 miles an hour.  The eye of the storm was 
about 14 or 15 miles in diameter.  At Savannah the wind backed from 
northwest to south about 10 a. m., the 28th, and the wind again increased
suddenly in velocity, heavy rain began, and the pressure rose rapidly.
At Charleston the wind veered from northeast to east and southeast, and
the destruction of property was much greater than at Savannah because the
winds were onshore.  At Charleston the damage to property is estimated
to have exceeded $1,000,000 and 17 lives were lost.  The damage at
Savannah was of a minor nature though large in the aggregate ... [In
Charleston the wind velocity reached] at 8.40 p. m. [27th] 68 miles, at
9.15 p. m. 72, and at 9.45 p. m. 86.  The wind shifted to east ... and
at 11.20 was blowing with a velocity of 94 miles an hour when the anemometer
ceased to properly record.  After 11.20 the wind became southeast and
was estimated to have attained a velocity of 106 miles an hour.  It 
continued to blow steadily from the southeast all of next day (28th),
remaining above 50 miles an hour most of the forenoon ... the barometer
reached its lowest point, 29.30 inches [992 mb], at 11.50 p. m.  Great damage 
was done by the wind ... Tin roofs began to be blown off and hundreds of 
houses were unroofed and chimneys were blown down.  A great many windows and
display signs were broken.  The streets were a tangle of fallen trees and
wires.  Many houses were destroyed and 4 persons were killed by falling
walls and 13 were drowned ... The high tide that night reached a point 
10.6 fee above mean low water, or somewhat lower than the tide of 1893.
A great deal of damage was done by water in the wholesale districts and in
other low portions of the city.  The water front next day was a confused
mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs ... [In Savannah] the wind 
attained a maximum (5 minute) velocity of 88 miles an hour shortly after
3 a. m. on August 28, with an extreme (1 mile) velocity of 96 miles an
hour at 3.08 a. m. during one of the terrific gusts ... The wind reached
62 miles an hour at 11.40 p. m., still blowing from the northwest with
strong gusts, and at midnight the pressure registered 29.50 inches [999 mb].  
The wind attained a velocity of 66 miles an hour at 12.05 a. m. August 28,
74 miles at 1.40 a. m., 78 at 2.45 a. m., and between 3.05 and 3.10 a. m.
it reached its maximum force of 88 miles an hour from the northwest.  From
3 a. m. to 6.05 a. m. the wind maintained a velocity ranging between 80 
and 90 miles an hour from the northwest ... At 8 a. m. the lowest pressure,
29.02 inches [983 mb], was recorded, the wind diminished with astonishing 
quickness, and from 8.10 to 10.10 a. m., the vortex of the storm passed 
practically over Savannah, the wind dying down to 20 miles an hour and shifting
to south about 10 a. m.  Immediately ... the velocity rapidly increased and
the rainfall became heavier.  The highest velocity attained after the
passage of the center was 64 miles an hour at 11.30 a. m. and at 12.05 p. m.
... Considering the severity of the storm it is remarkable that the damage
in the city of Savannah and contiguous territory was not larger.  No lives
were lost, and while the aggregate property loss was large, the damage
done was mostly of minor nature ... Small craft in the river and at
nearby resorts suffered greatly.  That the storm was not more destructive
on the water front was due to the fact that the wind was westerly and
southerly and not at any time from the east.  The hotel and residences on
Tybee Island were greatly damaged" (MWR).   
August 29:  Low centered near 32.5N, 83.5W in HWM with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  A stationary front was analyzed to the north and west of the storm. 
Cline gave positions for this system of 32.1N, 82.4W (am) and 31.8N, 83.7W 
(pm).  HURDAT listed this as a storm at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 82.9W with 45 kt
of wind.  Low centered near 32.5N, 82.0W with 1004 mb central pressure at 
00 UTC in MWR.  Low centered near 32.8N, 83.5W with 1005 mb central pressure 
at 12 UTC in MWR.  Peak station observation:  52 kt S at 00 UTC at Savannah 
(MWR).  "The storm drifted slowly to southeastern Georgia on the 
29th, with the pressure below 29.70 inches [1006 mb], and was accompanied by 
exceptionally heavy rains near the coast of Georgia, where much damage was done
to crops and live stock and numerous washouts occurred on the railroads.  
County roads suffered and many bridges were washed away ... [In Charleston the 
wind did not fall] below 36 miles an hour until after 4. a. m. on the 29th ... 
[In Savannah] the wind fell below the verifying velocity of 36 miles at 
2.10 a. m." (MWR).  
August 30:  No closed low indicated in HWM, but a center may have been near
34.5N, 83.5W.  The system is shown to be along a stationary frontal boundary.  
Cline gave positions for this system at 33.5N, 94.1W (am) and 35.5N, 83.5W 
(pm).  HURDAT lists this as a storm at 12 UTC 34.0N, 82.8W with 35 kt of 
wind.  Center of system plotted near 32.0N 84.5W and with 1009 mb central 
pressure at 00 UTC in MWR.  Center of system is plotted near 34.0N, 84.5W 
with 1011 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
August 31:  No closed low indicated in HWM.  Cline gave a position in the
morning at 36.2N, 80.2W.

Moderate adjustments to the track are made on the 23rd and 24th to better
agree with available ship observations indicating a position farther north
than originally shown.  Another moderate change to the track on the 29th
and 30th was made to better match inland reports showing a position 
somewhat farther west than originally indicated as well as to better
match Cline's detailed analysis after landfall.  Track extended an
additional day based upon HWM and Cline analyses.  Winds reduced from the 
23rd to the 26th based upon available ship observations.  For the 
intensity at landfall (which may also in this case be the peak intensity 
of the system), evidence was available from winds, pressure, storm surge 
and damages.  Highest observed winds were 82 kt in Charleston, with an 
estimate that the maximum that they reached after the anemometer was 
disabled was 92 kt.  However, reducing for the high-bias of the 
instrument at the time alters these to 63 kt observed and 70 kt estimated 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924).  Altering these to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell 
et al. 1996) gives 67 kt observed and 74 kt estimated.  Ho et al.'s estimated 
central pressure of 979 mb suggests winds of 76 kt from the subtropical 
pressure-wind relationship.  However, Ho et al. did not take into account that
the hurricane's central pressure would have filled some between the time of
landfall (~0930 UTC on the 28th) and the time it made its closest approach
to Savannah (~1300 UTC).  A run of the inland pressure deficit decay model
(also in Ho et al.) suggest a central pressure at the coast of 970 mb from
the Atlantic coast model (South Carolina to New England) and 974 mb from 
the Florida peninsula model.  As the landfall location was at the Georgia-
South Carolina border, a compromise of these two analyses was utilized to 
come up with the final estimate of 972 mb at landfall at the coast.  (The 
983 mb observed in Savannah, originally was listed in HURDAT as a central 
pressure, is replaced with this revised 972 mb value.)  972 mb central
pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  
Ho et al.'s analysis of 27 nmi RMW has been reconfirmed and is close to that 
expected from climatology for this latitude of landfall and central pressure 
(25 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), so no large deviation from 84 kt would be 
expected.  A storm tide of 10.6 feet was reported in Charleston with 
moderate wind forced damage.  Given that it is unlikely that Charleston 
experienced the exact peak winds of the hurricane at landfall, a value 
higher than that observed (and even estimated with some caution being taken) 
would be reasonable.  Thus 85 kt maximum 1 min winds are analyzed for this 
hurricane at landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border near 0930 UTC on 
the 28th.  This is at the low end of a Category 2, which is what is analyzed
for conditions occurring in South Carolina.  However, Georgia's impact is 
reduced to Category 1 based in part on the modest winds reported in Savannah
and in part on the moderate sized RMW which would have kept the peak winds
on the front right quadrant in South Carolina and would have avoided
Georgia.  Category 2 in South Carolina retains what was estimated previously
in HURDAT, Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., though Category 1 in Georgia
is a reduction by one category from those references.  After landfall, a run
of the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model gave 60 kt at 
28th/12 UTC, 47 kt at 18 UTC, 36 kt at 29th/00 UTC, and 30 kt at 06 UTC.  
Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these times were 73, 56, 52, and 
37 kt.  These correct to 59, 46, 43, and 31 kt after adjusting for bias and 
to 1 min peak values, which are very close to that suggested by the inland 
decay model.  (It should be noted that data coverage at landfall for this 
system was quite good with observations available at Charleston, Savannah, 
Columbia, Macon, and Augusta.)  No gales were observed after 07 UTC on the 
29th.  Winds in HURDAT slightly increased at 18 UTC on the 28th and reduced 
on the 29th and 30th, accordingly.  The system is characterized on the 30th 
as extratropical in its decay over land, due to being absorbed by frontal 
system.  

*******************************************************************************

1911/04 - 2005 REVISION:

19980 09/03/1911 M=10  3 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19980 09/03/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*137 579  35    0*138 598  35    0*
19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 570  30    0*122 584  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19990 09/04*139 616  35    0*140 630  35    0*140 640  35    0*140 647  35    0*
19990 09/04*124 598  30    0*126 612  30    0*128 625  35    0*129 637  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

19995 09/05*140 653  35    0*140 658  35    0*140 667  35    0*141 672  40    0*
19995 09/05*130 648  35    0*130 659  35    0*130 670  35    0*130 680  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20000 09/06*141 680  40    0*142 688  45    0*143 696  45    0*144 705  50    0*
20000 09/06*130 690  40    0*130 700  45    0*130 710  45    0*129 718  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20005 09/07*146 714  50    0*147 723  55    0*147 732  55    0*146 741  60    0*
20005 09/07*128 724  50    0*127 730  55    0*125 735  55    0*123 741  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

20010 09/08*144 751  60    0*141 761  65    0*139 770  70    0*136 777  70    0*
20010 09/08*122 747  60    0*121 753  65    0*120 760  70    0*120 768  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20015 09/09*134 784  75    0*131 791  80    0*130 800  85    0*130 811  85    0*
20015 09/09*121 777  75    0*122 787  80    0*123 797  85    0*124 809  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20020 09/10*130 823  85    0*131 834  80    0*132 846  60    0*133 857  45    0*
20020 09/10*126 822  85    0*128 834  85    0*130 846  60    0*132 857  45    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***              *** 

20025 09/11*133 868  40    0*134 879  40    0*134 890  35    0*136 902  35    0*
20030 09/12*138 916  35    0*140 931  35    0*140 935  30    0*141 940  30    0*
20035 HR

Major changes from the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 3:  Likely closed circulation near 12N, 57W.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.7N, 57.9W.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 64W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 64.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
September 5:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north, west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 66W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 66.7W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 69.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 69.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west, south and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 73W with 1000 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.7N, 73.2W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 8:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a 
low was indicated in HWM near 11.5N, 76W with 995 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 77.0W.  No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 9:  Possible closed circulation near 12.5N, 80W with 990 mb pressure
at most in HWM, but there was a lack of data near the center of the storm at 
HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
13.0N, 80.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 10:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of
data on all quadrants of the storm at the HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a inland low over Nicaragua was indicated in HWM near 13N, 85W with 
990 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 13.2N, 84.6W.  "A cable report ... from Corinto, Nicaragua ... states that
a hurricane struck that city, causing the death of 10 and injury to 50 
persons.  Eight city blocks, comprising 250 houses, were razed to the ground 
with an estimated loss of $2,000,000" (MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.  
September 11:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on north and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, an
inland low over El Salvador was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 89W with 995 mb 
pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.4N, 89.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 12:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on all quadrants of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a low 
(back over water) was indicated in HWM near 14N, 95W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 93.5W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 13:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on the east side of storm. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM 
near 15N, 99.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.   However, available ship 
observations to the west of this position are inconsistent with a low located 
there.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

The track is adjusted to the south by 100-200 km from the 3rd through the 
9th.  While data for most dates is sparse near the center, indications for a 
more southerly track are most apparent on the 3rd and the 8th.  Additionally,
these more southerly positions are for most days quite consistent with
that shown in HWM.  No changes are made to the storm for the 11th and 12th.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 3rd and 4th in accordance with no gale
force winds recorded in its passage through the Lesser Antilles.  The only
other change to its intensity is at 06 UTC on the 10th to maintain Category 2 
intensity (85 kt) until landfall.   Making few changes is primarily because 
of the lack of inner core data throughout most of its history and that the 
existing intensity estimates are consistent with the system becoming a 
hurricane on the 8th and making landfall as a destructive hurricane in 
Nicaragua on the 10th around 07 UTC.  Utilizing the inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the following inland winds of 57, 41 and 41 kt 
were obtained for 10th/12, 18, and 11th/00 UTC.  These are close to existing
HURDAT values and no changes are made to the inland winds. 

*******************************************************************************

1911/05 - 2005 ADDITION:

20036 09/15/1911 M= 6  5 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20037 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*340 550  45    0*340 550  45    0*
20038 09/16*340 550  45    0*340 551  50    0*340 555  50    0*340 563  50    0*
20039 09/17*340 573  55    0*340 587  55    0*340 600  55    0*345 610  55    0*
20039 09/18*355 618  50    0*370 626  50    0*380 635  45    0*388 645  45    0*
20039 09/19*394 657  40    0*398 667  40    0E400 675  40    0E399 678  40    0*
20039 09/20E396 676  35    0E393 673  35    0E390 670  30    0E387 667  25    0*
20039 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tucker (1995).  

September 14:  No data in vicinity of where system may have been.
September 15:  Closed non-baroclinic system indicated.  Center indicated
in HWM near 32.5N, 57.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Gale force winds
indicated in two ship observations, though westernmost one appears
suspect as flow is away from system's center.  Center suspected to be
closer to 34N, 55W due to placement with eastern observations and continuity 
with better defined center on the 16th.  Peak ship observation:  40 kt S at 
33.9N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 16:  System either remained stationary or moved slowly to the
west.  Center near 34N, 55.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  No
gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed.
September 17:  System moved westward and intensified.  Center was near 34N, 
60W in HWM with 995 mb pressure at most.  At the same time a weak 
extratropical system approached from the west and was located near 36N, 69W.  
Winds well to the north of the system increasing due to enhanced pressure 
gradient.  Peak ship observations:  30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 35.2N, 59.4W at 
12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt SE at 38.8N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (HWM).  Tucker (1995):  
"September 17th., St. Georges again suffered a freak storm, -- a local tornado 
passed over the Sanatorium grounds uprooted trees, injured the bathehouse tops 
and balustrades, blew blinds off the old house and unroofed the stables  The 
wind passed over Market Wharf shortly before 5 p.m.  A general blow had been, 
on account of the falling glass, anticipated at St. Georges; and all the coal 
hulks and other floating property had been specially moored to withstand it."
September 18:  System moved toward the northwest and apparently merged with 
the decaying extratropical low, though a main stationary frontal boundary 
remained to the north of the system.  A trailing cold front in HWM extending
from the center of the storm appears suspect.  Center was near 38N, 63W in 
HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Numerous gale force wind reports were 
observed poleward of the frontal boundary, not directly related to the 
system.  Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 38.9N, 61.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).  
September 19:  System continued to move toward the northwest and the frontal
boundary apparently reached the circulation center as gale force winds
with temperatures around 60F were observed just west and north of the center.
Center of system near 40N, 67.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
September 20:  System weakened and moved slightly to the southeast.  Frontal
boundary associated with system also weakened.  Center of system near
39N, 67W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.
September 21:  System absorbed by stronger frontal system that moved in
from the northwest.

The system is started on the 15th as a tropical storm, reached peak intensity
on the 17th, became extratropical on the 19th and dissipated late on the 20th.
The conditions reported by Tucker likely was due to the periphery of the 
storm and a rainband-induced tornado.  The 999 mb peripheral pressure on the 
17th suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship.  55 kt chosen for the best track at this time, which may have 
been the peak intensity.  The storm did exhibit some hybrid characteristics
and might, in a later era, be classified as a subtropical storm.  Note that 
complete lifecycle of this system is not known, as its genesis before the 
15th is uncertain due to lack of data.

*******************************************************************************

1911/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20040 10/23/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20040 10/26/1911 M= 7  6 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
         **        **  *       ***

(The 23rd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20045 10/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 702  35    0*178 719  35    0*
20050 10/24*181 735  35    0*184 748  35    0*188 759  35    0*188 767  35    0*
20055 10/25*191 775  35    0*192 781  35    0*194 787  35    0*195 792  35    0*

20060 10/26*196 797  35    0*198 801  35    0*199 805  35    0*200 808  40    0*
20060 10/26*225 755  30    0*225 770  30    0*225 785  30    0*224 799  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20065 10/27*201 810  40    0*203 812  40    0*204 815  45    0*205 818  45    0*
20065 10/27*223 813  30    0*222 827  35    0*220 840  40    0*217 848  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20070 10/28*207 822  45    0*208 825  45    0*210 828  45    0*212 831  45    0*
20070 10/28*214 853  40    0*212 857  40    0*210 860  40    0*208 862  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20075 10/29*214 834  45    0*216 837  40    0*219 840  40    0*223 844  35    0*
20075 10/29*206 864  40    0*205 865  40    0*205 865  40    0*208 864  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20080 10/30*228 849  35    0*233 855  35    0*239 859  35    0*245 862  35    0*
20080 10/30*212 863  35    0*218 861  35    0*225 859  35    0*235 860  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

20085 10/31*251 863  35    0*258 864  35    0*265 863  35    0*273 859  30    0*
20085 10/31*245 861  45    0*255 861  45    0*265 860  45    0E275 850  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **     **** ***  **

20090 11/01*285 847  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20090 11/01E290 825  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **

20095 TS

Major changes from the track and minor changes from the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records
station data, Perez (2000), and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez.

October 23:  No closed circulation was apparent from HWM and COADS 
observations, but there was a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT
location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.5N, 70.2W.  
"A decided pressure fall over the West Indies indicated the presence of a 
disturbance in the Caribbean Sea not far from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo" 
(MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
October 24:  No closed circulation apparent from HWM and COADS observations.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 18.8N, 75.9W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 25:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on
south side of storm at HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 78.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 26:  No closed circulation was apparent in HWM, but observations
from HWM, COADS and the Cuban ship data indicate a center near 22.5N, 78.5W.  
A warm front was analyzed extending from near the system's center north 
through Cuba and Florida, but evidence for this feature is weak.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.9N, 80.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 27:  A weak circulation with 1010 mb pressure at most in the HWM 
was indicated in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with an embedded stationary 
front extending northeastward across Florida.  Evidence for the front is
weak from available observations.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 20.4N, 81.5W.  Observations suggest that the center was
near 22N, 84W.  "The disturbance was of small diameter and moved slowly 
west-northwestward, passing south of and near Habana, Cuba, early on the 
morning of Friday, October 27th, and moving into the Gulf of Mexico during 
the day" (MWR).  Peak station observation:  40 kt SE "early morning" at 
Havana (MWR).
October 28:  Circulation center ill-defined, but farther west than indicated
in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
21.0N, 82.8W with 45 kt winds.  A stationary front is analyzed to begin near 
the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the
evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely located near 21N, 86W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 29:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther west 
and south than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.9N, 84.0W.  A stationary front is analyzed 
to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast 
over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely
located near 20.5N, 86.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed near the storm.
October 30:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther south 
than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 23.9N, 85.9W.  Center likely located near 22.5N, 86W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 31:  Circulation center near 26.5N, 86.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure
at most, close to that indicated by HURDAT.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 86.3W.  Moderate cold front analyzed to be 
approaching the system from the north and west.  "On Tuesday, October 31, there
were strong indications that the storm had recurved and was approaching the 
northwest coast of Florida" (MWR).  Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 27.2N, 87.7W at
12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  10 kt S with 1009 mb (minimum for
month) at Tampa at 18 UTC (OMR).
November 1:  "By night [Oct. 31-Nov. 1] the storm center was over northern
Florida.  It still retained its moderate character and passed northeastward
over the Atlantic Ocean during the [next] night with decreasing intensity"
(MWR).  In partial support of this statement, 00 UTC observations showed
SW winds at Tampa and NE winds at both Pensacola and Jacksonville.  However,
by 12 UTC all three stations reported N winds a substantially cooler
temperature behind the front and no remnant circulation remained.  

Observations are sufficient to determine that a delay in the genesis of
this tropical storm is required.  The storm is now begun as a tropical 
depression on the 26th just northeast of Cuba, rather than having 
genesis on the 23rd just south of Hispanola.  Ship data of the "Regina"
provided by Dr. Ramon Perez were crucial in determining that the system had 
developed into a tropical depression east of Cuba rather than south of
Cuba.  Winds recorded by this ship were SW-SSW at 20-25 kt for 12 hours late
on the 26th and early on the 27th and minimum pressure was 1010 mb at 21Z
on the 26th (though pressure values appear to be about 4 mb too high for 
this ship - a minimum of 1006 mb looks more reasonable).  The system crossed
Cuba as a tropical depression moving just south of due west and it became
a tropical storm on the 27th while south of Havana.  The track is 
adjusted to the west on the 28th and to the south and west on the 29th to 
better match ship observations and to better correspond with pressure 
changes in Havana.  Track moved to the south on the 30th to match 
observations and continuity with the position on the 29th.  These track
changes around Cuba on the 26th to the 30th are in agreement with that 
suggested by Perez (2000).  Winds are analyzed to have peaked around 45 kt 
on the 31st.  Due to being absorbed by the cold front late on the 31st and 
early on the 1st, the status is changed to an extratropical cyclone at 
those times.

*******************************************************************************

1911 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a trough present near 50W on 17
February 1911. The trough progressed westward on the 18th near 53W and 
eventually became a tropical depression on the 19th near 22N, 52W (HWM). 
Available observations indicate a clear circulation of 30 kt winds (HWM,COA) 
with peak observations of 45 kt and 1008 mb early on the 20th. The system's 
brief stint as a tropical depression ended on the 21st as it quickly 
dissipated. One ship reported (somewhat suspect) gale force wind observations 
of 35 and 45 kt on the 19th and early on the 20th (COA).  However, without 
additional pressure and/or wind observations this system is considered a 
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Feb 17 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~50W
Feb 18 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~53W 
Feb 19 22N 52W Tropical Depression 
Feb 20 25N 49W Tropical Depression
Feb 21 --- --- Dissipated 


2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
near 36N, 55W on 22 May 1911 from an existing extratropical storm.  The system
then meandered around 35N, 53W over the next three days before being absorbed 
by a second extratropical cyclone on the 24th.  Highest winds observed
from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 23rd (HWM).  Lowest pressures 
observed were 1009 mb on the 23rd (HWM). Although one gale of 35 kt is 
present, not enough evidence is available that the system reached tropical
storm intensity.  Thus it is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps
a subtropical depression) and not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 19   35N  53W     Extratropical
May 20   36N  49W     Extratropical  
May 21   37N  52W     Extratropical 
May 22   36N  55W     Tropical Depression
May 23   32N  53W     Tropical Depression                
May 24   33N  53W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 25   35N  53W     Extratropical


3) A cyclone formed on the 29th of June northwest of Bermuda, moved toward 
the east-northeast, reached a peak intensity of around 50 kt on the 2nd of
July, and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 3rd.  Peak
observations were a ship with winds of 45 kt on the 30th and 997 mb peripheral
pressure on the 1st.  While the system may have gained some tropical (or
subtropical) characteristics on the 1st and 2nd, it was judged to still
retain baroclinic features and thus is not added into HURDAT.  Information 
for this system was obtained from the Historical Weather Map series and the 
COADS ship database.  
 
DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun 29   36N  69W     Extratropical
Jun 30   37N  64W     Extratropical
Jul 01   39N  61W     Extratropical
Jul 02   41N  56W     Extratropical
Jul 03   --   --      Absorbed by larger extratropical system


4) Mr. Michael Chenoweth uncovered this information from _The Voice of 
St. Lucia_ newspaper dated 7 Oct. 1911:
"Extract from The Jamaica Gleaner, undated.
 Port Limon, Costa Rica, Sept. 4 [Monday]. The tail of a hurricane 
 struck this locality on Tuesday [29 August], doing some heavy damage 
 to some farms. Westfalia, a comparatively small banana farm, is said 
 to have lost 10,000 bunches of bananas, while others escaped 
 entirely."
A review of the Historical Weather Map series for the 28-30 August time
frame does suggest a tropical disturbance moved through Central America
during these dates.  However, perhaps because of the lack of both
ship and station data, no closed circulation could be identified nor
were there any gale force observations.  Likewise, a search of the COADS 
ship database while also being somewhat sparse for observations in the 
region did not provide any evidence of a closed low or gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure).  Thus this system will be kept here in the
additional notes section as a possible new storm, but one needing
additional corroborative evidence to be added into HURDAT.


5) An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the Caribbean was
investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone.  Information
was obtained from summaries in the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical
Weather Map series and COADS database.  "On the morning of the 16th a 
decided fall in barometer set in over the West Indies ... the center of 
the disturbance and its intensity were not definitely known ... Some 
indications disturbance south of Haiti.  On the morning of the 17th ...
placing the center of the disturbance south-southwest of Jamaica.  On the
18th ... indications disturbance in Caribbean Sea is west of Jamaica and
approaching Yucatan Channel.  Intensity unknown.  At Habana a wind 
velocity of 32 miles an hour from the northeast was reported as having
occurred during the night of the 17th-18th.  No further evidence of 
this storm has been reported" (MWR).  This system appears to be a strong 
easterly wave that moved across the Caribbean without becoming a tropical 
cyclone.  It is possible though that it did become a tropical depression 
on the 17th and/or 18th, but definite evidence for a closed  circulation 
does not exist.  Additionally, no winds (or winds implied from pressure) 
support tropical storm intensity.  Thus this system is not included into 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 16  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 70W)
Sep. 17  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 75W)
Sep. 18  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 80W)
Sep. 19  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 85W)


6) The Historical Weather Map series and COADS database indicate the
presence of a storm system from 16-20 October, 1911 in the North Atlantic.
This system moved eastward for 5 days at about latitude 35N.  While
no frontal features could be determined during most of the storm's 
lifetime, gale force winds in the were storm were primarily to be found
well away from the storm's center.  This system is judged to be a large 
non-tropical gale center.  While the storm was non-baroclinic, it lacked 
the high wind mesoscale structure required of tropical cyclones.  The one 
possible exception during its lifetime occurred on the 20th, when a gale 
force report was found just to the south of the center.  However, lack of 
collaboration with additional data make this single report ambiguous for 
knowing the structure of the system at that time.  Thus this storm is not 
included as an additional system for HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 16  38N  66W     Non-tropical low
Oct. 17  34N  56W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 18  36N  53W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 19  35N  52W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 20  34N  49W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 21  ---  ---     Dissipated


7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate a that a
low pressure area formed near 21.5N, 71W on 11 December 1911 and appeared to be
a tropical cyclone in structure. The system was likely a tropical depression on
the 11th as indicated by MWR, "maximum winds of 36 mph [30 kt], southwest, in 
the afternoon and lowest pressure of 29.68 inches [1005 mb] in the morning" for
the Turks Islands. This pressure observation implies at least 36 kt from the 
southern pressure-wind relationship, unless the observation is considered a 
central pressure which would in turn indicate maximum winds of ~35 kt. The 
depression maintained its intensity and "moved westward, centered immediately
north of eastern Cuba" on the 12th (MWR). It is also noted to, "soon dissipate
as it moved into the Gulf as indicated by pressures and winds in Havana and 
south Florida" (MWR). On the 13th, the system was weakening and by the 14th was
completely dissipated. Although this system contained one observation of gale
force, such pressures (1008 mb and higher) do not support winds of tropical
storm force from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore, this storm
is considered a tropical depression and should not be added to HURDAT.

Dec 09 19N 69W Extratropical
Dec 10 20N 68W Extratropical 
Dec 11 21N 73W Tropical Depression 
Dec 12 22N 77W Tropical Depression
Dec 13 32N 53W Tropical Depression - Dissipating 
Dec 14 33N 53W Dissipated

*******************************************************************************

1912/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20190 06/07/1912 M=10  1 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20190 06/07/1912 M=11  1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                   **          ***

20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 853  35    0*235 855  35    0*
20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 880  35    0*277 877  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20200 06/08*239 858  35    0*242 860  35    0*245 863  35    0*246 866  35    0*
20200 06/08*274 874  40    0*272 871  45    0*270 870  50    0*268 873  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20205 06/09*247 869  35    0*248 873  35    0*248 876  35    0*248 879  40    0*
20205 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  50    0*265 890  50    0*264 895  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20210 06/10*248 883  40    0*247 886  45    0*247 890  45    0*247 894  45    0*
20210 06/10*262 900  50    0*261 905  50    0*260 910  50    0*261 912  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20215 06/11*247 899  50    0*247 903  50    0*248 908  50    0*250 914  50    0*
20215 06/11*262 913  55    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20220 06/12*255 919  50    0*261 925  45    0*269 929  45    0*277 931  45    0*
20220 06/12*272 920  60    0*276 923  60    0*280 925  60    0*285 924  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20225 06/13*286 929  45    0*295 921  45    0*305 908  40    0*316 888  35    0*
20225 06/13*291 920  60    0*298 915  55    0*305 908  50    0*315 895  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

20230 06/14*328 862  35    0*340 835  35    0*350 814  35    0*355 798  35    0*
20230 06/14*325 875  40    0E335 845  35    0E345 810  35    0E350 785  35    0*
            *** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***

20235 06/15*358 784  35    0*360 769  35    0*360 752  35    0*359 734  35    0*
20235 06/15E353 770  35 1005E354 756  40    0E355 745  40    0E355 730  40    0*
           **** ***     ******** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20240 06/16*358 715  35    0*355 696  35    0*351 675  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
20240 06/16*355 710  35    0*355 694  35    0*355 680  30    0*353 670  30    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(17th is new to HURDAT.)
20242 06/17*351 661  30    0*348 653  30    0*345 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20245 TS                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database,  and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

June 5:  Closed low shown in HWM at 23.5N, 92.5W with pressure 1010 mb at
most. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 23N, 92.5W (a.m.) and 
24N, 94W (p.m.).  However, available observations depict only an open trough. 
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 6:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 92W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 25.5N, 92.8W (a.m.) and 27N, 90.2W (p.m.).  
However, available observations depict only an open trough.   Station 
highlight:  38 kt SE wind at Pensacola (MWR).
June 7:  Closed low shown in HWM at 28.5N, 88W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 87.8W with 1008 mb pressure (a.m) and 28.2N, 
85W (p.m.).  HURDAT first lists this system at 12 UTC as a tropical storm at 
23.0N, 85.3W.  the MWR track appears to be most accurate from available
observations.  Ship and coastal station data do at this point indicate a 
closed circulation.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 8:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26N, 85W with pressure 1005 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27.2N, 83.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
25.7N, 84.2W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.3W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a 
position north and slightly west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1005 mb pressure 
at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 87.0W (COA), 50 kt NE wind at 14 and 18 UTC at 
28.0N, 87.0W (COA).  
June 9:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 89.5W with pressure 1005 mb at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 25.3N, 87.2W with 1000 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.3N, 89.2W with 1005 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.8N, 87.6W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position north and west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  50 kt NE wind
at 02 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA) and 50 kt NE wind and 1003 mb pressure at 
12 UTC at 27.2N, 89.8W (HWM).  "On the 9th a wireless vessel report from the 
middle Gulf of Mexico indicated the presence of a disturbance of moderate 
intensity in that region" (MWR).  
June 10:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25.5N, 91W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 23.5N, 88.5W with 1007 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.5N, 91.2W (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
24.7N, 89.0W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just
north of HWM.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 06 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W 
(COA); 35 kt ENE wind at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 88.3W (HWM).
June 11:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26.5N, 91W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27N, 93W (a.m.) and at 26N, 94.3W (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.8W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 12:  Closed low shown in HWM at 27.5N, 92.5W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 94.2W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
at 28.5N, 93W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 26.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  40 kt NNE wind 
and 995 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 28.4N, 92.5W (HWM).  "On the morning of the 
12th observations from west Gulf stations indicated that the disturbance was 
apparently approaching the eastern Texas or the Louisiana coast and advices 
were accordingly sent to Gulf stations and vessel interests" (MWR).  
June 13:  Closed low has moved inland over Louisiana as shown in HWM at 
31N, 91.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
30.7N, 90.7W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33.2N, 86.8W with 1000 mb 
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 90.8W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  37 kt wind at New Orleans (MWR); 1000 mb 
pressure at Birmingham (MWR).  "By the morning of the 13th the center had 
passed inland over Louisiana causing some damage by the spreading of flood 
waters; no damage however was reported to shipping" (MWR).  
June 14:  Closed low still inland over South Carolina is shown in HWM at 
35N, 80.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with a stationary front draped 
across it from WNW to ESE.  (However, observations do not appear to support 
such a frontal analysis.)  The MWR tracks locate it at 34.7N, 80.7W with 
1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 35N, 75.5W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 35.0N, 81.4W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position closest to the MWR center.
Station highlight:  42 kt wind at 0215 UTC in Atlanta (MWR); 1002 mb pressure 
at 00 UTC in Montgomery (OMR).  "The storm, which was of moderate intensity, 
passed east-northeastward to the North Carolina coast by the evening of the 
14th, causing storm winds over the south Atlantic coast warnings of which 
were issued on the 14th.  A severe local storm was reported near 
Fayetteville, N.C., during the 14th" (MWR).
June 15:  Closed low back over water in the Atlantic is shown in HWM at 
35N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
34.5N, 73.7W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 36.0N, 75.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just south and east of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  4 kt E and
1005 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR) - possible central pressure.
June 16:  Closed low is shown in HWM at 34N, 67.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 35.1N, 67.5W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just north and west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed.
June 17:  An open trough is shown in HWM, but available observations 
indicate a closed low near 34.5N, 64.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied by
pressure) were observed.

Major adjustments to the track on the 7th through the 10th to the north
and west are justified by ship and coastal observations.  Minor changes
to the track are made from the 11th through the 16th.  Additional day 
added to the track on the 17th based upon ship and Bermuda observations.
Intensity increased from the 8th to the 13th based upon ship observations.
995 mb pressure from HWM ship at 12 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at
least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
utilized.  60 kt tropical storm at landfall around 05 UTC on the 13th is 
consistent with high winds (42 kt in Atlanta) and low pressures (1004 mb in 
Charlotte) found inland along track.  This wind adjusts to 35 kt after 
accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to 
a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). 
Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests 
winds of 52, 43, 35, and 27 kt for the 13th at 06, 12, 18 UTC and 14th at 
00 UTC.  Peak observed winds after landfall were 35 kt (after adjustment)
at 02 UTC on the 14th.  This suggests a slower than usual decay.  Winds of 
55, 50, 45, and 40 kt, respectively, are chosen for the intensities.  
Intensity increased slightly on the 15th due to coastal observations as the 
system reached the ocean.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/02 - 2005 REVISION:

20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*264 711  35    0*270 718  35    0*
20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 740  35    0*258 745  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20260 07/13*275 724  35    0*280 731  35    0*284 738  35    0*287 745  35    0*
20260 07/13*266 750  35    0*273 755  35    0*280 760  35    0*285 764  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20265 07/14*291 752  35    0*294 759  35    0*297 767  35    0*300 776  40    0*
20265 07/14*289 767  35    0*293 771  35    0*297 775  35    0*300 781  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

20270 07/15*304 784  40    0*309 792  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  45    0*
20270 07/15*304 788  40    0*309 797  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  40    0*
                ***              ***                                    **

20275 07/16*313 831  35    0*313 843  30    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
20275 07/16*313 831  40    0*313 843  35    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
                     **               **

20280 07/17*315 875  25    0*316 884  20    0*317 893  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20285 TS                    

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, and Dunn and Miller (1960). 

July 12:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 25N, 74W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.4N, 
71.1W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 13:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 28N, 76W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 29.8N, 
79.7W with 30.08" pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm at 28.4N, 73.8W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
July 14:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 29.5N, 77.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it 
at 28.5N, 78.5W with 30.00" pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 80.2W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.7N,
76.7W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 15:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 31.5N, 80.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it at
31N, 81.3W with 1014 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 83W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
31.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE wind at Savannah 
at 16 UTC.  "The following report on the storm near the Georgia 
coast is taken from notes furnished by Mr. C. J. Doherty, local forecaster, 
in charge at Savannah, Ga.:  A decided fall in the barometer took place on 
the 14th, with increasing winds.  The regular p. m. reports showed an 
incipient disturbance near the Georgia coast, and high winds with unusually 
rough seas prevailed at Tybee Beach during the night.  The morning reports 
of the 15th indicated that the storm had increased slightly in intensity.  
The weather was thick and threatening, with light intermittent showers which 
continued during the day and night.  After midnight the wind became fresh and 
gusty.  A verifying velocity was attained at 7.35 a. m. of 36 miles an hour, 
and thereafter the wind continue high until 10 p. m., with a maximum velocity
of 49 miles from the southeast shortly after 11 a. m. on the 15th.  During 
the day the displayman at Tybee reported unusually wild seas, with high winds 
and swell from the southeast.  Northeast storm warnings were displayed from 
Jacksonville to Charleston.  No material damage was reported" (MWR).  "On the
evening of the 14th there was an unsettled condition off the Georgia coast, 
and by the morning of the 15th pressure had fallen slightly over that region, 
and a maximum wind velocity of 36 miles from the east was reported from 
Charleston.  Storm warnings were ordered from Charleston to Jacksonville, and 
special observations were called for, but no further development was noted.  
Heavy rains, however, occurred over Georgia and South Carolina" (MWR). 1912
July 14-15 ; Ga., S.C.; Minimal intensity; Center near Tybee Beach (Dunn and
Miller).
July 16:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a circulation center can
be identified inland near 31.5N, 85.5W from available ship and station 
reports.  The MWR tracks show the system at 31.1N, 85.7W with 1013 mb
pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 87.8W with 1012 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists
the system as a tropical depression at 31.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC.  Station
highlight:  40 kt SE wind at Charleston at "morning" (MWR).  "... and a maximum 
wind velocity of 46 miles from the southeast was reported on the morning of 
the 16th from Charleston.  This disturbance caused showers and thunderstorms 
over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States for several days following the 
16th" (MWR).
July 17:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a possible circulation 
center could be seen near 31.5N, 89.5W based upon station reports.  It is
possible though that the circulation has decayed to an open trough 
oriented west-east.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression
at 31.7N, 89.3W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.

A large west shift in the track was analyzed for the 12th to the 14th based 
upon available ship and coastal station reports.  Intensity not altered 
before landfall in Georgia.  Landfall around 16 UTC on the 15th with winds 
of 45 kt from HURDAT originally matches observed peak winds of 43 kt from 
Savannah.  (This wind adjusts to 36 kt after accounting for the high bias 
of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind 
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).  Observed 40 kt (33 kt
true) winds early on the 16th are the reason for slightly increasing the 
intensity on the 16th.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/03 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20286 09/02/1912 M= 5  3 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20287 09/02*382 725  30    0*381 725  30    0*380 725  35    0*378 725  40    0*
20288 09/03*376 725  45    0*373 725  45    0*370 725  45    0*365 728  45    0*
20289 09/04*360 732  40    0*355 735  40    0*350 740  40    0*345 747  40    0*
20289 09/05*340 754  35    0*335 762  35    0*330 770  35    0*326 780  30    0*
20289 09/06*322 792  30    0*318 807  30    0*315 825  25    0*313 845  20    0*
20289 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC.  

September 2:  A low forms off of the North Carolina/Virginia coast
centered at 36.5N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.
Additional COADS observations indicate the center was farther
north.  Low appears to be tropical as no frontal features are apparent
in the vicinity of the storm.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 
38.0N, 71.0W at 21 UTC (COA).
September 3:  The low was located at 37N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SE at 37.5N, 71.5W at 13 UTC
(COA) and 15 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.2N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 4:  The low was located at 35N, 73.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther east.  A dissipating cold front was analyzed in HWM
to be just north of the storm, which is reasonable.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day.
September 5:  The low was located at 32N, 77W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther north.  Peak station observation:  32 kt E and 1015 mb
at Charleston at 22 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed for this day. 
September 6:  The low was located inland over Georgia at 32N, 83W with
1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.  Additional data indicates the center
was somewhat farther south and east.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) was observed for this day.
September 7:  The low dissipated by the 12 UTC analysis in HWM.

The system began on the 2nd as a tropical storm, quickly reached its peak 
intensity of 45 kt on the 3rd, gradually weakened over the next two days
with a decay to tropical depression stage on the 5th, made landfall early
on the 6th and dissipated by late on the 6th.  Individual hourly 
observations from Savannah indicate that landfall occurred just
north of Savannah around 03 UTC on the 6th.  Peak observed winds at
the coast were 32 kt from Charleston at 22 UTC on the 5th.  These
adjust to 28 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer
of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Additionally, the lowest pressure recorded
in Savannah was 1014 mb (00 UTC on the 6th) and in Charleston was 1015 mb
(22 UTC on the 5th).  Thus the system is analyzed to have made landfall
near the Georgia/South Carolina border as a 30 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1912/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20290 09/11/1912 M= 4  3 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20290 09/10/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *  *       ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20292 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 840  30    0*290 843  35    0*

20295 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 841  60    0*288 843  60    0*
20295 09/11*290 845  40    0*290 848  45    0*290 850  50    0*289 852  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20300 09/12*286 845  65    0*285 848  70    0*283 854  70    0*282 857  70    0*
20300 09/12*287 854  60    0*286 857  65    0*285 860  70    0*285 863  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

20305 09/13*281 862  70    0*280 867  70    0*280 872  70    0*283 876  70    0*
20305 09/13*286 867  80    0*288 871  80    0*290 875  80    0*293 878  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20310 09/14*292 880  70    0*304 884  65    0*318 888  50    0*350 885  30    0*
20310 09/14*297 881  70    0*301 883  65    0*308 885  50    0*318 885  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
20312 09/15*330 885  35    0*350 885  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20315 HR AL1             
20315 HR AL1AFL1             
            ****

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

September 6-9:  Beginning on the 6th of September as storm 1912/03 was inland 
over Georgia, a trough of low pressure formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.  
This trough appears to be a separate entity to storm 1912/03 or its remnants.
The trough remained in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from the 6th through
the 9th, though it did not seem possible to close off a well-defined
center of circulation.   No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 10:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 84.5W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W for both a.m. 
and p.m.  Available observations indicate that the center indicated in MWR 
is most reasonable.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 11:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 28.5N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W (a.m.) and at 
27N, 87W (p.m.).  (The MWR tracks then keep this system stationary until the 
13th p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 84.1W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations indicate that the center was likely west
of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 12:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W at both a.m. 
and p.m.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W 
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was likely just
north and west of HURDAT's position.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The period of 6 days from the 7th to 12th was 
noteworthy for excessive rains on the west coast of Florida, Tampa, receiving 
13.71 inches, Pinellas Park 15.31, and Cedar Keys 23.15 inches" (MWR).  "From 
the 6th to the 13th conditions were unsettled off the east Gulf coast and 
reports from land stations as well as those from vessels by wireless 
indicated the existence of a disturbance of slight intensity in that region.  
On the afternoon of the 12th, special observations indicated that the storm 
was increasing in intensity" (MWR).
September 13:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1000 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W (a.m.) and at 
28N, 87.5W with 1002 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlight: 70 kt wind 
and 982 mb pressure from the barkentine Golden Rod near 29.4W, 87.2W at 
03 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  41 kt at Pensacola at 22 UTC (HWM).  
Available observations suggest a position north and just west of HURDAT.
"The barkentine Golden Rod ... encountered the storm off Cape San Blas 
on the night of the 12th.  The squalls grew more frequent and severe and at 
night he was driven along before them under bare poles, passing about 60 miles 
south of Pensacola at 11 p.m., when his barometer fell to 29 inches [982 mb].  
He [the captain] said the squalls were terrific and the ship remained over on 
her beam ends during the height of the storm" (MWR). 
September 14:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 30N, 89W with 1005 mb
pressure at most and with an ill-defined warm front to the north and west of 
the system.  (The frontal analysis appears suspect.)  The MWR tracks have the 
center at 31.5N, 88.5W with 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33N, 92.5W (p.m.)  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  
Station highlight:  64 kt SE wind at 0600 UTC and 1003 mb pressure at 0730 
UTC at Pensacola (MWR); 45 kt SE wind at 0850 UTC and 995 mb pressure at 
0830 UTC at Mobile (MWR).  Available observations suggest a center south and
just east from HURDAT.  "[At Pensacola on the 13th] fifty-three miles 
from the southeast was registered at 7.18 p. m., 50 southeast at 
8.14 p. m., 59 southeast at 9.21 p. m., with an extreme 62 miles; 
58 southeast at 10.57 p. m., and 58 southeast at 11.56 p. m.  ...  
at 7 p. m., the tide was 1 foot above normal.  On the 14th extremely 
severe southeast squalls continued to 7 a. m., reaching 68 miles southeast 
at 12.24 a. m., and 74 southeast at 2 a. m., with an extreme velocity of 
86 miles at 1.58 a. m.  The next squall, at 2.26 a. m., carried away the 
anemometer, which had worked loose on its stand.  The anemometer record was 
started again at 8.26 a. m.  It was the general opinion that the squall at 
2 a. m. was the hardest, but the severe squalls of about 60 miles continued 
to 6 a. m., south winds prevailing after 3 a. m. ... Pressure fell to 29.62 
inches [1003 mb] at 2.30 a. m., then began rising rapidly, reaching 30 inches
[1016 mb] at 9 p. m. ... The tide during the night of the 13th-14th rose 2 feet
above normal high water, the waves were about 4 feet high, and the wind 
carried the spray over the American National Bank Building ... Beginning at 
Pensacola entrance and making a circuit of Pensacola Bay, the following damage 
by the storm was observed:  Fishing smack Two Boys ashore.  The tracks of the 
Pensacola Electric Co. were undermined for a distance of about 1,200 feet 
immediately south of Bayou Grande:  also about 1,000 feet on Maine Street; 
their tracks were also inundated by high tide at the corner of Intendencia 
Street and Ninth Avenue.  Private wharves along the bay shore from Fort 
Barrancas to Baylen Street were generally carried away, together with numerous 
small houses for fishermens equipment.  The entire beach was strewn with 
timber and about 20 barges went ashore; only a few barges remained at anchor 
and retained their cargoes of lumber.  The British SS. Meltonian, moored along 
the east side of Perdido Wharf, broke away and went aground on Rat Island...  
One of them [coal barges] damaged the steamer Edna C, the quartermasters 
steam yacht Page, and rammed and sank the revenue cutter Penrose.  At 
Jefferson Street Wharf a house-lighter sank with a cargo of naval stores.  
Traffic over the L. & N. R. R. was suspended for about 18 hours on account 
of the damage to the bridge by being rammed with rafts of timber.  The west 
end of the roof of Monarch Pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was blown off and a 
portion of the southeast corner of the roof of the Gulf Beacon Inn was torn 
off by the gales.  The British S. S. Conniston went ashore about 75 miles 
east of Pensacola.  The fishing smack Isabelle went ashore about 12 miles 
west of Pensacola entrance...The damage by wind throughout the city was 
slight.  The Western Union lines went down during the night and were out of 
order until 1 p. m. of the 14th.  Electric light circuits were cut off 
about 1 a. m. of the 14th.  Telephone lines to the navy yard were blown 
down...The estimated damage by tide and waves in Pensacola is $23,500, and 
by winds $1,500" (MWR).  "The storm that passed inland from the Gulf on the 
night of September 13-14, with its center probably not over 20 miles west of 
Mobile, was much less destructive than several other storms recorded in the 
meteorological history of Mobile.  The short duration of the high winds, the 
comparatively low accompanying tides, and the absence of heavy rainfall for 
an extended period tended to lessen its disastrous effects...The tides in 
Mobile River had been abnormally low, but during the east and southeast winds 
rose rapidly, and reached the level of the top of the lowest wharves at about
4.30 a. m. ... A maximum rate of 32 miles and hour was attained at 2.50 a. m.,
and the highest velocity, 52 miles an hour, at 3.50 a. m.  No high winds 
occurred after 6 a. m.  On September 14 east winds prevailed from 1.30 a. m. 
to 3.15 a.m., and were followed by southeast winds changing to south at 
4.45 a. m.  At Pascagoula, Miss., about 35 miles southwest of Mobile, the 
wind backed from northeast to southwest, and the highest wind was from the 
northwest.  The wind did not reach dangerous velocities at Gulfport, Miss., 
or other storm warning stations farther west...A rapid fall began after 
midnight; the lowest atmospheric pressure, 29.37 inches [995 mb], occurred at 
3.30 a. m., the pressure remaining almost stationary for half an hour, and 
then rising steadily until 29.65 inches [1004 mb] was reached at 8 a. m. on the
14th.  The loss of property in the city of Mobile from the high winds is 
estimated at $8,000.  A church, a very weak structure, on the corner of 
Delaware and Cedar Streets, was blown down, as were also some business signs 
and many fences.  The wire systems also sustained considerable damage.  The 
loss to vessels in the bay and river is estimated at $4,000.  The larger 
vessels had been made fast with extra cables, and many of the smaller vessels 
had ascended the river to places of safety.  The principal loss to shipping 
interests was a barge, valued at $2,000, which was lost in Mobile Bay, and 
the steamboat National, which sank in shallow water about 3 miles up the 
river.  During the storm a watchman on a barge fell overboard and was drowned"
(MWR). "1912 Sep 13; Pensacola; Minimal intensity; Center moved W of Mobile...
1912 Sep 13-14; Mobile; Minor intensity; Tide 5.2 ft above MLW" (Dunn and 
Miller).  "Estimated lowest pressure 29.32" [993 mb]" (Connor).  AL 
Category 1 hurricane, no central pressure provided (Jarrell et al.). 
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion 
(Ho et al. 1987).  
September 15:  The system appears to have dissipated in HWM by 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks indicated the system was at 38.2N, 85.5W with 1010 mb pressure
(a.m.) and at 42N, 74.5W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  (MWR Tracks also
gave a 16th a.m. position of 40.5N, 69W with 1006 mb pressure.)

Genesis of this system is begun a day early, due to evidence from HWM and
COADS data of a closed circulation.  Track has minor alterations from the
11th to the 14th to better match available observations.  Additional
half day added on the 15th for more realistic translational velocity at
end of track and to better match observations of the decaying system.
Intensity slightly reduced on the 11th and 12th to accommodate weak surface
observations, which is also in accordance with MWR assessment.  Intensity
chosen to peak at 80 kt on the 13th over the Gulf of Mexico, rather than 
70 kt originally, due to 982 mb peripheral pressure report.  (This supports 
winds of at least 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.)  
However, landfall of this system as a weaker hurricane (winds 65 kt) as 
originally found in HURDAT is supported by available wind data as well as 
observations of modest wind-caused damages primarily in Pensacola.  The peak 
observed 5 min winds of 64 kt convert to about 53 kt after accounting for 
bias of that era's anemometer (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and going to a 
maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Landfall as a minimal hurricane 
is also consistent with the assessment by Connor of central pressure near 
993 mb.  (This pressure would suggest maximum 1 min winds of 58 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Thus no changes are made to the 
intensity around the time of U.S. landfall around 08 UTC on the 14th
of a 65 kt Category 1 hurricane.  Category 1 conditions are the same as that 
listed in HURDAT/Neumann et al., though Northwest Florida (AFL) is added
as experiencing hurricane conditions.  It appears that the peak 
winds for this system were likely found between Pensacola and Mobile, so that 
the radius of maximum winds for this system were somewhere between 40 and
60 nmi.  After landfall, a run of the inland decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 
1995) suggests winds of 50 kt, 37 kt and 29 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th 
and 00 UTC on the 15th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these 
synoptic times were:  42 kt, 41 kt, and 32 kt.  Winds in HURDAT are thus 
increased from 30 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, but kept at 50 kt at 12 UTC as higher 
winds may have been present though not observed.  Highest observed storm 
tide was 2' in Pensacola from MWR.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20320 10/04/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20320 10/03/1912 M= 8  5 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
20322 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E285 885  30    0E286 872  30    0*

20325 10/04*  0   0   0    0*283 768  50    0*294 764  50    0*300 759  55    0*
20325 10/04E287 858  30    0E288 844  30    0E290 830  30    0E292 814  30    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20330 10/05*306 754  55    0*311 751  60    0*316 749  65    0*321 746  70    0*
20330 10/05E294 796  35    0E297 778  40    0E310 760  45    0E313 750  50    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20335 10/06*325 744  70    0*329 744  75    0*332 750  75    0*331 753  80    0*
20335 10/06*316 744  55    0*318 741  65    0*320 740  75    0*322 743  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

20340 10/07*327 757  80    0*323 760  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 751  80    0*
20340 10/07*324 749  80    0*323 755  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 755  80    0*
            *** ***              ***                               ***  

20345 10/08*319 743  75    0*321 734  75    0*324 724  75    0*326 716  70    0*
20345 10/08*319 749  75    0*321 742  75    0*324 735  75    0*326 726  70    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

20350 10/09*327 708  60    0*327 699  55    0*329 690  35    0*333 677  25    0*
20350 10/09*327 717  60    0*327 708  50    0*329 700  40    0*331 695  35    0*
                ***              ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20352 10/10*334 692  30    0*337 691  30    0*340 690  30    0*345 690  25    0*

20355 HR                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

September 30-October 2:  Moderate cold front pushed into the Gulf of 
Mexico.  While the HWM showed a closed low on the 1st and 2nd, evidence 
from observations for this is inconclusive. "On September 27 a moderate 
depression (Brownsville 29.92 inches [1013 mb]) appeared at the mouth of the 
Rio Grande.  It moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico in an east-northeast 
direction without any material increase in intensity" (MWR).
October 3:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 28.5N, 88.5W 
with 1012 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward 
and a warm front extending eastward from the center.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
October 4:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 29N, 83W with 
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a 
warm front extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 29.4N, 76.4W.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.  "[The storm] crossed the Florida Peninsula on 
October 4" (MWR).  
October 5:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 32N, 75W with
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and warm
fronts extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 74.9W.  Available observations suggest a
center south and west of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
October 6:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 76W with 1010 mb 
pressure at most and with weakening frontal features.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.2N, 75.0W.  Available observations
indicate a center south and west of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  40 kt N at
Cape Hatteras (MWR).  Ship highlight:  45 kt NNE wind at 12 UTC at 
32.7N, 79.6W (HWM) and four other ship reports of 45 kt).  "[The storm] then 
followed a sharp turn to the north-northeastward with rapidly increasing 
intensity attendant upon a change in direction to the northward" (MWR). 
October 7:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 76W with 1005 mb
pressure at most as a non-baroclinic closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 75.8W.  Ship highlight: 996 mb 
pressure and 50 kt E wind at 05 UTC at 32.5N, 74.5W (MWR/COA) and two other
ship reports of 50 kt.  "On the evening of October 6 the storm was 
central about 350 miles east of Charleston, S. C., a vessel observation in 
that locality showing a barometer reading of 29.42 inches [996 mb]" (MWR).  
October 8:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 72.5W with 1005 mb 
pressure at most as a closed low.  A new cold front approached the storm from 
the north and west and was located a couple hundred miles away.  HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 72.4W.  Available 
observations indicate a center west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1001 mb 
pressure and 50 kt W wind at 05 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA); 1000 mb pressure 
and 50 kt W wind at 09 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA).  "Heavy rains and winds of 
hurricane force attended the storm which continued north-northeastward with 
slowly decreasing intensity" (MWR).
October 9: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 69W as a closed low with
1015 mb pressure at most and a weakening stationary front extending from near 
the center off to the northeast.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
12 UTC at 32.9N, 69.0W.  Available observations indicate a center west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
"...it was lost somewhere between the North Carolina coast and the island of 
Bermuda" (MWR).
October 10:  System not indicated in HWM, but available observations place
a center near 34N, 69W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  

Genesis for this system is begun on the 3rd as a weak extratropical storm
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, rather than on the 4th as a tropical storm
in the Atlantic east of Florida.  Available observations indicated that the 
system moved eastward with little change in intensity through the 5th.  This
is consistent with the assessment in the Monthly Weather Review.  The storm 
appears to have both attained a tropical cyclone structure and intensified
early on the 6th.  Thus intensity reduced on the 4th and 5th and system
is indicated as an extratropical system in the revision for these dates.
Minor changes in the location of the system was included for most of 
its lifetime, except for the 4th where translation of the system from
the west is indicated rather than formation just north of the Bahamas.
No direct observations of hurricane force winds were obtained which 
would have substantiated HURDAT's listing of this system as peaking as
a Category 1 hurricane.  However, the MWR indicated "winds of hurricane
force" were found on the 8th, though these could not be confirmed in either 
HWM or COADS.  Several 50 kt reports were found on the 7th through the 8th 
and a low pressure of 996 mb on the 7th suggests winds of at least 55 kt 
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Thus maintaining this 
system as a minimal hurricane would appear prudent.  Enough evidence was
found on the 10th to extend the track for this system an additional day,
though it was only of tropical depression status at the time.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20360 10/11/1912 M= 7  5 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20360 10/11/1912 M= 8  6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        *

20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*196 807  60    0*197 817  65    0*
20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*185 807  35    0*189 815  35    0*
                                              ***      **      *** ***  **

20370 10/12*198 826  70    0*199 836  75    0*201 845  75    0*203 854  80    0*
20370 10/12*193 823  40    0*197 831  45    0*201 840  50    0*205 850  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20375 10/13*205 864  80    0*208 873  85    0*210 882  85    0*213 890  85    0*
20375 10/13*209 861  60    0*212 872  50    0*215 882  45    0*217 890  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

20380 10/14*215 897  85    0*218 903  85    0*221 910  85    0*224 918  85    0*
20380 10/14*218 897  55    0*219 903  60    0*221 910  65    0*224 918  70    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20385 10/15*228 926  85    0*232 933  85    0*238 941  85    0*243 949  85    0*
20385 10/15*228 926  75    0*232 933  80    0*238 941  85    0*244 949  85    0*
                     **               **                       *** 

20390 10/16*250 956  80    0*255 962  80    0*262 968  75    0*268 972  70    0*
20390 10/16*251 957  85    0*258 964  85    0*265 970  85    0*271 974  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20395 10/17*273 976  65    0*279 980  50    0*286 982  30    0*292 969  25    0*
20395 10/17*277 976  50    0*283 977  40    0*288 978  30    0*292 977  25    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
20397 10/18*295 975  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*


20400 HRATX1                
20400 HRATX2                
        ****

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station 
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

October 7 to 10:  A strong wave moved through the Lesser Antilles and into
the Caribbean Sea, as indicated by wind shifts, pressure drops and rainfall
amounts.  Highest daily rainfall amount indicated was 1.82" for 24 hours
up to 12 UTC on the 8th in San Juan (HWM).  From the _St. Kitts Daily 
Express_, 8 October 1912, courtesy of Michael Chenoweth:  "Yesterday was a 
day of rain.  Copious showers fell all day and business in nearly all 
departments was at a standstill."  However, a closed circulation was not
evident, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or pressure
equivalents).
October 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 80W with pressure
at most 1005 mb.  However, observations do not completely support a closed 
circulation, though data near the southerly side of the system are lacking.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.6N, 80.7W.  Available
observations suggest a center between the HWM and HURDAT estimates.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 20N, 84W with pressure 
at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
20.1N, 84.5W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate a center at 
19.5N, 86.5W with 999 mb pressure (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that HWM is the most reasonable center.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 
23.5N, 82.5W at 09 UTC (COA), 999 mb pressure near 21N, 86W (MWR).  "A week 
later [October 12] it was off the eastern coast of Yucatan, with reported 
barometer readings of 29.50 inches [999 mb]" (MWR).
October 13:  HWM depicts a closed low near 21N, 87.5W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  A stationary front is depicted to the north of the system in
HWM, which could have been extended westward to just south of Brownsville,
Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 
88.2W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 20.5N, 89W and pressure 998 mb
(a.m.) and 23N, 89.5W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest a position
just north of HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 23.6N, 88.3W 
at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  1004 mb pressure at Merida at 12 UTC 
(HWM).  
October 14:  HWM depicts a closed low near 22.5N, 90W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 22.1N, 
91.0W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 24N, 91.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 94W 
(p.m.).  A dissipating stationary front is depicted in the HWM north of the 
system, though it appears that the temperature contrast was still quite 
strong and the front should have been extended to south of Brownsville, 
Texas.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 15:  HWM depicts a closed low near 24.5N, 94W with pressure at most
1000 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 23.8N, 
94.1W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 25N, 94W (a.m.) and 25N, 95W 
(p.m.) with 1008 mb pressure.  While no frontal boundary was depicted in 
HWM, there does appear to be a significant front just north of the 
storm.  However, while data are sparse near the storm's center, the system is 
likely to still be a tropical cyclone.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 16:  HWM depicts a closed low on the coast near the border of Texas
and Mexico near 26N, 97W with pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 96.8W (just offshore).  The MWR 
Tracks locate a center at just offshore at 26N, 97W (a.m.) with 996 mb
pressure and inland at 27.5N, 97.5W (p.m.).  The previously mentioned frontal
feature - still not depicted in HWM - is likely dissipating at this time,
though temperatures themselves are still quite cool.  Station highlight:  
48 kt wind and 996 mb pressure at Brownsville at "morning" (MWR).
"... at the morning observation of October 16, [Corpus Christi] reporting a 
barometer reading (reduced to sea level) of 29.86 inches [1011 mb] and 
[Brownsville] 29.40 inches [996 mb].  In the meantime a steady rain set in 
along the entire Texas coast and the weather continue squally, with high 
tides and approaching the mouth of the Rio Grande ...  On Wednesday, 
October 16, the storm moved inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville ... 
the steamship Nicaragua ... foundered on October 16 about 100 miles southeast 
of Corpus Christi.  The following is an extract from the report of this 
storm, made by Mr. Joseph L. Cline, local forecaster, in charge of the 
Weather Bureau office at Corpus Christi:  ... Northerly winds prevailed for 
several days at this station, shifting to the east on October 16.  the 
maximum wind velocity was 30 miles from the north on the 14th and 37 miles 
from the north on the 15th.  On the 16th storm velocities prevailed from 
12.03 a. m. to 8.18 a. m., with a maximum velocity of 51 miles from the 
north at 4.10 a. m., and from 6.32 p. m. to 7.46 p. m. 110th a maximum 
velocity of 40 miles from the southeast at 7.05 p. m.  The wind lulled and 
shifted to the southwest during the night of October 16-17.  Rain fell from 
4.57 a. m. to 7.14 p. m. of October 15, and from 7.52 p. m. of the 15th to 
5.33 p. m. of October 16.  the total amount was 3.99 inches of which 
3.33 inches fell in 22 hours and 50 minutes from 4.31 p. m. of the 15th.  
The barometric pressure remained above 30 inches [1016 mb] until the 
afternoon of October 15, when it commenced falling and continued to fall 
until the afternoon of the 16th, reaching the lowest, 29.75 inches [1007 mb]
about 5 p. m.  Moderately high tides were reported on the morning of 
October 16, doing several hundred dollars damage to property on Harbor 
Island and nearly $1,000 damage to the municipal wharf now under 
construction at this place.  Considerable damage was reported from Point 
Isabel near Brownsville, Tex.  No other damage was reported, except the 
sinking of the steamer Nicaragua in the Gulf of Mexico east of Padre 
Island, or southeast of Corpus Christi, on the morning of October 16.  
This boat sailed from Tampico, Mex., October 11 for Port Arthur, Tex., 
loaded with cotton and miscellaneous freight valued at $20,000.  It had 
length of 286 feet and a net tonnage of 310 tons and was owned by the Cia 
Consolidita de Maderas, of Tampico, Mex.  The crew consisted of 27 men.  
Capt. E. Eschevarra and 12 members of his crew were picked up in the Gulf of 
Mexico by members of the United States life-saving station at Port Aransas, 
Tex., on the afternoon of October 22.  They were in two lifeboats.  The 
captain believes that six of the crew were lost at the time the vessel 
foundered and that the others may still be drifting in lifeboats somewhere 
along the south Texas shore line.  (Sinking of Nicaragua taken from newspaper 
reports.) [End of Cline's report.]  Considerable damage was caused along the 
Texas coast between Rockport and Brownsville by wind and tide.  Padre and 
Brazos Islands were reported submerged for several hours and a number of 
buildings were washed away.  At Point Isabel, a fishing station about 
22 miles from Brownsville, the damage to buildings and fishing boats is 
estimated at $7,000.  At Brownsville several windmills were wrecked, trees 
were blown down, and poorly constructed buildings more or less damaged.  No 
loss of life was reported.  The total damage, however, is insignificant when 
compared with the benefits resulting from the heavy rains accompanying this 
storm.  About two-thirds of the entire area of Texas received a copious 
supply of moisture, the amounts ranging from 1 to over 5 inches, which not 
only relieved the droughty conditions existing in many localities, but also 
prepared the ground for fall plowing and sowing.  By far the greater portion 
of the moisture soaked into the ground as evidenced by an extremely small 
run-off.  The heaviest rainfall occurred at Brownsville, where the total 
amount from this storm measured 8.26 inches, and in a large number of 
localities northward as far as Corsicana the amounts ranged from 4 to 5 
inches ... the highest wind velocities reported were 55 miles an hour at 
Brownsville, Tex." (MWR).  "Oct 15 1912; Ft. Point (GLS) 1.8 ft; (Connor).
"1912; Oct. 15-16; Lower coast of Texas; Minimal damage; Damage $28,000 (Dunn 
and Miller).  "1912 October 16 Hurricane with winds of 100 mph struck central 
Padre Island [estimated, not observed] ... In Brownsville, the Herald 
complained that the tropical storm was not tropical enough.  They wrote 'On the
contrary it was a blue norther cold wet rain of the damp chilly variety so 
familiar to the people in the semi-arctic regions around San Antonio and 
Austin.' At Point Isabel, a number of buildings were wrecked and several boats 
were capsized.  The tide rose about six feet in less than four hours and the 
rain fell non-stop day and night.  The oldest inhabitant said he had never 
seen such a storm" (Ellis).  This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  
The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was 
Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  TXA1 [South Texas Coast], no 
central pressure given (Jarrell et al.).  
October 17:  HWM depicts a closed low inland 29.5N, 97.5W with pressure at 
most 1010 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 
28.6N, 98.2W (inland).  The MWR Tracks locate a center inland at 28N, 98W 
(a.m.) with 1010 mb pressure and at 30N, 96.5W (p.m.) with pressure 1009 mb.  
Station highlight:  35 kt SE wind at Corpus Christi at 0005 UTC (MWR).
"[The storm was] decreasing rapidly in energy and breaking up on October 17 
as an independent storm with general and heavy rains over the eastern 
two-thirds of Texas" (MWR).  
October 18-20:  HWM and available observations suggest that the system 
dissipated late on the 17th.  HURDAT did the same.  The MWR Tracks, however, 
continued to track a remnant center:  33.8N, 94.5W with 1008 mb pressure on 
18th a.m.; 32N, 88W with 1009 mb pressure at 18th p.m.; 31.2N, 85.5W with 
1012 mb pressure at 19th a.m.; 30N, 84.2W with 1011 mb pressure at 19th p.m.; 
27.7N, 84.7W (back over the Gulf) with 1011 mb pressure at 20th a.m.

Minor changes to the track from the 11th to the 13th and the 16th and 17th 
are primarily based upon HWM and COA data.  Track extended until 00 UTC on
the 18th to match available data and for a more realistic (slower) 
translational velocity at the last point in HURDAT.  Intensity is reduced
from the 11th to the 13th based on data that indicates that the system
did not reach hurricane strength until the getting back over the Gulf of
Mexico.  Winds also reduced on the 13th and 14th after landfall in the Yucatan 
of Mexico, which was not accounted for in the original HURDAT.  No direct
measures of hurricane force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed
for this system.  The peak observations were 48 kt of wind and 996 mb
pressure measured in Brownsville, Texas.  (The 996 mb peripheral pressure
measurement suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.)  However, the 6' storm tide and inundation
at Padre and Brazos Islands suggests landfall of a low-end Category 2
hurricane (~85 kt) in southern coastal Texas around 1800 UTC on the 16th.  
This is an increase from the Category 1 assessment at landfall by Jarrell 
et al. and Neumann et al., but is the same as the 85 kt shown originally in 
HURDAT.  A issue arose as to whether this system was or evolved into an 
extratropical storm at any point.  Evidence is clear until the 14th that
it was definitely a tropical cyclone.  However, the data is ambiguous on
the 15th and 16th.  It was decided to retain the system as a tropical cyclone
on these dates in part because of the rise in temperature at Brownsville by 
8F (56F to 64F) from 12 UTC 15th to 12 UTC 16th, even though the winds 
remained out of the northwest.  This suggested that both the temperature 
contrast of the existed frontal feature was decaying in addition to the
arrival of a warm core system.  Thus the system is retained as a tropical 
cyclone throughout its lifetime.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
inland decay model, this suggests winds of 58, 44, and 35 kt for the 00, 06, 
and 12 UTC on the 17th.  Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of
these synoptic times were 35 kt, 32 kt, and 20 kt, respectively.  It
appears that this system filled faster than what the model would suggest, 
though the data coverage was (as usual) somewhat sparse near the system's 
center.  Winds are chosen to be 50, 40, and 30 kt, respectively.  Peak 
observed storm tide was 6' at Point Isabel (Ellis).

*******************************************************************************

1912/07 - 2005 REVISION:

20405 11/11/1912 M=15  6 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20405 11/11/1912 M=11  7 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                   **  *       ***

20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 790  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 797  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
                                 ***  

20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  35    0*126 806  35    0*
20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  40    0*126 806  45    0*
                                                       **               **

20420 11/13*128 805  35    0*130 804  35    0*131 803  35    0*132 802  35    0*
20420 11/13*128 805  50    0*130 804  55    0*131 803  60    0*132 802  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20425 11/14*132 801  35    0*132 801  40    0*133 800  40    0*135 799  45    0*
20425 11/14*132 801  70    0*132 801  70    0*133 800  70    0*134 799  70    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      **

20430 11/15*138 798  50    0*141 797  60    0*144 796  65    0*148 796  70    0*
20430 11/15*135 798  70    0*137 797  70    0*140 796  70    0*145 796  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20435 11/16*152 798  80    0*157 799  85    0*160 800  95    0*168 800 100    0*
20435 11/16*150 798  80    0*155 799  85    0*160 800  90    0*163 800  95    0*
            ***              ***                       **              ***

20440 11/17*165 798 105    0*168 797 115    0*170 795 120    0*173 792 125    0*
20440 11/17*165 798 100    0*168 797 100    0*171 795 100    0*174 792 100    0*
                    ***              ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

20445 11/18*176 787 130    0*178 784 130    0*181 782 130    0*188 777 130    0*
20445 11/18*177 789 100    0*180 786 100    0*183 784 100  965*184 781  85    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

20450 11/19*191 780 125    0*187 787 125    0*184 793 120    0*183 797 115    0*
20450 11/19*185 775  80    0*187 765  75    0*190 757  70    0*189 760  65    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

20455 11/20*182 800 110    0*180 804 105    0*179 808 100    0*181 811  95    0*
20455 11/20*187 767  60    0*185 780  55    0*183 793  50    0*182 803  45    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

20460 11/21*185 812  85    0*192 810  85    0*200 805  75    0*209 796  75    0*
20460 11/21*181 810  40    0*180 815  35    0*180 820  30    0*180 825  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20465 11/22*219 785  70    0*233 773  70    0*252 762  70    0*275 751  65    0*
20470 11/23*299 744  65    0*323 738  65    0*346 729  65    0*369 714  65    0*
20475 11/24*391 690  65    0E413 658  60    0E435 620  60    0E455 575  55    0*
20480 11/25E473 518  55    0E489 451  50    0E504 375  45    0E520 300  45    0*

20485 HR                    

Major changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Hall (1913), Mitchell (1924), Tannehill (1956), Perez (2000), and
and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal 
Resena Meteorologica.

November 6-9:  HWM observations show lowered pressures (by up to 4 mb) 
occurred throughout the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th, but without 
a closed circulation.  Despite this, HWM analyzed a closed center near 
14N, 67W on the 7th; 15N, 70W on the 8th; and 14N, 68W on the 9th.  
A severe squall impacted Trinidad on the 9th (see details extracted from 
the _Trinidad Mirror_, provided by Mike Chenoweth).  It was investigated
to see whether either the HWM closed circulation and/or the squall in
Trinidad had any direct association with storm #7.  However, surface 
observations from HWM, COADS and newspaper accounts show no closed 
circulation existed from the 6th through the 9th, though the data is sparse
away from the Lesser Antilles.  While the wave that went through the
Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th may have been associated with the
tropical disturbance that later formed into a tropical storm on the 11th,
it appears unlikely that the squall that impacted Trinidad on the 9th had
any direct association with the subsequent tropical cyclone.
"There was a severe depression of the barometer here Wednesday night [6th] 
but happily nothing came of this warning.  We have been getting some heavy 
showers of rain since Sunday." (_Dominica Guardian_, Friday, Nov. 8, 1912 - 
provided by Mike Chenoweth).  The Grenada Chronicle and Gazette newspaper 
mentions nothing of the system (provided by Mike Chenoweth).  _Trinidad 
Mirror_, Monday, 11 November 1912 "HEAVY SQUALL IN THE GULF! MANY 
VESSELS DAMAGED, SEVERAL SUNK, No Human Casualties
      An old mariner told one of our representatives on Saturday that in 
 all his local experience in the Gulf, which extended over more than thirty 
 years, he had never known of such a sharp squall as that which occurred at 
 about 5 a.m. on Saturday morning. For the past week there were many 
 indications of bad weather; vivid sheet lightning, slight winds, and some 
 rains alternated, in the meantime the barometer sinking continuously. Among 
 local shipowners and others who had business with the sea this occasioned 
 at first some serious apprehension and efforts were made to put every thing 
 in ship shape, ready for any eventuality. Since last week, as already 
 stated, the barometer was exceedingly low and on Thursday last we were 
 informed that it was seen at its lowest (locally) for the past ten years. 
 Nothing untoward having occurred, however, apprehension was cast aside and 
 people were lulled into a sense of security and began to pursue their 
 wonted course. Friday night was rather gloomy and there were sharp flashes 
 of distant lightning from a very early hour on Saturday morning. Then at 
 about 5 o'clock, the lightning increased and the south-west wind began to 
 rise. The latter increased in violence as a slight rain began falling and 
 the sea began to rise. It rose in mountainous, huge, towering billows, 
 thundering against the wharves and jetties, sending up masses of water 
 topped with wavy plumes of angry spray and banging and bashing and 
 battering all the craft moored alongside, soon making driftwood of many of 
 them.The tug Edith of the Trinidad Shipping and Trading Company, which was 
 moored against the St. Vincent Street Jetty, seeing the great danger and 
 the damage that was occurring, kept up a shrill wailing with her siren in 
 order to arouse mariners and apprise them of the state of affairs. People 
 hearing the whistles all over the town, seeing the lightning and rain and 
 feeling the wind, began to get rather uncomfortable, and made up their 
 minds to experience a bad time of it, but nothing worse occurred. Several 
 boat and lighter owners, of course, hastened to the wharves to see what was 
 up, while several others did not make any stir owing to the fact that 
 November is not considered a hurricane month. It must be borne in mind that 
 though we in Trinidad have been visited with no marine misfortunes of any 
 appreciable magnitude within the last 50 years or so, still it is the 
 custom, as is the case also all over the West Indies, to look our for bad 
 weather from about 25 June to October 25, and we are told that in some of 
 the Northern Islands at the latter date, the people unite in public 
 thanksgiving for having passed that trying time of the year without any 
 mishaps. November 8, therefore was not thought to be a likely date for bad 
 weather and as a consequence lighters were heedlessly moored alongside the 
 wharves, barges were anchored near to lighters and boats and particularly 
 none but the most elementary precautions were observed as the lightermen 
 and others, left the boats on Friday night. As a result when the winds blew 
 and the seas rose, a scene which almost beggars description was witnessed 
 by those who were either on the wharves or in the snug security of the 
 coastal and other steamers and vessels near by or out at their moorings a 
 safe distance away. Boats, barges, and lighters dragged at their anchors 
 and strained at their moorings. They banged and cannoned against each 
 other, creating a fearful din and doing great damage. Spars were broken and 
 fell overboard, bowsprits snapped off, while others served as rams which 
 stove in their neighbors, making big holes into which the fierce seething 
 waves impetuously flowed, soon filling and finally engulfing the vessels....
 ....We know as a fact that a boat belonging to Messrs. J. T. Hamlyn & Sons, 
 which for many years has been used in going off to the lighters at their 
 moorings in rough weather, capsized with five men aboard, some of whom had 
 a very narrow escape from a watery grave. Another boat carrying four oars 
 with seven men aboard was then sent out to assist in rescuing the people, 
 but this one also got swamped. The squall began to subside about 9:30 a.m. 
 .... The weather moderated about 11 a.m. and at about mid-day the gulf had 
 practically assumed its normal condition."
 [large list of losses and other details of damages done are omitted]
The same day's paper on another page carried news from San Fernando, Trinidad.
"HEAVY WEATHER IN THE GULF FLATS DAMAGED AND SUNK, GALLANT RESCUE WORK BY 
 SERGEANT RILEY AND HIS MEN.  NO LIVES LOST.  DAMAGE TO FLATS AND GOODS 
 ESTIMATED AT $6,000.
      San Fernando woke on Saturday morning to find that much damage had 
 been done in the Gulf by heavy winds....
 THE SQUALL
     At about 5:30 a.m. on Saturday the sea was calm as usual though the 
 sky was a bit cloudy and the air worst [sic]. But about ten minutes or so 
 after a strong southwesterly wind began blowing and conditions were 
 immediately upset. A squall set in. Boats and lighters were tossed about 
 vigorously, the launch Guapo was constantly beating against the jetty...The 
 sea was rough and rowing difficult and dangerous, for as the boat attempted 
 to go forward it seemed that the angry waves would upset her. [were able to 
 save men on flat going down] On the way back they saw two fisherman in the 
 water clinging on their capsized boats. These men were also taken in and 
 brought to shore." [Other accounts of damages follow].
The Trinidad Mirror, Tuesday, November 12, 1912
"The squall which wrought such havoc to the gulf on Saturday morning was not 
 confined to Trinidad solely as the Dutch mail steamer Prins der 
 Nederlandern, which arrived here yesterday morning coming from Curacao via 
 Venezuelan posts reports that La Guayra was left on Friday evening about 
 half three o'clock and there was a heavy swell along the coast until about 
 midnight when it began to blow a gale which lasted about four hours. 
 Evidently the squall which struck this steamer is the same one which struck 
 the gulf about five o'clock, the duration being about the same length of 
 time, as matters began to quiet down in the gulf four hours after the start."
 [Further damage reports follow concerning the storm at Port of Spain on 
 Saturday, and clean-up efforts]
(The above extracts from Trinidad papers provided by Mike Chenoweth.)
November 10:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 71.5W with pressure
at most 1010 mb.  However, observations do not support a closed circulation, 
though data near the southerly, westerly and easterly sides of the system 
are lacking.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
November 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 75.5W with 
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 11.4N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The first was a tropical disturbance of 
which the first reported indications were violent thunderstorms on the 
11th over the island of Jamaica.  During the 11th and 12th radiograms 
from vessels in the Caribbean Sea east of Nicaragua showed falling 
pressure" (MWR).
November 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
12.4N, 80.7W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 13:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 79W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is 
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.1N, 80.3W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  Ship highlight:  992 mb at 13N, 80W
(MWR). "On the 13th, through the aid of vessel radiograms, a definite 
center of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of the 
Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 inches" (MWR).
November 14:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
12 UTC at 13.3N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position 
is likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 15:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 14.4N, 79.6W.  Observations suggest that the center is
likely somewhat south of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.  "The hurricane began over the 
island [Jamaica] on the 15th and continued for several days" (MWR).  
November 16:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 80.0W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE at 12 UTC at
19.1N, 81.7W (HWM).  Station highlights:  48 kt SE and 1004 mb at 19 UTC 
at Woodlawn, Jamaica (HALL) ; 26 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at Negril 
Point, Jamaica (HALL).
November 17:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 77W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 79.5W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  40 kt ENE at 12 UTC at
21.7N, 77.2W (HWM).  Station highlight:  52 kt SE and 995 mb at 18 UTC
at Negril Point (HALL).
November 18:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 18.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.1N, 78.2W.  The position based on observations appears
to be just north and west of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:
70 kt ENE and 980 mb at 03 UTC at 18.2N, 78.5W (HALL).  Station
highlight:  105 kt NE and 979 mb at 0703 UTC, calm and 965 mb at 
11 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL).   "The pressure fell steadily 
until 6 a. m. of the 18th, at which hour the barometer at Negril Point 
read 28.487 inches, while at Kingston at the same time the reading was 
about 1 inch higher.  Vessels in the path of the storm reported wind 
velocities of more than 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point, the 
anemometer recorded  a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the northeast 
at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cups were wrenched off, with 
the wind still increasing.  The barometer at that time read 28.90 inches, 
and for 12 hours previously the wind had been blowing between 60 and 80 
miles an hour from the southeast.  By 10 a. m. the wind had shifted to 
northwest, but was still blowing with hurricane force with a barometer 
reading of 28.78 inches.  From 7 a. m. of the 17th to 2 a. m. of the 18th 
the average wind velocity was 66 miles an hour, while the rainfall for the 
24 hours ending at 7 a. m. of the 18th was 12.79 inches.  There had also 
been 3.34 inches during the previous 24 hours" (MWR).  "Great damage was 
wrought in Jamaica.  Several towns were practically wiped out by winds and 
tidal waves, and the loss of approximately 100 lives was reported.  At the 
town of Savannah La Mar, on the south coast of the island, the tidal wave 
was the highest in a century" (MWR). "The following account of the 
hurricane by Rev. J. J. Williams, S. J., of Black River, Jamaica (about
40 miles southeast of Negril Point Lighthouse), is take from "America,"
December 21, 1912:
    It was the night of Sunday, the 17th, however, that the real storm
 commenced.  The southeasterly wind, increasing in violence at every puff,
 until its velocity exceeded 150 mile per hour [estimated], was 
 accompanied by a torrential downpour, such as passes description.  During
 the course of Monday morning the rains stopped for a time, while the wind
 continued with unabated fury until the middle of the day, when it 
 suddenly sank to rest, without any noticeable change of direction.  
    Then succeeded a breathless calm for a few hours, that seemed to 
 indicate that the very vortex of the storm was passing over us.  The lull
 lasted for about three hours.  The unnatural stillness, marred only by an
 occasional drizzle, was itself portentous of approaching trouble.  As there
 had been no change of the wind, the knowing ones prepared for the worst.
 Suddenly the low-scudding clouds swept in from the north, and a perfect
 deluge of rain again swept the land.  The wind did not immediate resume its
 former fury; that was to come later.  For the time being it moaned 
 dismally.
    Toward the hour of sunset the sky took on a most terrible aspect.  No one
 recalls having ever seen anything of its kind before.  The heavy yellow fog
 that mystified the world subsequent to the eruption of Krakatoa some 30
 years ago was nothing in comparison.  It was like the judgment day.  The
 rain was coming in fitful gusts, when suddenly we seemed to be standing in
 the midst of a blazing furnace.  Around the entire horizon was a ring of
 blood-red fire, shading away to a brilliant amber at the zenith.  The sky,
 in fact, formed one great fiery dome of reddish light that shone through the
 descending rain ... The burst forth the hurricane afresh, and for two hours
 or more (I have lost track of the hours that night) it raged and tore
 asunder what little had passed unscathed through the previous blow.
    In some places, as Savanna la Mar, the ocean swept in and carried away
 the very debris.  In other places, as Montego Bay, the inrushing torrents
 sweeping down the gullies leaped their banks and without a moment's
 warning bore out to sea row after row of houses.  Despite the heroic
 efforts at rescue, many were the unfortunates who found a water grave.
    All along the coast vessels were wrecked upon the reefs or foundered in
 the open sea.  At Montego Bay along 14 sailing craft were lost, while at
 Savanna la Mar more than one hulk was left high and dry in the public
 market.  
    Meanwhile, inland the wind was playing havoc everywhere wiping out whole
 plantations of bananas, obliterating files of sugar cane, laying low the
 cocoanut groves, scattering like chaff the hovels of the poor, reducing to
 shapeless masses of ruins the better class of dwellings, and sparing 
 nothing it its fury.
    Practically one-third of the entire island was thus laid waste ... The
 total loss on the island is estimated at 200 lives, with the destruction of
 property valued at $1,000,000" (Mitchell).
November 19:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 79W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.4N, 79.3W.  Mitchell (1924) indicated a center near 
18.5N, 77W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 19.5N, 76W.  Observations 
available suggest a more eastward and northward position than that in 
HURDAT, not as far as that by Perez, but close to Mitchell's estimate.  Ship 
highlights: 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 0330 UTC at 18.4N, 76.9W (HALL); 
NE-NW winds and 1000 mb at 06 UTC at 20.0N, 75.8W at Santiago de Cuba (Cuba).
"The storm apparently recurved after reaching Jamaica" (MWR). "The storm 
rapidly decreased in intensity and filled up between the island of Jamaica
and the Windward Passage" (Mitchell).  "The damages in all of the province
of Oriente are not much considering, although trees were uprooted and
roofs of buildings damaged, telegraph communications were interrupted, 
banana plantations were knocked over and other impacts of moderate importance 
occurred" (Cuba).
November 20:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 80W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.9N, 80.8W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 20.5N,
74.0W.  Observations available indicate a center east of the HURDAT
position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"After leaving Jamaica the intensity of the storm decreased and on the 
morning of the 20th, a vessel radiogram from the Windward Passage showed a 
barometer reading of 29.84 inches with a moderately strong northeast wind"
(MWR).  "The storm lost intensity rapidly after passing Jamaica and was 
not traced beyond extreme eastern Cuba" (Tannehill).  Perez (2000)
indicated a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba from this system.
November 21:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 19N, 81.5W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 20.0N, 80.5.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 24N, 73.5W.
Available observations suggest a weakened and disorganized center to the 
south and west of the position in HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
November 22:  HWM depicts a closed low centered at 25.5N, 76W with pressure
of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.2N, 76.2W.  Perez (2000) suggest a center near 29N, 73W.
MWR Map of Lows indicates a center at 22.5N, 78W with 1013 mb pressure
(a.m.) and 27.7N, 77.7W with 1014 mb pressure (p.m.).  Observations 
do not indicate a closed circulation near any of the possible positions.  
A cold front can be analyzed as extending from a developing extratropical 
low at 28.5N, 79.5W, southward to near Miami and then over western Cuba.  
Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 75.7W (HWM).  "The storm 
apparently continued northward a short distance to the westward of Turks 
Island" (MWR).
November 23:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 34.5N, 73W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 34.6N, 72.9W.  The MWR Map of Lows analyzed the center at
31.5N, 73.5W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and 35N, 73W with 1004 mb
pressure (p.m.).  A cold front can be analyzed from the observations 
extending from the low southwestward as well as a warm front going 
east-northeastward from the low.  Ship highlight: 50 kt NW at 01 UTC at 
30.5N, 78.5W (COA).  "It was next noted on the morning of the 23rd about 
300 miles east of Charleston, S. C." (MWR).  
November 24:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 42N, 63W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 43.5N, 62.0W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Map of Lows indicated a center
at 39.8N, 75.5W and 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and 42N, 73.5W and 996 mb
pressure (p.m.).   Ship highlight:  50 kt S and 998 mb at 04 UTC at 
38.5N, 64.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 42.1N, 62.0W (HWM).
"It then continued due northward with slowly increasing energy" (MWR).
November 25:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 51N, 36W with
pressure of at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 50.4N, 37.5W.  MWR Map of Lows indicated a center near 45N, 73W
with pressure 993 mb (a.m.) and 46N, 67W with pressure 998 mb (p.m.).  
Ship highlight:  35 kt W at 12 UTC at 47.9N, 40.0W (HWM).  "By the morning 
of the 25th had reached northern New York.  After this time it moved 
northeastward and was last noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the 
26th" (MWR).  [Note:  apparently the analysis in the Monthly Weather Review
on the 24th to the 26th was following a secondary, extratropical low
pressure system, which was not utilized in HWM or HURDAT.] 

The track is adjusted on the 11th to provide a realistic initial motion.
Small additional modifications were made on the 15th through the 18th
based upon available observations.  A larger change to the track of this
hurricane was made on the 19th, which now takes the system over the 
northern half of the island based upon observations in Hall (1913).
The positions of the system were similar to HURDAT on the 20th, as
the storm turned back to the west after reaching the ocean off of Jamaica.
For the 21st to the 26th, there are a variety of opinions as to what
happened to this system:  1) MWR suggested it went northward across
Cuba and the Bahamas and made landfall in New York on the 23rd before
decaying over Nova Scotia on the 26th;  2) HWM and HURDAT suggested it went 
northward across Cuba and the Bahamas, but then turned to the northeast at 
the latitude of the Carolinas, became extratropical, clipped Newfoundland
on the 24th and decayed over the far north Atlantic on the 25th;  3) Perez 
suggested it went northeastward passing between Cuba and Hispanola, then 
northward to the latitude of the Carolinas, then following the HWM/HURDAT 
scenario; and, finally, 4) Tannehill and Mitchell suggested that it 
decayed near extreme eastern Cuba.  The MWR and HWM/HURDAT tracks are 
not correct, as observations from Cuba (Perez 2000) indicate that no 
tropical storm or hurricane made landfall in central Cuba, though the
system did cause a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba.  However, available 
ship and coastal observations indicate that the Perez track cannot be 
correct either with a track through the Windward Passage.  The Tannehill/
Mitchell scenario appears closest to being accurate, though available
observations indicate that the system dissipated instead on the 21st 
in the western Caribbean.  The system tracked in HWM and HURDAT from
the 22nd until the 25th was a separate, extratropical storm that underwent
cyclogenesis on the morning of 22nd near 28.5N, 79.5W along a well
defined frontal zone.  (It is to be noted that on the 22nd the HWM had 
the baroclinic low well to the southeast of its actual position.)  Thus 
the dates of the 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.  The 
intensity of the system was boosted substantially on the 12th to the 
15th, based upon MWR reports of ship observations of pressures around 
992 mb.  992 mb peripheral pressure on the 13th suggests winds of at 
least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen 
at 18 UTC on the 13th.  Thus it is estimated that the system became a 
hurricane late on the 13th, rather than the 15th as originally shown 
in HURDAT.  The intensity at landfall in Jamaica on the 18th can be 
ascertained from a central pressure reading in Negril Point of 965 mb
at 11 UTC.  This suggest winds of 95 kt from the southerly pressure-wind
relationship.  Winds of 105 kt were also recorded at this station, which
reduces to 84 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrumentation
of the time (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to a peak 1 min
observation (Powell et al. 1996). Detailed hourly measurement of the
winds at Negril Point allows for an estimate of a 10 nmi RMW, which is
smaller than that expected by climatology (14 nmi) for this latitude and
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus an increase over the winds
suggested by the pressure-wind relationship to 100 kt (Category 3) is 
selected for winds at landfall in Jamaica, as well as the peak intensity of 
the storm.  (No other observations exceeded 70 kt wind or less than 983 mb 
pressure for the lifetime of the system.)  Winds are thus reduced 
significantly from the 17th to the 19th.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb
and winds shifting from NE-NW on the 19th from a ship at Santiago de Cuba 
indicates a close pass just south of Cuba.  This is consistent with the
moderate impact in southeast Cuba and assessment of Category 1 conditions
by Perez (2000).  Observations indicate that the system weakened to tropical 
storm intensity on the 20th, decreased to a tropical depression on the 21st, 
and dissipated by early on the 22nd.  The impact and severity of this 
hurricane, while not being as intense as originally suggested, was probably 
enhanced by the extreme, prolonged rainfall on the island beginning on 
the 11th up through the time of landfall of the hurricane as well as 
the lengthy duration that hurricane force winds were felt at Jamaica 
during landfall.

******************s************************************************************

1912 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
in the open Atlantic near 29N, 40W on 4 April 1912 from an existing 
extratropical storm.  The system moved toward the southwest for two days and 
was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone on the 
6th.  Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 4th 
(HWM).  Lowest pressures observed were 1015 on the 4th (HWM).  With only one 
observed gale and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this a tropical storm.  Thus this system is considered a tropical 
depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and will not be added to 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr 03   37N  39W     Extratropical      
Apr 04   29N  40W     Tropical Depression
Apr 05   26N  43W     Tropical Depression (Dissipating)
Apr 06   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate a baroclinic low leaving 
the northeastern US to September 20 with winds of about 35 kt.  It gains 
intensity on the 21st by having a fall in central pressure to near 1010 mb.  
On the 22nd, pressures fall to 1005 mb and gale force winds up to 40 kt are 
observed.  On the 23rd, the storm changes little in intensity, but the
frontal features are beginning to dissipate.  On the 24th, the system 
weakens, but starts to gain tropical characteristics.  On the 25th, winds 
reach 30 kt with a central pressure of 1006 mb.  On the 26th, it has winds 
of 30 kt with a central pressure of not more than 1002 mb, indicating the 
possibility of a tropical storm.  However, since there were no gale force 
wind reports and since the system is very broad, it is uncertain whether it
had obtained tropical storm intensity.  On the 27th, it loses tropical 
characteristics and weakens.  On the 28th, it has evolved into an 
extratropical system and has the strongest winds far from the center.  This 
system raced across the north Atlantic with pressures below 1000 mb.  On 
October 1st, its forward momentum slows and pressures reach 985 mb.  
Weakening occurs on the 2nd and 3rd with pressures returning to over 
1000 mb.  On the 4th, the remnants move over Italy and by the 5th the 
system has dissipated.  Thus this system was not included into HURDAT 
because of the lack of confirmation of tropical storm intensity on the
days that it appeared to have tropical cyclone characteristics (24-26).


DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 20 42N  66W     Extratropical
Sep. 21 39N  62W     Extratropical
Sep. 22 42N  58W     Extratropical
Sep. 23 41N  54W     Extratropical
Sep. 24 36N  52W     Extratropical or Tropical Depression
Sep. 25 35N  52W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 26 37N  54W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 27 42N  53W     Extratropical
Sep. 28 48N  48W     Extratropical
Sep. 29 47N  30W     Extratropical
Sep. 30 48N  22W     Extratropical
Oct. 1  49N  13W     Extratropical
Oct. 2  47N   7W     Extratropical
Oct. 3  45N   3E     Extratropical
Oct. 4  43N  12E     Extratropical Dissipating

3)  The Connor (1956) reference has a map of a tropical storm for 21-25 Sep.
1912, which began in the Gulf of Mexico south of Texas, made landfall in
Northwest Florida on the 23rd and reached the ocean late on the 24th off of
North Carolina.  This system was also briefly mentioned in the Monthly
Weather Review (page 1305) and it was included in its Map of Low Pressure
Tracks.  It is noted that the estimated central pressures listed in the
MWR Tracks peaks over water, then weakens over land - which is characteristic
of a tropical cyclone.  One gale force wind report was noted (Jacksonville 
on the 24th).  However, after inspection of the Historical Weather Maps, the 
system is clearly extratropical in structure throughout its lifetime and thus
will not be added to the HURDAT database.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 21  25N  95W     Extratropical
Sep. 22  29N  91W     Extratropical
Sep. 23  29N  87W     Extratropical
Sep. 24  36N  74W     Extratropical
Sep. 25  ---  ---     Extratropical Dissipating

4)  Historical Weather Maps indicate that a low pressure area formed 
on the 17th of October southeast of Bermuda, moved generally 
northwestward until the 20th, recurved and moved toward the northeast 
from the 21st until the 24th, and dissipated on the 25th southeast of 
Cape Race.  Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that it was a 
tropical depression from the 17th until the 20th, then became 
extratropical as a cold front moved from the northwest and overtook 
the storm on the 21st.  Peak intensity during its tropical depression 
stage was 25-30 kt, though there was a single, isolated 35 kt NNW ship 
report (COA) at 12 UTC on the 20th at 35.0N, 62.0W.  Without 
corroborating additional evidence for tropical storm intensity, this 
system is not added to HURDAT but is listed here as a possible
tropical storm.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 17  29N  54W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 18  26N  52W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 19  30N  55W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 20  34N  59W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 21  38N  53W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 22  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 23  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 24  41N  48W     Extratropical Storm

5)  Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed extratropical low west of 
Spain on November 4th, 1912.  A pressure of 1005 is observed and maximum 
winds were 30 kt.  There was little change on Nov. 5th with a pressure of 
1003 mb.  On November 7th, it obtained some tropical characteristics with 
winds of about 20 kt and it moved slowly to the south.  On the 8th, winds 
near the center were unknown and minimum pressure was likely below 1009 mb.  
On the 9th, central pressure increased to near 1014 mb with maximum winds 
of 20 kt.  Winds increase on the 10th to 25 kt and the depression moved 
west on November 8-10.  On the 11th, it turned NE and was absorbed into a 
frontal boundary.  There was no evidence of gale force winds for this 
system, thus it was not added as an additional system into HURDAT.

DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 4  37N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 5  34N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 6  32N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 7  30N  25W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 8  29N  26W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 9  30N  39W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 10 30N  46W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 11 32N  42W     Tropical Depression Being Absorbed by Front

*****************************************************************************

1913/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20460 06/22/1913 M= 7  1 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20460 06/21/1913 M= 9  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *          ***

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20462 06/21*  0   0   0    0*110 800  30    0*110 805  30    0*111 806  30    0*

20465 06/22*  0   0   0    0*110 800  60    0*118 810  65    0*124 818  70    0*
20465 06/22*112 807  30    0*113 808  35    0*115 810  40    0*121 813  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

20470 06/23*131 825  70    0*138 832  70    0*145 837  70    0*153 841  70    0*
20470 06/23*127 816  45    0*134 820  45    0*140 825  45    0*146 830  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20475 06/24*161 845  75    0*170 850  75    0*178 854  80    0*185 860  80    0*
20475 06/24*152 835  35    0*158 840  35    0*165 845  40    0*175 850  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 06/25*191 865  85    0*197 869  85    0*203 874  85    0*212 878  85    0*
20480 06/25*185 855  50    0*195 860  50    0*205 865  50    0*214 871  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 06/26*222 881  85    0*232 884  85    0*240 892  85    0*245 902  85    0*
20485 06/26*223 878  40    0*232 885  45    0*240 892  50    0*245 902  55    0*
            *** ***  **               **               **               **

20490 06/27*249 917  80    0*252 933  80    0*257 947  75    0*263 959  70    0*
20490 06/27*249 917  60    0*252 933  65    0*257 947  65    0*263 959  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20495 06/28*270 972  65 1004*277 984  55    0*285 995  35    0*3001008  20    0*
20495 06/28*270 972  65     *277 984  45    0*285 995  35    0*2931003  30    0*
                        ****          **                       *******  **

(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
20497 06/29*3001008  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20500 HRATX1                

Minor changes are made to the track and major changes to the intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and 
Jarrell et al. (1992). 

June 21:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11N, 80.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
June 22:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11.5N, 81W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
11.8N, 81.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 23:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
14.0N, 82.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
14.5N, 83.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 24:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not show a closed circulation,
though data to the south of the possible center are sparse.  If a center
exists, it is likely near 16.5N, 84.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.8N, 85.4W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "On the morning of the 24th vessel reports
indicated the presence of a disturbance in the extreme western Caribbean
Sea" (MWR).
June 25:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20.5N, 85.5W,
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 87.4W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely between the HWM and HURDAT
positions.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 26:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 25.5N, 90.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 24.0N, 89.2W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"During the following 48 hours the disturbance moved north-northwest to
about latitude 25, and longitude 89" (MWR).
June 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 24.5N, 96W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 94.7W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 28:  Observations indicate a closed low over land near the Texas-
Mexico border at 28.5N, 99.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 28.5N, 99.5W.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE at 08 UTC at
Corpus Christi (OMR); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at Brownsville (OMR). 
"It thence moved about northwest until the evening of the 27th when it was
off the mouth of the Rio Grande with pressure at Brownsville, Tex., 29.62
inches.  By morning of the 28th, it had passed inland over the Texas coast
between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, a maximum wind velocity of 52 [50] 
miles from the southeast being reported on that morning at Corpus Christi. ...
The storm apparently broke up over the upper Nueces watershed after giving
copious rains in that section.  The center of heaviest precipitation was at
Montell, Uvalde County, where from 2.30 p. m. June 28 to 9 a. m. June 29
the fall amounted to 20.60 inches ... Uvalde, in the same county, and less
than 30 miles southeast of Montell, reported a rainfall of 8.50 inches
from 1 p. m. June 28 to 6 a. m. June 29.  These rains caused considerable
damage in that section, flooding the lowlands, washing away houses and stock,
and interrupting traffic and communication by telegraph and telephone for
several days.  One person was drowned in the vicinity of Montell" (MWR).
"June 27.  Lower Texas Coast.  Minor.  Torrential rains" (Dunn and Miller).
"Tide information - 1.4' Ft. Point, Galveston" (Connor).  "1913 Jun TX,
1S [southern coast of Texas]" (Jarrell et al.).  "Hurricane made landfall
on Central Padre Island near Big Shell with 100 mph winds [~85 kt] ... Storm 
surge peaked at 12.7' in Galveston" (Ellis).  [These storm surge and wind
wind values are erroneous as can be shown from the Weather Bureau Galveston 
station Original Monthly Records:  "27th - The tide was about 1.5 feet above
normal most of the day...Maximum velocity 39 mph [34 kt]".  This U.S. 
landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  
June 29:  System appears to have dissipated over south central Texas from
HWM observations by 12 UTC, but may still have been a tropical cyclone
at 00 UTC.

Genesis for this hurricane is begun a day earlier in the southwestern
Caribbean on the 21st, based upon available observations.  Minor alterations
to the track are made on the 22nd to the 26th due to ship and coastal
data.  Track extended to 00 UTC on the 29th based upon observations 
indicating its existence through early on the 29th as well as for a more 
realistic translational velocity.  Intensity reduced dramatically from the 
22nd to the 25th as observations indicate that it did not reach hurricane 
intensity until reaching the Gulf of Mexico.  No observations of hurricane 
force winds or equivalent in central pressure were ever measured for this 
system.  (Highest observed winds were 43 kt and lowest observed pressure
was 1003 mb.)  However, due to landfall in a relatively sparsely monitored
part of Texas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, it is quite possible
that the system did obtain minimal hurricane force intensity and made
landfall in Texas as a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane around 0100 UTC at 
27.1N, 97.4W.  (The 1004 mb pressure in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 28th is a
peripheral pressure and is thus removed from HURDAT.)  Utilizing the Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 44, 34, and 
28 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC on the 28th.  Peak observed winds after 
landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 43, 41, and 28 kt, 
respectively.  These adjust to 37, 35 and 24 kt after accounting for the 
high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute 
wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Thus winds are 
reduced from 55 to 45 kt at 06 UTC, kept at 35 at 12 UTC, and increased 
from 20 to 30 kt at 18 UTC.  Peak storm tide observed was 1.4' at Ft.
Point, Galveston (Connor).

*****************************************************************************

1913/02 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20501 08/14/1913 M= 3  2 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20502 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*320 680  30    0*330 655  30    0*
20503 08/15*340 632  35    0*350 610  35    0*360 590  40    0*370 575  40    0*
20504 08/16*382 565  40    0*395 562  40    0E410 560  35    0E425 560  30    0*
20504 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 13:  A stationary front is depicted in HWM as extending from near
Bermuda to North Carolina, though the structure appears to be better
described as a trough with little to no surface baroclinic structure.
No closed circulation is evident, though there are winds up to 25 kt on
the south side of the trough.
August 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 71W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 32N, 68W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61.5W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 36N, 59W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSW at 33.3N, 55.3W at 12 UTC
(HWM) and 35 kt ENE at 39.3N, 58.0W (HWM).
August 16:  HWM indicates a stationary front extending from near Bermuda to
north-northeastward to 39N, 60W, then extending east-northeastward to
43N, 45W.  While it does appear at this time that modest frontal features
has formed by this time, a closed circulation can be identified at 41N, 56W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 40.7N, 58.2W (HWM).
August 17:  System has been completely absorbed into a frontal boundary
and has lost its identity.

This system formed as a tropical cyclone of tropical depression intensity
on the 14th of August west of Bermuda.  It intensified to a tropical storm
on the 15th and reached a peak intensity of around 40 kt late on the
15th and early on the 16th.  It transformed into an extratropical storm
system on the 16th and had dissipated south of Newfoundland by the 17th.
There is some uncertainty of the true character of this system, as on the
15th (the date of peak intensity) the storm's center is elongated SW-NE
along HWM's (supposed) frontal boundary.  Another interpretation of this
system is that it could be described as a non-tropical gale with an
ill-defined center.

*******************************************************************************

1913/03 - 2005 REVISION:

20545 09/03/1913 M=10  3 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20545 08/26/1913 M=18  3 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
      ** **        **          ***

(The 26th of August through the 2nd of September are new to HURDAT.)
20546 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 210  30    0*126 222  30    0*
20546 08/27*127 235  35    0*127 247  35    0*127 260  40    0*127 273  45    0*
20546 08/28*127 285  45    0*127 298  45    0*127 310  45    0*127 322  45    0*
20546 08/29*128 335  45    0*129 347  45    0*130 360  45    0*130 373  45    0*
20546 08/30*130 385  45    0*131 398  45    0*132 410  45    0*132 422  45    0*
20546 08/31*133 435  45    0*134 447  45    0*135 460  45    0*136 472  45    0*
20546 09/01*137 483  45    0*138 494  45    0*140 505  45    0*142 516  45    0*
20546 09/02*144 527  45    0*147 538  45    0*150 550  45    0*155 562  45    0*

20550 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 596  35    0*177 602  35    0*
20550 09/03*160 574  45    0*165 584  45    0*170 596  45    0*177 602  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

20555 09/04*184 607  35    0*191 611  40    0*198 614  40    0*204 616  45    0*
20555 09/04*184 607  45    0*191 611  45    0*198 614  45    0*206 616  45    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      

20560 09/05*210 618  45    0*216 619  50    0*223 623  50    0*233 624  55    0*
20560 09/05*214 618  45    0*222 619  45    0*230 623  45    0*239 624  45    0*
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20565 09/06*246 627  60    0*259 627  60    0*271 621  60    0*282 605  70    0*
20565 09/06*249 627  45    0*260 627  45    0*271 621  50    0*282 605  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20570 09/07*292 585  70    0*300 562  75    0*306 540  75    0*308 518  80    0*
20570 09/07*292 585  50    0*300 562  50    0*306 540  55    0*308 518  55    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20575 09/08*310 496  80    0*313 474  85    0*321 456  85    0*324 454  85    0*
20575 09/08*310 496  55    0*310 474  60    0*311 460  60    0*315 454  60    0*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

20580 09/09*329 453  85    0*334 454  85    0*339 459  85    0*344 464  85    0*
20580 09/09*323 453  60    0*331 454  60    0*339 459  60    0*344 464  60    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20585 09/10*349 469  85    0*353 475  80    0*358 482  75    0*362 490  70    0*
20585 09/10*349 469  60    0*353 475  60    0*358 482  60    0*364 488  55    0*
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

20590 09/11*365 499  70    0*368 509  70    0*370 520  70    0*371 531  65    0*
20590 09/11*371 493  55    0*378 498  55    0*385 500  55    0*394 500  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20595 09/12*371 544  60    0*369 557  45    0*360 570  35    0*350 568  30    0*
20595 09/12*404 500  45    0*416 500  40    0E430 500  35    0E445 500  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** *** 

20600 HR                    
20600 TS
      **

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

August 26:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
12.5N, 21W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 12.7N, 26W.
Ship highlight:  35 kt E at 13.5N, 26.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
August 28:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 31W.
HWM and COADS observations analyze the system farther south.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 29:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on the west and south sides.  A low center was analyzed
at 13N, 36W based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
August 30:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13N, 41W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 31:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13.5N, 46W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 14.6N, 47.0W at
12 UTC (HWM).
September 1:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 14N, 50.5W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 2:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 15N, 55W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 17N, 59.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 59.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.8N, 61.4W.  HWM
and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 22.5N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 22.3N, 62.3W.  Available
observations indicate a center north of HURDAT and HWM.  No gale force winds 
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 27.1, 62.1W.  HWM and
COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 30.5N, 54W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.6N, 54.0W. 
Ship highlight:  20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 55.7W (HWM).
September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 45.6W.
HWM and COADS ship observations indicate a moderate cold front passing
to the north of the storm and that the storm is somewhat south and west
of the HWM and HURDAT positions.   Ship highlight:  35 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 
30.3N, 44.4W (HWM).
September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 34N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 45.9W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 12 UTC at 34.5N, 47.2W (HWM).
September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 36N, 48W.
A non-tropical low system is approaching the tropical cyclone from the
west.  HURDAT listed the tropical cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 35.8N, 48.2W. Ship highlight:  Several ships with 35 kt (HWM and COA).
September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 37.5N, 58.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 52.0W. 
The low shown by HWM appears to be an unrelated non-tropical low.  Available 
observations suggest that the tropical cyclone is closer to, but to the north 
and east of, the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:  45 kt SW at 12 UTC 
at 37.9N, 48.1W (COA).
September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 57W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 57.0W.  
However, available observations and continuity suggest that the system near
36N, 57W is not the tropical cyclone, but is instead the unrelated 
non-tropical low seen on the 11th.  The tropical cyclone was identified 
farther northeast near 43N, 50W and was weakening in increasingly baroclinic 
surroundings.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.

This tropical cyclone is begun eight days earlier than the original 
HURDAT as ship observations indicate it formed off of Africa on the 26th 
and became a tropical storm on the next day.  Small alterations are made 
on the track of this system on the 3rd through the 10th (excluding the
7th when no location changes were made).  A large track change was made
for the 11th and 12th as ship observations from HWM and COADS indicate
that the system continued to move to the north rather than turning abruptly
back to the west and south.  The turn to the west and south in HURDAT
originally was due to confusing the tropical cyclone with a non-tropical
low that moved toward the existing system from the west.  Extensive ship 
data shows that the tropical cyclone reached only tropical storm intensity 
(peak of at most 60 kt on the 8th through the 10th).  Intensities reduced 
substantially in HURDAT from the 6th to the 11th and the system has been 
downgraded from a peak of a Category 2 hurricane to a tropical storm/
borderline hurricane.

*****************************************************************************

1913/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  2 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***
        
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*300 700  40    0*303 702  45    0*
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 725  40    0*295 726  40    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***  **

20515 08/31*306 704  50    0*308 707  60    0*313 713  65    0*314 716  70    0*
20515 08/31*302 727  45    0*308 728  45    0*313 730  50    0*317 732  50    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20520 09/01*316 720  75    0*319 725  80    0*324 730  80    0*326 735  80    0*
20520 09/01*320 734  55    0*322 737  60    0*324 740  65    0*326 742  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

20525 09/02*331 740  75    0*336 745  70    0*340 750  70    0*343 754  70    0*
20525 09/02*329 743  75    0*332 745  75    0*335 748  75    0*339 752  75    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20530 09/03*346 758  70    0*348 761  70    0*349 767  60    0*350 773  50    0*
20530 09/03*343 757  75    0*346 763  75  976*349 772  55    0*352 784  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **

20535 09/04*351 787  35    0*352 805  25    0*350 825  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20535 09/04*351 798  30    0*350 815  25    0*345 835  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

20540 HR NC1                

Minor changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm #2.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 29:  HWM and COADS ship data do not indicate a closed circulation
between the Bahamas and Bermuda, though several ships are reporting winds
up to 20 kt.  "On August 29 there was a slight pressure fall over the 
Windward Islands to the southeastward and the fall probably drifted 
normally to the northwestward without attaining true cyclonic development 
until assisted by the heat and moisture of the Gulf Stream during the 
night of August 31 - September 1" (Monthly Weather Review).
August 30:  Observations from HWM indicate a closed circulation exists 
near 28.5N, 72.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
30.0N, 70.0W.  There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent
in pressure).
August 31:  HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front off of the
U.S. Atlantic coast, though available observations do not support any
significant frontal boundary.  Available HWM and COADS observations
indicate a closed low near 31.5N, 73.0W.  HURDAT lists this a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.3N, 71.3W.  There were no reports of gale force
wind (or equivalent in pressure).
September 1:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 73W with 
a warm frontal boundary extending from the system off to the northeast, 
though available observations do not indicate a significant frontal 
feature.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
32.4N, 73.0W.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 32.4N, 74.3W and 1011 mb
(a.m).  Observations from HWM and COADS and the MWR location suggest a 
center farther west of that in HURDAT.  There were no reports of gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure).  "The morning weather map of 
September 1, 1913, revealed the presence of a disturbance, apparently of 
very moderate force, central in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles 
southeast of the coast of North Carolina in which the lowest pressure was 
about 29.9 inches" (Monthly Weather Review).
September 2:  HWM depicts a closed low of a most 1010 mb at 34N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.0N, 75.0W.
Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center farther south than both
the HWM and HURDAT and between the longitudes given in HWM and HURDAT.
Ship highlight:  45 kt E and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 74.3W (COA).
September 3:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb just inland in
North Carolina at 35N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
34.9N, 76.7W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.8N, 77.5W
with 1007 mb (a.m.) and 35.5N, 79.5W and 1007 mb (p.m).  Available
observations suggests that the HURDAT and HWM centers may be more
accurate than MWR.  Ship highlight:  50 kt from three ship reports
at 01, 05, and 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  64 kt SE at 11 UTC and
1003 mb at 09 UTC at Cape Hatteras (DLR).  "At 8:30 p.m. [September 2nd] 
the pressure was 29.98 inches, having fallen only .06 of an inch, but 
from 8:30 p.m. there was a rapid decrease to 29.54 inches at 4:45 a.m. 
on the 3rd; at 5 a.m. the pressure began to rise rapidly and at 5:31 a.m. 
the 5 minute maximum velocity for the storm was recorded and showed a 
velocity of 74 miles per hour from the southeast, with one mile at the 
rate of 92 miles per hour fifteen minutes later.  The wind reached its 
maximum velocity by a steady hourly increase, though the wind came 
in severe flaws lasting from 10 to 20 seconds and seeming reaching a 
velocity of 100 miles per hour, then dropping to 50 miles per hour for 
a few seconds" (Original Monthly Record, Hatteras, N.C.).  "A severe 
coast storm passed inland and near the station on the 3d.  The barometer 
began to fall about midnight, and continued falling slowly until 
8:00 a.m. (reading 29.86) when there was decided drop.  The pressure 
continued to fall rapidly until 2:00 p.m., when the lowest reading 
occurred.  (The corrected barograph reading was 29.37).  The wind 
shifted from northeast to east at 2.10 p.m., and to southeast at 
2:20 p.m., with the pressure rising as rapidly as it fell. The storm 
was attend by excessive rainfall and high winds which lasted about ten 
hours.  During this period the wind blew, first from the northeast then 
from the southeast at the rate of from 30 to 37 miles per hour.  
Considerable damage resulted therefrom, especially to the telegraph and 
the telephone" (Original Monthly Record, Raleigh, N.C.).  "Another 
noteworthy feature was the small storm that entered North Carolina 
between Wilmington and Hatteras from the Atlantic Ocean on September 3, 
which instead or recurving northeastward, drifted slowly westward, 
passing south of Raleigh, where the pressure fell to 29.37 inches ...
The center of the disturbance moved inland between Hatteras and Beaufort, 
N. C., took a westerly course, and passed south of Raleigh about 2 p.m. 
on the third.  The barograph trace at this station is of interest in 
showing the rapidity of the fall and rise of pressure, although the 
lowest pressure reached was only 29.37 inches at 2.10 ;.m. of that date 
... Great damage to property and crops resulted over the eastern portion 
of the State, especially in the Pamlico Sound section, owing to the high 
waves from the Sound.  The highest wind velocity registered was 74 miles 
from the southeast at Hatteras.  At Raleigh the maximum velocity was 
37 miles from the northeast, at Wilmington 30 miles from the west, while 
at Charlotte there was no wind of any consequence.  The greatest loss of 
property occurred in the vicinity of Washington and Newbern, where the 
water driven by northeast to southeast gales is reported to have risen 
10 feet above previous high-water marks.  The bridge of the Norfolk & 
Southern Railroad at Washington, a mile in length, was washed away, and 
also a similar bridge at Newbern, and many other small bridges and 
trestles.  The loss by inundation of the lower streets, also to small 
boats and fishing craft, was very heavy.  Telegraph and telephone lines 
were prostrated or damaged over a wide area ... In the vicinity of 
Norfolk, Va., the damage by wind was not great.  In the open country 
telegraph and telephone poles and trees were blown down, and at Ocean 
View, Newport News, and Old Point, Va., a number of small houses were 
unroofed.  There were no marine disasters in Hampton Roads." (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Five lives were lost an property damage was estimated
at four or five million dollars" (Tannehill).  "Sept. 3, N.C. Minimal
Intensity, 5 killed" (Dunn and Miller).  "Sep. 3, 1913, 34.8N, 76.4W
landfall position, central pressure estimate 976 mb, radius of maximum
wind 38 nmi (Ho et al.).  Maximum 1 min, surface wind estimate at the
coast 84 kt, 1016 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).  
"1913, Sep. NC 1, MSLP - missing" (Jarrell et al.)
September 4:  No closed low is analyzed in HWM, but available station
observations suggest a closed center can be found near 34.5N, 83.5W over
northeast Georgia.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
35.0N, 82.5W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.7N, 83.0W
with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 33.5N, 88.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
(p.m.).  There were no winds gale force (or equivalent in pressure) 
observed.  "[The storm was] degenerating into a general rain area over 
western North Carolina and Virginia on the 4th ... After leaving the 
coast section the storm diminished rapidly in intensity and finally 
spent its force before reaching the mountain region" (Monthly Weather 
Review).
September 5 and 6:  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.0N, 90.5W with
1012 mb pressure (5th a.m.), 33.0N, 94.5W with 1009 mb pressure (5th p.m.),
32.5N, 93.0W with 1011 mb pressure (6th a.m.), 32.0N, 91.5W with 1009 mb
pressure (6th p.m.).  However, available station data indicate that the
system dissipated over land by late on the 4th.

Small changes to the track of this hurricane are made for the lifetime
of the system, with the largest alterations made on the 30th and 31st.
The intensity is reduced moderately from the 30th until the 1st based
upon available HWM and COADS ship observations.  Highest observed winds
for this hurricane were 64 kt at Cape Hatteras at 11 UTC on the 3rd, 
which converts to 53 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Lowest observed pressure was 995 mb
from Raleigh (well-inland) at 18 UTC on the 3rd, though this reading was
likely somewhat north of the eye as the storm moved along toward the 
west.  Estimated central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) of 976 mb was 
derived from this Raleigh pressure, assuming an inland decay function of 
pressure after landfall.  Utilizing this 976 mb as a landfall central
pressure (which looks reasonable), one would get 80 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship (the border between the two at 35N).  Ho et al. also analyzed a
radius of maximum wind that was 38 nmi, which is somewhat larger than
the 28 nmi on average from climatology at that latitude and central
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at
landfall are assessed at 75 kt, which is consistent with the original
assessment of Category 1 in Neumann et al. and Jarrell et al. and is just 
slightly higher than the 70 kt originally entered in HURDAT.  (It is lower 
than the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al., but this seems somewhat too high 
given the larger RMW than usual.)  Winds are adjusted upward accordingly
on the 2nd and 3rd.  Landfall is analyzed to be at 34.7N, 76.5W, just 
south and west of Ho et al.'s position around 07 UTC.  Maximum observed
winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times after landfall at 12 and 18 UTC 
on the 3rd and 00 UTC on the 4th are:  64, 40, and 29 kt.  These convert 
to 52, 34 and 25 kt, respectively, after adjusting for the high bias and
measurement interval.  A run of the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) suggests winds at the same times of 56, 41, 32 kt.  Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage after landfall, the higher values from
the inland decay model appear to be more realistic.  Winds in HURDAT
reduced from 60 to 55 kt at 12 UTC, reduced from 50 to 40 kt at 18 UTC,
and reduced from 35 to 30 kt at 00 UTC.

*******************************************************************************

1913/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20605 10/06/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20605 10/02/1913 M=10  5 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***                        *

(The 2nd to the 5th are new to HURDAT.)
20606 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E410 710  50    0E405 705  50    0*
20607 10/03E400 700  50    0E395 695  50    0E390 690  50    0E387 682  55    0*
20608 10/04E384 672  55    0E382 665  55    0E380 660  55    0E378 659  55    0*
20609 10/05E376 661  55    0E373 665  55    0E370 670  55    0E365 676  55    0*

20610 10/06*  0   0   0    0*347 708  50    0*340 718  50    0*335 726  50    0*
20610 10/06*360 684  50    0*355 694  50    0*350 705  50    0*343 717  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20615 10/07*331 734  50    0*328 742  50    0*326 750  50    0*326 760  50    0*
20615 10/07*336 728  50    0*330 739  50    0*326 750  55    0*326 760  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

20620 10/08*326 771  50    0*326 782  45    0*328 791  45    0*330 798  45    0*
20620 10/08*326 771  60    0*328 782  65    0*330 791  65    0*332 798  45    0*
                     **      ***      **      ***      **      ***

20625 10/09*332 802  40    0*335 804  35    0*337 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
20625 10/09*334 802  40    0*336 804  35    0*338 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
            ***              ***              ***              

20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*345 799  35    0*348 796  30    0*349 792  30    0*
20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*344 799  35    0*345 796  30    0*345 792  30    0*
                             ***              ***              ***

20635 10/11*349 788  25    0*350 784  20    0*351 779  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
20635 10/11E345 788  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20640 TS                    
20640 HR SC1
      ** ***

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #4.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_ and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the 
University of South Carolina.

October 2:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located at about 41N, 71W, just offshore New England, 
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending to the 
southeast.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt S at 41.1N, 65.0W at 12 UTC 
(COA) and 993 mb at 40.5N, 73.5W at 21 UTC (COA).
October 3:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 
995 mb pressure located near 39N, 69W with a cold front extending to 
the southwest with a warm front extending to the northeast.  (A 
secondary frontal system east of the existing cold front appears 
somewhat suspicious.)  Peak ship observations: 45 kt W at 36.5N, 70.5W 
at 13 UTC (COA) and 45 kt WSW at 36.5N, 71.5W at 17 UTC (COA) and 
992 mb (three ship reports - COA).
October 4:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located near 38W, 66W with a cold front extending to 
the south and a warm front to the east.  Peak ship observations:  
50 kt N at 36.5N, 72.5W at 01 UTC (COA) and 50 kt N at 36.5N, 73.5W 
at 05 UTC (COA) and 991 mb at 38.1N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 5:  HWM indicates an occluding extratropical storm system of
at most 1005 mb pressure near 37N, 67W with a dissipating front 
boundary extending to the east of the center.  Peak ship observations:
50 kt ENE at 38.7N, 68.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 1002 mb at 39.4N, 60.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
October 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure 
near 35N, 70.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
34.0N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates 
the center at 33.5N, 72.3W with 1011 mb (a.m.) and 32.7N, 75.0W with 
1009 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest the HWM position is 
more accurate than HURDAT and MWR locations.  The HWM analysis of no 
frontal features at this time does appear realistic.  Peak ship 
observation:  50 kt N 37.5N, 71.5W at 05 UTC (COA).
October 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 34N, 75W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.6N, 75.0W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at
33.0N, 76.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 31.8N, 77.5W with 997 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
reasonable.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt NW and 1002 mb at 
32.2N, 78.3W at 21 UTC (COA) and 30 kt NW and 998 mb at 30.7N, 76.0W
(COA).
October 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure
near 32.5N, 79W, almost at landfall in South Carolina.  HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 79.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Lows indicates the center at 31.5N, 79.5W and 1005 mb (a.m.)
and 32.8N, 80.5W and 1003 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that the HURDAT position is most reasonable.  Peak ship observations:
60 kt W and 992 mb at 32.7N, 79.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  Peak land station
observations:  32 kt at 1430 UTC and 1002 mb at 19 UTC at Charleston
(OMR).  "The following details, though obtainable from the records, are 
summarized here for convenience:  North and northwest winds prevailed 
on the 7th and continued on the 8th, being more steadily from the 
northwest after 4 a.m. on the 8th, shifting to west at Noon, to 
southwest at 3:30 p.m. and to south at 11 p.m.  The highest velocity in 
connection with this disturbance was 37 miles from the northwest at 
9:30 a.m. on the 8th and velocities were greatest from 8 a.m. to Noon on 
the 8th, diminishing during the afternoon but rising to higher velocity 
towards Midnight, reaching a velocity of 34 miles from the south at 
12:05 a.m., on the 9th and diminishing slowly thereafter.  Changes in 
pressure were gradual, the lowest, 29.58 inches, reduced to sea level, 
occurring at 2 p.m., but if the usual diurnal oscillation be 
eliminated the record would show that the pressure remained stationary 
at the lowest from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., after which it rose very 
gradually..." (Original Monthly Record, Charleston).  "The first marked 
barometric depression of October was that which entered the district 
from the Atlantic Ocean near Charleston on the 8th, the pressure at 
that point falling to 29.58 inches.  This was a small disturbance 
rapidly diminishing in force, but it was accompanied by heavy rains 
over southeastern North Carolina and the adjacent portions of South 
Carolina ... There were practically no damage either at Georgetown 
or Charleston, or, so far as reports indicate, at any point" (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Sat., Oct. 11, 1913, p. 1  No Serious Damage.
   A storm of wind and rain struck Georgetown early Wednesday 
morning, and for a short time the city was in the midst of what 
promised to be a very serious and disastrous storm, but 
fortunately for the city no great amount of damage was done.
   The greatest sufferers from the blow were the Georgetown 
Railway and Light Company and the Home Telephone Company.  
Wires and poles were prostrated all over the city.  All 
connection with the outside world being cut off for a short 
time, but the managers of both of these concerns bestirred 
themselves and it was not long before they had adjusted 
matters.
   Other than a few fences and limbs of trees being blown down 
there was no damage worth mentioning.
   It is reported that much damage has been done to the cotton 
crop in various sections of the county, but we have not been 
able to get any reliable information on the subject" (Georgetown
Times).  "Wed., Oct. 15, 1913, p. 1  CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE
To Crops Occasioned by the Wind and rain of Last Week.
   Reports are beginning to come in from all sections of the 
county respecting the high winds and heavy rains of last week.  
The disturbance seems to have covered the entire county.
   While there was no loss of life and no especial spot of 
damage by reason of the storm, nevertheless the loss to farmers 
will probably aggregate about $75,000.  One of the heaviest 
individual losers, so far as the information goes, was 
Mr. Joseph H, Johnson.  Mr. Johnson estimates that his cotton 
output will be diminished by at least twelve bales.
   A great deal of hay had been cut just previous to the 
breaking of the storm.  A considerable portion of this was 
saved, but several hundred tons of it was spoiled - a total 
loss.  Corn, too, suffered, but not so much as would have been 
the case had the storm occurred a week earlier.
   All things considered, the farmers of the county are not 
feeling in the least blue.  They made fine crops, and feel 
grateful that so large a proportion of them was saved.  
Strawberries, beans and tobacco are always harvested and out of 
the way before the coming of the September and October gales"
(Georgetown Times).
October 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 33N, 80.5W, inland over South Carolina.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 33.7N, 80.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Lows does not show a low for this day.  Available observations 
suggest that HURDAT is more reasonable in location.  Peak ship
observation:  35 kt SE at 33.1N, 77.6W at 12 UTC (COA).  No gales
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed over land.
October 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb pressure
near 33.5N, 79W, at the South Carolina coastline.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 34.8N, 79.6W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows
indicates the center at 34.0N, 79.5W (p.m.) and 1014 pressure, but no 
center in the morning.  The HURDAT position appears to be reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 11:  HWM shows a strong cold front has swept through the
region, leaving no identifiable closed low.  Gale force winds were 
observed in Cape Henry and in ships along the upper Atlantic
coast, but these were northerly winds occurring after the frontal
passage.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center
at 35.5N, 78.2W with 1014 mb (11th a.m.), 36.8N, 76.5W with 1013 mb
(11th p.m.), 37.8N, 71.5W with 1011 mb (12th a.m.), 43.0N, 65.0W with
1011 mb (12th p.m.).  (The MWR apparently latched onto a separate
frontal wave, which does not appear to directly linked to tropical
system.)

The origins of this tropical storm have been extended back four days 
in time to the 2nd, beginning as an extratropical storm system off 
of New England.  As the system drifted south (first southeast, then
southwest), it gradually occluded and developed tropical 
characteristics.  By 00 UTC on the 6th, it is estimated that it
transitioned to a tropical storm.  Minor track changes are made from
the 6th to the 11th to better match available observations.  The
06 and 12 UTC portions of the 11th were removed from HURDAT, as the
system was absorbed by a vigorous front early on the 11th.  A 998 mb
peripheral pressure on the 7th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt utilized.  On the
8th, just before landfall in South Carolina, a ship reported a
60 kt WSW wind and a 992 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure
supports winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship.  Because of these observations along with the moderate
damage impacts described in the newspaper articles provided by 
Prof. Cary Mock, it is analyzed that this system strengthened to a 
minimal (Category 1) hurricane at landfall in South Carolina.  Thus the
intensity is boosted from 45 kt up to 65 kt at landfall in South
Carolina around 15 UTC on the 8th.  

*****************************************************************************

1913/06 - 2005 REVISION: 

20641 10/28/1913 M= 3  6 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L 
20642 10/28*180 865  35    0*190 863  40    0*200 860  45    0*210 855  55    0* 
20643 10/29*215 851  65    0*218 848  65    0*220 844  55    0*222 840  40 1003* 
20644 10/30*225 833  35    0E228 823  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
20644 HR 

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999), but it was depicted in Tannehill (1938).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database 
and and station observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the 
Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. 

October 27:  HWM and COADS observations indicate no closed low existed 
at this point, but did suggest an open trough along 85W with a cold front 
moving across the central Gulf of Mexico.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed. 
October 28:  HWM and COADS observations indicate that a closed low existed 
near 20N, 86W.  A weakening frontal boundary was becoming stationary in 
the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NW and 1015 mb 
at 17.5N, 86.7W at 11 UTC (COA). 
October 29:  HWM, COADS and Cuba observations indicate that a closed low was 
near 22N, 84.5N over westernmost Cuba.  A dissipating stationary front was 
over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, while a second surge of cold air 
was present over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Station highlights: 
992 mb and E-NW winds at the Cape of San Antonio at 0330 UTC (Cuba); 
1003 mb and SE-calm-NW winds at Remates (Guane) at 18 UTC (Cuba).  "By 
the date of the 29th [of October] the system had become a true cyclone 
of moderate intensity according to the observation from the Cape of 
San Antonio, where the barometer reached a low of 744.22 mm [992 mb] on 
the night of the 28th, along with strong rain and wind of 80 mph, rolling 
from east to northwest.  It is not known if the rotation [of the wind] 
passed by the south or north.  In Remates [Guane] the minimum barometer 
was 752.60 mm [1003 mb] at 2 pm. on the 29th, and the wind in that 
morning rolled from the southeast to south, then went calm at 2 pm, then 
the wind came from the northwest at 3pm" (Resena Meteorologica). 
October 30:  The secondary cold front is analyzed in HWM to go through 
the Straits of Florida over to the Yucatan of Mexico.  However, additional 
COADS observations indicate that the front actually extended across central 
Cuba down toward the Gulf of Honduras.  The tropical cyclone has likely 
been absorbed by the frontal boundary just north and east of Cuba.  No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed in connection 
with the tropical cyclone. 

This system is analyzed to have undergone genesis early on the 28th of 
October in the Gulf of Honduras.  A 992 mb peripheral pressure early on 
the 29th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship and at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  Thus 65 kt (and therefore a minimal hurricane) is chosen for 
00 UTC on the 29th, which is also its peak intensity as it made landfall into 
westernmost Cuba.  The "80 mph" value from the observer in Cape San Antonio 
while being a visual estimate and thus subject to considerable uncertainty, 
also supports hurricane intensity.  A 1003 mb central pressure 
value at 18 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 41 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at this time.  The weakening of 
the system during the 29th is consistent with decay expected over land, 
along with possibly enhanced shear experienced as a front was approaching 
the area.  The system apparently was absorbed by the strong cold frontal 
boundary pushing through the region early on the 30th.  The track derived 
is similar to that shown in Tannehill (1938). 

***************************************************************

1913 - Additional Notes:

1) May 1-9: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical 
depression formed northeast of Bermuda near 35N, 60W on 5 May 1913 from an 
existing extratropical storm. The system slowly moved toward the southwest 
the next three days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second 
extratropical cyclone late on the 7th.  Highest winds observed were a single
report of 35 kt on the 5th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1003 mb on 
the 5th (COA).   However, with only one observation of gale force winds and
moderately low environmental pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this as a tropical storm. Therefore this system is considered a 
tropical depression (or possibly a subtropical depression) and will not be 
added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 01   42N  58W     Extratropical
May 02   40N  60W     Extratropical  
May 03   39N  55W     Extratropical 
May 04   36N  57W     Extratropical
May 05   35N  60W     Tropical Depression                
May 06   34N  63W     Tropical Depression 
May 07   36N  60W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 08   39N  60W     Dissipating                
May 09   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2) June 13-17:  A closed circulation was apparent in the southwestern Gulf 
of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche, possibly formed at the end of an old 
front that dissipated a few days earlier.  It drifted to the north and
west and made landfall late on the 16th in southern Texas and dissipated
on the 17th overland.  It was likely to have been a tropical depression.  
No gale force winds were reported with this system.  One ship reported 
1001, 1001, and 1002 mb on the 13th, 14th, and 15th - not consistent with
the other ships or wind reports.  The pressure readings on the ship are
likely to be about 10 mb too low.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun. 13  21N  94W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 14  24N  93W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 15  25N  95W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 16  26N  97W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 17  27N  99W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

3) July 20-24:  A closed circulation near the Azores was apparent.  
Pressures were 5-10 mb lower than in the surrounding high-pressure region.  
It was apparently a tropical depression or a non-tropical low center.
However, no gales or sufficiently low pressures were found to characterize 
it as a tropical storm.  The low was absorbed into a frontal band on the 
24th.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jul. 20  37N  25W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 21  37N  23W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low 
Jul. 22  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 23  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 24  ---  ---     Absorbed by Front  

3) August 3-7:  A low, an apparent tropical depression, formed from an old 
frontal band late on the 3rd of August in the Gulf of Mexico south of 
Tallahassee.  On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, it appeared to be a closed 
circulation of tropical nature that was drifting southwestward toward 
Mexico.  It dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico late on the 7th.  No 
gales or sufficiently low pressures were found, however, to classify it
as more than a tropical depression.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 3   ---  ---     Open Wave
Aug. 4   28N  86W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 5   27N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 6   26N  90W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 7   28N  89W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

4) Sept 12-15:  A system was mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review near 
the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 12-15 of September, 1913.  Storm warnings 
were issued by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps 
for these dates shows a vigorous cold front pushing through Texas on the 
12th and 13th, cyclogenesis forming along the front late on the 13th and
14th off of Texas, then the low moving northward through Texas and 
Louisiana on the 15th.  The system clearly was of extratropical nature 
throughout its lifetime.  

5) Sept 24-28:  A stationary system is mentioned in the Monthly Weather
Review off of the Texas coast.  Storm warnings were also issued for this 
system by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps for 
this system reveals a strong cold front moving through Texas on the 24th 
and 25th, cyclogenesis just off the Texas coast late on the 25th and 26th 
along the front, and the low weakening into an open trough on the 27th and
28th near the Louisiana/Texas border.  While the HWM does analyze a
small closed low ahead of the cold front on the morning of the 25th,
available observations do not confirm that the system had a
closed circulation - though it may have been a tropical depression
briefly before the front arrived.  Thus despite the heavy rains that
accompanied the front/low (over 8" in Brownsville), the system was
baroclinic for the duration that it retained a closed circulation.


*****************************************************************************

1914/01 - REVISION:

20465 09/14/1914 M= 6  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20465 09/15/1914 M= 5  1 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 14th removed from HURDAT.)
20470 09/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 735  35    0*239 736  35    0

20475 09/15*242 739  35    0*246 742  35    0*254 748  35    0*260 755  35    0
20475 09/15*252 764  30    0*259 767  35    0*265 770  40    0*270 773  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 09/16*269 763  40    0*278 772  40    0*291 782  45    0*295 793  45    0
20480 09/16*275 777  40    0*280 781  45    0*285 785  50    0*291 792  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 09/17*304 804  40    0*310 816  40    0*315 831  35    0*315 843  35    0
20485 09/17*298 801  60    0*305 812  60    0*310 825  40    0*312 839  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

20490 09/18*311 859  35    0*305 874  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 900  35    0
20490 09/18*311 854  35    0*305 870  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 906  30    0
                ***              ***                               ***  **

20495 09/19*300 912  35    0*300 922  35    0*300 931  30    0*  0   0   0    0
20495 09/19*300 922  30    0*300 937  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20500 TS     

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from 
NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 13:  HWM and COADS observations indicate the presence of an
open wave near longitude 73W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 14:  HWM indicates a dissipating cold front extending from
the Florida Straits off to the east-northeast.  A closed low apparently
does not exist in the region, though a trough axis could be analyzed 
near 76W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 23.8N, 73.5W
at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.
September 15:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 
27N, 74.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 25.4N, 74.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 
24N, 75.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26.3N, 77W with 1012 mb (p.m.).
Available observations and continuity indicate that the center was
likely just south of the HWM position, but west of all estimates.  Ship 
highlights:  three ships with 35 kt at 12 UTC (HWM and COA).
September 16:  HWM indicates a low of at most 995 mb located at
28.5N, 78.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 29.1N, 78.2W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 28.0N, 78.0W
with 1010 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 79.8W with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggests that the HWM position is more accurate.  Ship
highlight:  35 kt ENE at 32.7N, 77.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station 
highlight:  34 kt NE at Charleston at 17 UTC (OMR).  "The storm on the 
morning of the 16th was off the eastern coast of Florida and on the 
evening of that date off the southern Georgia coast" (Monthly Weather
Review).
September 17:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb inland over
Georgia at 31.5N, 83W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
31.5N, 83.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the
center was at 31.7N, 82.2W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and at 30.7N, 85.7W
with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center
was farther south than these estimates and was between the HWM and
MWR longitude positions.  Ship highlight:  60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at
32.5N, 78.5W at 05 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  40 kt E Charleston
at 07 UTC (OMR).  "Instead of passing northward up the coast, as is 
customary with disturbances of this character, it advanced westward 
over southern Georgia and continued its progress westward to the Texas 
coast, where it disintegrated.  This disturbance caused winds of gale 
force along the south Atlantic coast, and vessel reports indicate that 
it was even more severe off the Georgia coast.  After reaching the land 
the storm decreased in intensity and caused general rains in the south 
Atlantic and Gulf States" (Monthly Weather Review).
The _New York Times_ reported in the "Weather" section on Sept. 18th
"The southern storm passed inland during Wednesday [16th] night and
Thursday [17th] night its center was over Alabama.  This disturbance
has diminished greatly in intensity but during the last twenty-four
hours it caused general showers in the South Atlantic and East Gulf
States, and during Wednesday night it caused strong shifting winds
on the South Atlantic Coast".  The _Miami Herald_ reported also on
the 18th:  "The northeast of Wednesday [16th] raised some water
around St. Augustine, causing the tide to come in so high that it
ran over the South Street Causeway, and tons of dead grass were
washed away from the marshes about the city.  No damage was done as
the boatmen had plenty of warning of the blow." 
September 18:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb over just offshore
at 29N, 89W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 88.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at
30.3N, 89.0W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and 30.5N, 91.0W with 1010 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT and MWR locations are
more reasonable.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 19:  HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW in Texas
and Louisiana.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
30.0N, 93.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates a
center near 30.2N, 93.2W with 1011 mb (a.m.).  Available observations
suggest that the HWM is correct that the tropical system had dissipated
by 12 UTC on this date.

Genesis for this system was begun a day later on the 15th at 00 UTC as 
a tropical depression, as observations indicate that it was an open wave 
on the 14th.  The track had minor alterations for the duration of the
tropical storm's lifetime.  The winds were increased on the 16th and
17th due to a 60 kt ship report near the coast as the tropical storm
was making landfall.  This wind was chosen as the peak intensity for
the system as well as its landfall intensity.  This boost is consistent
with modest storm surge observed along the coastline.  (Wind observations 
on the coast reached only 40 kt, but the tropical storm made landfall in a
sparsely monitored region between the Jacksonville and Savannah 
stations.)  Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 07 UTC on
the 17th near 30.6N, 81.4W.  Dissipation likely occurred earlier than
that indicated in HURDAT as seen from HWM and COADS observations on
the 19th.  

*****************************************************************************

1914 - Additional Notes:

1)  A cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico in late September and
early October was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into 
HURDAT.  On the 28th of September, brisk east to northeast to north
winds covered the Gulf of Mexico after an early, vigorous cold front
passed through the region.  On the 29th, a possible low center was
forming along this pre-existing frontal boundary in the northern
Gulf of Mexico.  The pressure gradient was enhanced and 42 kt from
the east were observed in Mobile.  On the 30th, the low was in the 
northeastern Gulf just south of Pensacola and though high winds
were reported (peak of 42 kt from the east in Pensacola), the system
continued to be baroclinic in structure with a cold front off to
the southwest and a warm front off to the southeast.  On October 1st,
the system went inland and weakened over southern Alabama and Mississippi.  
The remnants of the system continued to cause rains in the along the
Gulf coastal states on the 2nd.  While the storm clearly had gale
force winds associated with it, the system also apparently retained 
its baroclinic character throughout its lifetime.  Thus this 
extratropical storm is not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Sep. 29  26N  92W      Extratropical
Sep. 30  29N  88W      Extratropical
Oct. 1   31N  91W      Extratropical
Oct. 2   ---  ---      Extratropical Dissipating

2)  Both Tannehill (1938) and Connor (1956) listed a second tropical 
system occurring in late October in their compilations of the season. 
early October.  This was investigated for the possibility of 
inclusion into HURDAT.  On the 24th, low pressure was present 
throughout the western Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean
Sea.  A possible low center was forming in the extreme northwestern
Gulf of Mexico with an attached cold front extending to the south.
On the 25th, this low had consolidated somewhat and was moving 
toward the east across the central Gulf of Mexico as a well-
defined extratropical storm with gale force winds on the northern
half of the system.  At the same time, HWM and COADS ship 
observations suggest that a separate low pressure center - 
perhaps a tropical depression - had formed in the northwestern
Caribbean Sea.  Lowest pressure with this possible tropical low
were down to 1004 mb, but peak winds associated with it were
only 20 kt due to the overall weak pressure gradient present.
On the 26th, the extratropical low continued moving toward the
east and its associated cold front began moving across Florida
and Cuba.  It appears likely that the frontal boundary absorbed
the possible tropical depression at this date.  On the 27th,
the extratropical storm center weakened to an open trough, even
though strong northerly winds were observed along the Carolina
coasts behind the associated cold front.  There is no indication
of a separate tropical cyclone being present on this date.  Thus
the main system  7apparently retained its extratropical character
for its lifetime, but the secondary low on the 25th was likely
a tropical depression.  It is unlikely that this reached tropical
storm strength and thus is not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Oct. 24  27N  97W      Extratropical
Oct. 25  26N  91W      Extratropical (and)
         21N  86W      Tropical Depression
Oct. 26  27N  86W      Extratropical (and)
         ---  ---      Tropical Depression Absorbed into Front
Oct. 27  ---  ---      Extratropical Degenerated into open trough

*******************************************************************************


1915/01 - 2008 REVISION:

20685 07/31/1915 M= 6  1 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20685 07/31/1915 M= 6  1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***                        *

20690 07/31*  0   0   0    0*274 760  35    0*275 770  35    0*277 778  35    0*
20690 07/31*  0   0   0    0*274 765  35    0*275 775  40    0*277 784  50    0*
                                 ***              ***  **          ***  **

20695 08/01*279 786  35    0*281 793  35    0*284 799  40    0*287 805  40    0*
20695 08/01*279 792  55    0*281 798  60    0*284 803  65    0*287 808  65  990*
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  ***

20700 08/02*291 809  45    0*296 814  45    0*302 818  45    0*309 822  45    0*
20700 08/02*291 812  50    0*296 815  45    0*302 818  40 1003*309 821  40    0*
                ***  **          ***                   ** ****     ***  **

20705 08/03*318 824  40    0*329 823  40    0*340 816  30    0*354 802  30    0*
20705 08/03*318 823  40    0*329 821  40    0*340 816  35    0*354 810  35    0*
                ***              ***                   **          ***  ** 

20710 08/04*370 787  30    0*387 772  25    0*401 758  25    0*409 745  20    0*
20710 08/04*370 795  40    0*387 777  40    0*401 758  45    0E409 743  50    0*
                ***  **          ***  **               **     *    ***  **

20715 08/05*416 731  20    0*420 718  15    0*424 705  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
20715 08/05E416 731  45    0E420 718  35    0E424 705  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
           *         **     *         **     *         **

20720 TS                    
20720 HRDFL1
      ******

Landfall:
8/01/1915    1800Z 28.7N  80.8W   65kt  15nmi  990mb  1015mb  DFL1

Minor changes to the track, but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship 
database, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

July 31:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 77.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther north and
west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 1:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 29N, 81W.  The
MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 28.5N, 80.5W with 1009 mb (a.m.)
and at 30N, 81.3W with 1006 mb (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 28.4N, 79.9W at 12 UTC.  Observations suggest that
HWM is most accurate estimate.  Ship highlight:  50 kt SE and 1001 mb
from the ship Vann at 13 UTC at 28.5N 80W (MWR). "The disturbance that appeared 
over central Florida on the morning of the 1st developed considerably during 
the ensuing 24 hours" (MWR).  "A storm of considerable energy, attended by 
torrential rains over portions of the Peninsula, approached the east coast of
Florida between Titusville and Jupiter during the forenoon of August 1" (MWR).
 
August 2:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 30N, 82.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 31.2N, 81.8W with 1006 mb
(a.m.) and at 32.2N, 81.8W with 1008 mb (p.m).  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  Observations suggest the
center was just east of the HURDAT position.  Station highlight:  47 kt S
(time unknown) and 1005 mb minimum pressure at 0905 UTC at Jacksonville 
(MWR, OMR).  "The winds through the Peninsula indicate a disturbance to the 
southeast of Cape Canaveral...The storm center was about 25 miles west of 
Jacksonville at 7 a. m. of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity at the
latter place of 54 miles, and an average hourly movement of nearly 38
miles for the preceding 12 hours...The high winds were confined, as a rule, to 
the portion of the Peninsula east of the Suwanee River, while damaging rains 
extended over the triangular area from Pinellas County on the west coast to
Jacksonville and Hypoluxo on the east coast, rainfall intensity being
greatest apparently at St. Petersburg, where 15.45 inches fell in 24 hours.
An electrical disturbance of great intensity was coincident with the 
heavy rains.  The damage was chiefly to railway tracks, bridges, highways,
and other such structures.  Some buildings were blown down, but no one
was reported to have been killed.  Crops on lowlands suffered severely,
and even those on high ground did not escape the consequence of heavy rains
and a prolonged soggy condition of the soil.  The area of greatest damage
was over portions of Pinellas, Hillsboro, Manatee, De Soto, Polk, Palm
Beach, St. Lucie, and Brevard counties.  Summarized press reports show
that the total damage was not less than $250,000" (MWR).

August 3:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1010 mb located at 34.5N, 81.5W
with a very weak cold front approaching the system from the west.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a center at 34.2N, 80.8W with 1002 mb
(a.m.) and at 36.5N, 78.5W with 1005 mb (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34.0N, 81.6W.  Station highlight:  42 kt W
at Raleigh (MWR).  "During the next 24 hours [during the 3rd] moderate gales 
occurred along the South Atlantic coast and storm warnings were extended 
northward to Boston, the storm in the meantime having moved to southern 
Virginia with somewhat increase intensity" (MWR).  

August 4:  HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead shows a
cold frontal boundary extending north-south from Pennsylvania to east of
the Carolinas and a second stationary front extending northwest to 
southeast from the Great Lakes to well east of the Carolinas.  Evidence for
the first front appears weak.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a 
center at 41.5N, 78W with 1007 mb (a.m.) and at 42.2N, 73.2W with 1012 mb
(p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 40.1N, 75.8W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's location is most
accurate and that the system was still a tropical cyclone.  Station highlight:
55 kt SE at New York City (MWR).  "Moderate to fresh gales occurred on the 
New Jersey and southern New England coast during the 4th" (MWR).

August 5:  HWM no longer indicates a closed low, but instead has a stationary
front extending from the Great Lakes to off of New Jersey, a warm frontal
boundary from there southeastward and a cold front extending to the south.
Evidence for the cold front is weak.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers shows a
center at 42N, 70W with 1013 mb (a.m.).  HURDAT lists this as a tropical
depression at 42.4N, 70.5W.  Available observations suggest that a center
was still present near the HURDAT location, but that it was being absorbed
into the stationary and warm frontal boundaries.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "But by the morning of the 5th 
pressure was rising" (MWR). 

Small changes to the track were introduced from the 31st of July through
the 4th of August based upon available observations.  Winds are increased
on the 31st through the 2nd based upon ship and land wind and pressure
observations, as well as impact noted in Northeast Florida.  Based upon
the ship Vann and Titusville's observations and the MWR account, it is
estimated that it made landfall around 18 UTC on the 1st.  The peak observed 
54 kt wind at Jacksonville converts to 40 kt true after adjusting for the high 
wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion 
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  The observations at
Jacksonville of 1005 mb minimum pressure at 09 UTC on the 2nd and 
1006 mb/35 kt SSE at 12 UTC, suggest a central pressure of around 1002 mb -
about 18 hours after landfall.  Utilizing the Ho et al. inland decay
pressure model with an environmental pressure of 1015 mb gives a landfall
central pressure of 995 mb using the "Florida hurricanes (south of 29N)"
table and 975 mb using the "Atlantic hurricanes (north of Georgia-South
Carolina state line)" table.  Given that this system falls closer to 
the former rather than the latter, the central pressure at landfall is
estimated to be 990 mb.  990 mb suggests winds of about 63 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  The cyclone had a rather small 
radius of outer closed isobar (about 165 nmi), so one might infer a small RMW 
of about 15 nmi as well, which would be consistent with confined area of 
impacts from winds according to MWR.  Climatology for this pressure and 
latitude (Vickery et al. 2001) is about 23 nmi.  The smaller size is
counteracted by the slow motion of the cyclone at landfall (6 kt), so 65 kt
maximum sustained winds at landfall are utilized in the HURDAT revision.
This upgrades the cyclone to a hurricane of Category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale.  Such a revision does appear to be consistent with the
moderate wind caused impacts in Northeast Florida described in MWR.  This
is a major increase from the 40 kt near landfall originally indicated.  Winds 
are increased after landfall on the 3rd through the 5th based upon numerous 
gale force wind reports along the coast and just inland.  The highest of which 
- 55 kt at New York City on the 4th - converts to 46 kt true after adjustment.  
Apparently, this system began reintensification while the center was still 
over land (though close to the coast).  Note that this agrees with 
the assessment in _Monthly Weather Review_ of the time.  It is likely, 
however, that the cyclone was not independent of the baroclinic system and 
may have been intensifying as somewhat of a hybrid cyclone.  An extratropical 
stage is indicated late on the 4th as observations suggest that it became 
absorbed within a frontal boundary, rather than dissipating as a tropical 
cyclone.

*****************************************************************************


1915/02 - 2008 REVISION:

20725 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
20725 08/05/1915 M=19  2 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                               ***

20730 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 252  35    0*152 261  35    0*
20730 08/05*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*140 260  30    0*140 278  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20735 08/06*152 272  35    0*152 286  35    0*153 304  35    0*154 323  35    0*
20735 08/06*141 296  35    0*141 313  35    0*142 330  35    0*142 345  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20740 08/07*155 348  35    0*157 371  35    0*158 390  40    0*159 405  45    0*
20740 08/07*143 360  35    0*144 375  35    0*145 390  40    0*146 405  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              ***      **

20745 08/08*161 420  45    0*162 435  50    0*163 450  55    0*164 465  60    0*
20745 08/08*146 420  45    0*147 435  50    0*148 450  55    0*148 468  60    0*
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***  

20750 08/09*165 480  65    0*166 495  70    0*165 510  70    0*167 529  70    0*
20750 08/09*149 487  65    0*150 506  70    0*151 525  70    0*153 542  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20755 08/10*167 552  75    0*166 577  75    0*165 597  75    0*165 614  80    0*
20755 08/10*155 558  75    0*157 574  75    0*159 590  75    0*161 605  80    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20760 08/11*165 631  80    0*165 647  80    0*166 663  85    0*167 679  85    0*
20760 08/11*163 619  80    0*165 634  80    0*166 650  85    0*167 668  85    0*
            *** ***              ***              ***              ***  

20765 08/12*168 695  85    0*170 710  90    0*173 726  90    0*177 741  90    0*
20765 08/12*169 688  85    0*171 710  90    0*173 730  90    0*177 744  90    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***  

20770 08/13*181 755  95    0*185 769  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
20770 08/13*181 757  95    0*185 770  95    0*188 782 100    0*193 794 100    0*
                ***              ***                

20775 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 817 105    0*208 828 105    0*214 839 105    0*
20775 08/14*198 806 100    0*203 818 105    0*208 830 105    0*215 843 105    0*
                                 ***              ***          *** ***  

20780 08/15*220 849 105    0*226 859 105    0*235 870 110    0*240 881 110    0*
20780 08/15*222 856 105    0*229 866 105    0*235 875 110    0*241 884 110    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** 

20785 08/16*247 892 115    0*255 903 115    0*262 911 120    0*271 924 120    0*
20785 08/16*247 892 115    0*254 901 115    0*262 911 115    0*271 924 115    0*
                             *** ***                  ***              ***   

20790 08/17*280 936 120    0*289 947 105  953*296 958  65    0*302 965  60    0*
20790 08/17*280 937 115    0*289 950 115  940*296 959  75    0*302 965  50    0*
                *** ***          *** ***  ***     ***  **               **

20795 08/18*307 967  55    0*312 966  50    0E317 964  45    0E322 961  40    0*
20795 08/18*306 967  40    0*310 966  40    0*313 964  35    0*317 961  35    0*
            ***      **      ***      **     ****      **     ****      **

20800 08/19E327 958  40    0E331 953  35    0E336 946  30    0E343 935  30    0*
20800 08/19*323 958  30    0*329 953  30    0*336 946  30    0*343 935  30    0*
           ****      **     ****      **     *                *    

20805 08/20E352 924  30    0E362 912  30    0E370 901  25    0E377 891  25    0*
20805 08/20E352 924  35    0E362 912  35    0E370 901  35    0E377 891  35    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20810 08/21E382 881  25    0E388 871  30    0E395 860  30    0E404 845  35    0*
20810 08/21E382 881  35    0E388 871  35    0E395 860  35    0E404 845  35    0*
                     **               **               **   

20815 08/22E415 827  35    0E426 807  30    0E435 790  25    0E443 775  25    0*
20820 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E475 700  25    0*
20820 08/23E450 761  25    0E456 747  25    0E462 734  25    0E470 724  25    0*
                                                               *** ***
20825 HRCTX4                
20825 HRCTX4BTX1 LA1
            **** ***

Landfall:
8/17/1915    0700Z 29.2N  95.1W  115kt  25nmi  940mb  1009mb  CTX4,BTX1,LA1

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC, Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Perez (1971), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Wiggert and Jarvinen
(1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Roth (1997a,b), 
Perez et al. (2000), Boose et al. (2004), and Caribbean newspaper accounts
provided by Michael Chenoweth.

August 5:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 25.2W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 6:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 30.4W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south and
west, though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 7:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.8N, 39.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 8:  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 16.3N, 45.0W
at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS observations suggest a center farther south,
though data are quite sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 9:  HWM shows an open trough along longitude 56W.  HURDAT lists this 
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 51.0W at 12 UTC.  HWM and COADS 
observations suggest a center farther south and west, though data are quite 
sparse on this date.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

August 10:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13N, 59W.  HURDAT 
lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.5N, 59.7W at 12 UTC. 
Observations suggest a center southeast of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  998 mb 
and 5 kt NW at Dominica at 18 UTC (MWR).  "The storm was first observed on 
the morning of August 10 between the Windward Islands of Barbados and 
Dominica ... a special report at 4 p.m. from Roseau, Dominica, which showed 
a barometer reading of 29.46 inches, with light air from the northwest ...
The casualties resulting from the storm were of minor character east of 
Santo Domingo and Haiti and were confined to small shipping.  At Fort de 
France, Martinique, the docks were flooded and merchandise destroyed, while 
at some of the other islands of the Lesser Antilles there was some damage to 
small shipping" (MWR). "Formed Aug. 2 on the Cape Verde Islands, moved due 
west across the Atlantic, arrived between Guadeloupe and Dominica Aug. 10th 
as a full-fledged hurricane" (Perez)  Dominica Guardian, Thursday August 12, 
1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth): "Tuesday Nights' Hurricane ...On 
Monday morning [at 10 a.m.] the barometer had fallen to 29.80 from which 
point it continued to fall gradually until at 1 o'clock p.m. when it reached 
29.68...at 5 p.m. the barometer had gone down to 29.46, by which time the 
wind was blowing strongly from a NNW direction, and the sea, already 
boisterous, was rising heavier every minute and running a very powerful 
current from the north west. Long before the signal guns were fired, at 
6 p.m., it was quite clear that we were in for "a good blow," and the storm 
warning message issued just immediately after, by the U.S. Weather Bureau...
As night set in the wind increased in velocity, changing its position from 
NW to W and then to SW by which time the climax had been reached, that was 
between 2 and 5 o'clock on Wednesday morning. The rain fell in heavy fitful 
gusts during the whole night, filling up rivers and drains and flooding 
the streets and roads all through. But the latter abated as the day began 
to dawn, from which time also the wind, blowing from South, showed a 
tendency to abate. The sea was breaking to nearly mountain height upon the 
shore....Telephone and electric light poles fell in many parts of the town, 
cutting off communication and placing Rouseau in complete darkness. Of 
buildings, the only damage reported to us is the partial siding of 
the new premises which are being put up by Mr. Ferreira near to 
the Goodwell bridge for a public amusement hall.... Many old fences went 
down, but the wreckage among plants was general all over town and its 
environments. The large sandbox tree ... in Grandby Street was uprooted...
Other trees were also uprooted, whilst breadfruit, gomier and other trees 
threw their limbs and branches in all directions...The Bath Road between 
the Convent and Southern gate was nearly impassable owing to the debris from 
the fallen trees. Many lime trees were also uprooted and , as in other 
places, limes were scattered all under the trees, mostly all green..."
Dominica Guardian, 19 August 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) The late 
gale.  Further news of the bad weather reported in our last issue has come 
to hand from different parts of the country. Some of the estates have 
suffered severely, both from the destruction of cultivation and from the 
loss of the greater part of what were promising crops, mostly of limes, but 
happily a large number of estates have not been in any material way effected. 
Portsmouth was heavily shaken and several houses were destroyed there. At the 
Carib quarter about a dozen houses have either been wholly or partly wrecked. 
The roof of the church at La Roche has been blown away and a few houses 
suffered. At Vieille Case, Marigot, Wesley and other places thereabout 
dwelling houses have either been blown down or suffered other damage. At 
Morne Daniel a house was completely demolished....Although the weather 
caused heavy damage on land it is gratifying to record that no life has been 
lost, either on land or at sea. Of the vessels that were sunk....The 
following telegrams relate to the effect of the gale to the neighboring 
islands:
St. Vincent, 10, 1:30 p.m. -- Heavy weather here. Wind from west. Sea rough. 
Raining. Schooner Muriel attempting leave port came ashore.
Trinidad, 11, 10:30 a.m. --- Heavy sea here since about 7:30 a.m. now 
moderating. Strong breeze from SW. Several lighters sunk or damaged. Bar. 
29.98.
Grenada, 11. -- High winds and heavy rains experienced here about 2 a.m. 
Somewhat disturbed but conditions otherwise normal now.
St. Kitts, 12. -- The schooner Evangeline of Antigua, partly laden with 
molasses, was driven ashore by heavy sea yesterday afternoon and destroyed. 
One lighter was driven from Nevis and smashed on this coast. It is also 
reported that two other lighters broke from moorings at Nevis and drifted 
to sea.
St. Thomas, Aug. 12. -- Communication between Basseterre and Point-a-Pitre 
interrupted and all telegraph and telephone lines down; work is being 
forwarded by post.
St. Kitts, 13. -- It is reported from Nevis that the Montserrat Government 
Mail Boat Southern Cross was found drifting to the windward of that Island 
battened down, no one on board and undamaged. She was taken into Charlestown, 
Nevis.
Kingston, Jamaica, 13. -- A hurricane was experienced here on Thursday night, 
the barometer falling to 29.34. No damage to the city reported. Telegraph 
land lines blown down."
Antigua Sun, August 11, 1915 (provided by Michael Chenoweth) "Last night 
the wind rose almost to hurricane force.  Weather reports at 10 a.m. [10 Aug.] 
Barbados 29.98 wind nw; Dominica 29.77 wind north; Antigua 29.90 wind ne, in 
afternoon fell to 29.78; St. Kitts 29.90 wind ne."

August 11:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 15.5N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.6N, 66.3W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17N, 67W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center east of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  50 kt NE
and 1002 mb at San Juan at 13 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlight:  50 kt E at
19.3N, 63.8W (COA).  "On the morning of August 11 the disturbance was 
apparently near and south of the island of St. Croix, at about latitude 
16N., longitude 66W.  At this time the barometer at San Juan, P.R., read 
29.60 inches with a gale of 60 miles an hour from the northeast, indicating 
a much lower pressure to the southward, and pressure was falling more 
rapidly to the westward, as indicated by the observation at Santo Domingo, 
Santo Domingo, and Port au Prince, Haiti" (MWR).  "The hurricane passed 
east-west over the Caribbean to the south of Puerto Rico, causing 
mountainous seas along the south coast.  Damages were mostly to coffee and 
banana crops.  2 deaths (drowned at sea) at Cabo Rojo.  San Juan lowest 
barometer 29.77 at 8:50 a.m. [note that this is inconsistent with what
was reported in MWR], wind east at 62 mph, but winds were higher on 
the south coast and the Central Cordillera.  San Juan observations:  winds 
began to increase at noon of 10th (19mph); reached northeast 30 mph by 
midnight, gusts of northeast 40 mph at 1:00 a.m. of Aug. 11th; northeast 
60 mph at 3:00 a.m.; northeast 60 mph at 8:00 a.m.; southeast 19 mph at 
2:00-3:00 p.m." (Perez).  "August 11, F2 wind damage at 7 locations
in Puerto Rico, Storm known as 'Saint Tiburcio', Recommended keeping
HURDAT intensity and track as is" (Boose et al.)

August 12:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 16N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 17.3N, 72.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 17.5N, 73W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center close to the MWR position.  Station highlight:
1002 mb at Port Au Prince at 13 UTC (MWR).  Ship highlight:  35 kt ESE at
21.0N, 65.0W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 12th the storm was 
central a short distance south of Haiti at about latitude 17, longitude 70.  
The barometer reading at Port au Prince was 29.60 inches and the highest 
wind velocity was 32 miles an hour from the east.  However, reports of 
damage over the southern portion of the Republic indicated that a severe 
gale must have occurred there with much lower pressures.  On the same 
morning the barometer reading at Kingston, Jamaica, was 29.68 inches, and 
northerly gales were reported east of the island.  The wind at Kingston was 
then light northwest, and pressure was also falling to the westward and 
northwestward, Songo (near Santiago), Cuba, reporting a barometer reading 
of 29.80 inches, a fall of 0.16 inch in 24 hours, with light northeast winds
... Over the southwestern portion of Haiti real disaster to crops, etc., 
was reported, but, so far as is known, without loss of life" (MWR).

August 13:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.2N, 78.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 18.8N, 78.2W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 18.7N, 78W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is accurate.
Station highlights:  35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM);
43 kt E at Sand Key (MWR); 994 mb at Kingston around 06 UTC (Chenoweth).  
Ship highlights:  35 kt ESE at 22.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 20 kt N and 
1002 mb at 20.6N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA).  "During the night of the 12-13th 
the storm center passed north of the Island of Jamaica, and at 8 a.m. of 
the 13th a whole southeast gale was blowing at Kingston ... Over the Island 
of Jamaica, heavy gales were reported, and the banana crop was said to have 
been damaged to the extent of several millions of dollars" (MWR).  

August 14:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 20.8N, 82.8W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 22N, 83.2W (a.m.).
Available observations place the center just west of the HURDAT
position.  Station highlights:  Calm (eye) at Cape San Antonio at 1930 UTC
(MWR); 48 kt E at Havana at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at Sand Key (MWR).  Ship 
highlight:  70 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 21.1N, 80.6W (COA).  Perez et al. lists 
this system as a Category 3 major hurricane impact in Cuba. "On the morning 
of the 14th the storm was apparently central near the Isle of Pines, Cuba, 
with undiminished intensity and moving in a direction a little north of west.  
During Friday night [early on the 14th] the maximum wind velocity at Habana 
was 56 miles and hour from the east ... The storm center evidently passed 
over Cape San Antonio, Cuba, about 2:30 p.m., August 14, as at that time a 
calm prevailed, continuing with heat and mist for about one-half hour.  The 
lowest barometer at the Isle of Pines, Cuba, occurred at 3 a.m, august 14, 
so that the rate of travel of the storm center between that place and 
Cape San Antonio was about 13 miles and hour ... Over extreme western Cuba, 
which was in the direct path of the storm, the damage was much more serious, 
and at Cape San Antonio, on the extreme western end of the island, not a 
house was left standing.  The radio station, the steel tower, and the 
lighthouse were blown down, and the entire meteorological equipment of the 
Weather Bureau destroyed.  Fourteen lives were lost.  The schooner Roncador 
was totally wrecked, but without loss of life, and the schooner Explorer was 
dismantled ... There was only a moderate gale at Key West, but at Sand Key, 
8 miles to the southwestward, there was a 60-mile southeast gale ...
The greatest marine disaster was the loss on August 13 [14], probably in the 
Yucatan Channel, of the American steamship Marowigne, of the United Fruit Co., 
from Belize, British Honduras.  Notwithstanding the fact that the steamer was 
equipped with radio apparatus nothing was heard from her and she must have 
been lost, together with her passengers and crew, numbering in all 96 
persons.  The vessel was valued at $400,000" (MWR).

August 15:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb at 22.5N, 88.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.5N, 87.0N
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 24N, 87.2W (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the hurricane was west of the HURDAT
position.  Station highlight:  20 kt W and 1002 mb at 12 UTC at
Meridian (HWM).  Ship highlights:  70 kt E and 1000 mb at 19 UTC at
27.0N, 86.0W (MWR);  60 kt NE and 992 mb at 11 UTC at 25.0N, 87.6W (COA). 
"On the morning of the 15th the storm was apparently central in the 
south-central Gulf of Mexico moving in a more northwesterly direction 
than before.  The barometer at all Gulf stations was falling. A radio 
report taken at 2 p.m. on the SS Antilles, at latitude 27, longitude 86, 
showed a barometer reading of 29.54 inches with wind velocity 74 miles an 
hour from the east ... The schooner Lydia M. Deering, from Sabine, Tex., for 
Boston, was lost several miles south of Mobile, and the captain and two 
members of the crew perished.  The schooner Dora Allison, from Progreso, 
Mexico, for Mobile, was wrecked in the Gulf, but her crew was saved.  The 
fishing smack Nettie Franklin, of Pensacola, was wrecked in the northwest 
Gulf and two of her crew were lost" (MWR).

August 16:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 990 mb at 26.5N, 93.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 major hurricane at 26.2N, 91.1W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the system at 26.2N, 91.7W (a.m.)
and 28.2N, 94W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the location
of HURDAT is most accurate.  Station highlights: N winds and 988 mb at 
23 UTC at Velasco (CLINE/MWR); 57 kt NE and 992 mb at 22 UTC at 
Galveston (OMR).  "...another radio report taken at 8 p.m. on the same 
date [early on the 16th], at about latitude 26.5, longitude 87.5 showed a 
barometer of 29.48 inches, with wind velocity of 64 miles and hour from the 
east.  On Monday morning, August 16, the storm center was apparently 
approaching the east Texas coast.At this time the barometer at Galveston 
read 29.62 inches with maximum wind velocity of 34 miles and hour from the 
northeast.  The conditions continued to intensify, and by noon the barometer 
at Galveston had fallen to 29.48 inches with maximum wind velocity of 56 
miles and hour from the northeast.  The tide was rising slowly and the sea 
was excessively rough" (MWR).

August 17:  HWM analyzes a closed low just inland over Texas with at most
990 mb pressure at 30N, 96W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1
hurricane at 29.6N, 95.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows the
system at 29.2N, 95.8W with 973 mb (a.m.) and at 30.5N, 97.2W with 994 mb
(p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the location of HURDAT
is most accurate.  Station highlights:  70 kt NE and 955 mb at 1125 UTC
at Houston (MWR/OMR); NW wind and 953 mb at 07 UTC at Velasco (Cline/MWR);
80 kt E and 971 mb at 09 UTC at Galveston (Cline/OMR).  "At 8 p.m. Monday, 
August 16, the barometer at Galveston read 29.10 inches with maximum wind 
velocity of 72 miles an hour from the northeast, and heavy rain was falling.  
The storm passed into the interior during the night of August 16-17, and 
at 2:45 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at Galveston read 28.63 inches,
with maximum wind velocity of 93 miles and hour from the east at 2:37 a.m.  
At 5:30 a.m. of the 17th the barometer at Houston read 28.20 inches, with a 
maximum wind velocity of 80 miles and hour (estimated) from the northeast.
Hourly barometer readings were also made by E.F. Roeller at Velasco, Tex., 
about 40 miles southwest of Galveston and about 14 miles southwest of San 
Luis Pass, where the storm center first reached the coast... It shows that 
the lowest pressure, 28.06 inches, occurred at 1 a.m. August 17, at which 
time the wind backed At 8 a.m. Tuesday, August 17, the barometer at 
Galveston read 29.12 inches, with the wind blowing 52 miles and hour from 
the northeast, while at Houston the reading was 28.72 inches, with a wind 
of 80 miles an hour (estimated) from the southeast.  Torrential rains had 
fallen at both places and were extending into the interior of east Texas.  
The storm then recurved to the northward, with high winds over the 
interior of east Texas, reaching a maximum of 60 miles an hour from the 
north at San Antonio during the day ... the actual storm center passed 
much closer to Houston than to Galveston, and, according to the wind 
directions (NE., E., SE., and S.), a little to the southward and westward 
of both stations.  As nearly as can be determined the storm center reached 
the coast of Texas near San Luis Pass, at the end of West Bay, about 26 miles 
southwest of Galveston, at about 1 a.m., September [sic] 17, shortly after 
which its slow recurve to the northward and northeastward began.  The 
extreme western point of the path was reached between 2:20 and 2:40 a.m., 
very near and presumably a little to the westward of Sandy Point, Tex.  It 
was next definitely located at about 4:50 a.m. southwest of and very close 
to Houston, Tex., with a movement slightly east of north.  These deductions 
are based upon special reports received, mainly, after the passage of the 
storm, and the center is assumed to have been where the lull, or calm, that 
accompanies the shift in wind direction occurred as the storm center passed.  
At a point about 5 miles northeast of Sandy Point the calm lasted from 2:20 
until 2:40 a.m. ... A measurement by the United States Engineers at Twentieth 
and Strand makes the highest point [in Galveston] reached 11.965 feet above 
mean low tide.  It appears to be the universal opinion that the water was 
somewhat higher than in 1900 ... The greatest loss of life and property 
occurred in the vicinity of Galveston, and from thence northward and 
westward for a considerable distance.  The total loss of life was 275, to 
which the city of Galveston contributed 11; Galveston Island, 42; and the 
dredges Houston and San Bernard and the tug Helen Hendersson, 69...
It has been estimated that the damage from this storm to crops, buildings, 
railroads, shipping live stock, and other property will aggregate close to 
$50,000,000, but these figures are probably much too large.  Of the total 
amount approximately $6,000,000 occurred at Galveston.  In the city of 
Houston the damage amounted to about $1,000,000, mainly to buildings, 
railroads, telegraph, and telephone lines, and nearly every building shared 
in the damage.  Crops in fully one-half the State of Texas suffered severely.  
Nearly all open cotton was blown away, and much cotton, late corn and rice 
was flattened by the wind and rain" (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Texas:
Aug. 16-17, Upper Coast, Extreme Intensity, 275 killed, $50,000,000
damage ... Tropical cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama:
Aug. 17, Louisiana, Minor Intensity, Center remained offshore" (Dunn and
Miller).  "TX-N 4, MSLP 945 mb" (Jarrell et al.).  "Environmental
pressure 1008 mb, estimated maximum sustained winds [converted to 1 min]
100 kt" (Schwerdt et al.)  "948 mb central pressure, 29 nmi RMW,
landfall point 29.0N, 95.2W" (Ho et al.) "August 15-17, 1915:  A hurricane 
made landfall just west of Galveston.  Gales howled throughout Cameron and 
Vermilion Parishes and as far east as Mobile.  Produced tides of 11 feet at 
Cameron (called Leesburg at the time), 10 feet at Grand Cheniere, and 
9.5 feet at Marsh Island; Grand Isle reported water 6 feet deep across the 
city.  The lightkeeper at the Sabine Pass lighthouse had to turn the lens by 
hand, as vibrations caused by the wave action put the clockwork out of 
order.  At Sabine Bank, 17 miles offshore the Mouth of the Sabine, damage was 
noted ... .  A storm surge of 15.3 feet above mean low gulf was noted at 
Virginia Point. " (Roth).  "Aug. 17 1915, Center crossed coast: 35 miles
SW Galveston.  Estimated lowest pressure 27.90 inches, Tide info - 
Galveston 12.8', GLS seawall 15.5', Sabine 11.0', Vermillion Bay 9.5'"
(Connor).  SLOSH runs for this system were generated using a delta-P
of 55 mb at landfall (~954 mb central pressure), RMW of 35 statute miles
(30 nmi) and landfall of the eye center about 8 miles southwest of
San Luis Pass (landfall near 29.1N, 95.1W) before 1 a.m. on August 17th
(Wiggert and Jarvinen).

August 18:  HWM analyzes a closed low over northeast Texas with a cold
front extending west and a stationary front extending east-northeast of
the system.  However, the evidence for frontal boundaries is somewhat weak
at this point.  The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered at 31.5N, 97W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an 
extratropical storm at 31.7N, 96.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Track of Lows
lists it at 32N, 97W and 999 mb (a.m.) and at 32.8N, 96W and 1000 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest a position just south of HURDAT is most
reasonable.  Station highlights:  42 kt N at 04 UTC at Dallas (OMR);
16 kt SE and 995 mb at 01 UTC at Palestine (OMR).  "On the morning of 
August 18 the storm was central over the northern portion of east Texas, 
with a barometer reading of 29.50 inches at Forth Worth and Dallas, with 
northeast gales of 44 to 48 miles an hour with heavy rains" (MWR).

August 19:  HWM analyzes a closed low at the border of Texas and Oklahoma
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending east of
the center.  However, again the evidence that frontal boundaries are actually
present is weak. The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is 
centered near 33.5N, 96W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 33.6N, 96.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this
system at 33.5N, 95W with 1002 mb (a.m.) and at 34.5N, 93.7W with 999 mb
(p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
accurate.  Station highlights:  10 kt NE and 1000 mb at 01 UTC at Fort
Worth (OMR).

August 20:  HWM analyzes a closed low over southeast Missouri with a
cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
southeast.  The closed low has at most a 1000 mb pressure and it is
centered near 37N, 90W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
low at 37N, 90.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
36.8N, 90.5W and 996 mb (a.m.) and at 38N, 88W and 996 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.  Station
highlights:  35 kt SW at Memphis (MWR); 35 kt W at Nashville (MWR); 
35 kt E and 999 mb at 12 UTC at St. Louis (HWM).

August 21:  HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over Indiana with frontal
boundaries extending to the east and south of the center.  The center has
at most a 1000 mb pressure and is centered near 39.5N and 86W in HWM.
HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 39.5N, 85.8W with 1000 mb (a.m.)
and at 41.3N, 83W with 999 mb (p.m.).  Station highlights:  10 SSE and
1002 mb at 12 UTC at Dayton.

August 22:  HWM analyzes an occluding closed low over the border of New
York and Pennsylvania with frontal boundaries extending east and south of
the center.  The closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered
at 43N, 79W in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at
43.5N, 79W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at
43.2N, 79.7W with 1001 mb (a.m.) and at 45.7N, 75.8W with 1002 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is the most accurate center.
Station highlights:  10 kt S and 1003 mb at 12 UTC at Detroit (HWM).

August 23:  HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over southwest Quebec 
with frontal boundaries extending to the southeast of the center.  The
closed low has at most 1005 mb pressure and is centered near 48N, 74W
in HWM.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical low at 46.2N, 73.4W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists this system at 47.2N, 73.3W with
1006 mb (a.m.) and at 48.5N, 69.7W with 1007 mb (p.m.).  Available 
observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 24:  HWM analyzes an occluded closed low over northern Quebec
with an occluded frontal boundary to its east.  The closed low has at most
1000 mb pressure and is centered near 53N, 70W.  However, no observations
are available to substantiate the system's existence at this date.

Track is adjusted significantly to the southwest on the 6th to the 9th, 
based on available observations and continuity.  Remaining track changes
are relatively minor.  Last position revised to provide a more realistic
translational velocity and to better account for available observations.
Extratropical transition is delayed 36 hours from that originally shown in 
HURDAT as no significant frontal boundaries became apparent in the cyclone 
until early on the 20th.  Intensity slightly reduced on the 5th to begin
system as tropical depression based upon ship and Cape Verde Island
observations.  Measurement of 998 mb from Dominica at 18 UTC on the 10th
was considered for the possibility to be a central pressure, but newspaper
accounts from the _Dominican Guardian_ clearly show that it would not have
been the lowest pressure measured at that location.  Impacts described for
Dominica and other islands in the Lesser Antilles match minimal hurricane 
intensity in HURDAT.  High seas and wind impacts reported at Puerto Rico on the
11th are consistent with a Category 2 hurricane passing to the south, so this 
intensity is retained.  The system passed just over the western tip of Cuba, 
causing Category 3 hurricane conditions according to Perez et al.  Thus 
intensities are retained unchanged on the 15th.  No ship went through the inner
core of the hurricane during its transit of the Gulf of Mexico.  

The hurricane made landfall in Texas early on the 17th.  Peak observed 
winds at landfall were from Galveston, Texas with 80 kt 5 min wind, which 
converts to 65 kt 1 min wind after adjusting for the high bias of the 
4 cup Robinson anemometer and converting to 1 min peak wind (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  However, the hurricane made landfall
well to the southwest of Galveston, so these are likely not the peak winds
in the system.  At landfall, minimum pressures observed were 953 mb with
a windshift from N to NW at Velasco, Texas at 07 UTC on the 17th and 955 mb 
with 70 kt NE wind (shifting to SE) at Houston, Texas at 1125 UTC.  The 
center of the hurricane passed between both cities without either observing 
the central pressure.  Ho et al. analyzed a landfall point of 29.0N, 95.2W,
an RMW of 29 nmi and an estimate of the central pressure of 948 mb (using 
the Schloemer equation).  However, MWR analyzed a landfall position farther
from Velasco at San Luis Pass at 29.1N, 95.1W.  Given that it is likely
that Velasco was inside the RMW, but not in the eye, a central pressure lower 
than 948 mb appears more reasonable.  Another line of evidence of a deeper
central is from the 955 mb observed in Houston accompanied by 
70 kt wind.  Application of the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model
suggests a pressure of 936 mb due to the four hours of filling over land.
Given that Houston's location is close to Galveston Bay, perhaps the amount
of weakening is overestimated (and thus the 936 mb too high).  However,
the 955 mb in Houston was not a central pressure value, but taken in
the eyewall.  These estimates are all substantially stronger than the 954 mb 
central pressure obtained in Wiggert and Jarvinen.  The 940 mb central 
pressure estimate is accepted at landfall, which is slightly deeper than
that given in in Jarrell et al. (apparently obtained from Connor's estimate).  
940 mb central pressure at landfall suggests winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The 25 nmi RMW is slightly larger than 
that expected by climatology (19 nmi) for this latitude and central pressure,
which would suggest a reduction from this 119 kt value.  The new northern
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship from Brown et al. (2006) suggests
115 kt for a 940 mb central pressure.  Thus the estimated maximum sustained
winds at landfall are 115 kt, which is a slight reduction from the 120 kt
originally contained in HURDAT at 00 UTC but higher than the 105 kt at 06 UTC.
Given the uncertainty, this system could have been a high end Category 3
hurricane at landfall.  Keeping Category 4 retains the analyzed Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale status as given in HURDAT and Neumann et al. for this system.  
Peak observed winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times):  
70 kt at Houston at 12 UTC/17th, 53 kt at Galveston at 18 UTC/17th, and 40 kt 
at Dallas at 00 UTC/18th.  These convert to 57, 44, and 34 kt, respectively, 
after adjustment.  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model 
suggests winds of 74, 51, and 39 kt, respectively.  As wind observations are 
fairly sparse in this area and this was a larger than usual hurricane, winds 
are chosen to be close to the Kaplan and DeMaria model:  at 12 UTC winds 
are thus increased from 65 kt in HURDAT to 75 kt, reduced at 18 UTC from 
60 kt to 50 kt, and reduced from 55 kt to 40 kt at 00 UTC/18th.  The
central Texas coast and Louisiana are added as experiencing Category 1 
conditions from an application of the simplified wind model in Schwerdt et al.  

*****************************************************************************


1915/03 - 2008 REVISION:

20830 08/28/1915 M=15  3 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20830 08/27/1915 M=16  3 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        **          ***

(27th is new to HURDAT.)
20832 08/27*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*180 445  40    0*190 458  40    0

20835 08/28*220 470  60    0*229 485  65    0*239 503  70    0*244 507  70    0
20835 08/28*200 471  45    0*210 483  45    0*220 495  50    0*230 504  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20840 08/29*249 514  75    0*254 521  75    0*259 529  80    0*264 537  80    0
20840 08/29*240 512  55    0*250 520  55    0*259 529  60    0*267 537  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      ***      **

20845 08/30*269 546  85    0*273 555  85    0*278 563  90    0*282 571  90    0
20845 08/30*274 546  65    0*281 555  65    0*287 563  70    0*293 571  70    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20850 08/31*286 578  90    0*290 585  95    0*294 590  95    0*298 594  95    0
20850 08/31*299 578  75    0*305 585  75    0*310 590  80    0*313 594  80    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20855 09/01*302 598  95    0*305 602 100    0*307 606 100    0*312 610 100    0
20855 09/01*314 598  85    0*315 602  85    0*315 606  90    0*315 610  95    0
            ***      **      ***     ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

20860 09/02*315 613 100    0*318 616 105    0*320 620 105    0*323 626 105    0
20860 09/02*316 615 100    0*318 620 105    0*320 625 105    0*323 632 105    0
            *** ***              ***              ***              *** 

20865 09/03*325 635 105    0*327 643 105    0*327 649 105    0*325 652 105    0
20865 09/03*325 642 105    0*327 649 105    0*327 653 105    0*325 654 105    0
                ***              ***              ***              *** 
          
20870 09/04*322 653 105    0*318 652 105    0*315 648 105    0*313 645 105    0
20875 09/05*312 643 105    0*309 641 105    0*307 640 105    0*305 641 105    0
20875 09/05*312 643 105    0*309 641 105    0*307 640 105    0*305 640 105    0
                                                                   ***

20880 09/06*304 643 100    0*303 645 100    0*302 648  95    0*302 651  95    0
20880 09/06*304 640 100    0*303 640 100    0*302 640  95    0*302 643  95    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

20885 09/07*303 655  90    0*305 658  90    0*308 661  90    0*312 663  90    0
20885 09/07*302 649  90    0*303 659  90    0*305 665  90    0*310 667  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20890 09/08*317 665  90    0*322 666  85    0*325 667  85    0*332 667  85    0
20890 09/08*315 666  90    0*320 665  85    0*325 664  85    0*330 663  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***

20895 09/09*337 665  85    0*342 662  80    0*348 657  80    0*355 651  75    0
20895 09/09*336 662  85    0*342 660  80    0*348 657  80    0*355 651  75    0
            *** ***              ***                                  

20900 09/10*364 642  70    0*375 631  65    0*387 619  60    0E410 581  55    0
20900 09/10*363 642  70    0*371 631  65    0*380 619  60    0E390 590  55    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

20905 09/11E427 560  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
20905 09/11E400 560  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** 

20910 HR                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tucker (1995),
and observations provided for Bermuda by Mark Guishard.

August 27:  HWM analyzed an open trough along 42W.  Available observations
and continuity with the 28th suggest a closed low near 18N, 44.5W.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 28:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 49W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.9N, 50.3W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was between these
two estimates.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

August 29:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 53W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 25.9N, 52.9W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's position is more
accurate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 23N, 56W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.8N, 56.3W at
12 UTC.  Available observations and continuity with the 31st suggest a
position north of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 31:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 58W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.4N, 59W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position north of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:
50 kt VAR and 993 mb at 32.1N, 58.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  "Without the aid of
mail reports from vessels on the western Atlantic, the geographic
position of the origin of this disturbance cannot be definitely determined,
but there is some evidence that it was present during the last days of
August to the east-northeastward of the Lesser Antilles, whence it, in all
probability, moved northwestward to the vicinity of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 1:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31.5N, 59W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 60.6W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position at HWM's latitude and
HURDAT's longitude.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NNW and 1018 mb at 24.9N, 66.2W
at 12 UTC (COA).  "On the 1st of the month the 8 a.m. cablegram from
Hamilton, Bermuda, showed a pressure of 29.91 inches, the wind north and
26 miles an hour, and the weather cloudy.  During the 1st, pressure fell
steadily at Hamilton" (MWR).

September 2:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 32.5N, 63W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32N, 62W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the position was between these two
estimates.  Ship highlights:  W wind and 990 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC
(MWR);  50 kt NW and 1016 mb at 28.8N, 68.1W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station
highlight:  30 kt NW and 998 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).  "...at 8 a.m.
of the 2n the pressure was 29.46 inches, the wind northwest, 36 miles, 
and raining.  The pressure continued to fall" (MWR).  [From the 'Royal
Gazette' of 7 Sep.] "...The rain cam on Thursday [2 Sep] accompanied by
violent gusts of wind" (Tucker).

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 990 mb at 32N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 32.7N, 64.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 33.3N, 65.5W and 988 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position south of the HURDAT estimate.  
Ship highlight:  70 kt S and 984 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR).
Station highlights:  40 kt NE at Cape Henry at 00 UTC (MWR); 25 kt S and
988 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).  "...and at 8 p.m. on the 2n, the 
barometer reported was 29.18 inches with the wind northwest, 24 miles, and
raining ... The highest winds were off the Virginia Capes, Cape Henry 
reported a maximum velocity of 48 miles from the northeast at 8 p.m. of 
the 2d" (MWR).  "The Hurricane of 1915 commenced early on Sept. 3rd after
very sultry weather - calm sea and very rosy sunsets.  Its full force was
experienced from the N.E. to E. and continued for 4 days.  A considerable
amount of damage was caused to buildings, especially Commissioners House
which was partially unroofed ... Continuing through Thursday, it culminated
on Friday [3 Sep], by 12 o'clock that night had reached a tremendous
velocity ... Many of the fisherman round Coney Island find their boats
are total wrecks through the storm ... The damage occasioned at St. George's
is considerable, both on land and water.  The dredgers 'King George' and
'Queen Mary' were both blown ashore ... The tugboat 'Powerful' dragged
all over the harbor and finally went ashore between Market Wharf and
Orinance Island ... Many smaller craft were damaged.  The St. George Hotel
was unslated.  The entire north side of the roof of a very long house on
Water Street, occupied by Mr. Hodsel and family, was taken off and they had
to make a rapid move ... The Cathedral suffered pretty badly" (Tucker).

September 4:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb at 30.5N, 65W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 31.5N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31.8N, 65.3W and 992 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest a position near HURDAT's estimate.  Ship
highlight:  70 kt SE and 991 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 and 03 UTC (MWR).
Station highlight:  987 mb at 00 UTC and 40 kt NE and 997 mb at 12 UTC 
at Bermuda (BER, HWM).  "This disturbance remained central in the region of 
Bermudas until the 8th and much of this time the wind blew a gale from nearly 
all points of the compass" (MWR).  "During the night of Sept. 4th at 2 a.m. 
the drydock, which it had been impossible to sink owing to two small vessels 
being in it at the time, broke adrift and damaged itself considerably against 
the wall by the Bascule Bridge" (Tucker).

September 5:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 30.5N, 63.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 30.7N, 64W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 31N, 64.3W and 1003 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is the most accurate.
Ship highlights:  996 mb at 32.2N, 64.9W at 00 UTC (MWR); 45 kt E and
1001 mb at 32.6N, 62.9W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE at 31.6N, 60.5W at 12 UTC
(COA).  Station highlight:  30 kt NE and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 6:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 30N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 64.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center of 29.7N, 64.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM estimate.
Ship highlights:  60 kt ESE at 31.2N, 60W at 12 UTC (COA);  1001 mb and 
W wind at 35.8N, 55.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  

September 7:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 29.5N, 65.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.8N, 66.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 30.5N, 66.2W and 1005 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that a position just west of the MWR
Tracks of Lows estimate is most accurate.  Ship highlights:  999 mb and 
ESE wind at 32.2N, 64.9W at 20 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SE at 31N, 63.3W at 12 UTC
(COA).  Station highlight:  35 kt ESE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC
(HWM).  "The gale got lively again on Monday [6 Sep] night and Tuesday
[7 Sep] morning ... and the most dramatic result was wreck on the South
Shore ... The doomed ship struck on September 7th, oppressed by high winds
and seas still continuing from the hurricane just passed" (Tucker).

September 8:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 66.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.5N, 66.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 32N, 67W and 999 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the center was west of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  997 mb and SE-SSE-S-SW wind at 32.2N, 64.9W
at 02-06-18-21 UTC (MWR);  45 kt E at 35.9N, 64.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
September 9:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 35N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 34.8N, 65.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 35N, 65.3W and 1010 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 38.4N, 63W at 12 UTC (COA);
35 kt SE and 996 mb at 35.5N, 64.6W at 12 UTC (COA).  "On the 9th the
storm recurved west and north of Bermuda" (MWR).

September 10:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 38.5N, 63W,
with a cold front advancing from the northwest of the system.  HURDAT lists 
this system as a tropical storm at 38.7N, 61.9N at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the center was south of the HURDAT estimate.  
Ship highlights: 50 kt WNW and 1017 mb at 33.8N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA);
15 kt N and 1000 mb at 38.2N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 11:  HWM analyzed a large extratropical system and associated
cold front had absorbed the tropical cyclone and that the latter no longer
existed as a separate entity by 12 UTC.

The genesis of this system is begun a day earlier on the 27th of August,
primarily on the basis of a north wind from a lone ship likely west of
the tropical cyclone's center.  Track changes are largest on the 28th and 
late on the 10th/early on the 11th with both dates having positions south 
of HURDAT.  While the peak intensity of this cyclone is uncertain, as
no ship or station made observations in the eye, it is likely that
it was near the Category 3 (105 kt) given in HURDAT as it made its closest
approach to Bermuda.  A 984 mb peripheral pressure reading from a ship near
Bermuda on the 3rd (the Kilbride) suggests winds of at least 71 kt from 
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Bermuda's lowest pressure
reading (twice daily) was 987 mb at 00 UTC on the 4th, suggsting 67 kt
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Bermuda suffered widespread, 
moderate wind and wave/surge damages, consistent with what one would expect 
from about 12 hours of impact from a nearby Category 3 hurricane.  A latter 
peripheral pressure of 1000 mb on the 10th suggests winds of at least 49 kt 
from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt retained.  Extratropical 
transition late on the 10th and early on the 11th as shown in HURDAT is not 
changed.


1915/04 - 2006 REVISION:

21225 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1                     
21230 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 788  55    0*158 788  55    0*
21235 09/01*164 789  60    0*170 791  65    0*176 796  70    0*182 803  70    0*
21240 09/02*189 811  75    0*197 819  75    0*205 826  80    0*214 832  80    0*
21245 09/03*225 837  85    0*236 842  85    0*248 848  85    0*260 851  85    0*
21250 09/04*274 853  80    0*287 854  80    0*302 854  75    0*318 853  65 1003*
21255 09/05*335 850  45    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0*
21260 09/06*398 846  20    0*411 847  20    0*424 849  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
21265 HRAFL1
21265 HRAFL1IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1915/04 - 2008 REVISION:

20915 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20915 08/31/1915 M= 7  4 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                               ***

20920 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*153 788  55    0*158 788  55    0
20920 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*150 795  30    0*160 800  35    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20925 09/01*164 789  60    0*170 791  65    0*176 796  70    0*182 803  70    0
20925 09/01*170 804  40    0*180 808  45    0*190 810  50    0*193 811  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20930 09/02*189 811  75    0*197 819  75    0*205 826  80    0*214 832  80    0
20930 09/02*196 812  60    0*200 813  65    0*205 815  75    0*211 821  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20935 09/03*225 837  85    0*236 842  85    0*248 848  85    0*260 851  85    0
20935 09/03*217 828  85    0*226 836  80    0*240 840  80    0*256 844  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20940 09/04*274 853  80    0*287 854  80    0*302 854  75    0*318 853  65 1003
20940 09/04*272 848  80    0*287 852  80    0*302 854  70  982*318 853  50 1003
            *** ***              ***                   **  ***          **

20945 09/05*335 850  45    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0
20945 09/05*335 850  35    0*353 847  30    0*369 846  30    0*384 846  25    0
                     **                        

20950 09/06*398 846  20    0*411 847  20    0*424 849  15    0*  0   0   0    0
20950 09/06*398 846  25    0*411 847  25    0*424 849  25    0*435 852  20    0
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

20955 HRAFL1IGA1                
20955 HRAFL1
            ****

Landfall:
9/4/1915     1100Z 30.0N  85.4W   80kt 25nmi    982mb    1012mb  AFL1

Minor alterations to the track and major changes to the intensity shown 
in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956),  Dunn and 
Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Barnes (1998), and 
Perez et al. (2000).

August 31:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16.5N, 79.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.3N, 78.8W at 12 UTC.
However, available observations suggest that no closed circulation exists
yet for this system and it is to be removed from HURDAT on this date.

September 1:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 18.5N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.6N, 79.6W at
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the system is northwest of
the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

September 2:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19.5N, 82.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 20.5N, 82.6W.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.2N, 82W (a.m.).  A position northeast
of the MWR Tracks estimate appears most reasonable.  Station highlight:
1000 mb at Isle of Pines at 21 UTC (MWR).  "This storm apparently 
originated south of Cuba and passed northward near Isle of Pines ...
The minimum barometer at the Isle of Pines was 29.52 inches at 5 p.m., 
to which it had fallen from 29.72 at noon." (MWR).

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 24N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 84.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 25.3N, 84.7W (a.m.).  Available
observations suggest a center to the southeast of HURDAT.  Ship highlights:  
25 kt SW and 985 mb at 24.3N, 84W at 08 UTC (MWR); 70 kt N and 995 mb at
24.8N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  45 kt SE and 1004 mb
at Havana at 04 UTC (MWR).  "A report from the Cuban Meteorological Service 
states that the barometer at Pinar del Rio on the 2d at 7:30 p.m. was 
29.74 inches, wind northeast, 20 miles; and at 10:30 p.m., the barometer 
was 29.70, wind northwest, 26 miles.  The wind having backed from northeast 
to north-northwest, it may be inferred that the center of the hurricane 
passed to the east of the city.  Comparing these observations with those at 
Habana, where the minimum pressure, 29.66 inches, was observed at 11:45 p.m. 
of the 2d, with a maximum wind velocity of 50 miles from the southeast at 
the same hour, it follows that the center of the disturbance passed in the 
vicinity of San Cristobal, in Pinar del Rio, and passed to the Gulf near 
La Mulata" (MWR).  "Category 2 hurricane in Cuba.  Track is shifted to east 
of the Isle of Youth and landfall near 22.7N, 82.7W" (Perez).  "Key West 
report - No casualties or damage at or in the vicinity of this station.  
Lowest barometer 29.76 inches about 3 a.m. of the 3d.  Tampa report - In 
this vicinity very high tides were reported, some of the highest of record.  
At St. Petersburg, Fla., the tide exceeded by 4 feet 10 inches, the 
previous high record.  Damage from wind and tide is confined to that 
portion of the coast north of Manatee.  At Passa Grille the sea wall was 
considerably damaged by the extremely high seas.  An aneroid barometer 
(recently compared) at Passa Grille showed a reading of 29.60 inches, 
0.18 inch lower than at Tampa.  The official in charge at Tampa remarks:  
This means a gradient of 0.18 inch in 25 miles.  The tide was the highest 
of record at Manatee.  At Clearwater there was not much wind but the 
highest tides in years" (MWR).

September 4:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 29.5N, 85.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.2N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center at 30.5N, 85.3W with 993 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT is an accurate estimate.  Ship
highlight:  35 kt SW and 1001 mb at 24.2N, 83.8W at 11 UTC (COA).  Station
highlights:  993 mb and SW wind at Apalachicola at 1140 UTC (MWR);  996 mb
at St. Andrews (Panama City) at 12 UTC (MWR).  "Tropical cyclones in Florida: 
1915 Sept. 4, Apalachicola, Minimal Intensity, Some loss of life" (Dunn and 
Miller).  Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their U.S. hurricane 
listing, implying that the system had a central pressure greater than 981 mb 
which was their maximum criterion.  "Jacksonville report - The tide was 
unusually high at all Gulf stations, unprecedented some reports indicate..
At Apalachicola the wind was highest, 60 to 70 miles an hour, from the 
east-southeast between 4 and 7 a.m. of the 4th, veering to southwest.  
The loss of timber on turpentine farms will be about 10 to 15 per cent or 
more.  The damage to buildings, small boats, and other exposed property, 
including telegraph and telephone wires will approximate $25,000.  The tide 
was highest about 5 a.m., having risen 4 feet above normal within about an 
hour.From 4 a.m. to 7 a.m. the wind blew from 50 to 60 miles an hour, and 
for 30 or 40 minutes it was 70 miles.The lowest barometer reading was 
29.32 inches at 6:40 a.m.  At Carrabelle the tide was 7 feet above normal.  
No lives were lost, but fences, telephone poles and smokestacks were blown 
down, piers were washed away, several barges and small boats were blown 
ashore into the marshes and left high and dry after the storm.  The highest 
wind velocity of 60 to 70 miles an hour (estimated) occurred about 7 a.m.  
Some roofs were blown off and several fishing vessels went ashore.  
Pensacola report - The tide was not unusually high.  The highest wind 
velocity was 33 miles an hour from the north at 11:08 a.m. of the 4th.  The 
lowest pressure was 29.80 inches at 10 a.m. of the 4th.  There was no damage.  
At St. Andrew the lowest barometer reading of 29.40 inches occurred at 
7:45 a.m.  On the morning of the 4th the wind had backed to north, and by 
5 a.m. began to increase in velocity and was coming in gusts of 50 to 
60 miles an hour.  A little before 7 a.m. the wind shifted to northwest and 
possibly for a moment blew 80 miles an hour.  It was then that the most 
damage was done in the way of uprooting and twisting off of trees" (MWR).
"The category 1 hurricane that made landfall near the mouth of the 
Apalachicola River on September 4, 1915, was not a significant storm in 
Florida history.  Much like a category 1 storm that struck Pensacola in 
August 1911, its impact on the coast was minor when compared to the great 
storms of the past.  Its arrival was nevertheless unwelcome to the people 
of the Apalachicola region, who endured winds of 70 mph and damages that 
totaled $100,000.  Numerous boats and wharfs were wrecked, including 
several vessels from the sponge fleet.  In all, twenty-one deaths were 
attributed to the modest hurricane" (Barnes).  "Sep 4 1915, Estimate 
Lowest Central Pressure during Lifetime (and also at landfall) 982 mb,
Tide Information - Carrabelle 7', Apalachicola 4'" (Connor)

September 5:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 37N, 85W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 36.9N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 36.7N, 83.7W and 1008 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most accurate.
Station highlights:  35 kt SE at Atlanta at 02 UTC (OMR).  

September 6:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 42.5N, 84.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 42.4N, 84.9W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 44.2N, 84.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.).
Available observations suggest that HURDAT's estimate is most accurate.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7:  The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 46.2N, 82W with 
1009 mb (a.m.).  However, HWM showed no closed low and available observations
suggest that the system had dissipated.  "After crossing the coast line this 
disturbance decreased in intensity as it passed northward to Lake Huron and 
lost its identity by the evening of the 7th" (MWR).

No change in genesis date, though weaker intensity is indicated from
the 31st through the 2nd based upon available observations that hurricane
intensity was not reached until the 2nd.  Minor changes to the track
are introduced from the 31st until the 4th.  The tropical cyclone
is retained as a Category 2 hurricane at landfall in Cuba, which was
confirmed by the analysis by Perez though with a position farther east 
(taking the center on the east side of the Isle of Pines, rather than on
the west side of the island as originally in HURDAT).  A peripheral 
pressure of 985 mb at 08 UTC on the 3rd suggest winds of 71 kt from the
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 80 kt chosen for HURDAT.

The hurricane made landfall early on the 4th in the Florida panhandle.
While no high winds were explicitly measured at landfall in Florida, 
estimates of about 70 kt were reported at St. Andrews (Panama City) on 
the weak side of the storm.  Two peripheral pressures of 993 mb 
(1140 UTC at Apalachicola) and 996 mb (12 UTC at St. Andrews [Panama
City]) are the basis for the estimated central pressures of 982 mb 
from Connor and 988 mb from Jarrell.  Given the impacts of surge 
and wind-caused damages and the estimate of hurricane force winds 
on the weak side of the system, it is estimated that the 982 mb central 
pressure at landfall around 11 UTC is most accurate.  982 mb pressure
suggest winds of 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship.
As the hurricane was moving quite fast (~16 kt) toward the north at landfall,
winds at landfall are estimated to be 80 kt.  This confirms the Neumann
et al. analysis of Category 1 hurricane making landfall in northwest 
Florida.  After landfall, a run of the Kaplan-DeMaria inland decay model
suggests winds of 68 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th, 48 kt at 18 UTC, 35 kt at
00 UTC on the 5th and 27 kt at 06 UTC.  Highest observed winds within
2 hours of these synoptic times are the following:  35 kt (but with estimates
of up to 70 kt), no data, 35 kt, and no data.  Thus winds are chosen for
HURDAT to be 70 kt, 50 kt, 35 kt, and 30 kt.  A central pressure of 1003 mb
was listed in HURDAT on 18 UTC on the 4th, about 7 hours after landfall.
While no confirmation of this value could be found, it does appear to be
reasonable and is thus retained in HURDAT.  With the reduction of the winds
at 18 UTC on the 4th from 65 to 50 kt, the inland Georgia Category 1
hurricane designation has been removed.  Winds were increased slightly
on the 6th due to available observed station winds.  The lifetime of the
tropical cyclone was extended an additional 6 hr due to the still moderately
well defined vortex at 12 UTC on the 6th, the previously last position in
HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1915/05 - 2008 REVISION:

20956 09/19/1915 M= 5  5 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20957 09/19*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 635  30    0*267 634  30    0*
20958 09/20*279 633  35    0*292 630  35    0*305 625  40    0*319 615  40    0*
20959 09/21*334 595  45    0*348 560  45    0*360 530  45    0*370 510  45    0*
20959 09/22*373 495  45    0*374 485  50    0*375 480  50    0*376 475  50    0*
20959 09/23E377 468  40    0E378 460  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20959 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

September 18:  A surface trough is evident near the longitude of 63W between
20 and 25N from HWM and COADS data.  A closed circulation might be present, 
but observations are sparse near the possible center.  No gale force winds 
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 19:  HWM analyzes a closed circulation with at most 1012.5 mb
pressure at 25.5N, 63.5W.  Available observations suggest that this is a 
reasonable center.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 20:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
30N, 62W.  Available observations suggest the center is slightly north
and west of this location.  Ship highlights:  20 kt NW and 1006 mb at
12 UTC at 29.8N, 63.4W (HWM/COA).
September 21:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at
33.5N, 59W.  A warm front is depicted north of this location.  Available 
observations suggest that the center is actually substantially east-northeast 
of HWM's location, closer to 36N, 53W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt N and
1007 mb at 08 UTC at 35.2N, 56W (COA).
September 22:  HWM depicts a large extratropical low centered just north
of Nova Scotia with a cold front extending southwest of the center and
a warm front extending southeast of the center.  However, additional
observations from COADS indicates a center to be present near 37.5N, 48W.
The structure appears to still be a tropical cyclone, rather than 
extratropical as no well-defined frontal boundary is yet present.  Ship
highlights:  45 kt W at 12 UTC at 33.3N, 48W (COA); 45 kt WSW at 12 UTC
at 35.5N, 47.7W (COA).
September 23:  HWM depicts a large extratropical storm centered north of
Newfoundland with frontal features extending south and east of the center.
A closed low from the tropical system is no longer present, but HWM and
COADS data suggest that the remnants may be near 38N, 45W as it was
absorbed into the front from the extratropical low.

Genesis of this new tropical storm occurs on the 19th with the appearance of
a closed, non-frontal circulation.  A 1006 mb peripheral pressure on
the 20th suggests winds of at least 36 kt from the subtropical pressure-
wind relationship - 40 kt chosen for HURDAT.  A second ship reported 35 kt
N winds and 1007 mb pressure early on the 21st - 45 kt chosen for HURDAT.
Two ships reported 45 kt on the 22nd - 50 kt selected for HURDAT, which may
be the peak intensity for this system.  The tropical storm was likely to have 
been absorbed within the warm frontal boundary around 12 UTC on the 23nd 
near 38N, 45N.

*****************************************************************************


1915/06 - 2008 REVISION:

20960 09/22/1915 M=10  5 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
20960 09/21/1915 M=11  6 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *       ***                        *

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20962 09/21*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*123 610  35    0*128 615  40    0

20965 09/22*  0   0   0    0*146 621  60    0*147 634  65    0*147 646  70    0
20965 09/22*132 621  45    0*135 628  50    0*138 636  55    0*140 646  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

20970 09/23*148 658  70    0*148 672  70    0*148 684  75    0*149 698  75    0
20970 09/23*141 658  65    0*142 669  70    0*143 680  75    0*143 690  75    0
            ***      **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  
         
20975 09/24*150 709  80    0*151 720  80    0*153 732  85    0*155 744  85    0
20975 09/24*144 700  80    0*145 710  85    0*145 720  95    0*146 731 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

20980 09/25*158 757  85    0*161 769  85    0*165 783  90    0*169 792  90    0
20980 09/25*148 742 115    0*150 753 120    0*153 765 125    0*156 777 125  931 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

20985 09/26*173 801  90    0*178 809  90    0*183 817  95    0*188 825  95    0
20985 09/26*159 788 125    0*162 799 125    0*166 810 125    0*173 819 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

20990 09/27*194 832  95    0*200 839  95    0*207 846  95    0*215 853  95    0
20990 09/27*184 828 125    0*196 837 125    0*207 846 125    0*215 853 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***              *** 

20995 09/28*223 859  95    0*231 866 100    0*238 872 100    0*249 878 100    0
20995 09/28*223 859 125    0*231 866 125    0*238 872 125    0*247 878 125    0
                    ***              ***              ***      ***     ***

21000 09/29*259 885 105    0*268 891 110    0*278 897 115  935*288 901  85    0
21000 09/29*257 885 120    0*268 892 120  935*279 898 115    0*290 903 110  944 
            ***     ***          *** ***  *** *** ***      *** *** *** ***  ***

21005 09/30*299 901  60  952*311 898  60    0E323 893  50    0E337 884  40    0
21005 09/30*301 902  70  949*312 900  60    0E323 893  50    0E336 884  40    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***                           ***

21010 10/01E352 868  35    0E369 848  35    0E387 824  35    0E405 798  35    0
21010 10/01E350 868  35    0E365 848  35    0E382 824  35    0E402 798  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

21015 HR LA4                
21015 HR LA3 MS2
         *** ***

Landfall:
9/29/1915    1800Z 29.1N  90.3W  110kt  20 and 55 nmi  944mb  LA3,MS2

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records from NCDC, 
Cline (1926), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Sullivan (1986), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), Perez et al. 
(2000), and Caribbean newspaper accounts provided by Michael Chenoweth.

September 21:  HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date.  However,
examination of observations suggest a weak closed low was found near
12.3N, 61.0W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

September 22:  HWM did not analyze a closed low on this date. HURDAT lists 
this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.7N, 63.4W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations are ambiguous about whether a closed circulation exists or
not.  A position just southwest of the original HURDAT is chosen for continuity
with the 21st.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
However, newspaper accounts from Antigua are suggestive that tropical storm 
force conditions were occurring on this date.  "...the forecasters on duty... 
detected the first signs of the formation of another hurricane, although he 
had no reports from that immediate region.  This storm began to manifest its 
presence by the changed wind directions, by the clouds and the peculiar 
movements" (MWR).  Antigua Sun, Thursday, September 23, 1915 (provided by 
Michael Chenoweth) "Very high winds prevailed here yesterday which were 
responsible for a few incidents. A sailing boat ... capsized off Keeling 
Point...six men were rescued. All the droghers, etc. in the harbor had to 
put out extra anchors. Fences were blown down in several places.  The sea 
was exceedingly rough so that the shipping of produce to the steamer and 
other craft had to be suspended." 

September 23:  HWM analyzed a weak trough along 72W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.8N, 68.4W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations and continuity with the next two days suggest a position
just east and south of HURDAT's estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 24:  HWM analyzed a weak trough along 77W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.3N, 73.2W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations and continuity with the 25th suggest a position east and 
south of the HURDAT estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E and 1013 mb at
19.6N, 69.2W at 11 UTC (COA/HWM).  

September 25:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 14N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 78.3W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT 
estimates.  Ship highlight:  931 mb at 15.5N, 77.3W, S.S. Almirante (Connor);
25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 15.6N, 77.5W at 05 UTC (COA).  "Latitude 15.50N and 
longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante, Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60"
(Connor).

September 26:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 16N, 80W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 18.3N, 81.7W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a position between the HWM and HURDAT
estimates.  Ship highlight:  25 kt W and 994 mb at 16.9N, 82.4W at 23 UTC
(COA).

September 27:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 19N, 83.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 20.5N, 84W (a.m.).  The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable given available observations.  Ship 
highlights:  50 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 20.6N, 86.5W at 23 UTC (COA);
50 kt E and 997 mb at 23.2N, 85.8W at 23 UTC (COA).

September 28:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 22.5N, 89.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 23.8N, 87.2N at 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center at 23.5N, 87.2W (a.m.).  The HURDAT
position looks most reasonable.  Ship highlight:  60 kt SE and 993 mb at
23.3N, 86W at 12 UTC (COA).  Hurricane is listed as causing tropical storm
impact in western Cuba as the eye passed well offshore (Perez et al.)

September 29:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb at 28N, 91W.  HWM
indicated a stationary front existed to the northeast of the hurricane (but
without much evidence) and a moderate cold front was advancing toward the
system from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 
hurricane at 27.8N, 89.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gave a center 
at 27.8N, 90W (a.m.).  A position very close to the HURDAT estimate appears 
most reasonable.  Ship highlights: 935 mb at 27.0N, 89.3W (Ho); 70 kt SE 
and 997 mb at 27.5N, 88W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlights:  40 kt SE 
and 952 mb at New Orleans at 2350 UTC (MWR);  952 mb at Tulane University 
at 2330-0000 (30th) UTC;  106 kt at Burrwood at 2145 UTC (MWR).  "The New
Orleans hurricane was equal to and possibly surpassed in intensity the one
that occurred at Galveston in August.  At New Orleans the lowest pressure,
reduced to sea level, standard gravity, etc., was 28.11 inches, which is
the lowest reading ever recorded at a Weather Bureau station, and the extreme
wind velocity was approximately 130 miles an hour from the east. ... 
"From midnight to 2:45 a.m. of the 29th; the wind was blowing steadily from 
the northeast with a velocity of from 17 to 18 miles per hour.  From 2:45 
to 8 a.m. the prevailing direction was east, oscillating occasionally 
between northeast and southeast; when the wind changed from northeast to 
east the velocity increased to 25 miles per hour, and a maximum velocity of 
34 miles per hour occurred for a period of five minutes at 3:50 a.m.  
At 8 a.m. the wind backed to northeast and continued from that direction 
until 1:10 p.m.; from 1:10 p.m. to 4:15 p.m. the prevailing direction was 
east, oscillating at frequent intervals to the southeast; from 4:15 p.m. to 
5:20 p.m. the prevailing direction was southeast, but there were intervals 
of three to five minutes with the direction from the east.  From 5:20 p.m. to 
6:30 p.m. the wind was steady from the southeast.  The wind shifted from 
southeast to south at 6:35 p.m. and to southwest at 6:45 p.m., continuing 
from that direction during the night.  The velocity now subsided rapidly, 
falling below 30 mis./hr. during the hour ending at 9 p.m.; however, 
maximum velocities of 32 to 36 miles were recorded in each hour from 11 p.m. 
of the 29th to 3 a.m. of the 30th.  The wind velocity was 50 mis./hr. or 
higher for four hours and 60 or above for two hours, the maximum velocity, 
86 mis./hr., was 20 miles in excess of the highest velocity, 66 miles, 
previously recorded at New Orleans.  The wind attained the greatest velocity 
when it shifted from east to southeast...The wind, when at its height, was 
not steady but came in rapid succession of gusts of a few seconds duration, 
which may be likened to pulsations.  The extreme velocity of 130 miles per 
hour, from the southeast, occurred at 4:58 p.m., while the maximum velocity 
for five minutes, 86 miles per hour, occurred from 5:11 to 5:16 p.m.  The 
velocity in the pulsating gusts of a few seconds duration was, at times, 
undoubtedly much greater than the extreme velocity for a whole single mile...
The wind velocity 50 miles distant from the center was evidently much 
greater than it was at New Orleans.  At Burrwood, La., 100 miles south of 
New Orleans and located at the mouth of the southwest pass of the Mississippi 
delta, unprecedented high winds for this section of the country were 
recorded and the velocity exceeded any winds previously recorded on the 
Gulf coast.  In fact, this was the most intense hurricane known to th the 
recorded history of this part of the country.  [The automatic record of the 
anemometer at Burrwood is unusually perfect and distinct, notably so when 
one considers the abnormally high winds it records; much credit is due 
G. E. Henderson, the observer, for having maintained his instrument in such 
perfect condition and for securing such a record.]...The pressure and wind 
records at New Orleans, Burrwood, and Morgan City, La., Bay St. Louis, Miss., 
and other places, especially the fact that the barometer remained nearly 
stationary at Burrwood from 9:45 a.m., the time of the occurrence of the 
lowest barometer, until the time of the occurrence of the lowest barometer, 
until 2 p.m. of the 29th, more than four hours, taken along with the wind 
reports from surrounding stations, indicates that the storm center struck the 
Louisiana coast about halfway between the mouth of the Mississippi River and 
Atchafalaya Bay, the center being then about 50 miles west of Burrwood and 
recurving slowly toward the northeast.  The slight change in pressure 
conditions at Mobile and Pensacola from 8 p.m. of the 28th to 8 a.m. of 
the 29th also shows that the storm recurved over southeastern Louisiana, and 
was probably moving toward the northwest up to the time that its northern 
segment struck the marshes of southeastern Louisiana.  The storm center 
passed near and east of La Rose and Lockport on Bayou Lafourche, where the 
wind backed suddenly without an intermediate direction from northeast to 
northwest during the afternoon of the 29th.  At Thibodaux, in the 
northwestern part of Lafourche Parish, the wind backed more gradually from 
northeast to northwest and west.  The prevailing wind at New Orleans being 
northeast from 8 a.m. until 1 p.m., five hours, east from 1 p.m. until 
4 p.m., three hours, southeast from 4 p.m. until 7 p.m., three hours, then 
southerly the remainder of the day, indicates that the storm curved to the 
northeastward around New Orleans ... The lowest pressure at Morgan City, La., 
67 miles west of New Orleans, was 29.05 inches and lowest at Bay St. Luis, 
Miss., 50 miles east of New Orleans, was 29.12 inches.  The gradient between 
Bay St. Louis and New Orleans, when applied from Morgan City eastward to the 
path of the center of the hurricane, would bring the 28.11 inches isobar on 
the west side of the center to within about 25 miles of the local office, 
Weather Bureau, New Orleans.  This would place the center of the hurricane 
about 12 miles to the west of the New Orleans office.  This is also in 
harmony with the reports of changes in wind direction at the sugar 
experiment station and Loyal University, just 7 miles west of the local 
office, Weather Bureau, where the wind was reported by two trained 
independent observers, 1 mile apart, as shifting from northeast to 
southeast without any intermediate direction.  Further, a complete calm, 
with the wind shifting from northeast to southeast without any intermediate 
direction was reported by Mr. C. E. Heckathorn, observer, Weather Bureau, 
as occurring at his residence from 5:30 to 6 p.m., 1 mile farther west than 
the above stations, indicates that eastern limit of the imaginary center, or 
calm area  of the hurricane, passed about 8 miles west of the local office, 
Weather Bureau, and that the diameter of the comparatively calm area was 
about 8 miles.  The barometer reading at New Orleans probably represented as 
low a barometer as occurred at any point, even in the center of the 
hurricane.  At Tulane University the barometer at 20 feet altitude was 
28.10 inches for 30 minutes and another barometer nearby read 28.09 at 
5:42 p.m. ... .  The tide continued to rise as the hurricane advanced and 
during the afternoon of the 29th covered all low lying lands south of 
New Orleans and in places the tide was reported to be as much as 15 to 
20 feet above sea level.  It was undoubtedly the highest tide of record in 
this section.  At the junction of Harveys Canal with the Mississippi River, 
just above New Orleans, and 100 miles from the Gulf, the tide was 6 feet 
in the river.  Swells rolled up the river during the hurricane 10 to 12 feet 
above the high tide.  The water was carried into Lake Ponchartrain by the 
storm, overflowed the protection levees, and flooded a large area in the 
western part of New Orleans.  Over that portion of the city lying between 
the Old Basin Canal and Broadway and from Claiborne Avenue out to 
Lake Ponchartrain, the water driven in by the storm ranged from 1 to 8 feet 
in depth.  After the passage of the storm center the tide receded rapidly, 
except in New Orleans where the water had to be removed by the drainage 
system and remained for three or four days. ... The damage to property and 
the loss of human life were remarkably small when the intensity  of the 
hurricane is taken into consideration.  In New Orleans several buildings 
were totally destroyed and nearly every building suffered injury to some 
extent, amounting in some cases to several thousand dollars.  For small 
steamers, or tugs, were sunk in the harbor and several steamers broke from 
their moorings and were blown ashore.  A great many small craft which had 
sought refuge in the bays and bayous were blown ashore and left by the tide 
on dry land; several coal barges loaded with coal were sunk.  The 
destruction of buildings was very great in the country surrounding 
New Orleans.  At Leeville on the lower Lafourche, of the 100 houses in 
the village, only one was left standing, but no one was killed.  At 
Golden Meadow and from that point to Cut Off, 100 houses were demolished, 
but no lives reported lost.  At several places on the Mississippi River 
below New Orleans and on Lake Ponchartrain 90 per cent of the buildings 
were completely destroyed.  I have checked the deaths closely and 275 will 
cover the entire loss of life resulting from this unprecedented hurricane.
The damage done by the hurricane on the middle Gulf coast will probably 
exceed $13,000,000, and approximately may be distributed as follows:  In 
the city of New Orleans the damage has been heavy.  The damage to municipal 
property has been appraised at nearly $500,000.  As late as October 13, 
more than two weeks after the hurricane, the Dealers and Contractors 
Exchange stated that a survey of the city indicated that 25,000 houses were 
then in a leaky condition as a result of the hurricane.  The total damage to 
property in New Orleans may be safely estimated as at least ten times the 
amount of damage suffered by the public buildings belonging to the 
municipality, and on this basis the damage to property in New Orleans is 
placed at about $5,000,000; to shipping and coal interests on the river, 
$1,750,000; in the country outside of New Orleans, to buildings, railroads, 
small craft, crops, and telegraph and telephone systems about $6,500,000" 
(MWR).  "The barometer at Tulane University remained stationary from 5.30 p.m. 
to 6.00 p.m. at 28.10 inches.  Three other observers in the immediate 
vicinity of Tulane University reported almost a dead calm during this 
period" (Cline).  "Tropical Cyclones in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama - 
Sept. 29-30 Louisiana Extreme intensity, 275 killed, damage $13,000,000"
(Dunn and Miller).  Estimated lifetime minimum central pressure (and that
at landfall) - 931 mb [latitude 15.50N and longitude 77.30W, S.S. Almirante,
Barometer pumping between 27.50 and 27.60], Tide Information - West end of
Lake Ponchartrain 13', Mobile 7.2', SE of New Orleans 15-20', Biloxi 9',
Bay St. Louis 11.8', Pensacola 4', Timbalier Light 8.4', Gulfport 9.6' "
(Connor).  "1915 Sep LA 4, MSLP 931 mb" (Jarrell et al.).
"Sept. 29, 1915, 932 mb central pressure at landfall at 29.2N, 90.0W,
based upon 935 mb pressure from HMS Hermione (experienced some eye effects
at an unknown distance from the point of minimum pressure), 26 nmi RMW"
(Ho et al.).  "1007 mb environmental pressure, 110 kt estimated 1 min maximum
surface winds" (Schwerdt et al.)

September 30:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 31.5N, 90.5W
with a cold front extending from its center to the south and southwest and
a warm front extending to the east.  HURDAT lists the system as an
extratropical storm at 32.3N, 89.3W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
lists the center at 33N, 89.7W with 993 mb (a.m.).  The HURDAT estimate
appears to be most reasonable.  Ship highlights: 60 kt SE and 948 mb on 
the Mississippi River 3 nmi NE of New Orleans at 0040 UTC.  Station 
highlights:  74 kt SE and 953 mb at New Orleans at 00 UTC (MWR).

October 1:  HWM indicated a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 38N, 82W with
a cold front extending to the south and a warm front extending to the
east-southeast.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical storm at
38.7N, 82.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at
39N, 82.5W with 1004 mb (a.m.).  A position between the HURDAT and HWM
estimates appears most reasonable.  Station highlight:  15 NNW and
1004 mb at Louisville at 12 UTC (HWM).  

October 2:  The MWR Tracks of Lows lists the center at 43.2N, 78.3W 
with 1008 mb (a.m.).  However, analysis of the HWM suggests that the
system that originally was the hurricane dissipated.  HURDAT likewise
also had dissipated the system as of 18 UTC on the 1st.

Genesis of this hurricane is indicated to be a day earlier, based upon
observations in the Lesser Antilles on the 21st.  The intensity was reduced
slightly on the 22nd and 23rd based upon available observations which suggest
a more gradual intensification rather than formation as a 60 kt tropical storm 
becoming a hurricane six hours later.  The minor to moderate track changes were
made with the system somewhat to the south and west of the existing
HURDAT from the 23rd to the 27th.  The 931 mb central pressure provided
by Connor in the central Caribbean - likely late on the 25th - indicates
that the intensity estimates were too low from the 24th through the 28th.
931 mb suggests winds of 126 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship -
125 kt chosen for HURDAT, up from 90 kt previously.  Given that the next
inner core measurement had 935 mb central pressure early on the 29th, it
is likely that the hurricane stayed extremely strong from the 25th
through the 29th and the intensity is revised accordingly.  A 935 mb central 
pressure around 06 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 124 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) northern 
(north of 25N) pressure-wind relationship suggests winds of 119 kt.  120 kt 
is thus chosen for HURDAT.  This value 935 mb was incorrectly listed 
originally as a 12 UTC measurement.  

The hurricane made landfall in Louisiana on the 29th.  In Louisiana, the 
highest winds observed were at Burrwood with a peak 5 min wind of 106 kt at 
2145 UTC on the 29th.  This converts (after adjusting for the high bias of this
era's anemometer and switching to a peak 1 min wind - Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996) to 87 kt true.  Lowest observed pressure was
952 mb both at the Weather Bureau's New Orleans office (at 2350 UTC on
the 29th) and at Tulane University (at 2330-0000 [30th] UTC).  While the
Weather Bureau did not drop below gale force during the minimum pressure,
Cline indicates that the Tulane observation was in the eye.  Comparison
of Tulane's aneroid barometer readings with the Weather Bureau's calibrated
mercurial barometer seven miles away reveals that the Tulane barometer
was reading about three millibars too high before the hurricane's inner
core approached New Orleans.  Thus Tulane's corrected pressure and thus
central pressure should have been about 949 mb around 00 UTC on the 30th
at its closest approach to New Orleans after being over land (swamp) for
5 to 5 1/2 hours.  Thus the 952 mb pressure listed in HURDAT at that
time is replaced with 949 mb.  (There was also an observation from a ship
on the Mississippi of 948 mb pressure.  But given that it was farther from
the center of the hurricane than the New Orleans' office, it is likely that
its measurements were a few to several millibars too low.)  Landfall in 
Louisiana is analyzed to be around 1830 UTC at 29.1N, 90.3W, quite close to 
the estimated positions from Cline and Ho et al., and just slightly earlier
in time than that inferred from HURDAT originally (but at the same
location).  Using the Ho et al. inland pressure decay model (using the 
Florida peninsula curve), one would arrive at a central pressure at landfall 
of 939 mb.  However, given the swampy nature of the land in south central
Louisiana, a lesser decay by half may be more appropriate:  944 mb at
landfall.  This value is substantially higher than that utilized by Ho et
al. (932 mb) and that by Connor and Jarrell et al. (931 mb).  (The 931 mb
central pressure at landfall used in Jarrell et al., originated from 
Connor's work.  Connor in turn based it upon a reported ship reading in
the central Caribbean four days before landfall.  However, Connor's report
referred to the "Estimate Lowest" pressure during the lifetime of the 
hurricane and not necessarily that at U.S. landfall, though in some cases in 
Connor this is the case.)  944 mb suggests winds of 116 kt from the Gulf of 
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Ho et al. analyzed an RMW of 26 nmi for 
this system at landfall.  However, examination of the New Orleans observations 
suggests a slightly smaller RMW of about 20 nmi as well as an outer RMW 
likely associated with a concentric eyewall at about 55 nmi.  This hurricane's 
RMW of 20 nmi is close to that expected from climatology for this latitude and 
central pressure (19 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), suggesting no large 
alteration from this overall pressure-wind relationship is needed.  The new 
Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationships for weakening cyclones north 
of 25N suggests winds of 106 kt for 944 mb.  The analyzed maximum sustained 
surface winds at landfall are between these two estimates (116 kt and 106 kt) 
- 110 kt.  This makes this cyclone a high-end Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson 
Hurricane Scale, which is a reduction from that given in Neumann et al. and 
provided in HURDAT.  (It is suggested that the hurricane was weakening from 
its peak of 935 mb & 120 kt earlier on the 29th as it moved to the coast.)  
Peak observed winds after landfall (within two hours of the synoptic times) 
were:  75 kt, 55 kt, 55 kt, and 48 kt, for 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC on the 
30th.  These adjust to 61 kt, 45 kt, 45 kt, and 40 kt, respectively.  
Application of the Kaplan-DeMaria (1995) inland decay model gives 66 kt, 
49 kt, 36 kt, and 28 kt, respectively.  It is likely that the large size from 
the concentric eye structure and movement over swampy land allowed for 
the system retaining stronger winds than the Kaplan-DeMaria model would 
suggest.  Winds in HURDAT are increased from 60 to 70 kt at 00 UTC and 
retained at the remaining times.  The Mississippi coast is added as 
experiencing Category 2 conditions from a combination of a concentric 
eyewall structure with the outer wind maximum affecting Mississippi and 
the impact described in Sullivan (1986).

*****************************************************************************


1915 - Additional Notes:

1) April 29-May 2:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical 
depression formed north of Hispanola on 29 April 1915.  The system moved 
toward the north-northeast for the next three days and was absorbed by an 
extratropical cyclone on 2 May.  Highest winds observed from ship reports were 
20 kt on the 29th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1006 mb on the 29th 
(HWM).  Such pressures do support winds of 34 kt from the southern pressure-
wind relationship.  However, with no explicit observed gale force winds and 
moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to designate this a 
tropical storm. Thus this system is considered a tropical depression and will 
not be added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr 28   ---  ---     Open Inverted Trough along ~72W
Apr 29   23N  73W     Tropical Depression  
Apr 30   28N  70W     Tropical Depression        
May 01   33N  65W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 02   ---  ---     Absorbed by Extratropical Storm

2) September 16-21:  The Monthly Weather Review reported:  "From the 16th to
the 18th there were indications of a disturbance of minor character near the
extreme western end of Cuba and in the central Gulf, and shipping interests
were advised accordingly.  The storm, however, did not advance northward."
Available data from Historical Weather Maps, MWR and COADS suggests that
the system became a tropical depression on the 17th moved across the
Gulf of Mexico, made landfall near the Texas-Mexico border late on the
20th and dissipated on the 21st.  Lowest observed pressures were 1007 mb
on the 18th (HWM and COADS) and highest observed winds were 30 kt on the
17th (COADS).  The system may have reached tropical storm intensity over
the Gulf of Mexico though without observational evidence this system is
analyzed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep 16   ---  ---     Open Inverted Trough along ~83W
Sep 17   23N  85W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 18   23N  89W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 19   24N  91W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 20   25N  95W     Tropical Depression  
Sep 21   26N  99W     Tropical Depression - dissipating 

3) October 6-10:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate that
a tropical depression (possibly a tropical storm) formed in the tropical
North Atlantic on the 6th, moved westward and impacted the Leeward 
Islands on the 8th and 9th, and turned toward the northwest and
dissipated on the 10th.  Highest observed winds were 20 kt on the 9th.
Lowest observed pressure was 1005 mb and 10 kt WSW wind on the 6th 
(COADS).  This peripheral pressure value suggests winds of at least 36 kt
from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  (Two other low pressures - 
1003 and 1005 mb - were observed from a British ship "KAD.", which appear 
to be at least 6 mb too low.)  Without further confirmation of tropical
storm intensity, this system will be kept as a tropical depression and
not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct  6   13N  47W     Tropical Depression
Oct  7   14N  53W     Tropical Depression
Oct  8   15N  58W     Tropical Depression
Oct  9   17N  60W     Tropical Depression
Oct 10   22N  62W     Tropical Depression - dissipating

4) October 20-23:  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicated that
a tropical depression formed south of Bermuda on the 20th, moved to the
northeast over the next two days, turned to the north and was absorbed by
a large extratropical storm on the 23rd.  (A tropical cyclone status is
analyzed for the 20th-22nd because of the warm, isothermal airmass that
surrounded the system on these dates, despite the frontal analyses shown
in HWM.)  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed 
during its tropical cyclone stage.   It is possible that this reached 
tropical storm intensity, but barring such observations this system is 
assessed to be a tropical depression and not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct 20   29N  63W     Tropical Depression
Oct 21   33N  56W     Tropical Depression
Oct 22   35N  54W     Tropical Depression
Oct 23   41N  53W     Absorbed by Extratropical Storm

5) October 28-31:  The Monthly Weather Review reported:  "A general
depression of moderate character covered the Caribbean Sea and the West
Indies on the 28th and 29th and extended into southern Florida and the
adjacent Gulf and ocean.  No definite center of disturbance was located,
however, and by the 31st pressure was rising generally, though slowly."
Available observations from Historical Weather Maps and COADS agrees with
this assessment and suggests that this system was not a tropical cyclone.


************************************************************************


1916/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21011 05/13/1916 M= 6  1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21012 05/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*210 800  25    0*224 804  30    0
21013 05/14*238 807  30    0*251 810  35 1006*262 813  40    0*272 816  40 1004 
21014 05/15*278 819  40    0*283 821  35    0*290 822  35    0*299 819  35    0
21015 05/16*310 814  35    0*322 806  35    0*335 795  35    0*352 781  35    0
21016 05/17E371 764  40    0E390 745  45    0E410 725  50  990E430 710  50    0
21017 05/18E450 705  40    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21018 TS                    

Landfall:  
5/14/1916    0600Z 25.1N  81.0W   35kt FL

This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical 
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, the COADS ship database,  
and observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena 
Meteorologica. 

May 13:  Historical Weather Map depicts a sharp trough along 80W, with
a decaying stationary frontal boundary to the north of the trough over 
Florida.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 21.5N 80W
at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"On the morning of the 10th there was evidences of an approach of a 
disturbance toward Cuba.  It did not appear to be of serious character" (MWR).
"[A] perturbation was location on the morning of the 13th between western
Jamaica and Grand Cayman moving northward.  This system produced
torrential rainfall in Camaguey" (Resena Meteorologica).

May 14:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 26N 81W.
No frontal features are analyzed in the area and no significant baroclinic
zones are noted.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a closed low near 25N 82W
with 1007 mb pressure at 12 UTC.  Station highlights:  1006 mb and NE 4 kt at 
08 UTC at Key West (OMR); 1005 mb and NE 11 kt at 20 UTC at Tampa (OMR); 
"Fresh Gale" between 00 UTC and 12 UTC/14th at Titusville (OMR); 39 kt
between 12 UTC/14th and 00 UTC/15th at Jacksonville (OMR).  "...the evening
of the 13th, when it was approaching the southern Florida coast...On the 
following morning (the 14th) with steadily falling although not ver low,
pressure over Florida, with increasing easterly winds...During the day 
moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida coast and fresh to strong
winds on the Georgia and southern Carolina coasts" (MWR).  "On the 14th,
the disturbance was over south Florida" (Resena Meteorologica).

May 15:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered near 28N 82W.
No frontal features are analyzed in its vicinity.  The MWR Tracks of
Lows indicates a closed low of 1008 mb near 28N 82W at 12 UTC.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The disturbance
continued to move slowly up the coast with steadily falling pressure and
some rain but without strong winds" (MWR).

May 16:  HWM no longer depicts a closed low, but does show the intersection
of a cold and warm front over the Carolinas.  The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates
a 1006 mb low centered near 34N 79.5W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights:  15 kt SE
and 1002 mb at 23 UTC at 37.4N 74.2W (COA).  "On the morning of the 16th it
was central over eastern South Carolina" (MWR).

May 17:  HWM analyzes a closed low of at most 995 mb centered near 41N 73W,
with a stationary front extending north of the low and warm/cold frontal
boundaries extending southeast and south from the low.  The MWR Tracks of
Lows analyzs a 994 mb low centered near 41.5N 73W at 12 UTC.  Station
highlights:  45 kt NW in New York City (MWR);  25 kt SE and 996 mb at
12 UTC at Nantucket (HWM).  Ship highlights:  35 kt W and 1003 mb at
07 UTC at 36.0N 70.8W (COA); 20 kt W and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 40.4N 71.8W
(COA).  "The storm had now increased considerably in energy, and on the
morning of the 17th was central in southern New England with lowest barometer
reading of 29.32 inches, and moderate gales had occurred from northern
New Jersey to Cape Cod" (MWR).

May 18:  HWM analyzed an elongated NW-SE low of at most 1000 mb centered near 
48N 74W, with a stationary front extending northwest along the low axis and 
warm/cold frontal boundaries extending southeast and south-southwest from 
the low.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed (last position shown) a 998 mb
low near 45.5N 70W.  Station highlights:  20 kt NE and 999 mb at 12 UTC
at Quebec (HWM).  "By the evening of the 17th strong gales had occurred
on the coast from New York to Maine, the storm center at that time being
at the western Main coast (29.28).  After this time there was some 
interference on the part of the western storm...and a consequent rapid
diminution in energy, although pressure continued comparatively low
until the night of the 19th" (MWR).

The genesis of this new tropical storm is begun around 12 UTC on
the 13th just south of Cuba as a tropical depression.  This is agreement
with the Cuban meteorological journal and with Ramon Perez' assessment.  As 
the system moved north-northwestward during the 14th it developed a large area 
of cyclonic circulation - perhaps indicative of a subtropical cyclone
(though that classification is not utilized until the satellite era).
Four pieces of evidence suggest that this system reached gale force intensity
before evolving into an extratropical low:  1) Near-gale force winds were 
directly measured in Jacksonville, with the 39 kt observed converting (after 
adjusting for the high bias of the instrument of the era - Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 - and adjusting to a 1 min wind - Powell et al. 1996) to 33 kt
1 min true;  2) Visual estimates of "Fresh Gale" at the USWB Titusville
office (no anemometer available), which correponds to 34-40 kt;  3) 
Description in the MWR of "moderate gales occurred on the northern Florida
coast";  4) Central pressure value of 1004 mb at 20 UTC inferred from
observations in Tampa, suggesting winds of about 37 kt from the Gulf of
Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Thus it is estimated that it reached 
tropical storm intensity at 06 UTC on the 14th as it was making landfall over 
south Florida.  Despite the center going over land, the cyclone stayed about 
the same intensity or perhaps even deepened slightly on the 14th.  A central
pressure of 1006 mb from the Key West USWB office was measured 
at 08 UTC on the 14th and a central pressure of about 1004 mb could
be inferred from observations from the Tampa USWB office at 20 UTC on
the 14th.  The system weakened slightly on the 15th as the cyclone
continued northward through Florida.  By the 16th, the cyclone was
over the Carolinas and was beginning to transform into an extratropial
low by interacting with a pre-existing frontal boundary.  It is estimated
that the cyclone became extratropical around 00 UTC on the 17th.  The
cyclone re-intensified as an extratropical low and impacted the upper
Atlantic and New England coasts of the United States with numerous
gales.  A ship at 12 UTC on the 17th observed 992 mb and 20 kt of wind,
suggesting about a central pressure of 990 mb right before the center
went over New England.  The cyclone then was absorbed by a larger
extratropical low early on the 18th.

************************************************************************


1916/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21020 06/29/1916 M=12  1 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21020 06/28/1916 M=13  2 SNBR= 476 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                       *

(The 28th is new to HURDAT.)
21025 06/28*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 795  25    0*125 798  25    0
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  ** 

21025 06/29*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 809  35    0*125 811  35    0
21025 06/29*125 801  25    0*125 805  25    0*127 809  25    0*130 813  25    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21030 06/30*129 814  35    0*133 816  35    0*138 818  35    0*143 822  40    0
21030 06/30*135 817  30    0*140 821  30    0*145 825  30    0*150 828  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21035 07/01*148 825  40    0*154 829  45    0*161 833  50    0*166 837  55    0
21035 07/01*155 830  30    0*160 831  30    0*165 833  30    0*169 837  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21040 07/02*170 839  55    0*175 841  60    0*180 844  65    0*185 846  70    0
21040 07/02*172 841  35    0*176 846  35    0*180 850  40    0*185 852  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21045 07/03*189 848  70    0*194 850  75    0*200 853  80    0*209 856  85    0
21045 07/03*189 853  50    0*194 855  55    0*200 857  60    0*207 860  65    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21050 07/04*219 860  90    0*231 864  95    0*241 867  95    0*253 870 100    0
21050 07/04*215 864  70    0*224 867  75    0*235 870  80    0*248 872  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** ***

21055 07/05*264 874 100    0*275 877 105    0*285 880 105    0*296 884 105    0
21055 07/05*263 873  90    0*276 875  95    0*288 877 100    0*299 880 105  950
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***      ***

21060 07/06*305 890  90  979*313 895  60    0*321 900  50    0*327 901  40    0
21060 07/06*308 886  80    0*317 894  55    0*324 900  45  994*328 901  40    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **      ***      **  *** ***      

21065 07/07*332 902  40    0*335 902  40    0*337 901  40    0*339 894  40    0
21065 07/07*331 902  40    0*334 902  40    0*337 901  40    0*338 894  40    0
            ***              ***                               ***

21070 07/08*337 885  40    0*336 876  30    0*338 869  30    0*339 866  30    0
21070 07/08*337 885  40    0*335 876  40    0*332 869  35    0*332 866  35    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21075 07/09*340 864  25    0*342 862  25    0*345 860  20    0*348 859  20    0
21075 07/09*334 864  30    0*337 862  30    0*340 860  25    0*343 859  25    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21080 07/10*351 858  20    0*354 857  20    0*358 856  20    0*362 858  20    0
21080 07/10*346 858  20    0*348 857  20    0*350 856  20    0*352 855  20    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** ***

21085 HR MS3 AL3            
21085 HR MS3 AL2AFL2            
             *******

Landfall:
7/5/1916     2100Z 30.4N  88.4W  105kt  18nmi  950 mb  MS3,AL2,AFL2

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #1.  Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records, Connor (1956), Dunn 
and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et 
al. (1992).

June 28: HWM analyzed no significant features in the western Caribbean. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.5N, 79.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 29: HWM indicates an open wave near of 11N, 83W. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 12.7N, 80.9W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

June 30: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15N, 83.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 13.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 16N, 84W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 83.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the 
track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 17.3N, 84.3W at 18 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.1N, 83.3W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The first 
definite indications of this disturbance were noted on the morning of July 1 
at Swan Island , when after a day or two of unsettled weather the barometer 
had fallen to 29.78 inches [1009 mb]" (MWR).

July 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 17N, 85W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18N, 84.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.7N, 84.6W at 12 UTC. MWR 
notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 18.2N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18N, 85W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "On the 
morning of the 2d it was clearly evident that the disturbance was well defined 
with a northward movement" (MWR).

July 3: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 85.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 20N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 20N, 85W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 20.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of 
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 20N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt E at 21.5N, 84.7W at ~18 UTC (MWR). "One the morning of 
the 3d the storm center was estimated to be about latitude 20N., longitude 
85W., but the absence of radio reports prevented a more precise location  Thus 
far the storm was apparently of not much intensity  The United States Coast 
Guard cutter Itasca had encountered a severe disturbance on the afternoon of 
July 3 about 25 miles south of Cape San Antonio with a whole gale [35 kt] from 
the east" (MWR).

July 4: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 24N, 87.3W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.1N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 87W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track 
of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 23.8N, 86.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 23.5N, 87W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 45 kt ENE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W at 04 UTC (MWR); 55 kt 
E and 999 mb at 23N, 86W at ~06 UTC (MWR); 35 kt SE and 996 mb at 22.7N, 85.9W 
at 06 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 49 kt (no direction) at Havana at 16 UTC 
(MWR); 50 kt and 1006 mb at Burwood, Louisiana at 19 UTC (MWR).  "The storm 
passed through the Yucatan Channel during the early night of the 3d and 
apparently had attained only moderate intensity until just before that 
channel was reached, after which there was a marked increase in its activity" 
(MWR). 

July 5: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28N, 87W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 28.5N, 88W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1001 mb with a center near 28N, 89W at 8 a.m. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 28.7N, 88W at 12 UTC. 
MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 28.8N, 88.5W at 
12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
28.8N, 87.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1002 mb at 29.7N, 90.1W 
at 12 UTC (COA); 5 kt ENE and 1005 mb at 22.7N, 95.2W at 12 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights: 90 kt SE at Pensacola at 30N, 87.6W at 1832 UTC (MWR); 961 mb 
(peripheral pressure) at Fort Morgan at 20 UTC (MWR); 93 kt E at Mobile 
at 20 UTC (OMR).  Tide information:  Mobile 11.6', Biloxi 4.0', Pensacola
5.0', and Fort Morgan 6.3'.  Estimated Lowest:  948 mb ("28.00") (Connor).  
"On the morning of the 5th the storm center had moved across the Gulf with 
unusual rapidity and was near to and approaching the middle Gulf coast, and 
apparently somewhere between Mobile Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi 
River" (MWR).

July 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 
1005 mb near 32.5N, 90W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 90W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with 
a center near 33.5N, 90W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests 
a center near 32N, 90W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf 
Storm" to be near 33N, 90W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 32.4N, 90W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 85 kt 
SE and 984 mb at Pensacola at 00 UTC (OMR); 987 mb at Pass Christian,
Mississippi at 0030 UTC (MWR); 994 mb with a N wind at Jackson, Mississippi 
at 12 UTC (OMR). "Unfortunately, several lives were lost along the middle Gulf 
coast, mainly persons in small boats.  Marine casualties were of a minor 
character but the aggregate losses amounted to several millions of dollars, 
distributed principally between the cities of Pensacola and Mobile and the 
agricultural sections of southeastern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama.  
The high tides were responsible for the major portion of the coast damage.  
At Mobile the tide was somewhat more than 2 feet above the previous highest 
tide of 9.87 feet above mean tide in September, 1906, and the entire business 
district was inundated.  At Pensacola the tide was 5 feet above normal high 
tide, or 3 « feet lower than the highest reached during the storm of 
September, 1906" (MWR).

July 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 89.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 89.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 33.5N, 89.5W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of 
the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.7N, 89.7W at 18 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT analysis of 
33.7N, 90.1W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 38 kt S at Pensacola at 14 UTC 
(OMR); 1003 mb with a SW wind at Jackson 00 UTC (OMR). "After the morning of 
the 6th the storm hovered over Mississippi and Alabama for three days with 
steadily decreasing intensity, but with torrential rains that caused great 
floods and enormous damage to growing crops  After the storm center passed 
inland torrential rains set in over the east Gulf State, and western Georgia 
and continued in the form of heavy showers for about a week.  These rains of 
course caused enormous losses of staple crops and caused great floods in the 
rivers of eastern Mississippi, Alabama, and western Georgia" (MWR).

July 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 87W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 33.8N, 86.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 33N, 87W at 12 UTC. MWR notes 
the track of the "Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 33.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.2N, 86.9W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 45 kt SW at Pensacola at 12 UTC (MWR); 10 kt S 
and 1006 mb at Birmingham at 12 UTC (OMR).

July 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 85.5W with a 
weakening cold front north of the low. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
depression at 34.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests 
a center near 34.5N, 86.8W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the "Middle Gulf 
Storm" to be near 34.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggest a center near 34N, 86W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 1004 mb at 
Birmingham at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb at Montgomery at 08 UTC (OMR); 1005 mb and 
a W wind at Florence, Alabama at 12 UTC (OMR).

July 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 85W with no 
significant frontal boundaries in the vicinity. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical depression at 35.8N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 36N, 86.3W at 12 UTC. MWR notes the track of the 
"Middle Gulf Storm" to be near 36.3N, 87W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 85.6W at 12 UTC. Station 
highlights: 10 kt W and 1006 mb at Montgomery at 00 UTC (OMR).

Genesis for storm 1 began at 12 UTC on June 28th, 24 hours earlier than 
previous HURDAT, in the southwest Caribbean Sea based upon HWM and COADS
observations. Intensity at first occurrence is determined as a tropical 
depression rather than a tropical storm. The system progressed on a general 
northwest to north-northwest track until landfall in extreme southeast 
Mississippi on the 5th. Available observations suggest the system intensified 
slower than first indicated by HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures 
were observed until July 3rd, when the storm began to pass through the Yucatan 
Channel. A 35 kt wind was observed southwest of Pinar del Rio, Cuba, on the 
afternoon of the 3rd (MWR). 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less 
than previous HURDAT. On the 4th the hurricane emerged in the Gulf of Mexico 
as a Category 1 hurricane. Highest observed winds on the 4th were 55 kt. 80 kt 
is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 4th, down 15 kt from original HURDAT. 
It is unknown as to whether the hurricane reached peak intensity over
the open Gulf of Mexico or at landfall on the Mississippi coast, due to
the lack of inner core observations before landfall.

The hurricane made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at 20 UTC on the 5th. 
Lowest pressure at landfall was 961 mb (peripheral pressure) observed at Fort 
Morgan, Alabama around 20 UTC. Highest observed winds were 93 kt from 
Mobile around 20 UTC. This wind reduces to 76 kt true after accounting for the 
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and 
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Connor (1956) estimated the 
lowest sea level pressure for this hurricane to be 28.00 [948 mb], based
primarily upon data at landfall in the U.S.  Dunn and Miller (1960) note 
the occurrence as a major hurricane for Florida, Mississippi and Alabama. Ho 
et al (1987) noted this hurricane as possessing a 950 mb central pressure, 
26 nmi radius of maximum winds (RMW), 25 kt forward speed, and a landfall 
point of 30.4N, 88.3W. Schwerdt et al. (1979) suggested a 94 kt maximum 1 min 
surface wind and environmental pressure of 1007 mb.  Jarrell et al (1992) 
suggests a Category 3 hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama and a central 
pressure of 948 mb (no doubt originally from Connor).  Ho's estimate of
26 nmi for the RMW may be somewhat too large, given the discussion of
the hurricane's impact in Monthly Weather Review.  An RMW of 15-20 nmi
is utilized here, which is close to the climatology for this latitude and 
central pressure (20 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000).  A rather tight RMW also
suggests that the hurricane may not have weakened substantially before
landfall.  950 mb implies winds of 110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship.   The new north of 25N pressure-wind relationship from 
Brown et al. (2006) suggests slightly less at 105 kt, which is retained for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 5th and is estimated to have occurred at landfall 
around 21 UTC. The 950 mb central pressure at landfall is also added to HURDAT 
for 18 UTC on the 5th.  Application of the Schwerdt et al. parametric wind 
model gives Category 2 wind impact in both Alabama and northwest Florida and 
only tropical storm conditions in Louisiana.

After landfall the system meandered over Mississippi and Alabama from the 6th 
through the 9th. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following:  
00 UTC 6th  85 kt (69 kt true), 06 UTC  70 kt (57 kt true), 12 UTC  50 kt 
(42 kt true), and 18 UTC  42 kt (35 kt true).  Application of the Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 79, 56, 41, and 32 kt, accordingly.  
Winds for revised HURDAT are reduced from 90 down to 80 kt at 00 UTC on the 
6th and maintained at 60 kt at 06 UTC.  A possible central pressure 
observation on the 6th of 994 mb at 12 UTC in Jackson, Mississippi implies 
winds of 56 kt. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC as the storm was well 
inland, a 5 kt reduction to original HURDAT. Pensacola observed 38 kt (33 kt 
true) winds on the 7th, thus HURDAT is maintained at 40 kt. The system 
continued to produce gale force winds at Pensacola on the 8th and Birmingham 
observed pressures around 1006 mb. 35 kt is chosen for HURDAT, 5 kt higher 
than previous HURDAT. Moderately low pressures were found in Alabama as the 
system finally weakened to a tropical depression on the 9th. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21090 07/10/1916 M=13  2 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21090 07/10/1916 M=13  3 SNBR= 477 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       *                                  *

21095 07/10*  0   0   0    0*120 521  35    0*121 532  35    0*124 544  35    0
21095 07/10*  0   0   0    0*115 521  30    0*115 532  30    0*116 544  30    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21100 07/11*126 556  35    0*128 567  35    0*130 578  35    0*136 587  35    0
21100 07/11*117 556  30    0*118 567  30    0*120 578  30    0*124 588  30    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21105 07/12*145 598  35    0*153 608  35    0*160 617  35    0*165 626  35    0
21105 07/12*130 598  35    0*137 608  35    0*145 617  35    0*154 627  35    0
            ***              ***              ***              *** *** 

21110 07/13*173 635  35    0*179 643  40    0*184 651  45    0*188 657  45    0
21110 07/13*164 638  35    0*175 650  40    0*184 660  45    0*191 667  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** ***   

21115 07/14*191 661  50    0*194 666  50    0*198 672  55    0*203 675  60    0
21115 07/14*197 672  50    0*203 676  50    0*208 680  55    0*213 683  60    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21120 07/15*208 679  65    0*212 683  70    0*217 687  75    0*222 690  75    0
21120 07/15*217 685  65    0*221 686  70    0*225 687  75    0*229 688  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** *** 

21125 07/16*227 694  80    0*231 697  85    0*238 700  90    0*243 704  90    0
21125 07/16*232 690  80    0*235 692  85    0*238 695  90    0*240 700  90    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***          *** *** 

21130 07/17*247 707  95    0*253 711  95    0*260 715 100    0*268 719 100    0
21130 07/17*242 705  90    0*246 710  90    0*253 715  90    0*261 719  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***     ***      ***     ***

21135 07/18*276 723 105    0*283 726 105    0*291 728 105    0*300 731 105    0
21135 07/18*270 722  90    0*280 725  85    0*291 728  85    0*302 730  80    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***              ***      *** *** ***

21140 07/19*309 732 100    0*318 733 100    0*328 733  95    0*338 732  95    0
21140 07/19*312 732  80    0*322 733  75  980*332 733  75    0*341 731  75    0
            ***     ***      ***     ***  *** ***      **      *** ***  **

21145 07/20*347 731  90    0*356 730  90    0*366 728  90    0*376 725  85    0
21145 07/20*349 729  75    0*357 727  75    0*366 725  75    0*376 723  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21150 07/21*388 720  85    0*399 714  80    0*411 709  75    0*425 701  65    0
21150 07/21*388 721  70    0*399 718  65    0*411 714  60  993*430 704  45 1001
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **  *** *** ***  ** ****

21155 07/22*447 687  55    0*469 662  45    0E485 626  35    0E510 555  30    0
21155 07/22*447 684  40    0*469 655  35    0E485 617  30    0E510 565  30    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          *** 

21160 HR MA1                
21160 HR 
        ****


Landfall:
7/21/1916    1300Z  41.4N  71.2W   60kt   MA

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm #2. Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Roth and Cobb (2001), Boose et al. (2001), and observations provided by 
Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. 

July 10: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 11.5N, 53.2W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 11N, 57.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.0N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12N, 57.8W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 14N, 61.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16.0N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 14.8N, 61.2W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 61.7W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  35 kt NE at San Juan (MWR).  "The first 
indication of this disturbance was a marked fall in pressure over
the Windward Islands during the 24 hours ending at 8 a. m. of July 12.
Light southeast winds were blowing from St. Kitts to Port of Spain, with
an average pressure of 29.90 inches, while at San Juan, P. R., the barometer
read 29.96 inches with a fresh northeast wind" (MWR).

July 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 18N, 65W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 65.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 17.8N, 65W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 
18.4N, 66W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  "During the five succeeding days this storm center moved slowly 
northwestward and apparently of but moderate intensity" (MWR).

July 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 20N, 67.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.8N, 67.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 19.5N, 67.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 19.5N, 67.3W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 
20.8N, 68W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1021 mb at 27.1N, 67.0W 
at 12 UTC (COA).

July 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 20N, 68.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 21.7N, 68.7W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 21N, 69W at 8 a.m. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart analyzes a center near 20.6N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest 
a center near 22.5N 68.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E and 1015 mb at 
25.9N, 66.5W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 1016 mb at 24.5N, 64.5W at 12 UTC 
(COA). 

July 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21.5N, 69W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.8N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 23.5N, 70W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart analyzes a center near 21.7N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologicasuggest a center 
near 23.8N, 69.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 30 kt SW and 1002 mb at 
21.8N, 67.4W at 16 UTC (COA); 50 kt ENE and 1010 mb at 25.3N, 66.2W at 
16 UTC (COA).

July 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 24N, 70.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 26.0N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 25N, 72W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart analyzes a center near 24N, 71.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM, COADS, and Resena Meteorologica suggest a center near 25.3N, 71.5W at 
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 67.5W at 08 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt N and 995 mb at 24.3N, 74.3W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE and 
1012 mb at 24.9N, 66.1W at 12 UTC (COA). "On the morning of the 17th it was 
central at approximately 23N, 73W with a northward tendency" (MWR).

July 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 30N, 73W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 29N, 74W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS agree with the HURDAT analysis of 29.1N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 31.6N, 74.7W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SE 
and 1008 mb at 31.2N, 71.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 55 kt ENE and 1000 mb at 
31.0N, 73.0W at 20 UTC (MWR). "The evening of the 18th, the storm center was 
about at 30N, 74W with a northward movement" (MWR).

July 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 24N, 75W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 32.8N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 33.5N, 75W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 33.4N, 73W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 33.2N, 73.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
70 kt ESE and 991 mb at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 04 UTC (MWR); 980 mb (central 
pressure) at ~32.5N, ~73.0W at 06 UTC (MWR); 45 kt SW at 32.3N, 73.0W at 
12 UTC (COA). "When the ship the S.S. Ausable intercepted the hurricane around 
06 UTC, the wind continued east-southeasterly until the ship was in the center 
of the hurricane, when the barometer read 28.94 inches [980 mb]" (MWR). 

July 20: HWM analyzed a closed low of 985 mb near 36.5N, 71.5W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.6N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 37N, 74.5W at 8 a.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 37N, 72.8W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 36.6N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
35 kt W and 997 mb at 34.3N, 74.1W at 01 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW and 1001 mb at 
35.1N, 74.1W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt W and 1005 mb at 34.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC 
(COA). Station highlights: 42 kt at Norfolk (Roth and Cobb). "On the morning of 
the 20th the storm was apparently central at 37N, 74W with a tendency toward a 
slight recurve to the northeastward" (MWR).

July 21: HWM indicates an approaching cold frontal from the west while the 
system retained a closed low of 995 mb near of 41N, 72W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 41.1N, 70.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicate the center near 41.5N, 72W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggests a center near 41.1N, 71.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
20 kt E and 998 mb at 41.5N, 71.3W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 
40 kt E at Block Island at 09 UTC (OMR); 20 kt N and 995 mb (peripheral 
pressure) at Block Island at 12 UTC (OMR); 43 kt SW at Nantucket at 15 UTC 
(OMR); 11 kt N and 1001 mb (central pressure) at Portland at 20 UTC (OMR). 
"On the morning of the 21st the storm was central south of and very near 
the New England coast, the barometer reading this day of 29.38 inches [995 mb] 
at Block Island, R.I  striking the southern New England coast with diminished 
intensity" (MWR).

July 22: HWM analyzed a frontal boundary paralleling the U.S. northeast 
coastline and the Canadian maritime provinces. HURDAT listed this as an 
extratropical storm at 48.5N, 62.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate 
the center near 47.5N, 62W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggest a center near 48.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 15 kt W and 
1003 mb at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SW and 1005 mb at Portland 
at 00 UTC (OMR); 10 kt SW and 1006 mb at Boston, Massachusetts at 00 UTC 
(OMR). "The storm continued northeastward with diminishing intensity and 
without strong winds north of Massachusetts. By the morning of the 22nd this 
storm had passed into Newfoundland" (MWR).

Genesis for this hurricane is retained at 06 UTC on July 10th. The storm's 
intensity is initially analyzed as a tropical depression rather than a tropical
storm.  A rather weak vortex for the first few days of its existence is 
supported by MWR's assertion that the system had its origins over the central 
Lesser Antilles around the 12th.  The storm originated southeast of Barbados on
the 10th and progressed on a general west-northwest to northwest track through 
the eastern Caribbean Sea.  35 kt NE winds in San Juan on the 12th indicate
that the cyclone was of tropical storm intensity while passing through
the northeast Caribbean.  No changes made to the intensity from the 12th
to the 16th.  Its becoming a hurricane on the 15th is retained, as a few
ship observations indicated quite strong winds not in the core of the
cyclone on that date.  A peripheral pressure of 995 mb was observed on 
the 17th, implying winds of at least 56 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. 90 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 10 kt less than previous 
HURDAT. Peak wind observations on the 18th were 55 kt. 85 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than originally.  The hurricane's peak intensity
is analyzed to be 90 kt from the 16th to the 18th (down from 105 kt 
previously on the 18th), though few inner core observations were available.  
A central pressure of 980 mb was observed on the 19th at 06 UTC, implying 
winds of 75 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 75 kt is 
chosen for HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 19th, a 25 kt downgrade. On the 20th, a 
peripheral pressure of 997 mb was observed around 00 UTC, implying winds of at 
least 53 kt from the northern and subtropical pressure-wind relationships. 
For continuity, 75 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 00 and 12 UTC, 15 kt less than 
previously. 

The cyclone made landfall near the border of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
at 41.4N, 71.2W around 12 UTC on July 21st. Peak observations at landfall 
were 43 kt SW winds at Nantucket at 14 UTC on the 21st and 995 mb at Block 
Island at 11-12 UTC.  The low pressure at Block Island was accompanied by 
20 kt N winds making it a peripheral pressure.  The central pressure at 
landfall was likely around 993 mb, which would imply winds of 59 kt from the 
northern pressure-wind relationship (central pressure also added to HURDAT). 
Boose et al. analyzed the radius of maximum winds (RMW) to be around 27 nmi, 
moderately smaller than climatology of 36 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000). 
Environmental pressures at landfall were quite low  around 1007 mb outer 
closed isobar  as a moderately strong cold front was approaching the 
storm during the landfall.  Thus given the storm's moderately small RMW but 
in a low environmental pressure, 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 
21st, a 15 kt downgrade. This reduces the intensity at landfall to tropical 
storm strength and removes the Category 1 hurricane impact for Massachusetts 
from HURDAT. This agrees with the rather minimal impacts that this system 
caused at landfall, the weak winds observed and also Dunn and Millers' 
characterization of the system's intensity at landfall in the Rhode Island 
and Cape Cod area as Minor (meaning less than hurricane intensity). A 
downgrade to tropical storm intensity at landfall also is in agreement with 
the recommendations by Boose et al. and E. Boose personal communication, based 
upon the observed wind impact on structures in New England.  The system 
weakened rapidly as it raced off towards the northern latitudes on the 21st 
and 22nd.  Portland observed a pressure of 1001 mb and winds of 11 kt N at 
20 UTC on the 21st, which may have been a central pressure (and is added into 
HURDAT).  1001 mb central pressure suggests winds of 47 kt from the northern 
pressure-wind relationship.  45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 
21st.  The system transitioned to an extratropical storm by 12 UTC. Overall, 
the storm is analyzed to be significantly weaker than original HURDAT; 
however, the system did attain Category 1 hurricane intensity from the 17th 
to the 21st.

*****************************************************************************


1916/04 - 2008 REVISION:

21165 07/11/1916 M= 5  3 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21165 07/11/1916 M= 5  4 SNBR= 478 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                       *                                  *

21170 07/11*  0   0   0    0*253 724  40    0*256 735  40    0*261 743  45    0
21170 07/11*  0   0   0    0*259 712  40    0*265 720  40    0*271 728  45    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21175 07/12*265 750  50    0*270 757  60    0*277 763  60    0*284 768  70    0
21175 07/12*277 736  50    0*282 744  60    0*287 752  60    0*292 760  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21180 07/13*290 772  75    0*296 776  80    0*302 779  85    0*309 782  85    0
21180 07/13*297 769  75    0*302 777  80    0*307 784  90    0*313 789 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** *** ***

21185 07/14*316 786  85    0*324 790  75    0*330 797  60  983*336 803  55    0
21185 07/14*320 792 100    0*326 794  95  960*332 797  70    0*337 802  55    0
            *** *** ***      *** ***  **  *** ***      **  *** *** ***

21190 07/15*343 813  50    0*348 820  45    0*352 830  30    0*  0   0   0    0
21190 07/15*342 809  50    0*346 818  45    0*350 827  35    0*354 836  30    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21195 HR SC1                
21195 HR SC2                
         ***

Landfall:
7/14/1916    0800Z 32.9N  79.5W   95kt  20nmi  960mb  1013mb  SC2

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records,  Monthly Weather Review, Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and newspaper accounts 
provided by Prof. Cary Mock and Mr. David Glenn.

July 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 27N, 72W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 25.6N, 73.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 74.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 26.5N, 72W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 12: HWM indicates a closed low of 995 mb near 29.5N, 76W. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb near 29N, 76.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26.3N, 76W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 28.7N, 75.2W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1009 mb at 28.4N, 74.7W at 12 UTC 
(COA); 35 kt NE and 1016 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston at 
16 UTC (MWR). "On July 12 a vessel radio report from about 27N, 72.5W gave the 
first notice of this disturbance" (MWR).

July 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of 960 mb near 31N, 84W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.2N, 76.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 31N, 78W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 29.2N, 78.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 30.7N, 78.4W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 55 kt NNE and 1011 mb approximately 50 miles south of Charleston 
at 12 UTC (MWR); 70 kt NE and 971 mb at 31.7N, 78.9W at 18 UTC (MWR); 70 kt 
ENE and 961 mb at 31.8N, 78.9W at 1930 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 38 kt N 
at Savannah at 18 UTC (OMR); 45 kt NE at Charleston at 18 UTC (MWR); 56 kt at 
Charleston at 21 UTC (OMR). "The U.S.S. Hector reported a barometer reading 
(aneroid) of 28.37 inches [961 mb] which, upon subsequent comparison of the 
instrument, is thought to be reasonably accurate" (MWR).

July 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb just inland over South Carolina 
near 33N, 80.5W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 33N, 79.7W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate a low pressure of 996 mb near 
33.5N, 80W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center 
near 33N, 80W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 33.2N, 79.7W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 70 kt E and 971 mb at 
31.8N, 78.8W at 00 UTC (MWR); 70 kt SE and 976 mb at 31.9N, 78.8W at 02 UTC 
(MWR); 70 kt S and 985 mb at 32N, 78.8W at 04 UTC (MWR). Station highlights: 
987 mb at Georgetown, South Carolina, at 07 UTC (MWR); 55 kt NW and 983 mb 
at Charleston at 08 UTC (OMR); 997 mb at Columbia at 2045 UTC (OMR). "This 
storm passed inland over or very near Charleston about 4 a.m. of the 14th, 
with a lowest barometer reading of 29.02 inches [983 mb] ... It was of 
unusual severity, though its path of destructiveness was comparatively 
narrow ... The material damage locally was not great.  Most houses suffered 
minor damage to roofs and consequent water damage.  Some signs were blown 
down and a few valuable plate-glass windows were broken.  No large vessels 
suffered material injury, though a number of small boats were sunk at their 
wharves, and a few of them were crushed, though most of them suffered only 
minor damage One of the most lamentable results of the storm from a community 
point of view was the damage to shade trees, the soaking rain and the 
shifting winds combining to uproot many of them.  There were two lives lost 
in Charleston and vicinity  The damage south of Charleston to North Edisto 
River seems to have been confined almost wholly to crop injury.  To the 
northward the destruction was much greater.  Large tracks of cultivated land 
in McClellanville section were inundated Friday morning, causing a total 
loss of crops.  Water stood 4 or 5 feet deep in the town and left a heavy 
deposit of sea sledge covering dead animals and fowls.  The tide is said to 
have been higher than in 1893 or 1911  The crop damage from about 15 to 
20 miles northeast of Charleston on to McClellanville and the Santee River is 
estimated by the competent to judge at from 75 to 90 per cent.  Almost all 
the trees in McClellanville were uprooted.  Numerous houses were blown down, 
but they were of flimsy construction.  Loss of live stock was rather heavy 
from wrecking of barns, and some hogs and other small animals were drowned.  
Notwithstanding the great material damage there was no loss of human life.  
In Georgetown the damage was apparently little worse than stores on the water 
front ... North of Georgetown the storm was less severe, though the tide was 
very high at Pawleys Island and Murrels Inlet.  No damage of consequence 
occurred there, however, or at Myrtle Beach, farther up the coast.  The 
hurricane is believed to have been one of the most severe that has visited 
this coast since the Weather Bureau was established, but its destructive 
effects were confined to unusually narrow limits.  This is due partly at 
least to the fact that its course was practically normal to the coast line.  
Its center is thought to have passed inland over Bulls Bay, about 25 miles 
northeast of Charleston and some 10 miles southwest of McClellanville It is 
practically impossible at this time to estimate with any degree of accuracy 
the total losses occasioned by the hurricane It will certainly run high into 
the millions if the floods which resulted from the storms inland progress be 
taken into account" (MWR). 
From the _Georgetown Times_, July 22, 1916 - provided by Prof. Cary Mock:
"SUMMER COLONY ON PAWLEY'S ISLAND LEAVE THE BEACH IN STORM - Bridges 
Overflowed But Note Enough to Block Passage - Vivid Description by our
Correspondent of the Terrible Experiences of the People During the Hurricane,
Although No Serious Results Followed
   Pawley's Island and the immediate vicinity got a full share of the
hurricane Thursday night and Friday [probably the previous week].  This storm
will go down in history as second only to the storm of '93, when so many 
memorable tragedies took place ... The northeast wind set in before Wednesday.
Before morning it had become a stiff gale ... Before dark [on Thursday] the 
causeway connecting island and mainland was submerged, the water reaching 
almost to the boards on the bridges dashing in waves waist high over the
lower parts of the roadway ... In the eastern part of the island the surf
had washed away the sand hills ... The hurricane raged and shrieked, snapping
off trees and rocking the houses ... But at about 4 o'clock [Friday morning]
the wind began to change, shifting to east, then to southeast, and the 
immediate danger began to pass ... No loss of life is reported and but little
damage to property.  The hardest of the loss falls where it will hurt most,
though - on the Negroes, whose crops are ruined and fences down, and these
will suffer greatly.  Along the beach the sand hills are cut as if sliced
off with a giant knife ... Fishing boats are washed high on the big sandhills
and steps carried to the end of the island."
Charleston News and Courier, July 14th 1916 -
"Late trains from Tybee tonight came over tracks which were covered with 
water nearly a foot deep for a stretch of several miles...Time and tide 
for week  High, July 14th, 6:36 a.m... Smother of spume off Battery --- 
Tide was running high. The wind blowing as high as sixty-two miles an hour at 
one time, made the seas heavy. Wave after wave dashed against the wall, its 
spume being thrown high into the air. The water rushed over the wall and 
into roadways and streets. The high wall along South Battery was being 
continually washed as wave after wave dashed over the Battery wall."
Charleston News and Courier, July 15th 1916 -
"Storm Heavy at Florence - Florence, July 14th: The tropical storm, which 
so suddenly swept in on the Southeast Atlantic coast early last evening 
struck this section shortly before midnight last night, and grew in intensity 
as the night passed, until today it is sweeping the Pee-Dee section with 
hurricane proportions."
Charleston News and Courier, July 16th 1916 -
"Florence Bridges are Washed Away - Florence, July 15th: Never in the history 
of this section has there ever fallen such a quantity of rain as fell 
yesterday and last night. The United States weather bureau at this place 
gives the official figures for the thirty-six hours as 14.25 inches of rain, 
an unprecedented record...The Weather - The Southeastern storm has caused 
torrential rains over a large part of South Carolina and portions of North 
Carolina. It has lost a great portion of its energy and is now central on the 
North Carolina-Tennessee boundary."
Charleston News and Courier, July 17th 1916 -
"Georgetown Felt Storm Severely - Whilst at the wharf in Georgetown the 
glass fell to 29.30. Between 3 and 5 oclock Friday morning the wind blew more 
than seventy-five miles an hour. The tide was high between 7 and 8 oclock that 
morning, and the wharf front was completely submerged...It is probably quite 
as bad as if not worse than the floods which occurred in the upper part of 
the State in August of 1908 and it has covered a wider area."
Charleston News and Courier, July 18th 1916 -
"Georgetown, July 17th - The hurricane that struck Georgetown Thursday night, 
beginning at about 10 oclock and lasting until Friday afternoon, has left in 
its wake a scene of devastation attesting the violence of the wind which is 
said, by old mariners, to have reached 85 to 100 miles an hour at 4 a.m. 
Friday...McClellanville, July 17th - McClellanville has just been visited 
by the biggest storm since 1893. The tide overflowed all yards on the 
waterfront several feet deep."
Charleston News and Courier, July 20th 1916 -
"No other storm in the memory of men now living in that section approached in 
destructiveness  the furious hurricane that swept McClellanville Thursday 
night and Friday morning. No other storm save possibly the great hurricane of 
1822 wrought such havoc among the crops of all that section or did such 
terrific damage to the timber. Conservative estimates made by men who have 
spent much time on the water fix the velocity of the wind from Friday morning 
at from ninety-eight to 110 miles an hour. This wind blew steadily from the 
southeast and it banked up the incoming tide...McClellanville, July 19th - 
All contend that this hurricane was more violent than that of 1893, and the 
destruction greater."
Charleston News and Courier, July 22nd 1916 -
"On Pawley's Island - On Pawley's Island the storm was not so severe as in 
the city. The wind blew a hurricane for hours and tides as high as the storm 
of 1893 were swept into the inlet behind the island."

July 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb inland over Alabama near 
34N, 87W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 35.2N, 83W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 86.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 35.2N, 82W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 35N, 82.7W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 47 kt E and 1008 mb at Charlotte at 00 UTC (OMR); 
49 kt at Charlotte at 03 UTC (OMR); 52 kt E at Charlotte at 04 UTC (OMR). "On 
the morning of the 15th the remnants of the storm were lost in the mountains 
of western North Carolina" (MWR).

Genesis for storm number 3 is retained at 06 UTC on July 11th as a minimal 
tropical storm in the western Atlantic Ocean. The system originated just 
northeast of the Bahamas and progressed on a northwestward track throughout 
its lifetime. Gale force winds were first observed on the 12th as a ship 
recorded 35 kt winds. 60 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th 
because of the hurricane intensity reports on the following day. The storm 
deepened rapidly on the 12th and 13th. A peripheral pressure of 961 mb was 
observed late on the 13th, implying winds of at least 94 kt from the 
subtropical pressure-wind relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC, 
a 15 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. 

The hurricane made landfall near Bulls Bay, South Carolina, around 08 UTC on 
the 14th.  A central pressure value of 983 mb was included originally in 
HURDAT for 12 UTC on the 14th.  This pressure reading was likely that of 
Charleston at 08 UTC on the 14th, which as it was accompanied by 55 kt NW 
wind indicates that it was a peripheral pressure measurement, not 
a central pressure.  Thus 983 mb is removed from HURDAT.  It is of note 
that Ho et al. did not analyze this US landfalling hurricane - implying 
that it was of central pressure higher than 982 mb (possibly because 
of this 983 mb observation).  Dunn and Miller list this as a minimal 
(Category 1 or 2) hurricane causing severe flooding in South Carolina. 
Jarrell et al. analyzed a 980 mb central pressure at landfall.  However, 
because of the 961 mb peripheral pressure/hurricane force wind readings twelve
hours before landfall and the 983 mb/55 kt wind readings from Charleston, 
a substantially lower central pressure is estimated for landfall:  960 mb.  
This pressure suggests winds of 94 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship.  The system is described as small in area (which could increase 
the pressure gradient and winds), but was also moving slowly at landfall 
(which would decrease the winds on the strong semicircle), so 95 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 06 UTC and also at landfall a couple hours later.  This is a 
20 kt increase from the original HURDAT and it does upgrade the system from a 
Category 1 to Category 2 (borderline Category 3) hurricane strike for South 
Carolina.  This intensity is consistent with the moderate impacts documented
in the newspaper accounts, though it is possible that the hurricane was 
slightly stronger. Peak observed winds after landfall were the following: 12 
UTC 14th - 60 kt (ship), 18 UTC -  45 kt (ship), 00 UTC 15th - 47kt, 06 UTC - 
52 kt.  These last two values reduce down to 40 and 43 kt, respectively, after 
for correcting for the high bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924) and adjusting from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.)  
Application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 
72, 51, 35, and 24 kt, accordingly. Winds for HURDAT after landfall were 
analyzed to be 70 kt (10 kt increase), 55 kt (no change), 50 kt (no change), 
and 45 kt (no change), respectively.  "This is the first July storm of record 
that passed northwestward from the region of the Bahamas and struck the south 
Atlantic [U.S.] coast" (MWR).

*****************************************************************************


1916/05 - 2008 REVISION:

21011 08/04/1916 M= 3  5 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21012 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*240 940  35    0*240 945  35    0
21013 08/05*241 950  40    0*242 955  40    0*243 960  45    0*244 965  45    0
21014 08/06*246 971  50    0*248 977  50    0*250 985  35    0*252 995  25    0
21018 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm not previously documented Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly Weather Review, Historical 
Weather Map series, the Original Monthly Records, and the COADS ship database.  

August 4:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24N 94W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 5:  The Historical Weather Map indicates a trough of low pressure
in the western Gulf of Mexico.  Available observations suggest a closed
low was near 24.3N 96W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 6:  The Historical Weather Map shows no features of interest in
the region.  Station highlights:  26 kt E and 1007 mb at 00 UTC at
Brownsville (OMR);  38 kt SE at 07 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR).
"A small disturbance was central off of the mouth 
of the Rio Grande Valley at 8 p. m. on August 5th, and northeast
storm warnings were ordered for the Texas coast stations at
8:30 p. m.  The storm moved westward into Mexico and its passage
was attended by storm winds on the Texas coast."

This new cyclone was difficult to analyze because of both the
lack of ship observations in the Western Gulf of Mexico and because
of having no station data over Mexico due to the Mexican 
Revolution.  However, the available station observations from
both Brownsville (twice daily) and Corpus Christi (hourly) 
clearly indicate that a well-organized tropical low pressure system
made landfall south of the U.S.-Mexico border around 06 UTC
on the 6th.  Highest observed winds were 38 kt at Corpus Christi
early on the 6th, which reduces to 32 kt true after accounting for the 
high bias of the instrument of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and 
adjusting to a 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Unfortunately,
Brownsville's twice daily observations missed the highest winds/
lowest pressures as the system made its closest approach just
south of the town.  However, the Monthly Weather Review writeup
clearly indicates that "storm winds" (about 50 kt) occurred
along the Texas coast.  It is estimated that the cyclone formed
on the 4th and moved west-northwestward making landfall early
on the 6th just south of the U.S.-Mexico border as a 50 kt 
tropical storm.  It is quite possible given the absence of 
information from Mexico that the system was stronger, perhaps
even hurricane intensity.  Dissipation is estimated to have
occurred over northeast Mexico late on the 6th.

*****************************************************************************


1916/06 - 2008 REVISION:

21200 08/12/1916 M= 8  4 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21200 08/12/1916 M= 9  6 SNBR= 479 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
                    *  *                                  

21205 08/12*  0   0   0    0*140 550  60    0*140 564  60    0*140 579  70    0
21205 08/12*  0   0   0    0*134 550  35    0*135 564  40    0*136 578  40    0
                             ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21210 08/13*141 594  75    0*142 610  75    0*143 625  80    0*143 641  80    0
21210 08/13*138 592  45    0*139 606  45    0*140 620  50    0*141 636  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21215 08/14*145 657  85    0*147 674  85    0*150 690  85    0*153 704  85    0
21215 08/14*142 653  55    0*143 669  60    0*145 685  60    0*147 700  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21220 08/15*156 715  85    0*161 728  85    0*165 740  90    0*173 756  90    0
21220 08/15*150 713  65    0*154 726  65    0*160 740  70    0*168 756  70    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21225 08/16*180 771  95    0*187 790  95    0*194 807  95    0*199 823 100    0
21225 08/16*178 773  75    0*189 790  75    0*198 807  80    0*205 824  85    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** *** ***

21230 08/17*204 838 100    0*209 854 105    0*218 871 105    0*225 887 105    0
21230 08/17*210 841  90    0*215 858  95    0*220 876 105    0*228 894 110    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

21235 08/18*231 902 110    0*240 920 110    0*253 947 110  948*262 964 100    0
21235 08/18*237 912 115    0*246 930 115    0*255 947 115    0*264 963 115  932 
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***  ***

21240 08/19*271 980  65    0*279 996  50    0*2911009  35    0*3121014  30    0
21240 08/19*272 978  90  940*281 993  60    0*2911007  40    0*3011017  30    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **         ****  **      *** *** 


(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21242 08/20*3121025  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21245 HRATX3                
21245 HRATX4
        ****

Landfall:
8/18/1916  2200Z  27.0N 97.4W  115kt  25nmi  932mb  1012mb  ATX4

Minor changes to the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), 
Dunn and Miller (1960),  Schwerdt et al (1979), Ho et al (1987), 
Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 12: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 13N, 56W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 14N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart 
suggests a center near 14N, 56.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggest a center near 13.5N, 56.4W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt 
NE and 1015 mb at 15.8N, 56.5W at 12 UTC (COA). "... first observed on 
the morning of the 12th in the vicinity of Barbados" (MWR).

August 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 13.5N, 62W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.3N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 14.5N, 62W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 62W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15N, 68W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15N, 69W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.3N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 68.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 15: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.5N, 74W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.5N, 74W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.5N, 74.6W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 74W at 
12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt NE and 1005 mb at 17.9N, 75.2W at 12 UTC (COA); 
30 kt NE and 1006 mb at 18.9N, 76W at 17 UTC (COA); 35 kt E and 1004 mb at 
19.5N, 76W at 23 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Jamaica 
at 12 UTC (HWM). MWR notes the storm "passed westward a short distance south 
of Jamaica on the 15th and into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Yucatan 
Channel on the night of the 16th."

August 16: HWM analyzed a closed low of 990 mb near 19N, 81W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 2 hurricane at 19.4N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.8N, 81W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 19.8N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 30 kt W and 998 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 20 UTC (COA); 35 kt 
WSW and 1000 mb at 19.3N, 83.7W at 23 UTC (COA).

August 17: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 22N, 88.5W just north of 
the Yucatan of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 
21.8N, 87.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 
22N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 
22.3N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 22N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt E and 1014 mb at 
25.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 30 kt S and 1006 mb at 21.7N, 89.7W at 23 UTC 
(COA).

August 18: HWM analyzed a closed low of 950 mb near 25.5N, 94W. HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.3N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicate the center near 26N, 95W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 25.5N, 94W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 25.5N, 94.7W at 12 UTC. Station 
highlights: 15 kt N and 1006 mb at Brownsville at 12 UTC (OMR); 984 mb at 
Corpus Christi at 2315 UTC (MWR); 53 kt at Corpus Christi at 20 UTC (OMR). 
"It was approaching the south Texas coast on the morning of the 18th, and 
passed inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville the afternoon and 
evening of the 18th" (MWR).

August 19: HWM indicates a closed low of 975 mb near 28.5N, 101W inland over 
northeast Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 100.9W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 102W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.1N, 100.7W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 948 mb (likely a peripheral pressure) at 
Kingsville, Texas, at 0115 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE and 1003 mb at San Antonio at 
06 UTC (OMR); 971 mb (peripheral pressure) at Del Rio, Texas, at 1130 UTC 
(MWR); 51 kt SE at Del Rio, Texas, at 11 UTC (OMR). "At the office of 
the Santa Gertrudis ranch at Kingsville, 14 miles north of Riviera, 
the aneroid barometer was carefully watched by Mr. J.B. Wright, 
the manager of the ranch, and he took the lowest reading of 28.00 [948 mb] 
inches at 8:15 p.m. [0115 UTC on the 19th] ... Six lives were lost by 
the foundering of the coastwise steamer Pilot Boy off Port Aransas, 
Tex.; three additional lives were lost by drowning along the coast near Corpus 
Christi, Tex., and six at various interior points, as a result of hurricane 
winds in the lower Rio Grande Valley.  Newspaper reports place the damage 
sustained in southwest Texas at $1,800,000.  The damage, while largely 
confined to coast regions, was more or less general over a wide area.  In 
the interior, crops were badly damaged by wind and rain and windmills, fences, 
and barns were blown down.  The cities of Bishop, Kingsville, and Corpus 
Christi being the largest sufferers.  In Corpus Christi it was the water front 
that sustained the heaviest damage.  All the wharves and most of the buildings 
on the wharves were destroyed, even the solid timber head of the municipal 
wharf was unfloored, taking down the storm-warning display tower.  Hardly a 
property in Corpus Christi escaped without damage of some kind, and vegetation 
where not destroyed suffered heavily ... there can be no question but 
that the storm was a fully developed hurricane with a central pressure at 
least 1 inch lower [950 mb] than that observed at Corpus Christi [984 mb].  
The relatively low property losses along the coast must be ascribed to 
the rapidity with which the storm advanced and passed.  Because of this 
rapidity of movement its chance of creating a big tidal wave were greatly 
diminished.  Also it must be borne in mind that the whole length of the Texas 
coast is protected by sand islands stretching from the mouth of the 
Rio Grande to Galveston, with few inlets and sparsely settled  After passing 
inland a short distance south of Corpus Christi, the cyclone continued to move 
in a west-northwest direction, reaching Del Rio, Tex., at about 7:30 a. m. 
local mean time August 19, with a minimum pressure of 28.69 inches [971 mb].  
Since it passed Corpus Christi, 200 miles distant, 12 hours earlier, we may 
assign it a movement of about 17 miles per hour.  The recovery of the pressure 
after the passage of the center of the storm was extremely rapid  The next 
observing station in the path of the storm is El Paso, Tex., distant about 
300 miles.  The barograph at that and other stations in that vicinity do not 
show any trace of the storm in question; we must therefore consider that it 
dissipated over southwest Texas during the daylight hours of the 19th" (MWR).

August 20: HWM shows an open trough along the Texas-New Mexico border.  Thus 
it is analyzed that the system had dissipated  by 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM,COADS, and OMR suggest a center near 31.2N, 102.5W at 
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 4 at 06 UTC on August 12th as a tropical storm 
just west of the Lesser Antilles. Peak observed winds on the 12th were noted 
as 35 kt. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, 20 kt less than previous 
HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were again observed until late on 
the 15th, when the system was centered near Jamaica. A gradual increase in 
intensity is maintained for the storm during the 13th through the 16th, 
although substantially weaker than original HURDAT based upon available 
observations from HWM and COADS. The hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico 
through the Yucatan Channel during the morning of the 17th. Peak observed 
winds on the 17th were only 35 kt but available data near the center were 
scarce on this date. 105 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th. On 
the 18th, the hurricane quickly traveled across the Gulf of Mexico before 
making landfall on the 18th.

Landfall is estimated to have occurred near Baffin Bay, Texas, around 
22 UTC on August 18th near 27.0N 97.4W . Dunn and Miller classified this 
hurricane for the lower coast of Texas as Extreme (Category 4 or 5).  
The closest Weather Bureau anemometer in Corpus Christi was destroyed
by the winds before the peak of the hurricane, but the observer there estimated
a peak "maximum" wind (5 min) of 90 mph [78 kt] and a peak "extreme" wind
(1 min) of 96 mph [83 kt].  (Of course, visual estimates of hurricane force 
winds are not reliable.)  Schwerdt et al. analyzed the hurricane to have 103 kt
estimated maximum sustained surface winds at landfall (converted to 1 min) and 
with a 1010 mb environmental pressure.  Ho et al listed the hurricane on August 
18th as possessing 948 mb central pressure at landfall, 25 nmi radius of 
maximum winds (RMW), and a landfall point of 26.8N, 97.4W. Connor analyzed 
the lowest central pressure for the lifetime of this system (in this case at 
landfall in Texas) of "28.00 inches [948 mb] or less". Jarrell et al. utilized 
the Connor and Ho et al. central pressure estimates in their assessment of 
a 948 mb Category 3 hurricane for southern Texas.  However, the 948 mb 
measurement came from Kingsville, Tx. - an inland location - and from 
the description in Monthly Weather Review was not likely to be a central
pressure value.  (Riviera, 14 miles south of Kingsville, experienced winds
out of the north, then east, then south as the hurricane passed just to
the south of that location.)  It is estimated that the central pressure
at its closest approach to Kingsville was around 940 mb.  An application 
of the Ho et al. pressure-decay model using an hour and a half transit
over land indicates a central pressure at landfall of about 932 mb.  This 
landfall pressure suggests winds of 127 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship.  The new (Brown et al. 2006) pressure-wind relationship
for north of 25N suggests winds of 122 kt for 932 mb.  A series of SLOSH 
runs were undertaken to better ascertain the intensity of the hurricane.  
Given the revised track and a 932 mb central pressure, a SLOSH run with 
a 25 nmi RMW has the best fit to observed storm surge values.  Given an RMW 
(25 nmi) that is larger than climatology of 16 nmi (Vickery et al., 2000), 
this suggests a decrease in the hurricane's wind intensity versus 
the pressure-wind relationship of 122 kt.  Thus intensity at landfall is 
estimated at 115 kt, a 15 kt increase from original HURDAT. This revision 
upgrades the impact for south Texas from a Category 3 to a Category 4
at landfall.  MWR notes the hurricane as, severe and moderate to large in 
extent, which is consistent with the SLOSH modeling run conducted. The 
revised landfall location in Texas is near 27.0N, 97.4W, somewhat north of 
the Ho et al and HURDAT estimates.  

On the 19th and 20th the hurricane quickly diminished in intensity as it 
continued on its west-northwest progression over Texas. Peak observed winds 
after landfall were the following: 00 UTC 19th - less than gale force 
(Corpus Christi's anemometer was disabled after 22 UTC), 06 UTC - 45 kt, 
12 UTC - 50 kt, 18 UTC - less than gale force.  These second two values 
reduce down to 38 and 42 kt, respectively, after for correcting for the high 
bias of the anemometers of the era (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and adjusting 
from 5 to 1 min winds (Powell et al. 1996.)  Application of the Kaplan and 
DeMaria (1995) model suggests winds of 91, 62, 41, and 35 kt, accordingly.  
The 940 mb estimated central pressure inland at 0115 UTC on the 19th suggests 
winds of 119 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship, 115 kt
from the new Brown et al. north of 25N relationship, and 110 kt from
the weakening Brown et al. north of 25N relationship.  Winds after landfall 
are chosen to be 90 kt (increased by 25 kt), 60 kt (increased by 10 kt), 
40 kt (increased by 5 kt), and 30 kt (no change), respectively, because of 
the sparse data coverage after landfall.  The system is extended an 
additional six hours to a position as a decaying tropical depression on 
00 UTC on the 20th.  Dunn and Miller listed this as an extreme hurricane 
for the lower Texas coast on August 18th with 20 fatalities and $1.8 million 
in damage. Storm surge associated with the passage of this hurricane were 
noted by Ellis and Conner as 9.2 feet in Corpus Christi, 4 feet in Galveston, 
and 2.4 feet in Fort Point. Intensity for this system was overestimated by 
15-20 kt early on and underestimated by 15 kt at landfall in Texas. August 8th 
through the 11th were analyzed to determine if the system could have 
originated closer to Africa but due to the limited amount of available ship 
observations the current genesis position is maintained at 06 UTC on the 12th. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/07 - 2008 REVISION:

21250 08/21/1916 M= 5  5 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21250 08/21/1916 M= 6  7 SNBR= 480 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *                            *

21255 08/21*  0   0   0    0*180 610  55    0*180 625  65    0*181 632  75    0
21255 08/21*  0   0   0    0*160 603  55    0*165 615  65    0*170 627  75    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21260 08/22*182 641  85  988*182 653  80    0*182 665  70    0*185 680  65    0
21260 08/22*174 639  85    0*178 652  95    0*182 665  75    0*186 680  65    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **               **      *** 

21265 08/23*188 697  60    0*192 712  55    0*195 729  45    0*200 746  45    0
21265 08/23*190 697  60    0*195 714  55    0*200 729  45    0*207 741  45    0
            ***              *** ***          ***              *** ***

21270 08/24*210 763  40    0*217 776  40    0*225 785  35    0*232 790  35    0
21270 08/24*215 752  40    0*222 762  40    0*230 772  35    0*237 782  35    0
            *** ***          ***              *** ***          *** ***

21275 08/25*238 793  35    0*245 796  30    0*252 798  30    0*261 798  30    0
21275 08/25*244 792  40    0*252 801  40    0*260 805  40    0*269 807  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 26th is new to HURDAT.)
21277 08/26*279 808  30    0*290 808  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21280 HR                    

Landfall:
8/22/1916  1000Z  18.0N 65.9W   95kt   PR2 
8/25/1916  0800Z  25.6N 80.3W   40kt   FL

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 5.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly
Records, Monthly Weather Review, Perez (1971), Perez et al. ( 2000), and
Boose et al. (2004).

August 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 15.5N, 63.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.0N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 61.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 68W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 18N, 68W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS agree with the original HURDAT 
analysis of 18.2N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 
20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC 
(COA). Station highlights: 80 kt at San Juan at ~12 UTC (MWR);  997 mb at San 
Juan at 11 UTC (Perez).  . "Hurricane of comparatively small diameter passed 
over Porto Rico this forenoon, vortex entering the island at about Naguabo and 
leaving between Arecibo and Isabelia.  Wind velocity at San Juan 90 miles per 
hour for about 45 minutes.  Highest 10-minute period about 92 miles per hour.  
Much damage was done throughout the island, a million dollars being a 
conservative estimate of the money loss.  Area of destruction was probably 
45 or 50 miles wide and time or passing about two and a quarter hours" (MWR). 

August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 20N, 74W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19.5N, 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 72.9W at 12 UTC.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 21.5N, 78W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 23N, 77.2W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23N, 77W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E 
and 1012 mb at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA).  "The center of the storm did not 
approach any of the meteorological stations in the Bahamas or Cuba" (MWR).

August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 79W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 25.2N, 79.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1008 mb near 24.5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 80.5W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlights: 1008 mb at 0430 UTC and 35 kt S at 17 UTC 
at Miami (OMR). MWR notes the location on of the system as, "a feeble 
disturbance east of the Florida peninsula on the 25th and 26th."

August 26: HWM indicates an open wave near 30N, 75W. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29N, 80W at 06 UTC.  No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Storm 5 originated as a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea at 06 UTC 
on August 21st though it is possible that the system began east of the Lesser 
Antilles but observations are sparse. The system progressed west-northwestward 
on the 21st and 22nd as it neared the Greater Antilles. On the 22nd the 
hurricane made landfall at Naguabo, Puerto Rico around 10 UTC (Perez). Peak 
observed winds on the 22nd were 80 kt around 12 UTC at San Juan, Puerto Rico 
(MWR). This converts to 69 kt after accounting for the high bias of the 
instrument (Fergusson and Covert 1924) as well as converting from a peak 
10 min to a peak 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Boose et al. analyzed peak 
structural damage as F2, which roughly corresponds to Category 2 hurricane 
intensity.  Boose et al. also suggest boosting the landfall intensity to 95 kt 
to best take into account the spatial distribution and the peak of the 
structural damage observed.  Thus, a 95 kt Category 2 hurricane is chosen for 
HURDAT at 06 UTC, up 15kt from original HURDAT. The hurricane decreased in 
intensity late on the 22nd after the storm made landfall in Hispanola. No gale 
force winds or low pressures were observed on the 23rd and thus HURDAT is 
maintained at 45 kt at 12 UTC as data coverage was sparse hear Hispanola. The 
storm paralleled Cuba's northern coastline on the 24th and began to turn north 
just northeast of Santa Clara, Cuba, late in the day.  The alteration in
track to keeping the cyclone just offshore of Cuba is in agreement with
Perez et al. (2000).  No gale force winds or low pressures were found on 
the 24th and therefore the original HURDAT is maintained at 35 kt at 12 UTC 
on the 24th. The storm tracked over the Florida peninsula, rather than just 
east of the coast as evidenced by the observed 35 kt (29 kt 1 min true) 
southerly winds in Miami. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 25th, 
10 kt higher than original HURDAT. Storm 7 dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 
12 hours later than that in HURDAT originally. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/08 - 2008 REVISION:

21285 08/27/1916 M= 7  6 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21285 08/27/1916 M= 7  8 SNBR= 481 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

21290 08/27*  0   0   0    0*140 463  60    0*140 485  60    0*143 512  65    0
21290 08/27*  0   0   0    0*140 476  60    0*140 493  60    0*143 512  65    0
                                 ***              ***     

21295 08/28*147 535  65    0*151 560  70    0*153 585  75    0*154 605  75    0
21295 08/28*147 532  65    0*151 552  70    0*153 572  70    0*154 594  70    0
                ***              ***              ***  **          ***  **

21300 08/29*155 628  80  989*156 651  85    0*156 676  85    0*157 692  85    0
21300 08/29*155 616  70  986*156 638  70    0*156 660  70    0*157 681  70    0
                ***  **  ***     ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21305 08/30*159 713  85    0*160 731  85    0*162 751  85    0*166 767  85    0
21305 08/30*159 702  70    0*160 722  65    0*162 742  60    0*166 762  55    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21310 08/31*168 782  85    0*170 796  85    0*174 810  80    0*177 820  80    0
21310 08/31*168 782  50    0*170 801  45    0*174 820  40    0*177 832  40    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

21315 09/01*180 832  75    0*181 841  75    0*182 853  70    0*182 864  70    0
21315 09/01*180 843  40    0*181 854  45    0*182 865  50    0*181 876  50    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **
          
21320 09/02*181 876  65    0*179 893  55    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
21320 09/02*179 887  40    0*175 898  35    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  

21325 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 6. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, and 
Tannehill (1952).

August 23-26:  The HWM and COADS data were examined on the possibility
of extending the track farther east.  While observations on the 23rd and
24th near the Cape Verde Islands that a closed low existed, these were
not conclusive.  No ship data were available on the 25th and 26th.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 27: HWM analyzed no significant features east of the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14N, 48.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14N, 49.3W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
"The exact origin of the disturbance is unknown, but was undoubtedly some 
distance to the east of the island of Dominica" (MWR).

August 28: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 13N, 58W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 15.3N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.1N, 58.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.3N, 57.2W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlights: 986 mb (possible central pressure) at Roseau, Dominica, 
at 2330 UTC (MWR). "An intense storm passed over Dominica during the 
afternoon and evening of the 28th.  The hurricane advanced over the island 
with but little warning; a number of lives were lost and much property was 
destroyed on the northern and eastern sides  It was evidently of small 
diameter and great intensity while passing over Dominica" (MWR).

August 29: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 66W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 15.6N, 67.6W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 66W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 15.6N, 66W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 30: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16.5N, 74.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 16.2N, 75.1W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.5N, 72.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.2N, 74.2W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "It 
moved thence westward and passed immediately north of the island of Jamaica, 
with greatly decreased intensity" (MWR).

August 31: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 81.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17.4N, 81W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17.4N, 82W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 1: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 18N, 86W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 18.2N, 85.3W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 18.7N, 85.2W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 18.2N, 86.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  
"...to a position to the northwest of Swam Island, in which vicinity it lost 
intensity" (MWR).

September 2: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 91W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 3:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14.5N, 94W.  
However, available observations do not support this analysis and it appears 
that the system had dissipated by this date.

Genesis for this cyclone is unchanged from HURDAT, though it is possible
that the system passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands on the 23rd.
(It is noted that Tannehill began the hurricane near 13N, 28W on the 22nd.)  
No gale force winds or low pressures were observed until it made landfall in 
Dominica late on the 28th.  However, given the sparse data available, no
changes were made to the intensity on the 27th and early on the 28th.
A possible central pressure of 986 mb at Dominica was observed at 2330 UTC 
(28th) which implies winds of 70 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. (986 mb replaced 989 mb in HURDAT for the 00 UTC 29th entry.)  
70 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 29th, 10 kt less than previous HURDAT. 
The storm was centered southeast of Jamaica on the 30th. This intensity 
(Category 1 hurricane at 70 kt) appears to have been the maximum intensity 
for the system's lifetime.  MWR notes the storm's intensity on the 30th as, 
"greatly decreased intensity". No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 30th. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC, down from 85 kt, 
in agreement with MWR's assessment of the intensity trend of the system. 
Barometric pressure increased at Swan Island despite the system's approach to 
the island on the 31st, indicating the storm continued to weaken. 
Based upon available observations, 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 
31st, a 40 kt decrease from original HURDAT. On September 1st the storm passed 
north of Swan Island before making its second landfall near the Belize/Mexico 
border around 2100 UTC on the 1st. No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 1st despite fair data coverage, suggesting the storm was 
weaker than originally suggested in HURDAT. The system is analyzed to have 
made landfall in Central America as a 50 kt tropical storm, weaker than the 
65 kt Category 1 hurricane originally in HURDAT.  The system appears to have 
dissipated over land by 18 UTC on the 2nd.

*****************************************************************************


1916/09 - 2008 REVISION:

21330 09/04/1916 M= 3  7 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21330 09/04/1916 M= 4  9 SNBR= 482 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    *  *

21335 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*242 748  35    0*259 758  35    0
21335 09/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*242 755  35    0*259 765  35    0
                                                  ***              ***

21340 09/05*275 767  35    0*290 773  35    0*305 779  35    0*319 783  35    0
21340 09/05*275 774  40    0*290 781  40    0*305 785  45    0*317 786  45    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21345 09/06*333 783  35    0*347 782  35    0*360 781  25    0*  0   0   0    0
21345 09/06*328 785  45    0*339 783  45    0*350 781  35    0*359 777  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21347 09/07*365 770  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21350 TS                    

Landfall:
9/06/1916  09Z  33.9N 78.3W  45kt  NC

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm number 7.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly 
Weather Review.

September 4: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 23N, 76W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 74.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate 
the center near 23.5N, 76W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggests a center near 24.2N, 75.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 5: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 31N, 79W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 77.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 29N, 79W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 78.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1017 mb at 31.7N, 76W at 22 UTC (COA).

September 6: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 78W over
North Carolina. HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 36N, 78.1W at 
12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 35N, 78W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 78.1W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 7: HWM indicates the system to have dissipated before 12 UTC near the 
North Carolina/Virginia border. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicate the center near 
39N, 75W at 8 a.m.  However, available observations from HWM and COADS 
agree with the HURDAT in that the cyclone had dissipated by 12 UTC.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 9 at 12 UTC on September 4th as a tropical storm 
just northeast of the central Bahamas. The storm progressed north-northwestward
and eventually north before striking the southeast tip of North Carolina early 
on the 6th. Gale force winds of 35 kt were first observed by a ship on the 5th 
as the storm neared the U.S. East Coast. Given the distance of the ship
report from the center and the high pressure accompanying 35 kt report,
it is estimate that the intensity was somewhat higher - 45 kt.  This likely
was the peak intensity for the cyclone.  Storm 9 made landfall in southeast 
North Carolina early on the 6th.  No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed by coastal stations for the duration of the storm. The system made 
landfall around 06 UTC on the 6th as a 45 kt tropical storm, which is 10 kt
higher in intensity from that originally shown in HURDAT.  The lifetime of 
the storm was extended 12 hours from original HURDAT to account for weakening 
and eventual dissipation on the 7th around 00 UTC. 

*****************************************************************************


1916/10 - 2008 REVISION:

21395 09/14/1916 M= 8  9 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21395 09/13/1916 M=10 10 SNBR= 484 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **        ** **  

(The 13th is new to HURDAT.)
21400 09/13*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*205 560  30    0*207 572  30    0

21400 09/14*  0   0   0    0*211 597  35    0*213 607  35    0*214 616  35    0
21400 09/14*208 584  30    0*209 596  35    0*210 607  35    0*211 616  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          ***              ***  

21405 09/15*215 623  35    0*218 630  40    0*224 637  40    0*231 637  45    0
21405 09/15*212 625  35    0*213 634  40    0*215 640  40    0*220 641  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

21410 09/16*236 635  45    0*241 633  50    0*248 630  55    0*260 626  55    0
21410 09/16*227 639  40    0*237 635  40    0*248 630  40    0*260 625  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  **

21415 09/17*272 620  60    0*285 611  60    0*297 598  65    0*309 589  70    0
21415 09/17*272 620  45    0*285 615  50    0*297 610  55    0*307 601  60    0
                     **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21420 09/18*321 580  75    0*331 571  80    0*342 559  85    0*351 546  90    0
21420 09/18*317 589  65    0*327 574  70    0*337 559  75    0*346 546  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21425 09/19*359 532  90    0*365 519  85    0*370 505  80    0*376 491  70    0
21425 09/19*354 532  75    0*362 519  75    0*370 505  70    0*376 490  70    0
            ***      **      ***      **               **          ***    

21430 09/20*380 477  70    0*383 464  70    0*386 450  65    0*388 437  65    0
21430 09/20*380 475  70    0*383 460  65    0*386 445  65    0*387 431  60    0
                ***              ***  **          ***          *** ***  **

21435 09/21*390 424  55    0*391 412  45    0*392 400  35    0*392 370  25    0
21435 09/21*387 418  50    0*387 406  40    0*387 395  35    0*387 385  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

(The 22nd is new to HURDAT.)
21437 09/22E387 375  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21440 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm 9. Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 13: HWM analyzed an open wave well northeast of the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 
20.5N, 56W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an open wave north of the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 21.3N, 60.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21N, 60.7W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb near 21N, 64W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 21.5N, 64W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 24.5N, 63W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.3N, 60W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.7N, 59.8W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.7N, 61W at 
12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 34N, 56W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 34.2N, 55.9W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.7N, 55.9W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt WSW and 1015 mb at 31.2N, 54.3W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 36.5N, 51.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 37N, 50.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 18N, 85W at 12 UTC. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 39N, 45W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 38.6N, 45W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.6N, 44.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 37.4N, 42.4W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 38.5N, 39.5W 
with a cold front approaching from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as 
a tropical storm 39.2N, 38.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 38.7N, 39.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 22: HWM indicates that the system has been absorbed by a cold front 
by 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 
38.7N, 37.5W at 00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

Genesis is begun for storm number 10 at 12 UTC on September 13th as a tropical
depression, 18 hours earlier than previously in HURDAT. Storm 10 is kept as 
attaining tropical storm intensity on the 14th as the system traversed on a 
westward course north of the Lesser Antilles Islands though sparse 
observations make this somewhat uncertain. The system recurved on the 15th and
16th taking a northeastward path well southeast of Bermuda. The system is 
analyzed as having slightly weaker intensity from the 16th through the 
20th based upon available ship observations from HWM and COADS. Highest 
observations with this system were only 45 kt, but these were taken at
significant distance from the center of the cyclone - suggesting that
hurricane force winds may have occurred near the center.  Peak analyzed
intensity is estimated to be 75 kt on the 18th and 19th, down from 
the 90 kt originally analyzed in HURDAT.  The storm continued on an eastward 
progression as it began to weaken on the 21st and 22nd. The storm 
transitioned to extratropical status as it was absorbed by a frontal boundary 
at 00 UTC on the 22nd and dissipated quickly thereafter.

*****************************************************************************


1916/11 - 2008 REVISION:

21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 10 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21445 09/17/1916 M= 9 11 SNBR= 485 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **

21450 09/17*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*130 455  35    0*135 467  35    0
21455 09/18*140 477  40    0*145 488  45    0*150 500  50    0*155 513  50    0
21460 09/19*160 525  60    0*165 538  65    0*170 550  75    0*173 563  80    0
21460 09/19*161 525  55    0*168 538  55    0*175 550  60    0*181 563  65    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21465 09/20*175 575  85    0*177 588  90    0*180 600  95    0*187 608  95    0
21465 09/20*187 577  70    0*193 592  75    0*200 607  80    0*207 621  80    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21470 09/21*194 617  95    0*202 624 100    0*210 632 100    0*221 642 105    0
21470 09/21*213 634  85    0*219 646  85    0*225 655  90    0*232 662  90    0
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

21475 09/22*233 653 105    0*245 665 105    0*258 675 105    0*271 682 105    0
21475 09/22*240 667  95    0*249 671 100    0*258 675 105    0*268 677 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***                       *** *** 

21480 09/23*284 685 100    0*297 685 100    0*309 682  95    0*325 670  95    0
21480 09/23*279 678 105    0*291 678 105    0*305 675 105    0*320 670 105    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      ***     ***

21485 09/24*339 652  90    0*354 638  90    0*369 623  85    0*395 605  85    0
21485 09/24*337 655 100    0*355 638  95    0*375 617  85    0*395 595  75    0
            *** *** ***      ***      **      *** ***              ***  **

21490 09/25E430 578  80    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21490 09/25E420 570  60    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **  

21495 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm 
number 10 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, individual ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, 
Tucker (1995), and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.

September 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 45.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 45.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS are quite sparse. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 15.3N, 50W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15N, 50W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near the HURDAT position. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 19: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 18N, 55W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 17N, 55W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 17.5N, 55W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 20: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb near 20N, 61W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 18N, 60W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 61.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 20N, 60.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 60 kt NW and 999 mb at 20N, 61.7W at 12 UTC (COA).
MWR noted this storm as, "originating near Antigua, whence it 
passed northwestward as far as can be ascertained from a limited number of 
vessel reports and recurved to the west of Bermuda". 

September 21: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23N, 65.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 63.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 21.8N, 65.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 22.5N, 65.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 20 kt ESE and 1006 mb at 25.2N, 57.2W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 22: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 975 mb near 25.8N, 67W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 26N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 25N, 66.5W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25.8N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 980 mb near 30N, 67W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 30.9N, 68.2W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 30.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center near 31N, 69.5W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 30.5N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. 
Station highlights: 50 kt SE at Bermuda at 18 UTC (Tucker); 60 kt SE at 
Bermuda at 20 UTC (Tucker); 70 kt SSE at Bermuda at 2045-2300 UTC (Tucker); 
73 kt at Bermuda (Tucker).  "A really terrible hurricane struck Bermuda on 
this date, with raging winds of 84 mph, and greater losses occasioned than in 
that of 1899" (Tucker).

September 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 980 mb near 38N, 61W with 
a cold frontal boundary approaching the system from the northwest. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 36.9N, 62.3W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37.5N, 61.7W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70 kt S and 981 mb at 37.4N, 61.4W at 12 UTC (COA); 50 kt NW 
at 36.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt S and 1009 mb at 42N, 53.7W at 12 UTC 
(COA).  Station highlight:  40 kt SW and 1000 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC
(BER).

September 25: HWM analyzed the system as being absorbed by an extratropical 
storm. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical storm at 43N, 57.8W at 00 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42N, 57W at 
00 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"It was of only moderate extent and slight to moderate intensity" (MWR). 

Genesis for storm 11, originally 10, is retained at 12 UTC on September 17th 
as a tropical storm east of the Lesser Antilles, though there is little data 
available near the system until the 19th. September 13th through 16th were 
analyzed to determine if the system could have originated closer to Africa 
but due to the limited amount of available ship observations the current 
genesis position is maintained at 12 UTC on the 17th.  Storm 11 progressed 
on a west-northwestward track from the 17th through the 19th, before 
recurving towards Bermuda on the 22nd and 23rd. The first gale force wind of 
60 kt was observed on the 20th. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on 
the 20th, 15 kt less than original HURDAT. The hurricane passed very close 
by Bermuda late on the 23rd. Peak observations with this hurricane were 73 kt 
in Bermuda as the storm passed close-by on the 23rd.  (These winds reduce 
down to 59 kt true after adjusting for the high wind bias of the instrument 
of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 
and Powell et al. 1996]).  Bermuda experienced south-southeasterly hurricane
force winds and greater losses than the Hurricane of 1899 (Tucker, 1982). 
The cyclone is maintained as a major hurricane until passing north of
Bermuda's latitude - a boost from 95 kt to 105 kt at 12 UTC on the 23rd.
Peak intensity of this cyclone is maintained as a 105 kt Category 3
hurricane on the 22nd and 23rd (originally the peak was indicated on the
21st and 22nd).  Gale force winds were not observed by ship again until 
the 24th where two different ships measured 35 kt and 70 kt winds, 
respectively. One ship also had a low pressure of 981 mb, implying winds of 
at least 72 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. 85 kt is 
retained in HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 24th. The system began to weaken on 
the 24th due to an approaching cold front. Storm 11 began extratropical 
transition late on the 24th and available observations indicate the storm 
to have dissipated at 06 UTC on the 25th as it was absorbed into a
larger extratropical storm.

*****************************************************************************


1916/12 - 2008 REVISION:

21500 10/02/1916 M= 3 11 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21500 10/02/1916 M= 4 12 SNBR= 486 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                    * **                            *

21505 10/02*  0   0   0    0*265 722  40    0*271 729  40    0*276 735  40    0
21505 10/02*  0   0   0    0*265 746  40    0*271 750  40    0*278 754  40    0
                                 ***              ***          *** ***

21510 10/03*282 742  40    0*286 748  40    0*291 755  40    0*296 762  40    0
21510 10/03*286 758  45    0*294 762  45    0*300 765  50    0*305 768  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
                   
21515 10/04*302 770  40    0*307 778  40    0*313 787  40    0*318 801  30    0
21515 10/04*310 772  50    0*314 777  50    0*317 784  50 1000*316 801  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  ** **** ***      **

(The 5th is new to HURDAT.)
21517 10/05*314 830  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21520 TS                    

Landfall:
10/4  21 UTC  31.5N 81.4W  50 kt  GA

Major changes to the track and minor alterations to the intensity of storm 
number 11 originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Records station data, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 2: HWM analyzed a stationary front extending east-northeast from 
the southern Bahamas to south of Bermuda. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 27.1N 72.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows does not indicate 
this system on this date suggesting that it was not yet have a closed 
circulation. Available observations from HWM and COADS and continuity from
the 3rd suggest that the center may have been near 27N 75W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt NE and 1017 mb at 23 UTC at 33.9N 77.0W (COA).  

October 3: HWM indicated an extratropical storm centered near 28N 73W though
the significant temperature gradient existed well to the north and west of 
the system. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 29.1N 75.5W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1006 mb near 29N 75W 
at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center roughly 
near 30N 76.5W. Ship highlights: 45 kt NNE and 1008 mb at 33.3N 77.7W at 
12 UTC (COA); 35 kt NNE and 1016 mb at 33.6N, 75.8W at 12 UTC (COA); 35 kt 
and 1006 mb at 30.9N 79.7W at 23 UTC (COA).  "On the evening of October 2,
when radio reports indicated the presence of a disturbance about 200 miles
off the Georgia or south Carolina coast...More complete reports on 
the following morning indicated that center of the storm was off the Florida 
coast, farther south than had been first stated" (MWR).

October 4: HWM analyzed an extratropical storm centered near 31N, 78W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 31.3N, 78.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of 
Lows indicates a low pressure of 1003 mb centered near 32,5N, 79.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a substantial temperature 
gradient was associated with this system, around a center near 32N, 78.5W. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt N and 1003 mb at 32.2N, 78.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 1000 mb
at 12 UTC at 32.2N 78.8W (COA); 45 kt E and 1014 mb at 33.9N, 74.2W at 
17 UTC (COA); 35 kt and 1020 mb at 35.1N, 74.2W at 23 UTC (COA).  Station 
highlights:  35 kt NE at 17 UTC and 23 kt NE and 1007 mb at 18 UTC at 
Savannah (OMR); 34 kt NE at 13 UTC and 29 kt N and 1007 mb at 0940 UTC at 
Charleston (OMR); "At 8 p. m. October 3, there were some evidences of 
a further increase in the storm intensity...Up to this time strong northeast 
gales had been reported off the South Atlantic coast, and during 
the 4th moderate northeast gales occurred on the South Carolina and 
Georgia coast" (MWR).

October 5:  HWM analyzed no features of interest in the area where 
the system may have been.  "By 8 p.m. of the 4th the storm had passed inland 
to northern Florida with greatly diminished energy" (MWR). 

Genesis for this cyclone is not changed, except for its first position
being substantially farther west.  The cyclone likely had its origins along
a pre-existing stationary frontal boundary.  While the HWM analyzed the cyclone 
as being a frontal wave throughout its lifetime, most of the temperature 
gradient associated with the system was west and north of the center.  However,
the cyclone - especially on the 3rd - showed an elongated SW-NE center and
pressure field with strongest winds well away from the center.  The system
was somewhat more symmetric on the 4th  before landfall along a westward track.
A possible central pressure of 1000 mb at 12 UTC on the 4th suggests
winds of 48 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 50 kt
is analyzed for the winds at this time, which is also supported by
a ship report of 45 kt at 17 UTC. The cyclone made landfall around 21 UTC 
on the 4th at 31.4N 81.4W, just south of Savannah.  Peak observed winds at 
landfall were 35 kt at Savannah, which converts to 29 kt true after adjusting 
for the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 
1 min conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)
An extension of the track of this cyclone by six hours to 00 UTC on the 5th
was based upon observations of a closed circulation still existing at
this time.  Thus while this cyclone exhibited some hybrid characteristics, 
since the first official subtropical storm designations in HURDAT are in 
the late 1960s (at the advent of geostationary satellite coverage), this 
system is retained as a tropical storm.  

*****************************************************************************


1916/13 - 2008 REVISION:

21525 10/06/1916 M=10 12 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21525 10/06/1916 M=10 13 SNBR= 487 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **  

21530 10/06*  0   0   0    0*115 583  35    0*121 589  35    0*123 594  35    0
21530 10/06*  0   0   0    0*117 592  30    0*121 595  30    0*125 598  30    0
                             *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21535 10/07*125 599  35    0*128 604  35    0*130 610  35    0*134 617  35    0
21535 10/07*129 602  30    0*132 606  30    0*135 610  35    0*137 615  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***              *** ***  **

21540 10/08*137 623  35    0*142 628  40    0*148 634  45    0*154 638  45    0
21540 10/08*139 620  45    0*142 625  50    0*145 630  55    0*150 633  60    0
            *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21545 10/09*159 640  50    0*164 643  55    0*171 645  60    0*180 648  85  970
21545 10/09*155 636  65    0*160 639  75    0*165 642  85    0*173 644  95  963
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***

21550 10/10*190 649  90    0*199 649  90    0*209 647  85    0*219 643  85    0
21550 10/10*184 645  95    0*197 646  95    0*209 647  95    0*219 647  95    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **          ***  ** 

21555 10/11*227 640  85    0*238 636  90    0*248 630  90    0*257 625  95    0
21555 10/11*229 647  95    0*239 646  95    0*248 645 100    0*256 642 100    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          *** ***      *** *** *** 

21560 10/12*264 621  95    0*271 617 100    0*279 610 105    0*285 600 105    0
21560 10/12*263 638 100    0*271 633 100    0*279 625 105    0*289 612 105    0
            *** *** ***          ***              ***          *** ***

21565 10/13*291 580 100    0*299 562  90    0*308 550  80    0*321 531  75    0
21565 10/13*300 592 100    0*312 571  90    0*325 550  80    0*343 528  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  

21570 10/14*335 516  65    0*361 488  60    0*392 460  55    0*417 435  50    0
21570 10/14E368 506  65    0E396 483  60    0E425 460  55    0E455 435  50    0
           **** ***         **** ***         ****             **** 

21575 10/15*444 411  45    0E471 386  45    0E500 356  40    0*  0   0   0    0
21575 10/15E485 411  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           ****             **** ***  **     **** ***  **      

21580 HR                    

Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 12. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

October 6: HWM analyzed no significant features near the Lesser Antilles 
Islands. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.1N, 58.9W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 12.1N, 59.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 14N, 63W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggest a center near 14.7N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13.5N, 61W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On 
the afternoon of the 7th there were some indications of a disturbance near 
and slightly west of Martinique" (MWR).

October 8: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 15.5N, 64.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 14.8N, 63.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16N, 63.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 14.5N, 63W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

October 9: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.5N, 66W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 17.1N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 17.3N, 64W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 64W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 963 mb (likely central pressure) at St. Croix 
at 23 UTC (MWR); 991 mb at St. Thomas at 22 UTC (MWR); 996 mb at Tortola, 
Virgin Islands, at 2330 UTC (MWR). "The lowest reading at St. Croix was 
28.45 inches [963 mb] during the night of the 9th-10th. The disturbance 
evidently passed nearly over and a little to the south of St. Thomas" (MWR). 

October 10: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 21N, 66.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 20.9N, 64.7W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 20.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 20.9N, 64.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt SSE and 1004 mb at 15.2N, 63W at 12 UTC 
(HWM). Station highlights: 975 mb at Tortola, Virgin Islands, at 0050 UTC 
(MWR); 991 mb at St.Thomas at 04 UTC (MWR). "By the morning of the 10th 
the storm had recurved slightly and had passed to the northeast of Puerto 
Rico" (MWR).

October 11: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 985 mb near 23.5N, 66W with 
a decaying stationary front to the northwest of the system. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 2 hurricane at 24.8N, 63W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 24.5N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 24.8N, 64.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
45 kt SSW at 24.7N, 64W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt SW and 966 mb at 25.3N, 63.2W 
at 20 UTC (MWR).

October 12: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 27N, 60W with 
a cold frontal boundary well north of the system. HURDAT listed this as 
a Category 3 hurricane at 27.9N, 61W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane 
chart suggests a center near 27.3N, 63.7W at 12 UTC. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 27.9N, 62.5W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 30 kt NNE and 1006 mb at 30.6N, 63.7W at 12 UTC (COA). "The ship 
Bellas reported a severe hurricane with southeast to southwest gales on
October 12 in latitude 27.6N, 62.3W" (MWR).

October 13: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 29.5N, 55W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 30.8N, 55W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 32.5N, 55W 
at 12 UTC though data are somewhat sparse. No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed.

October 14: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 41N, 47W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.2N, 46W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 42.5N, 46W at 12 UTC.  
Observations also indicate that the system had transformed into an 
extratropical cyclone with significant temperature gradients occurring near 
the system's center.  Ship highlights: 20 kt WNW and 1000 mb at 42.7N, 47.1W 
at 12 UTC (COA).

October 15: HWM indicates the system has been absorbed by a very large 
extratropical cyclone. HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical cyclone at 
44.4N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
a center near 48.5N, 41.1W at 00 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt SSW and 1021 mb 
at 52.1N, 31W at 12 UTC (COA); 45 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 49.1N, 40.1W at 
12 UTC (COA); 20 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 52.7N, 37W at 12 UTC (COA).

Genesis for storm 13, originally 12, is retained at 06 UTC on October 6th. 
The system originated a short distance southeast of Barbados and progressed on 
a northwestward track from the 7th to the 9th through the northeastern 
Caribbean Sea before recurving well south of Bermuda by October 12th. Gale 
force winds or low pressures were not observed as the storm traversed 
the southern Lesser Antilles and development into a tropical storm is delayed 
until the 7th. The system made landfall in the U.S. Virgin Islands late on 
the 9th apparently much increased in intensity as a likely central pressure 
of 963 mb was observed at 23 UTC at St. Croix. 963 mb implies winds of at 
97 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT 
at 18 UTC on the 9th, a 10 kt upgrade from original HURDAT. It is possible that
the cyclone was of major hurricane intensity during its passage through
the Virgin Islands.  On the 10th the cyclone progressed on a northward track 
through the Virgin Islands. A peripheral pressure of 966 mb was observed on 
the 11th as the hurricane began to recurve, implying winds of at least 94 and 
89 kt, respectively, from the southern and subtropical pressure-wind 
relationship. 100 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 11th, 5 kt higher 
than previous HURDAT. MWR noted that a ship observed a 'severe hurricane' 
(90 kt) on October 12th.  105 kt is retained in HURDAT for late on the 12th. 
The hurricane continued northeastward on the 13th, 14th, and 15th as 
the system began to weaken and transition to extratropical storm status. 
Available observations indicate the hurricane transitioned to an extratropical 
storm by 00 UTC on the 14th. The system had a last position at 00 UTC on 
the 15th, 12 hours later than original HURDAT, as it was absorbed by a very 
large extratropical storm.

MWR noted the hurricane as, "of small area and of great intensity" (MWR). Peak 
intensity with storm 13 is 105 kt on the 12th, the same as that originally in 
HURDAT, maintaining the previous Category 3 hurricane classification. 
September 30th through October 5th were analyzed to determine if the storm's 
origin could have occurred closer to the African coast. Unfortunately, due to 
sparse data coverage a center position cannot be defined before the original 
HURDAT genesis of 06 UTC on October 6th.  

*****************************************************************************


1916/14 - 2008 REVISION:

21585 10/12/1916 M=  8 13 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
21585 10/09/1916 M= 11 14 SNBR= 488 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2 
         **         ** ** 

(The 9th, 10th, and 11th are new to HURDAT.)
21586 10/09*    0     0    0*185 756  25    0*180 760  25    0*176 764  25    0 
21587 10/10*172 768  30    0*168 772  30    0*165 775  30    0*163 778  30    0 
21588 10/11*161 780  30    0*160 782  30    0*160 785  30    0*161 788  30    0 

21590 10/12*    0     0    0*154 747  60    0*155 756  60    0*156 765  60    0 
21590 10/12*163 790  35    0*164 792  40    0*165 795  45    0*165 797  50    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21595 10/13*157 774  70    0*158 783  75    0*160 792  85    0*162 804  90    0 
21595 10/13*165 799  55    0*165 801  60    0*165 805  65    0*165 811  75    0 
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21600 10/14*165 813  90    0*167 822  95    0*170 831  95    0*173 841  95    0 
21600 10/14*165 818  85    0*167 827  95    0*170 836  95    0*173 845  95    0 
                ***  **          ***              ***              *** 

21605 10/15*177 851  95    0*181 862  90    0*186 872  85    0*191 882  85    0 
21605 10/15*177 854  95    0*181 863  95    0*186 872  95    0*191 882  65    0 
                ***              ***  **               **               **

21610 10/16*197 890  85    0*203 897  90    0*210 905  95    0*217 907 100    0 
21610 10/16*197 890  50    0*203 899  40    0*210 905  40    0*217 907  50    0 
                     **          ***  **               **              ***

21615 10/17*225 908 100    0*235 901 105    0*240 894 105    0*252 889 105    0 
21615 10/17*224 908  60    0*232 906  70    0*240 903  80    0*252 897  85    0 
            ***     ***      *** *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21620 10/18*265 885 105    0*279 881 105    0*296 875 100  974*316 871  65    0 
21620 10/18*265 890  90    0*279 882  95    0*296 875  95  970*316 872  65    0 
                *** ***          *** ***              ***  ***     ***  **

21625 10/19*339 874  55    0*366 876  50    0E395 860  45    0*  0   0   0    0 
21625 10/19*339 876  45    0*362 882  30    0E385 890  25    0*  0   0   0    0 
                ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21630 HRAL2AFL2 

Landfall:
10/18/1916  1400Z 30.4N  87.4W   95kt  19nmi  970mb  1010mb  AL2,AFL2

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity of storm 14, 
originally 13, shown in Neumann et al (1999). Evidence for these alterations 
comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, 
Original Monthly Records, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956),  Dunn and 
Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. 
(1992), and Barnes (1998).

October 9: HWM analyzed a low pressure of at most 1000 mb near 17.5N, 66W 
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central 
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 18N, 76W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

October 10: HWM indicates a low pressure of at most 995 mb near 21N, 67W 
pertaining to storm 12. No significant features were analyzed for the central 
or western Caribbean Sea. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 16.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

October 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 16N, 78.5W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16N, 78.5W at 
12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt NE and 1006 mb at Kingston at 12 UTC (HWM). 
"On the morning of the 11th the first evidences of distinct cyclonic 
circulation with a center apparently a short distance south of Jamaica" (MWR).

October 12: HWM indicates a broad closed low of at most 1010 mb in the 
western Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 15.5N, 75.6W 
at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.2N, 77W 
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
16.5N, 79.5W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 5 kt N and 1006 mb at Kingston at 
12 UTC (HWM).

October 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 16.7N, 79.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 79.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.4N, 80W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 16.5N, 80.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1014 mb at 20.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC 
(COA). 

October 14: HWM indicates a closed low of 980 mb near 17.5N, 83W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 17N, 83.1W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 16.7N, 82.7W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 17N, 83.6W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1004 mb at 18.8N, 84.9W at 12 UTC 
(HWM); 40 kt NE and 1009 mb at 20N, 85.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 45 kt NE and 
1007 mb at 20.2N, 85.7W at 14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 70 kt N and 
980 mb at Swan Island at 1530 UTC (MWR). "During the succeeding 24 hours (on 
the 24th) the storm appeared to greatly increase in intensity and at 
11:30 a.m. passed very close to Swan Island , the barometer reading 28.94 
inches [980 mb] with hurricane force from the north ... The observer at
Swan Island reported that the wind blew at the rate of at least 100 miles
an hour at times and with hurricane force from 8 a. m. of the 14th until
3 a. m. of the 15th" (MWR).

October 15: HWM analyzed a closed low of 980 mb near 19N, 87.5W close to the 
Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 
18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center 
near 17.2N, 86W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest 
a center near 18.6N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt ESE and 996 mb 
at 20.5N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM); 70 kt ESE and 997 mb at 20.3N, 86.8W at 
14 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 35 kt SE and 1007 mb at Swan Island at 
12 UTC (MWR).

October 16: HWM indicates a closed low of 990 mb near 21N, 90.5W just 
offshore of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a center near 22N, 88.7W at 8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart 
suggests a center near 19.6N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggest a center near 21N, 90.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "On the morning of the 16th the 
storm center was apparently crossing the northern Yucatan Peninsula, moving 
northwestward or northward" (MWR). 

October 17: HWM analyzed a closed low of 995 mb near 24N, 90.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 89.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1000 mb with a center near 25.5N, 89W at 
8 p.m. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.5N, 90.5W 
at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 
24N, 90.3W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt ESE and 1004 mb at 27.2N, 88.8W 
at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt NW and 1000 mb at 23.5N, 92W at 12 UTC (HWM). 

October 18: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 29N, 88W just 
offshore from Alabama and the panhandle of Florida. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 29.6N, 87.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows 
indicates a low pressure of 968 mb with a center near 27N, 89W at 1 a.m. The 
MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 29.3N, 87.8W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center near 29.6N, 87.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 55 kt E and 981 mb near 27N, 89W at 05 UTC (MWR); 
30 kt W and 1006 mb at 27.5N, 93.8W at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt SSW and 1011 mb at 
26.6N, 85.8W at 16 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 100 kt E and 989 mb at 
Mobile at 1235 UTC (MWR); 100 kt SE at Pensacola at 1412 UTC (MWR); 40 kt SE 
and 974 mb (a peripheral pressure) at Pensacola at 1430 UTC (MWR);). "The 
center passed almost directly over the city of Pensacola, Florida, at 
10:30 a.m., when the barometer read 28.76 inches [974 mb] with a wind of 
48 miles an hour from the southeast. After the lull attending the passage of 
the storms center the wind again increased from the west. After 11 a.m. 
the wind subsided to less than a gale (MWR). Pensacola experienced both the 
easterly and westerly gales of this hurricane, and a distinct lull in the 
wind when the center of the storm passed" (Pensacola OMR).

October 19: HWM analyzed the low as merged with an approaching frontal system 
near southern Illinois (~38.5N, ~89W). HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical 
storm at 39.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure 
of 1002 mb with a center near 39N, 87.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 89W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 
5 kt ENE and 1003 mb at Fort Wayne, Indiana, at 12 UTC (HWM); 5 kt S and 
1004 mb at Nashville at 12 UTC (HWM); 10 kt ENE and 1005 mb at Chicago at 
12 UTC (HWM). "On the morning of the 19th the storm was central over Indiana, 
with a lowest reported pressure of 29.58 inches [1002 mb]" (MWR).

Genesis is begun for storm 14, originally storm 13, on October 9th at 06 UTC 
as a 25 kt tropical depression southeast of Jamaica, approximately three days 
earlier than previously in HURDAT. No gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed on the 9th through the 11th as the system progressed slowly 
southwestward towards the western Caribbean Sea. On the 12th a peripheral 
pressure of 1006 mb was observed at Jamaica, implying winds of at least 34 kt 
from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 
12 UTC, 15 kt less than previous HURDAT. A peak wind of 35 kt was observed on 
the 13th. 65 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 13th, 20 kt less than 
originally in HURDAT. On the 14th the hurricane passed very close to Swan 
Island. A peripheral pressure of 980 mb with hurricane force winds was 
observed at Swan Island, implying winds of at least 78 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship.  The observer also estimated 85 kt winds at
their peak in Swan Island, though this is visual estimate.  95 kt is retained
for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 14th.  The hurricane progressed west-northwestward 
from the 12th through the 15th before making landfall just north of 
the Belize/Mexico border. The storm's intensity at landfall is estimated to
be 95 kt based upon the earlier observations from Swan Island and because of
the sparse data coverage near the storm at landfall in Central America.  The 
original HURDAT intensity estimates had the hurricane unrealistically 
intensifying (from 85 to 90 kt) after landfall while being well inland over 
Yucatan. Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland wind decay model was utilized to 
provide a more realistic wind intensity value:  67 kt at 18 UTC on the 15th, 
50 kt at 00 UTC on the 16th, and 40 kt at 06 UTC on the 16th.   Winds for 
HURDAT are chosen at 65, 50, and 40 kt, which are reductions of 20, 35 and 
50 kt, respectively, from the original HURDAT.  The storm emerged in the 
lower Gulf of Mexico around 12 UTC on the 16th. 40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 
12 UTC on the 16th, a 55 kt downgrade from original HURDAT, which again was 
primarily due to not accounting for any weakening over land. On the 17th, 
the storm began to recurve towards the central Gulf region. A peak wind of 
35 kt was observed by ship on the 17th, however available data near the storm 
was sparse on this date. 80 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 17th, 
a 25 kt downgrade from previous HURDAT. 

The hurricane's northward motion increased on the 17th and 18th before 
making landfall near Pensacola, Florida, on the 18th.  Pensacola observed a 
pressure of 974 mb and winds of 40 kt SE at 1430 UTC.  Connor analyzed 
a central pressure of 28.70 [972 mb], which is what was utilized in Jarrell 
et al as well.  Ho et al. instead perhaps erroneously accepted the 974 mb 
as a central pressure and also analyzed the radius of maximum winds to be 
19 nmi., slightly smaller than climatology of 23 nmi (Vickery et al. 2000).  
Ho et al. also suggested a landfall point of 30.3N, 87.5W and a forward speed 
of 21 kt at landfall. While observed 5 min winds of 100 kt were recorded 
both in Mobile and Pensacola, these convert to 84 kt true after adjusting for 
the high wind bias of the instrument of the era and for the 5 min to 1 min 
conversion [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  A central 
pressure of 970 mb is estimated for the hurricane at landfall in the U.S.
Thi implies winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship suggests 84 kt from 972 mb.  Schwerdt et al. suggested an 
environmental pressure of 1011 mb and an equivalent 1 min 10 m wind at 
landfall of 84 kt.  Given a fast moving system along with smaller than 
climatology RMW suggests a significant boost in the intensity at landfall over 
the pressure-wind relationship.  An increase over the pressure-wind
relationship would also be consistent with the observed 84 kt true wind at both
Pensacola and Mobile.  Thus 95 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 14 UTC on the 18th.  
This makes the hurricane a Category 2 (borderline 3) at landfall which agrees 
with the original HURDAT and Neumann et al. assessment for northwest Florida 
and Alabama (AL2 AFL2), but is lower than the winds in HURDAT of 100 kt 
(Category 3).  Peak intensity with this hurricane was found to be 95 kt on 
the 18th just before and at landfall, 10 kt less original HURDAT. Dunn and 
Miller (1960) indicate a Major hurricane in Florida (Pensacola), though as 
a Minimal hurricane for Mississippi and Alabama.  After reanalysis, it appears 
that the center made landfall near 30.4N, 87.4W around 1400 UTC. Peak observed 
winds after landfall were (within 2 h of the synoptic times):  35 kt at two 
ships at 18 UTC/18th, 35 kt at a ship at 00 UTC/19th, and below gale force at 
06 UTC/19th.  (This is because the anemometers at Pensacola and Mobile were 
disabled during the peak of the hurricane.)  A run of the Kaplan and DeMaria 
inland wind decay model suggests winds of 67, 45, and 30 kt, respectively.  As 
wind observations were fairly sparse, winds are chosen to be close to 
the Kaplan and DeMaria model:  at 18 UTC winds are kept at  65 kt in HURDAT, 
reduced at 00 UTC from 55 kt to 45 kt, and reduced from 50 kt to 30 kt at 
06 UTC. Storm surge is noted by Connor, OMR, and MWR as four feet above 
normal in Mobile and three feet above normal in Pensacola. The hurricane 
diminished rapidly after landfall and merged with a low near the Great Lakes 
by 12 UTC on the 19th. Damage estimates associated with the passage of this 
storm were approximately $100,000, mainly in Florida and Alabama (Barnes). 

*****************************************************************************


1916/15 - 2008 REVISION:

21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 14 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
21635 11/11/1916 M= 6 15 SNBR= 489 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                      **                            *     *

21640 11/11*127 750  35    0*128 763  35    0*129 772  35    0*130 783  35    0
21640 11/11*123 755  30    0*124 765  30    0*125 775  30    0*126 785  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **
              
21645 11/12*131 791  35    0*133 798  35    0*136 807  40    0*140 817  40    0
21645 11/12*127 795  35    0*128 805  35    0*130 815  40    0*136 825  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

21650 11/13*147 827  45    0*159 838  45    0*173 847  50    0*180 853  50    0
21650 11/13*146 834  40    0*157 841  35    0*168 847  45 1002*177 852  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      ** **** *** *** 

21655 11/14*186 856  55    0*193 857  60    0*200 857  60    0*208 857  60    0
21655 11/14*186 856  55    0*193 859  60    0*200 860  60    0*208 860  60    0
                                 ***              ***              *** 

21660 11/15*216 855  70    0*223 851  70    0*231 845  70    0*245 820  70    0
21660 11/15*216 860  60    0*223 859  60    0E231 857  55    0E242 832  55 1006
                ***  **          ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  ** ****

21665 11/16*256 795  60    0E270 770  55    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21665 11/16E255 802  50    0E270 770  45    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
           **** ***  **               ** 

21670 HRBFL1                
21670 TS
      ******

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 14. Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly 
Records, Monthly Weather Review and Perez et al. (2000).

November 11: HWM analyzed an open wave near the west central Caribbean. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 12.9N, 77.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 12.5N, 77.5W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 13N, 82.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 13.6N, 80.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 12N, 81.5W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 13N, 81.5W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 15 kt ENE and 1004 mb at 14.2N, 81.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). "The
disturbance originated in approximately 12N, 81W" (MWR).

November 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 17N, 86W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 17.3N, 84.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal 
hurricane chart suggests a center near 15.5N, 85W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16.8N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1009 mb at 22N, 86.5W at 12 UTC (HWM). Station
highlights: 5 kt E wind and 1002 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (OMR).

November 14: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 19N, 86W with 
a cold front advancing from the northwest. HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 20N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR seasonal hurricane chart suggests a 
center near 19.3N, 87.2W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggests a center near 19.5N, 86W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 25 kt S and 
1005 mb at 16.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC (COA). Station highlights: 5 kt SE and 
1004 mb at Swan Island at 12 UTC (HWM).  "This disturbance was evidently of 
marked intensity in the lower latitudes, for according to press reports 
considerable damage was caused to property along the coast of Spanish 
Honduras and in Yucatan" (MWR).

November 15: HWM analyzed an asymmetric closed low of at most 1010 mb near 
25N, 82W with a frontal boundary extending NE-SW through the system. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 23.1N, 84.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
seasonal hurricane chart suggests a center near 23.2N, 85.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR
Tracks of Lows suggests a closed low of 1002 mb near 24N, 83.7W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.1N, 85.7W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 1002 mb at 21.8N, 85.8W at 12 UTC 
(COA).  Station highlights: 62 kt N at Sand Key, Florida (MWR); 57 kt at 
Havana (MWR); 1006 mb (central pressure) and 10 kt SE at Key West at 20 UTC 
(OMR);  45 kt N at Key West at 21 and 22 UTC (OMR). MWR notes the system as, 
"advanced rapidly east-northeastward over extreme southern Florida during the 
15th".

November 16: HWM indicates a frontal system situated across the eastern Bahamas,
stretching from southwest to northeast. HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 27N, 77W at 06 UTC. The MWR Track of Lows suggests a center near 
39.7N, 60W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a 
center near 27N, 77W at 06 UTC, but that it likely had dissipated by 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis is retained for storm 15 at 00 UTC on November 11th, but as a tropical 
depression rather than a tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea. The 
system likely became a tropical storm on the 12th as a low pressure of 1004 mb 
was observed, implying winds of at least 39 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship. 40 kt is retained for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 12th. The tropical 
storm progressed northeastward clipping the eastern tip of Honduras before 
tracking just west of Swan Island on the 13th. A likely central pressure on 
the 13th was observed at Swan Island as 1002 mb, implying winds of 43 kt from 
the southern pressure-wind relationship. 45 kt (down from 50 kt) is chosen for 
HURDAT on the 13th at 12 UTC. The storm tracked nearly due north on the 14th 
and passed through the Yucatan channel on the 15th. HWM indicates the system 
became elongated northeast to southwest with an asymmetric wind field by 12 UTC
on the 15th. Available observations suggest the system transitioned to 
an extratropical storm by 12 UTC on the 15th, 18 hours earlier than originally
suggested in HURDAT. A central pressure of 1006 mb was observed 21 UTC on the 
15th at Key West implying winds of 32 kt and 34 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
and southern pressure-wind relationships. However, peak observed winds 
(corrected to a peak 1 min wind - [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et 
al. 1996]) with this system are 51 kt at Sand Key and 46 kt at Havana, which 
occurred primarily in association with the cyclone after it had already
transformed into an extratropical system on the 15th.  55 kt at 21 UTC on 
the 15th is analyzed for the intensity of the now extratropical system, down 
from 70 kt.

The system has been downgraded from a Category 1 hurricane on the 15th to a 
tropical storm before the extratropical transition.  This is also consistent
with the Cuban analysis of a tropical storm impact in western Cuba, not
a hurricane (Perez et al. 2000).  Neumann et al. listed storm 15 
(originally 14) to be a Category 1 hurricane in southwest Florida, w
hile Schwerdt et al and Ho et al did not list the system indicating 
that the storm had a central pressure of at least 982 mb. Dunn and 
Miller (1960) listed this as a "minimal" system that affected the Straits of 
Florida. Available observations indicate the system acquired peak intensity of 
60 kt on the 15th before transitioning to extratropical status.

*****************************************************************************


1916 Additional Notes: 

1)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a closed low pressure 
area developed along a frontal boundary around 35N on 4 August. The system 
moved to the northeast fairly rapidly until becoming absorbed into a larger 
extratropical system on the 7th. Two separate ships recorded gale force winds 
on the 5th, and minimum pressures were around 1015 mb. The lack of cold air 
funneling on the west side of the system suggests that the system hay have 
had some tropical characteristics, but the temperature gradient along 
the front was over 10 degrees in most cases. South of 40N the temperatures 
ranged from 70-78 while north of 40N, the temperatures were in the low-mid 
60s. Thus, the low is analyzed to have been baroclinic, and is not added 
to HURDAT. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 4		37N	69W		Extratropical
Aug 5		39N	65W		Extratropical
Aug 6		44N	60W		Extratropical
Aug 7		-----	-----		Absorbed by larger extratropical system

2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a low pressure area 
closed off along a stationary frontal boundary around 37N on 17 August. 
Initially, the system moved southeast until the 19th, when it became nearly 
stationary. On the 21st, it began a slow northwesterly movement toward 
Long Island. The system was baroclinic in structure until the 19th when 
temperatures on the backside of the front started to moderate. A minimum 
pressure of 995 mb was reported by a ship on that day; however, there 
appeared to have been a 5 mb low bias with that ship, so the actual 
pressure is adjusted to 1000 mb. While the storm was no longer baroclinic
and had gale force winds were reported on the 19th and 20th, these
observations were just off of Cape Hatteras, about 250 miles from the center.
It is analyzed to have been a non-tropical gale center on these dates.
The wind field never consolidated, and on the 21st the system started to 
weaken. Gales were no longer being reported, and the system appears to have 
dissipated on the 22nd. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Aug 17		37N	68W		Extratropical
Aug 18		36N	66W		Extratropical
Aug 19		34N	69W		Non-tropical gale center
Aug 20		36N	69W		Non-tropical gale center
Aug 21		37N	70W		Non-tropical low center
Aug 22		-----	-----		Dissipated

3) September 9-14:

21355 09/09/1916 M= 6  8 SNBR= 483 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21360 09/09*  0   0   0    0*188 570  35    0*190 583  35    0*193 598  35    0
21365 09/10*197 613  35    0*202 627  35    0*206 642  35    0*212 659  35    0
21370 09/11*216 671  40    0*221 685  40    0*227 700  45    0*231 715  45    0
21375 09/12*236 730  45    0*240 745  45    0*251 759  45    0*263 770  45    0
21380 09/13*274 783  40    0*283 798  40    0*293 816  30    0*297 828  30    0
21385 09/14*301 839  25    0*308 849  20    0*315 858  20    0*322 849  20    0
21390 TS                    

This system - originally storm number 8 in Neumann et al. (1999) - is removed 
from HURDAT because it only reached tropical depression intensity. Evidence 
for this comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, and Monthly Weather Review.

September 9: HWM analyzed no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 19N, 58.3W at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near 18N, 59W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 10: HWM indicated no significant features in the proximity. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 20.6N, 64.2W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system is closed, near the HURDAT 
position. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 11: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 25N, 71W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 22.7N, 70W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Lows indicate the center near 24.7N, 74W at 8 p.m. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggest that a center may be located near 23.5N, 71W. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26N, 78W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 25.1N, 75.9W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1007 mb near 26N, 75.7W at 8 a.m. 
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has 
weakened to an open wave and no longer has a defined center.  No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 13: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 27.5N, 84.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 29.3N, 81.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 1011 mb near 30N, 82.5W at 8 a.m. 
However, available observations from HWM and COADS suggest the system has 
an open NE-SW oriented trough and thus a center cannot be defined on this 
date. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the vicinity of southern 
Georgia (31N, 83W). HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 
31.5N, 85.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Lows indicates a low pressure of 
1012 mb near 31.5N, 85.5W at 8 a.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS 
suggest the system has an ill-defined center near 30.5N, 85W. No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Genesis for this system began at 06 UTC on September 9th as a tropical 
depression east of the northern Lesser Antilles. A peak observation of 
1013 mb and 15 kt indicates the system had not yet attained tropical storm 
status on the 9th (HWM). On the 10th it again appears that the system was not 
of tropical storm intensity as previously suggested by HURDAT. Peak 
observations on the 10th were 1014 mb and 15 kt (COA). The system continued 
on a west-northwestward track on the 10th and 11th as depression approached 
the eastern edge of the Bahamas. Peak observations on the 11th were 1013 mb 
and 10 kt at Turks Islands (HWM). Available observations suggest the system 
lacked a closed surface circulation on the 12th and 13th. Peak observations 
on the 12th as the system traverses the central Bahamas were only 1009 mb and 
15 kt (HWM). MWR notes this system as, "originating east of the northern 
Bahamas and moved northwest, passing to the coast near and south of 
Jacksonville, FL". As the system moved over central Florida on the 13th peak 
observations of 1012 mb and 15 kt were found at Pensacola. "It was of slight 
energy and extent" as indicated by MWR. 

The absence of a closed surface circulation prevailed on the 12th and 13th 
and was only weakly present on other days in its lifetime. The tropical system 
was near land and close to numerous ship observations on the 11th-14th and as 
noted above, no gale force winds or low pressures were observed on these days. 
Therefore, due to evidence that the peak intensity of this system was less 
than gale force wind from substantial ship and coastal data, this indicates 
that storm number 8 should be downgraded to a tropical depression, thereby 
removing it from HURDAT.  Note that this is consistent with MWR's assessment 
that the system was "of slight energy and extent".

4)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed on 3 October near 17N, 81W from a broad area of low pressure that 
had persisted in the southwestern Caribbean Sea since the 1st. The system 
drifted to the northwest while gaining little strength. There were no gales 
reported in the vicinity of the storm, although a few cases of 25-30 knot 
winds were reported in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with pressures 
around 1007 mb. By 6 October, the storm began to lose its closed circulation; 
the pressure rose to around 1015 mb, and is estimated to have dissipated 
later that day. Based on the lack of sufficient wind observations, 
this system is estimated to have stayed as a tropical depression, and is 
not added to HURDAT.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 3		17N	81W		Tropical Depression
Oct 4		17N	82W		Tropical Depression
Oct 5		19N	85W		Tropical Depression
Oct 6		20N	85W		Dissipated

5)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed from the tail end of a decaying frontal boundary near 15N, 76W on 
24 October. The low meandered in the central Caribbean Sea for the next 
several days, peaking in intensity on the 25th. Thereafter, it slowly 
weakened while drifting northwest. As it approached the western side of 
Jamaica, it began to get entangled within another frontal boundary, and on 
the 31st, it became absorbed. Only one gale was reported from COADS on 
the 25th (also mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review - October 1917),
and it was about 400 nmi to the north of the system.  The lowest observed 
pressures were 1006 mb. Because only one gale was observed, the system is 
being kept as a tropical depression, thus it is not being added to HURDAT. 
It is possible that it may have been a weak tropical storm at some point on 
the 25th to the 27th based on the numerous 25-30 kt observations, but 
sufficient evidence for upgrading is lacking. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 24		15N	76W		Tropical Depression
Oct 25		16N	76W		Tropical Depression
Oct 26		17N	78W		Tropical Depression
Oct 27		19N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 28		20N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 29		20N	80W		Tropical Depression
Oct 30		22N	79W		Tropical Depression
Oct 31		-----	-----		Absorbed by front

*****************************************************************************


1917/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21671 07/06/1917 M= 9  1 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21672 07/06*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 590  25    0*122 605  25    0
21672 07/07*125 620  30    0*127 635  30    0*130 650  35    0*132 663  35    0
21672 07/08*135 676  40    0*137 688  40    0*140 700  45    0*142 712  45    0
21672 07/09*145 724  40    0*147 737  40    0*150 750  35    0*152 765  35    0
21672 07/10*153 780  30    0*154 795  30    0*155 810  30    0*156 825  30    0
21672 07/11*157 840  30    0*158 853  30    0*160 865  30    0*165 875  30    0
21672 07/12*170 882  30    0*175 885  30    0*180 890  30    0*185 898  25    0
21672 07/13*190 908  25    0*195 919  30    0*200 930  30    0*205 942  30    0
21672 07/14*210 954  30    0*215 967  30    0*220 980  25    0*  0   0   0    0
21705 TS                    

This is a new tropical storm, not previously included in HURDAT or 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from the Monthly 
Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, and the COADS ship 
database.
 
July 6:  HWM analyzed an open trough around 58W, just east of the
Windward Islands.  Available observations indicate that a closed low
existed near 12N, 59W.  

July 7:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 16.5N, 66W.
Available observations suggest that the system was closer to 13N, 65W.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 8:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 72W.  Available observations
indicate that the system was closed and was located near 14N, 70W.
Ship highlights:  35 kt W in the eastern Caribbean (MWR).  "On the 8th
two vessels between the Island of Haiti and the Barbados, encountered
westerly winds of 40 miles an hour, although there was no well-developed
depression in that region and vessels near by reported only moderate
velocities" (MWR). 

July 9:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 76W.  Available observations
and interpolation suggest a closed low near 15N, 75W.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 10:  HWM analyzed an open wave around 83W.  Available observations and
interpolation suggest a closed low near 15.5N, 81W.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 11:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 
13.5N, 86W.  Available observations suggest a center at 16N, 86.5W near the
coast of Honduras.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

July 12:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb pressure at 
17N, 89W.  Available observations suggest a center at 18N, 89W near the
border of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.  Station highlight:  25 kt SE and 
1006 mb at Belize City at 12 UTC (HWM).

July 13:  HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure at 
19N, 91.5W.  While data are sparse, a closed low is estimated to be near
20N, 93W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

July 14:  HWM analyzed an open trough along 97W.  While data are sparse,
a closed low is estimated to be near 22N, 98W along the coast of Mexico.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this system is begun on the 6th as a tropical depression just
southeast of Barbados.  Modest winds and rain were reported during its
crossing through the Windward Islands.  Two separate ships reported west
35 kt winds on the 8th, indicating the system was still a closed low at
this time and likely had an intensity of at least 45 kt.  Unfortunately, 
these two ship reports were not given with exact locations at the time of
the observations.  45 kt may have been the peak intensity of the cyclone
as observations indicate a less well-defined circulation on the 9th 
and 10th.  Weakening to a tropical depression is analyzed on the 10th, 
before the system made landfall in Honduras.  The system might have 
reached tropical storm intensity a second time as it reached the Gulf 
of Honduras, with the pressure dropping 4 mb to 1006 mb in 24 hours
with 25 kt SE winds in Belize City on the 12th.  1006 mb peripheral pressure 
suggests winds of at least 34 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.
However, without more corroborative evidence, the cyclone will be kept
as a tropical depression at landfall in Belize.  While observations are 
somewhat sparse, it is analyzed that the system moved into the Gulf of Mexico 
as a tropical depression and dissipated after striking Mexico near Tampico 
on the 14th.  (While no Tampico observations are available, almost four inches 
of rain were reported in Veracruz in the 24 hr period ending on the morning of 
the 14th.)

*****************************************************************************


1917/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21675 08/06/1917 M= 5  1 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21675 08/06/1917 M= 6  2 SNBR= 490 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

21680 08/06*320 675  35    0*320 680  35    0*320 685  35    0*320 690  35    0
21685 08/07*320 694  35    0*320 699  35    0*320 703  35    0*320 707  35    0
21690 08/08*320 712  40    0*321 716  40    0*321 720  40    0*323 724  40    0
21695 08/09*325 728  45    0*328 732  45    0*332 735  45    0*341 738  45    0
21695 08/09*325 728  45    0*328 732  45    0*332 735  45    0*341 736  50    0
                                                                   ***  **

21700 08/10*357 736  40    0*377 726  40    0*401 706  30    0*418 680  30    0
21700 08/10*358 733  55    0*380 718  60    0*405 702  60    0*430 680  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **

(The 11th is new to HURDAT.)
21702 08/11E457 650  50    0E487 610  45    0E520 570  35    0E560 530  30    0

21705 TS                    

Major changes to both the track and to the intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and the 
_Monthly Weather Review_.

August 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 31.5N, 69W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 68.5W at 12 UTC.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 30.5N, 70W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32N, 70.3W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 31N, 72W.
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 32.1N, 72W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of 1000 mb at 33N, 73W.  HURDAT
lists the system as a tropical storm at 33.2N, 73.5W at 12 UTC.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 35N, 75.5W with 1015 mb pressure 
(a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center at 32.8N, 71.4W.
Ship highlights:  35 kt W and 1013 mb at 32N, 74W at 12 UTC (HWM);
20 kt N and 1006 mb at 33.8N, 74.3W at 15 UTC (COA).  "Storm of August 9 -
Information concerning this storm is extremely meager.  What at the time 
was believed to be a secondary center of a barometric depression moving
eastward near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River appeared off the North
Carolina coast.  Later advices seem to disclose that this storm was of
tropical origin, having formed east of the Virgin Islands and passing
thence northwestward to the position charted [33N 71W] on August 9" (MWR). 

August 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 40.5N, 70.5W
with a cold front advancing on the system from the west.  HURDAT lists 
the system as a tropical storm at 40.1N, 70.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 40N, 69W with 994 mb pressure (a.m.).  
Available observations indicate that the system had begun, but had not
yet completed, extratropical transition and was slightly northeast of 
the HURDAT's position.  Ship highlight:  55 kt NE and 994 mb at Nantucket 
Shoals Lightship (MWR).  Station highlight:  46 kt NE at Eastport (MWR).  
"Four fishing vessels in the path of the storm after it left Nantucket were 
lost, and the total number of fisherman who perished is believed to be 41.  
After leaving the place where the fishing vessels were lost - about 50 miles
south-southeast of Highland Light, Mass. - no further observation of
the storm has come to hand.  Evidently it dissipated before reaching
the Grand Banks" (MWR).

August 11:  HWM indicated an extratropical low centered near 57N, 58W
with a cold front extending south and east of the low.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows shows the system at 44N 60W with 1003 mb pressure (a.m.).  Available
observations instead suggest a center closer to 52N, 57W.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

Genesis for this tropical storm is retained on the 6th and no changes in 
the track or intensity were made from the 6th through early on the 9th.  
(This is in spite of the comments in MWR that the cyclone "formed east
of the Virgin Islands and passing thense northwestward".  No observations
were found to support this analysis in MWR and thus no changes were made to
genesis.) 1006 mb peripheral pressure on the 9th suggests winds of at least 
37 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship - 45 kt retained in HURDAT.  
Even though the center stayed just offshore, the tropical storm impacted
New England with particular vigor as it caused gale force winds at Nantucket,
Block Island and Eastport.  (The peak winds of 55 kt at the Nantucket
Shoals Lighthouse convert to 46 kt after adjusting for the high bias
of this era's anemometer and converting to a 1 min wind - [Fergusson 
and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].)  994 mb peripheral pressure
suggests winds of at least 58 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationships.  Maximum winds of 60 kt are estimated for both 06 and 12 UTC
on the 10th.  The structure of the system is determined to have transitioned 
to an extratropical storm by about 00 UTC on the 11th, though the process
of transition had begun about 12 hours earlier.  While both HURDAT and the 
MWR Tracks of Lows had the system dissipating south of Nova Scotia late 
on the 10th and 12 UTC on the 11th, respectively, available observations 
indicate that the system continued accelerating northeastward, causing 
the strong winds at Eastport late on the 10th, and was near the north end of 
Newfoundland at 12 UTC on the 11th.  The system likely dissipated later on 
the 11th or early on the 12th over the far North Atlantic.

*****************************************************************************


1917/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21710 08/30/1917 M= 8  2 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21710 08/30/1917 M= 9  3 SNBR= 491 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

21715 08/30*  0   0   0    0*166 435  60    0*170 452  60    0*173 469  60    0
21715 08/30*  0   0   0    0*155 445  60    0*160 460  60    0*165 476  60    0
                             *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

21720 08/31*176 486  60    0*180 500  65    0*184 513  70    0*187 523  70    0
21720 08/31*170 492  60    0*175 507  65    0*180 520  70    0*185 530  70    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21725 09/01*190 532  75    0*193 540  80    0*197 551  80    0*202 563  85    0
21725 09/01*190 540  75    0*196 550  80    0*202 560  80    0*207 570  85    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

21730 09/02*210 578  85    0*219 592  90    0*228 605  90    0*236 614  90    0
21730 09/02*213 580  85    0*219 590  90    0*225 600  90    0*231 609  90    0
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21735 09/03*245 621  95    0*254 627  95    0*263 632  95    0*273 636 100    0
21735 09/03*238 618  95    0*246 626  95    0*255 632  95    0*266 636 100    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      ***              ***     

21740 09/04*285 638 100    0*299 636 105    0*313 631 105    0*325 622 105    0
21740 09/04*280 638 100    0*296 636 105    0*313 631 105    0*329 622 105    0
            ***              ***                                   ***

21745 09/05*342 607 105    0*360 585 100    0*379 561  95    0*407 530  90    0
21745 09/05*345 607 105    0*362 585 100    0*379 561  95    0*402 530  90    0
            ***              ***                       

21750 09/06E432 501  80    0E463 476  70    0E498 450  55    0*  0   0   0    0
21750 09/06E430 501  80    0E463 476  70    0E498 445  55    0E530 410  50    0
            ***                                   ***         **** ***  

(The 7th is new to HURDAT.)
21752 09/07E558 370  50    0E585 325  50    0E610 280  45    0E630 230  40    0

21755 HR                    

Minor changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, and Tucker (1995).

August 30:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1012.5 mb centered 
near 14N, 45W.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 17N, 46W
at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse, but suggest a 
position between the the HURDAT and HWM estimates.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

August 31:  HWM indicates a closed low with at most 1010 mb centered
near 16N, 52.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
18.4N, 51.3W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse, but
suggest a center between the two estimates.  No gale force winds (or
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 1:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure 
at 20.5N, 55.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 1 hurricane 
centered at 19.7N, 55.1W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat
sparse, but suggest a center northwest of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure
at 22N, 60.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at
22.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC.  Available observations are somewhat sparse,
but suggest a center northeast of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low with 995 mb central pressure at
26N, 63.3W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 
26.3N, 63.2W.  Available observations suggest a center between the 
HURDAT and HWM estimates.  Ship highlight:  35 kt ESE and 1014 mb at
24.8N, 60.5W at 12 UTC (HWM).

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low with 980 mb central pressure at
31N, 63W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 
31.3N, 63.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 
32N, 64W with 998 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a 
center at 31.4N, 64.1W.  Ship highlight:  45 kt SW and 984 mb at 31N, 62.7W
at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  40 kt NE and 998 mb at Bermuda
(HWM).  "Storm of September 4 - On September 4 a storm appeared south of
the Bermuda Islands as shown by the weather report from Hamilton ...
The center of the disturbance passed to the eastward and northward of
the islands some time between 12 o'clock noon and 4 p. m. of the same date.
No further facts in reference to this storm have been received" (MWR).
"This storm was accompanied by unprecedented high tides.  For several
days previously the 'mountain-high' rollers eastward of St. George's had
been watched by many people, and by Monday morning the sea was covering
the Market Square as far as the Market door ... Residents of St. David's
Island reported that the ground swell to the south was heavier than ever
remembered and that the water breaking over the 'boilers' looked like
Niagara Falls ... By 11 p.m., Market Square was entirely submerged and
on Tuesday morning customers and clerks at the Town Hall were prisoners
within the market ... The sea which set in at St. Catherine's Bay was
tremendous, breaking clear across into 'Spindles' Pond' and carrying with 
it tons of seaweed.  A monster piece of Higgs Island was completely cut
away and immediate arrangements had to made to blast it into movable
pieces to prevent it blocking the channel" (Tucker).

September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of 985 mb central pressure at
38.2N, 56W with an approaching frontal boundary to its west.  HURDAT lists
this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 37.9N, 56.1W at 12 UTC.  Ship
highlights:  40 kt S and 1002 mb at 36.9N, 53.7W at 13 UTC (COA);
40 kt SSW and 1006 mb at 36.8N, 53.8W (COA).

September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
50N, 45W with a warm front extending to its east and a cold front 
extending to its south.  HURDAT lists this system as an extratropical
storm at 49.8N, 45W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a 
position just east of both estimates.  Ship highlight:  20 kt ESE and
1003 mb at 52.2N, 41.4W (COA).  

September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb pressure at
61N, 28W with fronts extending south and east of its center.  Ship 
highlight:  35 kt W and 995 mb at 59.7N, 25W at 12 UTC (HWM).

Genesis for this hurricane was unchanged.  Its revised track incorporated
relatively minor alterations for its lifetime, though an additional
day was added during its extratropical stage on the 7th.  A 984 mb 
peripheral pressure on the 4th suggests winds of at least 71 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Winds are retained at 105 kt
in HURDAT.  (This was the only measurement indicative of hurricane intensity 
throughout its lifetime that was observed, though the swell seen in Bermuda 
would also be substanial - but indirect - evidence of hurricane intensity.)  
The system was originally analyzed in HURDAT to have reached a peak of 
Category 3 status for three days (3rd to 5th).  While no meteorological
observations were able to directly confirm this, the massive swells/wave
impact in Bermuda do suggest a major hurricane passing just to the east
of the island.  Therefore, no alterations to the peak intensity were
made to this cyclone.  Also, given the very sparse nature of observations
throughout the lifetime of the system, no changes were made at all
to the intensity record.  It should be noted that the MWR "Hurricanes of 
1917" seasonal summary stated that there was "only one disturbance that could 
be classed as a hurricane of the first magnitude viz, September 22-30 
[Storm 4], came within the field of our observations," implying that
this cyclone was not of major hurricane status.  

*****************************************************************************


1917/04 - 2008 REVISION:

21760 09/21/1917 M= 9  3 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21760 09/20/1917 M=11  4 SNBR= 492 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
         **        **  *

(The 20th is new to HURDAT.)
21762 09/20*134 571  40    0*137 583  40    0*140 595  40    0*143 607  45    0

21765 09/21*160 609  60    0*161 625  60    0*162 644  65    0*164 661  70    0
21765 09/21*147 619  50    0*151 631  55    0*155 644  60    0*158 661  65    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21770 09/22*165 679  70    0*167 696  75    0*169 716  80    0*173 729  85    0
21770 09/22*162 679  70    0*165 699  75    0*169 716  80    0*173 731  85    0
            ***              *** ***                               ***

21775 09/23*177 743  85    0*182 757  90    0*188 769  90    0*191 776  95    0
21775 09/23*177 745  85    0*181 759  90    0*184 772  90    0*188 782  95    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21780 09/24*194 784  95    0*197 791 100    0*201 799 100    0*206 805 100    0
21780 09/24*192 790  95    0*196 796 100    0*201 802 100    0*206 808 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              *** ***

21785 09/25*210 812 100    0*214 818 100    0*218 825 100    0*223 832 105    0
21785 09/25*210 813 110    0*214 819 120    0*218 825 130  928*223 832 130    0
                *** ***          *** ***              ***  ***         ***

21790 09/26*228 839 105    0*233 846 105    0*239 852 105    0*244 862 105    0
21790 09/26*228 839 120    0*233 846 120    0*239 852 120    0*244 860 120    0
                    ***              ***              ***          *** ***

21795 09/27*247 870 105    0*251 880 105    0*257 889 105    0*263 892 100    0
21795 09/27*247 870 115    0*251 881 115    0*257 889 110    0*263 892 110    0
                    ***          *** ***              ***              ***

21800 09/28*271 894 100    0*280 892  95    0*288 888  95    0*295 879  90    0
21800 09/28*271 894 105    0*280 892 105    0*288 888 105    0*295 879 100    0
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

21805 09/29*301 870  85  966*307 862  60    0*312 852  30    0*316 839  25    0
21805 09/29*302 869 100  949*309 860  75    0*315 852  55    0*319 844  40    0
            *** *** ***  *** *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

(The 30th is new to HURDAT.)
21807 09/30*320 832  35    0E320 825  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

21810 HRAFL3                
21810 HRAFL3 LA2 AL1                
             *** ***

Landfall:
9/29/1917    0200Z 30.4N  86.6W  100kt  40nmi  949mb  1011mb  AFL3,LA2,AL1

Minor changes to the track but major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Record station 
data, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), 
Ho et al. (1987), Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

September 20:  HWM analyzes an open trough along 65W.  However, available
observations suggest that a closed low was forming near 14N, 59.5W.  No
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 21:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 1000 mb pressure at 16N, 64.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 16.2N, 64.4W at 12 UTC.
Station highlight:  40 kt NE and 1011 mb at Antigua at 04 UTC (see below).
Mike Chenoweth provided the following information from the _Barbados 
Agricultural Reporter_, 24 September:  St. Lucia heavy rains and high winds 
in the night of 20-21 September;  Dominica strong winds & heavy rain all 
night of 20-21 September, sea rough;  Guadeloupe Heavy weather all night
Antigua ~11pm [20 Sep] barometer began to fall and by 1 A.M. [Sep 21] was 
at 29.86 with a strong ne gale, heavy sea and rain; the barometer remained 
steady to 4 A.M. then rose to 29.98 at 7A.M., with a SE wind;  St. Kitts 
From Midnight stormy weather with the wind from the east; before day 
barometer 29.88, sea becoming rough and the barometer later rising".
"One the morning of September 21 heavy southeast and south sea swells were
reported from the Leeward Islands" (MWR).

September 22:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 990 mb central pressure at
17.2N, 72W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at
16.9N, 71.6W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the
center at 16.8N, 71.9W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "... the disturbance was a short distance south of the
Island of Santo Domingo, moving westward or west-northwestward" (MWR).  

September 23:  HWM analyzes a closed low of 980 mb central pressure at
17.5N, 77W just south of Jamaica.  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 2 hurricane at 18.8N, 76.9W at 12 UTC just north of Jamaica.
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 18.5N, 77W with 991 mb just 
north of Jamaica (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the 
center at 18.5N, 77.2W on the north coast of Jamaica.  Available observations 
indicate that the center was closest to the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917"
position.  Station highlights:  35 kt SE and 1004 mb at Jamaica at 
12 UTC (HWM); 987 mb at Jamaica at 0845 UTC (MWR).  "...early in the 
morning of the 23d it passed with great intensity directly north of the
Island of Jamaica, moving in a northwesterly direction ... press reports
stated that great damage had been done over the northern portion of the
Island ... The center of the track crossed Jamaica and great destruction
was caused on that island, the banana industry having been almost wiped
out" (MWR).

September 24:  HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
19N, 81W.  HURDAT lists the system as a Category 3 hurricane at 20.1N, 80.2W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 19.5N, 80W (a.m).
The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows the center at 19.8N, 80.6W.
Available observations suggest the center is just west of the HURDAT
estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 
"On the morning of the 24th the storm center was apparently in the
vicinity of the Grand Cayman Island" (MWR).

September 25:  HWM shows a closed low with 940 mb central pressure at
21N, 83W just south of the Isle of Pines.  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 3 hurricane at 21.8N, 82.5W at 12 UTC over the Isle of Pines.  
The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 21N, 83W with 996 mb south of
the Isle of Pines (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a
center at 20.8N, 82.6W south of the Isle of Pines.  Ship highlights:
35 kt E and 1001 mb at 23.3N, 82.3W at 21 UTC (COA); several 35 kt ship
reports (COA).  Station highlight:  939 mb at Nueva Gerona at 17 UTC 
(MWR).  Perez et al. analyzed this system as a Category 4 hurricane impact 
in Cuba from the 939 mb peripheral pressure observed in Nueva Gerona and
an estimated central pressure of 928 mb, via the Schloemer (1954)
equation (Perez et al.).  "Mr. O. L. Fassig, Meteorologist,
U.S. Weather Bureau, who visited the Isle of Pines shortly after the
passage of the hurricane there states that the town of Nueva Gerona was
devastated, many of the staunchest structures in the town having been
leveled ... In the Pinar region of western Cuba orchards and other crops
were ruined" (MWR).

September 26:  HWM shows a closed low with 945 mb central pressure at
23N, 85W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 
23.9N, 85.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a center near 
23N, 85.5W (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary shows a center 
at 22.4N, 84.9W just off of the western tip of Cuba.  Ship highlights:
40 kt SE at 25N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (MWR); 25 kt SW and 1002 mb at 
21.5N, 85.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  51 kt SE at Sand Key 
(MWR).

September 27:  HWM shows a closed low of 955 mb central pressure at
25.5N, 87.3W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at
25.7N, 88.9W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
26.5N, 87.5W with 1001 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 25.7N, 87.6W.  Ship highlights:  70 kt SE and 1003 mb
at 26.5N, 84.9W at 17 UTC (COA/MWR);  70 kt SE and 1002 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W
at 19 UTC (COA);  70 kt SSE and 1003 mb at 26.5N, 84.8W at 23 UTC (COA). 

September 28:  HWM shows a closed low of 965 mb central pressure at
28.5N, 88.5W.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at
28.8N, 88.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near
28.5N, 88W with 988 mb (a.m.).  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary
gives a center at 28.5N, 88W.  Ship highlights:  70 kt N and 984 mb
at 29.2N, 89.3W at 14 UTC (MWR);  ENE-N-NW winds and 955 mb at 29.8N, 
88.5W at 22 UTC (OMR).  Station highlights:  85 kt N at 21 UTC and 987 mb 
at 2115 UTC at Mobile (OMR); 90 kt SE at 2048 UTC and 965 mb at 23 UTC 
at Pensacola (OMR).  "Sept. 29, 1917, 964 mb estimated
central pressure, 33 nmi radius of maximum wind, landfall point 
30.4N, 86.7W" (Ho et al.).  "91 kt estimated maximum sustained surface
winds at landfall, 1012 mb outer closed isobar environmental pressure"
(Schwerdt et al.).  "Estimated lowest central pressure - 958 mb, Tide 
Information - Fort Baransas - 7.8', Morgan City - 3', Johnson's Bayou
2.5', Grand Isle - 4', Port Eads - 4'" (Connor).  "Central pressure at 
landfall in US - 958 mb, Category 3 for northwest Florida" (Jarrell et al.)  
"The tropical storm that occurred during the last week of September, 1917, 
was of more than ordinary extent and severity, as appeared when the western 
segment of the hurricane passed over extreme southeastern Louisiana on the 
28th ... the path of the center was close to Port Eads ... It is probable
that hurricane winds did not occur much farther up the river than Fort 
St. Philip, although there was considerable damage to the rice, sugar,
and orange crops farther north in Plaquemines Parish.  The greatest damage
to crops was on the eastern side of the river.  The western side escaped
with small loss ... Below Buras numerous buildings were dislodged from
their foundations, and several houses and barns were blown down ... the
only loss of life was that of an 8-year old boy ... there had been no
injurious tides [in Mobile] (owing to the prevailing northerly winds);
that there had been no deaths in Mobile ... The damage [in Mobile] was
limited mainly to roofs and frail structures ... The storm evidently 
recurved very close to and just east of the mouth of the Mississippi
River, moved thence northeastward, passing to the southward of Mobile,
and at 7 p.m. [on the 28th] passed south of Pensacola, Fla ... The
damage [in Pensacola] was estimated to have been rather less than during
the hurricane of October 18, 1916 ... During the storm of September 28
the tide at Pensacola rose 4 1/2 feet above the normal height ... The
full force of the storm at Pensacola was felt near 4 p. m. on the
afternoon of September 28 ... The center of the hurricane evidently passed
south of Pensacola, probably a distance of 50 miles.  The damage at
Pensacola and vicinity was largely due to wind and wave action.  A number
of small craft, including the U.S.S. Quincy, were washed ashore or
grounded and considerable damage was done to wharves, docks and boat
houses along the Gulf shore.  The damage by wind is estimated at $100,000;
The damage by wave action and water at $50,000; The damage to small 
craft $20,000;  Total for Pensacola and vicinity $170,000.  Heavy damage
appears to have been sustained in Santa Rosa County, where much timber
was blown down and crops, live stock, and buildings suffered from wind
and rain.  Press reports stated that five lives were lost at Crestview,
Fla., and inland town about 40 miles northeast of Pensacola.  No other
loss of life was reported" (MWR).  

September 29:  HWM shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 86W inland
over southeast Alabama.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical depression at 
31.2N, 85.2W at 12 UTC near the Alabama/Georgia/Florida border.  The MWR 
Tracks of Lows shows the center near 31N, 86W with 998 mb (a.m.) along
the Florida/Alabama border.  The MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary gives a 
center at 31.5N, 85.2W along the Georgia/Alabama border.  Available 
observations suggest that the MWR summary estimate is the most accurate 
position.  Ship highlight:  948 mb at 30N, 86.8W at 00 UTC (OMR).  Station 
highlight:  84 kt NE and 966 mb at 00 UTC at Pensacola (OMR).  "On the
morning of the 29th the storm was central over southeastern Alabama with
greatly decreased intensity" (MWR). 

September 30:  HWM shows a frontal boundary moving through the SE
United States with no indication of a closed low in the vicinity of
the system.  HURDAT, the MWR Tracks of Lows and the MWR "Hurricanes of
1917" all had the system dissipated by 12 UTC.  However, the MWR Tracks
of Lows still indicated a system near 31.5N, 83.5W on the evening of
the 29th (00 UTC 30th) with 1004 mb.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) were observed.  "On the evening of the 29th the center was
over southwestern Georgia with a still further decrease in intensity ...
and by the morning of the 30th the remnants had passed off the Georgia
coast, the general low-pressure conditions along the South Atlantic coast
having joined forces with another disturbance from the West that was
central over Ontario" (MWR).

Genesis on this hurricane is begun a day earlier based upon available
observations showing a closed low and gale force conditions during its
track across the Lesser Antilles.  Otherwise, minor track changes were made 
on all days except for the 25th (no change that date). The system's dissipation
was delayed 12 hours through the 30th, until it was absorbed by a frontal 
boundary around 06 UTC on that date.  The 987 mb peripheral pressure in 
Kingston on the 23rd suggests winds of at least 68 kt from the southern 
pressure- wind relationship - 90 kt retained in HURDAT.  Based upon description
and track in the MWR "Hurricanes of 1917" summary, the track of the system
was moved slightly south to indicate landfall along the northern coast
of Jamaica.  The 928 mb estimated central pressure at landfall in Cuba
on the 25th (from a 939 mb peripheral pressure observation in Nueva
Gerona) suggests winds of 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind
relationship - 130 kt chosen for HURDAT, which is substantially above
the 100 kt in HURDAT originally.  This makes this a Category 4 impact in
Cuba which agrees with the assessment of Perez et al. (2000).  

The hurricane made landfall in northwest Florida around 02 UTC on the 29th
of September.  The 965 mb pressure value measured at Pensacola was not 
a central pressure, as the winds were 89 kt at the time.  The Ho et al. 
estimate central pressure at landfall of 964 mb is thus discounted as not being
low enough given the Pensacola measurements.  Likewise, the 958 mb central 
pressure estimated at landfall suggested by Connor and adopted by Jarrell et 
al. also appears to be too high a value, given the extreme winds still 
occurring at time of 965 mb pressure.  An application of the Schloemer (1954) 
equation with an RMW of 40 nmi (analyzed from the Pensacola wind record and 
track of the system) gives a new estimate of 949 mb central pressure at 
landfall in northwest Florida, east of Pensacola.  This also agrees with the 
approximate 948 mb pressure reading (possibly in the eye) from the ship the 
"Asp" southeast of Pensacola right before landfall.  The 949 mb value 
suggests winds of 111 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.
However, given the slow translational speed of this system (11 kt) and 
an RMW size much larger than suggested by climatology size (20 nmi given 
the central pressure and latitude - Vickery et al. (2000)), the winds should
be lower than this estimate.  Moreover, the new northern pressure-wind
relationship for north of 25N systems that are weakening (note filling
of 928 mb in Cuba up to 949 mb in Florida) suggests winds of 101 kt for
949 mb.  Thus wind chosen at landfall is 100 kt.  This is higher than the 85 kt
originally in HURDAT, but is consistent with the Category 3 assessment
at landfall in northwest Florida in HURDAT and Jarrell et al.  The
analyzed landfall position is at 30.4N, 86.6W around 02 UTC on the 
29th.  An application of the Schwerdt et al. analytic wind model suggests
Category 2 conditions also impacted Louisiana and Category 1 conditions
impacted Alabama.  This is corroborated with observed winds and impacts
in those states.   Peak observed winds within two hours of the synoptic 
times after landfall were 65 kt, 43 kt, and 37 kt at 06 UTC, 12 UTC
and 18 UTC on the 29th.  These reduce down to 54, 37 and 31 kt, 
respectively after adjusting for the high bias of the anemometer
and converting from 5 min to 1 min (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and 
Powell et al. 1996).  An application of the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model gives winds of 76 kt, 55 kt, and 39 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC
respectively.  Given the data coverage over Florida, Georgia and Alabama
was quite sparse and that the observed values likely do not represent
peak winds that occurred, winds are chosen to be 75, 55 and 40 kt,
respectively for these times in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1917 - Additional Notes:

1) September 12-15, 1917
This system probably developed from an easterly wave off of the African 
coast noted on September 12 as the Historical Weather Map and COADS shows 
a closed low.  The system was maintained as a tropical depression through
the 14th.  By the 15th, lack of data does not allow a definite determination 
of a location of the system or whether it maintained a closed circulation.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 14N 23W Tropical Depression
Sep 13 16N 27W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 17N 31W Tropical Depression


2) September 12-17, 1917
This system appears in the Historical Weather Map for September 12 as a 
closed circulation, but observations and COADS data are too sparse to state 
this definitely.   On September 13, the system was probably a tropical 
depression.  On September 14, the system approached the Lesser Antilles and 
began recurvature.  On the 15th, the system may have attained tropical storm 
strength as a ship located near 19.5 N and 51 W, reported a 35 knot S wind.  
There were, however, no other reports of gales.  By September 17, the 
tropical cyclone had apparently dissipated.  Without a second report of
gale force winds to confirm the tropical storm status of this system, this
will not be added to HURDAT but kept as a possible tropical storm.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 12 11N 44W Tropical Depression?
Sep 13 12N 48W Tropical Depression
Sep 14 13N 53W Tropical Depression
Sep 15 20N 52W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Sep 16 23N 56W Tropical Depression
Sep 17 --- --- Dissipated?


3) September 13-20, 1917 - 
The storm of September 13-18 is mentioned in the review of the 1917 
hurricane season in the Monthly Weather Review of December 1917.  The 
article states that a definite disturbance was observed over eastern Cuba 
during the morning of September 13, and that within 24 hours, this storm 
was off the east coast of Florida.  The storm advanced northeastward, and 
by the night of September 17-18 was off Cape Cod, then passed beyond 
Newfoundland on September 20.  Analysis of HWM and COADS data did not 
find definitive evidence of a closed circulation on the 12th and 13th.  On 
September 14, the system did obtain a closed circulation and had highest
observed winds of 30 kt during its movement over the Bahamas and near the 
east coast of Florida.  By September 15, this system was transforming into
an extratropical storm system and gale force winds began to be reported.  
It reached its peak intensity on the 18th with winds around 60 kt being
reported at the coast (Nantucket).  It is possible that the system 
reached tropical storm status as a tropical cyclone on the 14th before
becoming a vigorous extratropical system.  But without confirming
observations, this system will not be added into HURDAT.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 --- 77W Trough along 77W
Sep 14 28N 78W Tropical Depression 
Sep 15 35N 78W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 16 36N 75W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 17 37N 72W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 18 41N 68W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 19 44N 57W Extratropical Storm 
Sep 20 50N 42W Extratropical Storm 


4) September 14-16, 1917 - 
This system developed from a trough located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico 
September 11 through 13.  On September 14, the system may have a tropical 
depression centered at about the location indicated on the Historical 
Weather Map of that date.  Significant pressure drops are noted for 
New Orleans, Brownsville, Galveston, and Pensacola on that date.  The system 
was a tropical depression on September 15 and made landfall in Louisiana 
on that day.  By the 16th, it was a disorganized area of thunderstorms over 
Mississippi and Arkansas.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 14 22N 90W Tropical Depression?
Sep 15 29N 91W Tropical Depression
Sep 16 --- --- Dissipated inland


5) October 18-21, 1917 -
This system developed from a trough located at 68 W on October 18.  On 
October 19, the circulation was closed and probably a tropical depression.  
There were no gales reported.  On the 20th, the system may have reached
tropical storm intensity as a single gale force wind was reported early
in the day.  Late on the October 20, the depression began to interact with 
a cold front.  By October 21, the system had been absorbed.

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 18 --- 68W Trough
Oct 19 23N 73W Tropical Depression
Oct 20 30N 71W Tropical Depression/Tropical Storm
Oct 21 --- --- Absorbed by cold front


*****************************************************************************


1918/01 - 2008 REVISION:

21815 08/01/1918 M= 7  1 SNBR= 493 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=3
21820 08/01*127 585  35    0*126 599  35    0*126 609  35    0*127 619  35    0*
21820 08/01*126 585  35    0*128 603  35    0*130 620  35    0*132 638  35    0*
            ***              *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21825 08/02*129 633  35    0*131 648  40    0*133 666  40    0*135 681  40    0*
21825 08/02*134 655  35    0*137 673  40    0*140 690  40    0*144 708  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21830 08/03*140 698  45    0*146 716  45    0*152 736  45    0*159 753  50    0*
21830 08/03*149 725  45    0*154 743  45    0*160 760  45    0*168 776  50    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

21835 08/04*167 774  50    0*175 794  50    0*184 814  55    0*191 828  55    0*
21835 08/04*177 793  50    0*186 809  50    0*195 825  55    0*205 840  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21840 08/05*200 845  55    0*210 860  60    0*224 876  60    0*235 888  60    0*
21840 08/05*215 855  55    0*225 869  60    0*235 883  70    0*246 894  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21845 08/06*246 897  70    0*259 909  80    0*272 917  90    0*286 925  85  960*
21845 08/06*258 904  90    0*271 914 100    0*285 923 105    0*298 932 105  955
            *** ***  **      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  ***

21850 08/07*300 934  40    0*315 942  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
21850 08/07*310 940  60    0*322 946  45    0*337 950  35    0*355 952  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

21855 HR LA3                
21855 HR LA3CTX1                
            ****

Landfall:
8/6/18Z  29.8N 93.2W  105 kt  955 mb  RMW 12 nmi  LA3, CTX1

Major changes to the track and minor adjustments to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999). Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual ship and station data 
from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960),
and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 1: HWM analyzed no features of interest in the vicinity of the tropical
cyclone.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12.6N, 60.9W at 12 UTC.
While observations from HWM and COADS are ambiguous, a position to 
northwest of the HURDAT position is estimated.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The center of this storm did not
pass near any observing station and it was not encountered by any vessels
navigating the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.  The cable reports of
the 1st showed that a disturbance was evidently south of Bridgetown, 
Barbados" (MWR).

August 2: HWM analyzed a weak inverted trough along 68W.  HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 66.6W at 12 UTC.  Observations are
sparse near the tropical cyclone on the 2nd, but available data and
interpolation between the 1st and 3rd suggest a position farther to
the northwest of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

August 3: HWM analyzed an inverted trough in the vicinity of 15N, 73.5W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 15.2N, 73.6W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 16N, 76W at 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The
disturbance moved west-northwest, passing to the south of Jamaica some
time in the afternoon of the 3d" (MWR).

August 4: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 18N, 83W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 81.4W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests a center near 19.5N, 82.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
35 kt SW and 1005 mb at 20.8N, 84.5W at 22 UTC (COA); 45 kt E and 1012 mb 
at 22.7N, 84.4W at 23 UTC (COA).  "It seems to have passed across the
Yucatan Peninsula or possibly through the Yucatan channel Sunday [4th]
afternoon" (MWR).

August 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 22N, 88W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 22.4N, 87.6W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 22N, 87W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 23.5N, 88.3W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt SSW at 21.1N, 86.7W (COA). 

August 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 26.5N, 92.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 27.2N, 91.7W at 12 UTC. 
The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 93.5W at 8 a.m. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.5N, 92.3W 
at 12 UTC. Station highlights: calm winds and 960 mb at Sulphur at 19 UTC 
(MWR); 70 kt at Lake Charles (LA) at 1958 UTC (MWR). "...was not again
observed until Tuesday morning [6th], when falling pressure and freshening
winds from the southeast that it was approaching the Gulf coast...The
hurricane struck the Louisiana coast a few miles east of Calcasieu Pass,
or about 30 miles east of the mouth of the Sabine...The storm passed a
little west of north through the parishes of Cameron, Calcasieu, and
Beauregard, La., and thence into Newton County, Tex., near where the
Gulf Coast Line Railroad crosses the Sabine River - a total distance 
of about 80 miles...The fact that the disturbance did not cause northeast
or even east winds at New Orleans during any time while it was moving
northwestward across the Gulf is one indication of its small diameter...
The wind velocity, when the storm was nearing the coast, did not exceed
35 miles and hour at Burrwood and 25 miles at New Orleans...The area in
which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles wide, and 
winds of great force lasted only two to three hours.  The storm was about
100 miles in diameter, but approaching the outer edges the damage was
slight or entirely absent...we have the partial record at Lake Charles...
48 miles at 2:30 p.m., and 80 miles an hour in the five-minute period
terminating at 2:58 a.m. [typo in MWR - should be 2:58 p.m.],  with an
extreme velocity of at least 100 miles an hour.  It was at this point
that the anemometer was put out of service by the wind or flying debris.
Two reports of tides have been received. At Johnsons Bayou, 10 miles
east of the mouth of Sabine Pass...the tide was 2 feet and 5 inches
above normal.  At Morgan City the tide rose 3 feet.  Between these
points the tide was doubtless somewhat higher, especially along the
coast in the eastern portion of Cameron Parish...Thirty-four deaths are
reported as due to the storm and the number of persons injured is more
than twice that number...The damage to property is roughly estimated at
$5,000,000.  This includes damage at Lake Charles, Gerstner Field,
and Sulphur, La., and to crops and standing timber; but it does not include
losses from dwellings blown down in numerous villages, and live sotck,
possibly numbering a hundred, drowned in Cameron Parish" (MWR).

August 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 19N, 61W. HURDAT 
listed this as dissipated at 31.5N, 94.2W by 06 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones gives a position of 31.5N, 94W at 8 p.m. 6th (~00 UTC 7th) with
a pressure of 1008 mb.  Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
a center near 33N, 95W at 12 UTC. 

Genesis is unchanged from that previously depicted in HURDAT.  Large changes
in the track is introduced on the 2nd and 3rd, with positions farther to the
west.  Observations are somewhat ambiguous if a closed circulation existed on
the 1st and 2nd as it crossed the Lesser Antillies and moved into 
the Caribbean.  The intensity of the tropical cyclone is unchanged from
the 1st until the 4th.  Gale force winds were first observed late on the 4th 
and evidence indicates the tropical storm became a hurricane around 12 UTC on 
the 5th just north of the Yucatan, 12 hours earlier that originally suggested 
in HURDAT. 

Available observations estimate landfall to have occurred at 1730 
UTC on the 6th near Cameron, Louisiana (29.8N, 93.2W).  Highest
observed winds were 70 kt from Lake Charles (57 kt true after
adjusting for high bias of the instrument and converting to 1 min - 
Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  The instrument
failed before the highest winds occurred.  A central intensity of 
955 mb at landfall has been estimated using the Ho et al. inland pressure 
decay model from an inland central pressure observation at Sulphur, Louisiana 
[960 mb].  955 mb central pressure at landfall agrees with the
Connor and Jarrell et al estimates.  (For some unknown reason, both
Schwerdt et al. and Ho et al. did not include this hurricane in their
analysis of 20th Century U.S. hurricanes.)  HURDAT previously had listed 
960 mb at 18 UTC on the 6th (which was an inland measurement), which is 
now replaced with the 955 mb value.  This revised central pressure 
suggests 105 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship 
and 100 kt from the new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind
relationship.  Regarding the probable radius of maximum winds (RMW): 
"The area in which considerable destruction occurred was about 25 miles 
wide" (MWR). This suggest a small RMW of about 15 nmi, which would be
somewhat smaller than climatology (21 nmi).  105 kt is thus chosen for 
HURDAT at 18 UTC on the 6th (and at landfall just before 18 UTC), upgraded 
from 85 kt previously. This increases storm 1 from a Category 2 hurricane to a 
Category 3, making it the only major hurricane of 1918. The hurricane 
progressed on a north-northwest track as it made landfall, nearly
paralleling the Texas/Louisiana border.  After landfall, no gale force winds
were observed.  Use of the Kaplan and DeMaria inland wind decay model 
suggests winds of 65 kt at 00 UTC on the 7th, 48 kt at 06 UTC, and 39 kt
at 12 UTC.  Slightly lower values were utilized to take into account the
small size (and quicker weakening) of the hurricane.  Despite going lower
than Kaplan and DeMaria, winds in HURDAT were boosted from 45 to 60 kt at
00 UTC on the 7th and 30 to 45 kt at 06 UTC.  Previously, the tropical cyclone
had been listed as dissipating at 12 UTC on the 7th.  Because of observations
and the Kaplan/DeMaria decay model, the tropical cyclone's lifetime is 
extended 12 hours through 18 UTC on the 7th.  

Jarrell et al. (1992) lists this storm as the 29th deadliest hurricane with
34 fatalities and indicates it was of Category 3 intensity in southwest 
Louisiana. Dunn and Miller (1960) notes an extreme hurricane in southwest 
Louisiana with a death toll of 34 persons and a damage estimate of $5,000,000. 
North Texas is added as having Category 1 impact from storm number 1 by 
utilizing the Schwerdt et al (1987) wind model. The revised Category 3 
assessment at landfall does corroborate previous studies by Jarrell et al. 
(1992) and Neumann et al. (1999).


********************************************************************************


1918/02 - 2008 REVISION:

21860 08/22/1918 M= 5  2 SNBR= 494 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0

21865 08/22*  0   0   0    0*117 560  60    0*121 590  60    0*123 606  60    0
21865 08/22*  0   0   0    0*120 575  60    0*121 590  60    0*123 606  60    0
                             *** ***                                

21870 08/23*125 618  65    0*127 636  70    0*130 665  70    0*133 684  70    0
21870 08/23*127 624  60    0*132 644  60    0*137 665  60    0*141 684  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

21875 08/24*136 704  70    0*140 723  70    0*145 744  70    0*148 764  70    0
21875 08/24*145 704  60    0*149 723  65    0*152 744  70    0*153 764  75    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***              ***      **

21880 08/25*152 788  70    0*157 809  70    0*160 830  70    0*165 852  65    0
21880 08/25*154 788  80    0*155 809  85    0*156 830  90  968*158 852  80    0
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **  *** ***      **

21885 08/26*169 876  55    0*168 894  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21885 08/26*161 876  70    0*165 894  45    0*170 910  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

21890 HR                    

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
the COADS ship database, individual ship data from NCDC, and Monthly Weather 
Review.

August 22: HWM indicates an open wave near 14N, 60W. HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 12.1N, 59W at 12 UTC. Station highlights: 
42 kt SE and 1010 mb at Bridgetown, Barbados at ~18 UTC (MWR).  "The second
tropical disturance of the month passed Barbados, moving to the west, during
the forenoon of the 22d" (MWR).

August 23: HWM analyzed an open wave near 15N, 65W. HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 13N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM 
and COADS suggests a center near 13.7N, 66.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 
50 kt SE and 1003 mb at 14.3N, 66.2W at 11 UTC (NCDC).  "During the next 72 
hours reports from land stations merely indicated a disturbance over Central
Caribbean region probably of little intensity" (MWR).

August 24: HWM indicates a broad inverted trough near 18N, 76W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 14.5N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 15.2N, 74.4W at 12 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "center passed
south of Jamaica moving west (MWR)."

August 25: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 16.5N, 82W. HURDAT listed this 
as a Category 1 hurricane at 16N, 83W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM, COADS and NCDC suggests a center near 15.6N, 83W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights:  70 kt NW and 972 mb at 08 UTC and calm winds and 968 mb at 
09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC).  "On Sunday morning, August 25, the observer
at Kingston, Jamaica, reports:  'Center passed south Jamaica moving west
yesterday afternoon'" (MWR).  

August 26: HWM indicates an inverted trough near 12.5N, 87W. HURDAT listed this 
as dissipated at 16.8N, 89.4W by 06 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests a center near 17N, 91W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Subsequent reports indicate that
the disturbance, much diminished in intensity, passed inland over Honduras 
Sunday night [25th] and dissipated over that region during the next 
48 hours (MWR)."

Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on August 22nd.  Minor
alterations were made in the track for the duration of the system.  First 
reports of this tropical storm occurred at 18 UTC on the 22nd at Barbados 
where gale force winds [42 kt] and moderately low pressure [1010 mb] were 
observed. 60 kt is retained in HURDAT as it passed south of Barbados
and through the Lesser Antillies.  Tropical storm force winds 
[50 kt] were reported throughout the morning hours of the 23rd by the ship 
S.S. Mohegan as the storm progressed westward across the eastern Caribbean 
Sea. 60 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC on the 23rd, a reduction down from 
70 kt. Gale force winds or low pressures were not observed again until the 
early morning of the 25th where the ship S.S. Kaeo Samud measured a central 
pressure of 968 mb at 09 UTC at 15.6N, 82W (NCDC). A central pressure of 
968 mb indicates winds of 92 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship. 
90 kt is chosen for 12 UTC on the 25th, increased from 70 kt originally. 
Evidence indicates the hurricane made landfall in northern Honduras late on 
the 25th and continued a westward track into southern Belize by the 26th, but 
due to the lack of land observations, the exact location of such landfall is 
uncertain. However, it is apparent that the hurricane was greatly diminished in 
intensity after landfall since no gale force winds or low pressures were 
observed by either land or ship stations on the 26th. Available observations 
indicate the storm dissipated by 12 UTC on the 26th, 6 hours later than 
suggested in HURDAT. The ship observation on the 25th led to an increase in 
the peak intensity for storm 2 from Category 1 [70 kt] to Category 2 
[90 kt]. 

********************************************************************************


1918/03 - 2008 REVISION:

21895 08/23/1918 M= 4  3 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
21895 08/23/1918 M= 4  3 SNBR= 495 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                                                          *

21900 08/23*  0   0   0    0*277 733  35    0*288 745  35    0*304 757  40    0
21900 08/23*  0   0   0    0*277 733  35    0*288 745  35    0*300 757  40    0
                                                               ***   

21905 08/24*319 766  40    0*332 771  45    0*340 773  50    0*347 770  50    0
21905 08/24*312 766  40    0*324 771  50    0*335 773  60    0*344 770  65    0
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

21910 08/25*354 766  50    0*358 762  45    0*362 758  40    0*367 752  35    0
21910 08/25*351 765  60    0*357 759  60    0*362 753  60    0*368 746  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

21915 08/26*374 742  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21915 08/26*375 738  45    0*382 729  35    0E390 720  30    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21920 TS 
21920 HR NC1
      ** ***

Landfall:
8/24 21 UTC  34.8N 76.8W  65 kt  988 mb  30nmi  NC1

Minor changes to the track and the intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999). 
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, 
individual station observations from NCDC, and the COADS ship database.

August 23: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 29N, 75W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 28.8N, 74.5W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of
Cyclones indicate the center near 29N, 75W at 8 p.m. Available observations 
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 28.8N, 74.5W at 12 UTC. No gale force 
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

August 24: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 34N, 77.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 34N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 78W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.5N, 77.3W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 35 kt S and 1004 mb at 32.8N, 78.3W at 11 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights: 30 kt N and 1006 mb at Wilmington (NC) at 12 UTC (HWM); 15 kt NW 
and 1002 mb at Wilmington at 16 UTC (OMR). "Barometer [at Wilmington] fell 
rapidly with increasing northeast winds becoming high and shifting to 
northwest at midday with a maximum velocity of 38 miles from the northwest 
at 12:10 p.m.  Reports from this section state that some damage was done by 
the storm blowing down crops, fencing, buildings, etc.  High sea and gales 
reported at the beaches.  Damage in this section probably does not exceed 
fifteen thousand dollars" (OMR).  "Low No. X apparently developed on the
Carolina coast during the night of the 23rd.  On the morning of
the 24th the center was at Wilmington, N. C., and the pressure was
decreasing rapidly at that place but not at surrounding stations" (MWR).


August 25: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 36N, 75W. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 36.2N, 75.8W by 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 37N, 74W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36.2N, 75.3W at 12 UTC. Ship 
highlights: 60 kt SSE and 999 mb at 36.1N, 75.1W at 12 UTC (COA). Station 
highlights:  56 kt SW at 06 UTC and 1007 mb at 0830 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR).
Rather unexpectedly the disturbance moved very slowly - about 8 miles an hour
for the first 24 hours - reaching the Virginia Capes on the morning of 
the 25th.  It's subsequent movement was probably northeastward over the
Gulf Stream.  The storm, while severe on the immediate coast, did not
extend more than 50 miles inland.  Considerable damage was done at beach
resorts and towns along the North Carolina and Virginia coasts" (MWR).

August 26: HWM indicates the cyclone is merging with a frontal system. HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 37.4N, 74.2W by 00 UTC for its last
position. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 
72W at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Minor alterations are suggested to the track and intensity of storm number 3.
Genesis for this tropical system is kept at 06 UTC on the 23rd. Gale force 
winds were first observed on the 24th [35 kt] with a peripheral pressure of 
1004 mb.  The tropical cyclone made landfall northeast of New Bern, North 
Carolina, near 21 UTC on the 24th.  Peak observed winds were SW 56 kt from
Cape Hatteras at 06 UTC on the 25th, which corrects to 46 kt after adjustment
for the high bias of the instrument and 1 min averaging time (Covert
and Fergusson 1925, Powell et al. 1996).  A ship observation of 60 kt was 
observed at 12 UTC on the 25th, just northeast of Hatteras.  Observed 
impacts described in the Original Monthly Records and in Monthly Weather
Review are consistent with a minimal hurricane making landfall.  It is 
estimated that the tropical cyclone struck the coast with 65 kt maximum
wind and a central pressure of 988 mb, making it a Category 1 hurricane
at landfall.  This is moderately stronger than that originally indicated
in HURDAT (50 kt) just before landfall.  The storm stayed over land for 
~18 hours, moving back over the Atlantic Ocean around 18 UTC on the 25th. 
Dissipation occurred by 12 UTC on the 26th, 12 hours later than suggested by 
HURDAT, as the tropical cyclone merged with an approaching frontal boundary. 

********************************************************************************


1918/04 - 2008 REVISION:

(This storm is new to HURDAT.)
21921 08/31/1918 M= 7  4 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21922 08/31*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*350 510  35    0*352 513  35    0
21923 09/01*355 516  35    0*358 519  35    0*360 520  35    0*362 520  35    0
21924 09/02*365 519  40    0*367 518  40    0*370 515  45    0*373 510  45    0
21924 09/03*376 505  50    0*378 500  50    0*380 495  55    0*382 492  55    0
21924 09/04*383 490  60    0*384 488  60    0*385 485  60    0*386 482  60    0
21924 09/05*387 479  55    0*388 475  50    0*390 470  45    0*392 462  40    0
21924 09/06*395 452  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
21924 TS  

This is a new tropical storm not previously recorded in HURDAT. Evidence for 
this system comes from the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship 
database.

August 31: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 35N, 49W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 35N, 51W 
at 12 UTC.  Ship highlights: 35 kt NE and 1022 mb at 38N, 50.1W at 12 UTC 
(COA).

September 1: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 33N, 52W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 36N, 52W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 34N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center.  
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 37N, 51.5W 
at 12 UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 36N, 50W with
a warm frontal boundary extending out to the northeast from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 49.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 50 kt E at 39.1N, 56W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 40N, 50W 
with a stationary front extending out to the east from the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38.5N, 48.5W 
at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 35 kt NW and 996 mb at 37.9N, 48.6W at 07 UTC 
(COA); 30 kt NW and 993 mb at 38.1N, 48.3W at 09 UTC (COA); 30 kt SSW and 
992 mb at 38.3N, 47.9W at 11 UTC (COA).

September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1015 mb near 39N, 48W
with a dissipating stationary front extending out to the east of the center. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39N, 47W at 12 
UTC. No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near N, W. (CHECK!!!)
Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 39.5N, 45.2W at 00 UTC. 
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

Genesis for this tropical storm began around 12 UTC on August 31st where 
evidence first indicates a closed circulation.  Despite the Historical Weather
Map depictions of frontal boundaries from the 1st through the 5th,
the surface baroclinicity was quite minimal and no fronts likely were involved
with the system though the observations are somewhat sparse.  Gale force winds 
[35 kt] were observed on 31st at 12 UTC northeast of Bermuda. 35 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Gale force winds were not observed on September 1st or 
2nd although HURDAT is maintained at minimal tropical storm strength. A 50 kt 
wind was observed at 12 UTC on the 3rd. 55 kt is chosen for HURDAT at 12 UTC. A 
peripheral pressure of 992 mb at 11 UTC on the 4th suggests winds of at least 
60 kt from the northern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore 60 kt is chosen 
for HURDAT at 12 UTC. Peak observations with this tropical storm were 50 kts 
on the 3rd and 992 mb on the 4th. Maximum winds chosen for HURDAT are 60 kt 
based on both observed winds and pressure, although it is possible that this 
system reached minimal hurricane status. Dissipation occurred on the 6th as the 
system became absorbed by a frontal boundary. Storm 4 meandered east and 
northeast of Bermuda for the duration of its existence.

********************************************************************************


1918/05 - 2008 REVISION:

21925 09/02/1918 M= 6  4 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21925 09/02/1918 M= 7  5 SNBR= 496 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                    *  *

21930 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*246 551  60    0
21930 09/02*246 570  40    0*248 578  45    0*250 585  50    0*252 590  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

21935 09/03*256 570  65    0*262 580  70    0*269 590  70    0*275 6 2  75    0
21935 09/03*254 595  65    0*257 600  70    0*260 605  70    0*266 612  75    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

21940 09/04*282 614  75    0*290 626  80    0*298 638  80    0*308 648  85    0
21940 09/04*277 620  75    0*288 629  80    0*298 638  80    0*308 646  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***                               ***

21945 09/05*318 656  85    0*328 662  85    0*338 668  85    0*353 672  80    0
21945 09/05*318 653  90    0*328 658  95    0*338 663  95    0*348 668  95    0
                ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      **  ***  **

21950 09/06*363 674  75    0*380 676  65    0*397 675  65    0*420 668  55    0
21950 09/06*358 672  90    0*368 673  80    0*380 672  70    0*397 665  60    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

21955 09/07E438 655  50    0E451 641  45    0E468 624  40    0E480 600  40    0
21955 09/07E425 650  50    0E455 630  45    0E475 605  40    0E485 580  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
21957 09/08E489 565  40    0E490 555  35    0E490 550  30    0*  0   0   0    0

21960 HR                    

Major changes to the track and no changes to the intensity shown in Neumann et 
al. (1999), originally storm number 4. Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship database, individual 
ship and station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, and Tucker (1995).

September 2: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 35N, 50W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 24.6N, 55.1W at 18 UTC at its first
listing. Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 25N, 
58.5W at 12 UTC. Ship highlights: 45 kt NE at 26.5N, 60.6W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 3: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 25N, 62W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 26.9N, 59.0W at 12 UTC. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 26N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 70 kt S at 25.7N, 59.7W at 12 UTC (COA - likely the S. S.
Texas, see below). "The earliest report of the existence of this storm came 
from the Swedish S.S. Texas on September 3, the vessel being some distance 
southeast of Bermuda, in latitude 25 deg 42 minutes north, longitude 
59 deg 43 minutes west" (MWR).

September 4: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 25.5N, 65.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 23.5N, 64W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 29.8N, 63.8W at 12 UTC.
Station highlights: 35 kt NE and 1006 mb at Bermuda at 12 UTC (HWM). "The 
lowest reported pressure for this storm was 28.88 inches [978 mb], at Hamilton, 
Bermuda, on the 4th" (MWR). "The barometer was around 28.70 inches on Wednesday
night...A great deal of damage was done to trees in and around Hamilton,
and the bottom of the Lane traffic was blocked.  The local freight boats
were either driven ashore or swamped, some being quite beyond repairs.
Market Whaft at St. George's had seas foaming over it in billows, -- and
by Thursday morning [5th] the old Town presented a scene of desolation,
windows being blown in, houses benerally having been flooded during the 
night, boats sunk, and trees down everywhere" (Tucker).

September 5: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 1005 mb near 33N, 70W. HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks
of Cyclones indicate the center near 34N, 66W at 8 a.m. Available observations
from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 33.8N, 66.8W at 12 UTC. Station
highlights: 978 mb at Bermuda at 00 UTC (MWR); 972 mb at Bermuda around
00 UTC (Tucker). "...the storm advanced northwestward, passing to the west 
of Bermuda on the night of the 4th-5th" (MWR).

September 6: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb near 38N, 69W. 
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 39.7N, 67.5W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 39N, 67W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 38N, 67.5W. Ship 
highlights: 35 kt N and 991 mb at 39.5N, 68.4W at 15 UTC (COA); 35 kt WNW and
1002 mb at 39.6N, 69.2W at 19 UTC (COA). 

September 7: HWM analyzed a closed low of at most 995 mb near 47.5N, 60.5W. 
HURDAT listed this as an extra-tropical storm at 46.8N, 62.4W at 12 UTC. The 
MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 48.5N, 61W at 8 a.m. Available 
observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 47.5N, 60.5W at 12 UTC. 
Ship highlights: 997 mb at 47.1N, 65.3W at 15 UTC (COA). Station highlights:
20 kt N and 1005 mb at St. Pierre at 12 UTC (HWM); 35 kt W and 998 mb at Glace 
Bay at 12 UTC (HWM). "The storm recurved some distance out to sea from the coast
of the United States, but crossed Nova Scotia on the night of the 6th-7th, much
diminished in intensity" (MWR).

September 8: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 50N, 54W. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests a center near 49N, 55W. No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 

This tropical system originated east of Bermuda early on the 2nd as a tropical
storm as indicated by available wind observations, 18 hours earlier than 
originally in HURDAT. A wind observation of 70 kt at 12 UTC on the 3rd confirms
the system attained hurricane intensity. 70 kt is maintained for HURDAT at 
06 UTC on the 3rd. As the hurricane traversed near Bermuda, a peripheral 
pressure observation of 978 mb at 00 UTC on the 5th suggests winds of at least 
77 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  The pressure report
from Tucker of 972 mb may be reasonable as well, given the length of the 
islands of Bermuda.  972 mb would suggest of at least 84 kt from the southern
pressure-wind relationship. 95 kt is chosen for 00 UTC on the 5th, up
from 85 kt originally, and the track is brought a bit closer to Bermuda. 
A peripheral pressure observation of 991 mb at 15 UTC on the 6th 
suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the northern pressure-wind 
relationship. 70 kt is used in HURDAT, up from 65 kt originally at 12 UTC. 
The Category 2 hurricane paralleled the United States east coast on the 5th 
and 6th until landfall in Nova Scotia as a weaker extratropical storm 
early on the 7th. The storm dissipated as an extratropical storm on the 8th 
at 12 UTC, 18 hours later than indicated in HURDAT. Minor alterations are 
suggested for the track of this storm.

*******************************************************************************


1918/06 - 2008 REVISION:

21965 09/09/1918 M= 6  5 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
21965 09/09/1918 M= 6  6 SNBR= 497 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *

21970 09/09*135 580  35    0*143 605  35    0*147 616  35    0*150 622 35    0
21970 09/09*139 598  35    0*143 607  35    0*147 616  35    0*151 625 35    0
            *** ***              ***                           *** ***

21975 09/10*153 629  35    0*156 636  35    0*160 643  35    0*162 650 35    0
21975 09/10*154 633  35    0*157 641  35    0*160 650  35    0*162 662 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

21980 09/11*165 657  35    0*167 663  40    0*170 670  40    0*173 676 40    0
21980 09/11*164 675  35    0*166 687  40    0*168 700  40    0*169 712 40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21985 09/12*176 682  40    0*179 688  40    0*184 694  40    0*189 701 35    0
21985 09/12*170 725  40    0*171 737  40    0*172 750  40    0*172 762 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21990 09/13*195 707  35    0*204 715  35    0*215 727  35    0*227 734 35    0
21990 09/13*172 775  35    0*173 787  35    0*175 800  35    0*178 812 35    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

21995 09/14*243 741  35    0*258 747  30    0*277 750  25    0*  0   0  0    0
21995 09/14*184 823  35    0*189 833  30    0*195 840  25    0*  0   0  0    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***        

22000 TS                    

Major changes to the track but no alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 5. Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Maps series, the COADS ship 
database, Monthly Weather Review, and Perez et al. (2000).

September 9: HWM analyzed an open wave near the Lesser Antilles. HURDAT listed 
this as a tropical storm at 14.7N, 61.6W at 12 UTC. Available observations from 
HWM and COADS suggests the system is closed near the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. "It was first 
noted on the 9th near Barbados Island, and thence a track toward the 
northwest, across the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea, was taken" (MWR).

September 10: HWM indicates an open wave located near the northeastern 
Caribbean Sea. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 16N, 64.3W at 12 UTC. 
Available observations from HWM and COADS suggest that the center was
farther to the west.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 11: HWM analyzed an inverted trough near 17N, 67W. HURDAT listed this 
as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC. Available observations from HWM and 
COADS suggests the center was farther to the west.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12: HWM indicates a broad area of low pressure in the central
Caribbean Sea near 15N, 74W. HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 18.4N, 
69.4W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks of Cyclones indicates a low pressure of 1009 mb 
near 19N, 73.5W at 8 p.m. Available observations from HWM and COADS indicates
the center was substantially farther to the west-southwest of the HURDAT
position.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed. 
"After crossing Haiti on the 12th, the path inclined to a more nearly 
northerly direction" (MWR).

September 13: HWM analyzed a a closed low of at most 1010 mb near 15.5N, 81W. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 21.5N, 72.7W at 12 UTC. The MWR 
Tracks of Cyclones indicate the center near 21N, 74W at 8 a.m. and near
24N 74.5W at 8 p.m.  Available observations from HWM and COADS suggests 
the center is substantially farther southwest, closer to the HWM analyzed low.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 14: HWM indicates an inverted trough in the northwestern Caribbean
Sea near Cuba with an approaching frontal system moving into the Bahamas. 
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 27.7N, 75W at 12 UTC. The MWR Tracks 
of Cyclones indicate the center near 27N, 75W at 8 a.m. and dissipated 
by 8 p.m.  Available observations from HWM and COADS indicate the system is
about 700 nmi to the southwest.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed. "...the storm disappeared on the 14th near 
the Great Abaco Island" (MWR).

Genesis for this tropical storm is unchanged.  The initial position at
00 UTC on the 9th was adjusted for a more realistic initial translational
velocity.  Otherwise, only minor track changes were made on the 9th 
and 10th as it went across the Lesser Antilles and into the eastern
Caribbean Sea.  While observations do suggest a closed circulation of
a tropical cyclone going across the Lesser Antilles, no gale force
winds or low pressures could confirm minimal tropical storm force intensity.
On the 11th, the lowering pressures over Hispanola and lack of pressure drops
over San Juan and the Virgin Islands along with wind shifts at all of
these locations suggest an adjustment of the tropical cyclone position
closer to Hispanola on this date.  Likewise on the 12th, observations
from Hispanola, Jamaica and Cuba suggest a position between (and just
south of) Hispanola and Jamaica, rather than crossing eastern Hispanola.
Observations on the 13th are more ambiguous because of the sparsity 
of data as well as apparent weakening of the tropical cyclone.  However,
it is analyzed that the tropical cyclone was southwest of Jamaica,
closer to the low analyzed in HWM.  On the 14th, again observations are
quite ambiguous, though it is judged that the tropical cyclone was south of 
western Cuba and dissipating.  This track reanalysis is quite different from
that of a tropical cyclone dissipating while moving northward east 
of Florida shown originally in MWR and HURDAT on the 14th.  Note that there was
no confirmation of tropical storm force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
during the duration of the cyclone.  Highest observed winds were 20 kt on 
the 9th and 10th.  However, as is often the case, the observational data 
available were quite sparse for many days.  This system is retained
as a minimal tropical storm, though the evidence for keeping it is
not conclusive.

*******************************************************************************


1918 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a cyclonic system developed
in the Gulf of Mexico at the tail end of a frontal boundary, became
a tropical depression, moved across south Florida and merged with a
frontal boundary.  Highest winds with this system were 15 kt (a few days)
and lowest pressure of 1008 mb (on the 23rd - COA).  Thus no gales or
pressures supporting gale force were observed.  While it is possible that
this system did attain tropical storm force, this system is considered a 
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Jun 18 --- --- Trough in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Jun 19 25N 90W Possible Tropical Depression 
Jun 20 26N 87W Tropical Depression 
Jun 21 26N 86W Tropical Depression 
Jun 22 25N 81W Tropical Depression (over south Florida)
Jun 23 29N 79W Extratropical - merging with front

2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a well-developed tropical
wave left the coast of West Africa, became a tropical depression soon
thereafter, traveled west for two days, then was lost in the data void
of the eastern tropical North Atlantic.  Peak observed winds were 25 kt
on the 14th (HWM) and sea level pressures dropped 5 mb at Praia, Cape
Verde Islands (down to 1010 mb) in one day as the tropical depression 
passed through.  No gales or pressures supporting gale force were observed.  
While it is possible that this system did attain tropical storm force, 
this system is considered a tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 13 15N 19W Tropical Depression 
Sep 15 15N 24W Tropical Depression 
Sep 16 15N 29W Tropical Depression 
Sep 17 --- --- System lost over open ocean 

3) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate that 
a tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea on the 25th
of September, moved north over the next two days with no change in
intensity, became extratropical on the 28th in the eastern Gulf of
Mexico and dissipated in place on the 30th.  Peak observations as a
tropical cyclone were 30 kt ship (COA) and 1007 mb (Belize City and
ship, HWM and COA) on the 25th and 33 kt at Sand Key, FL on the 27th
(MWR).  (The 33 kt at Sand Key corrects to 29 kt after accounting for
the high bias of instrumentation of the era and converting from maximum
5 min to 1 min winds [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996].) 
Higher winds were observed (36 kt at Pensacola - 32 kt after adjustment) 
after the system transitioned to an extratropical storm on the 28th.  
It is possible that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but 
without supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical 
depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Sep 24 --- --- Open trough over Central America
Sep 25 18N 87W Tropical Depression 
Sep 26 20N 87W Tropical Depression 
Sep 27 23N 88W Tropical Depression 
Sep 28 28N 84W Extratropical Storm
Sep 29 28N 85W Extratropical Storm
Sep 30 27N 85W Extratropical Storm - dissipating

4) Historical Weather Maps, COADS and Monthly Weather Review indicate 
that a tropical depression formed in the southern Gulf of Mexico 
on the 14th of October, moved slowly northwestward over the next
three days without significant change in intensity, made landfall
in Louisiana late on the 17th, and dissipated over Arkansas on the
19th. No gale force winds or pressures were reported
lower than 1006 mb throughout the lifetime of the system.  It is possible 
that this system did obtain tropical storm intensity, but without 
supporting evidence this system is considered a tropical depression and 
not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Oct 14 22N 85W Tropical Depression (?)
Oct 15 24N 88W Tropical Depression
Oct 16 26N 91W Tropical Depression
Oct 17 29N 92W Tropical Depression
Oct 18 31N 93W Tropical Depression - over land
Oct 19 33N 94W Tropical Depression - over land, dissipating

*****************************************************************************


1919/01 - 2008 REVISION:

22005 07/02/1919 M= 4  1 SNBR= 498 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22010 07/02*  0   0   0    0*242 843  40    0*250 847  40    0*254 850  40    0
22010 07/02*  0   0   0    0*246 843  25    0*250 847  30    0*254 851  35    0
                             ***      **               **          ***  **

22015 07/03*260 853  40    0*267 856  45    0*275 860  50    0*283 862  50    0
22015 07/03*260 855  40    0*267 859  45    0*275 863  50    0*283 866  55    0
                ***              ***              ***              ***  **

22020 07/04*291 866  50    0*299 869  50    0*306 871  40    0*312 873  35    0
22020 07/04*291 868  55    0*299 869  55  995*306 871  45    0*312 873  35    0
                ***  **               **  ***          **              

22025 07/05*318 876  30    0*324 879  25    0*330 882  20    0*335 885  20    0
22025 07/05*317 876  30    0*322 879  25    0*327 882  20    0*332 885  20    0
            ***              ***              ***              ***

22030 TS                    

Landfall:
7/4/1919 - 1100 UTC  30.4N 87.0W  55kt  FL
 
Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, and the Original
Monthly Records from NCDC.

July 2:  HWM shows an open wave along 81W.  HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical storm at 25N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows did not
analyze a position for this system during the morning of the 2nd.  
Available observations suggest that the system was not a closed low as
of 12 UTC, but likely did become a tropical cyclone over the next six or
twelve hours.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  "This storm developed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico on the
2d, was at all times of very small diameter, but with isobars exhibiting
the vortex core of the true hurricane" (MWR).

July 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 27N, 86.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.5N, 86W.  The MWR Tracks
of Lows gives a center at 26N, 86.5W with 1006 mb (a.m.).  The MWR Summary
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920 and 1921" shows a center near 27.5N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest a center between the HURDAT and HWM estimates.  
Ship highlights:  35 kt SE at 27.2N, 86.6W at 05 UTC (MWR);  35 kt NW and
1002 mb at 27.2N, 86.6W at 11 UTC (COA).  "The storm area was evidently
of very limited extent, as a number of vessels not over 100 to 200 miles
away from the Creole, experienced light to moderate winds, although heavy
swells were reported at a considerable distance from the storm center" (MWR).

July 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 31N, 87W near
the coast and the Florida-Alabama border.  HURDAT lists this system as a
tropical storm at 30.6N, 87.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives a
center at 30N, 87W with 1003 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest that
the HURDAT position is most accurate.  Station highlights:  50 kt NE 
(10 UTC) and 999 mb (1215 UTC) at Pensacola (OMR).  "[The storm struck]
the coast a short distance east of Pensacola, Fla.  Some damage was
done but storm winds were of short duration" (MWR).  "The only day with
gales was on the 4th during the passing inland of the Gulf disturbance
a short distance east of the station, when a maximum velocity of 58 miles
from the northeast was attained.  This storm caused the total loss of the
auxiliary schooner-smack 'Nautilus' of the E. E. Saunders Fish Company's
fleet, representing a valuation of about $1500.  The schooner 'W.D. Hossack'
was abandoned by the master and crew in a derelict condition, though this
vessel was later salvaged by the schooner 'Bluefields' and the tug 'Echo'.
Apparently slight damages to crops were caused by the above storm, some
of the corn being laid low but recovering later in the month" (OMR - 
Pensacola).

July 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32.5N, 88W inland
on the border of Alabama and Mississippi.  HURDAT lists this system as
a tropical depression at 33N, 88.2W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Lows gives
a center at 35N, 87W with 1011 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest
that a position between the HURDAT and HWM estimates is most accurate, but
that the center was becoming indistinct along an east-west oriented trough.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

While the data is somewhat amiguous as to the timing of the formation of
a closed circulation, genesis is retained at 00 UTC on the 2nd without change.
Track changes throughout the short lifetime of this system were for small
alterations.  Peak 5 min winds at landfall were 50 kt at Pensacola, which
adjust to a maximum 1 min wind of 42 kt after accounting for the high
bias of the instrument of that era and converting from 5 to 1 min winds
(Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  A peripheral 
pressure of 999 mb at 1215 UTC at Pensacola suggest winds of at least 47 kt 
from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Given that the peak
5 min winds between 11-12 and 12-13 UTC were both 43 kt (36 kt true), 
the central pressure was likely close to 995 mb.  995 mb suggests winds
of 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt chosen
for HURDAT, up slight from 50 kt in HURDAT originally.  This may also
have been the peak intensity of the cyclone. No change in the
decay of the tropical storm.

*****************************************************************************


1919/02 - 2008 REVISION:

22035 09/02/1919 M=14  2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
22035 09/02/1919 M=15  2 SNBR= 499 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=4
                   **              

22040 09/02*146 615  40    0*150 627  40    0*154 635  40    0*157 645  40    0
22040 09/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*160 610  25    0*163 623  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22045 09/03*161 655  40    0*165 661  40    0*170 670  45    0*175 676  45    0
22045 09/03*167 636  30    0*171 648  35    0*175 660  40    0*180 670  45    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  

22050 09/04*181 680  45    0*189 682  50    0*192 690  55    0*197 697  55    0
22050 09/04*186 680  45    0*191 690  40    0*195 700  35    0*198 708  35    0
            ***              *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22055 09/05*202 707  60    0*206 712  65    0*210 718  65    0*213 720  70    0
22055 09/05*200 716  35    0*202 722  35    0*205 725  35    0*209 726  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22060 09/06*216 722  70    0*219 723  75    0*222 724  75    0*226 727  80    0
22060 09/06*214 726  40    0*218 727  45    0*222 728  50    0*225 731  55    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22065 09/07*229 730  80    0*232 734  85    0*234 741  90    0*236 747  90    0
22065 09/07*228 735  60    0*230 740  65    0*232 745  75    0*234 751  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22070 09/08*237 755  95    0*238 763  95    0*239 770 100    0*239 777 100    0
22070 09/08*235 758  95    0*236 765  95    0*237 773 100    0*238 781 105    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** *** ***

22075 09/09*240 784 105    0*240 791 105    0*240 798 110    0*241 805 110    0
22075 09/09*239 789 110    0*240 797 115    0*240 805 120    0*241 813 125    0
            *** *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22080 09/10*242 812 115    0*244 820 115    0*246 827 120    0*248 831 120    0
22080 09/10*243 821 130    0*246 828 130  927*248 834 130    0*249 840 130    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***      *** *** ***

22085 09/11*250 836 120    0*253 841 120    0*256 847 120    0*260 855 120    0
22085 09/11*250 845 130    0*250 850 130    0*251 855 130    0*253 861 125    0
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

22090 09/12*263 863 120    0*265 871 120    0*267 880 120    0*266 889 120    0
22090 09/12*256 867 120    0*259 873 115    0*262 880 110  944*264 890 110    0
            *** ***          *** *** ***      ***     ***  *** *** *** ***

22095 09/13*265 898 120    0*265 907 115    0*265 916 115    0*266 926 105    0
22095 09/13*265 900 115  942*265 910 125  931*265 920 125    0*266 929 120    0
                *** ***  ***     *** ***  ***     *** ***          *** ***

22100 09/14*267 936 100    0*268 946  90    0*270 957  85    0*271 968  75    0
22100 09/14*267 938 115    0*268 946 110    0*270 955 105    0*272 966 100  950 
                *** ***              ***          *** ***      ***     ***  ***

22105 09/15*274 979  65    0*278 990  55    0*2821002  30    0*2891010  20    0
22105 09/15*274 980  75    0*278 995  55    0*2821010  40    0*2891024  35    0
                ***  **          ***             ****  **      *******  **

(The 16th is new to HURDAT.)
22107 09/16*2971038  30    0*3061050  25    0*3151060  20    0*  0   0   0    0

22110 HRBFL4ATX4            
22110 HRBFL4CFL2ATX3BTX3
            ************

Landfall:
9/10/1919    0700Z 24.6N  82.9W  130kt  15nmi  927mb  BFL4,CFL2
9/14/1919    2100Z 27.2N  97.3W  100kt  35nmi  950mb  ATX3,BTX3

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original 
Monthly Records from NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), 
Schwerdt et al. (1979), Jarvinen et al. (1985), Ho et al. (1987), 
Jarrell et al. (1992), and Perez et al. (2000).

September 1:  HWM and COADS observations possibly indicate a wave
approaching the Lesser Antilles without any indication of a closed
low (though data are sparse east of the islands).  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 13.5N, 64W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 15.4N, 63.5W at 12 UTC.  The 
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" does not begin the
system until either late on the 2nd or early on the 3rd.  Available
observations suggest that the cyclone was substantially east-northeast
of HURDAT's postion.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  "The minor disturbance ... was first noted on the evening of 
September 2 ... a little west of the island of Antigua" (MWR).

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 17N, 67W at 12 UTC.  The
MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 18N, 65W.  Available observations suggest a center east-northeast of
HURDAT's estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "This ... minor disturbance moved west-northwestward at
about a normal rate, passing near the southern portion of the island of
Porto Rico" (MWR).

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20N, 70W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 19.2N, 69W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a
center at 19N, 69.5W.  Available observations suggest a center between
all three estimates.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  

September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21N, 73W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 21N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 20.5N, 72W.  Available observations suggest a center west of the 
MWR Summary estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.  "By the evening of the 4th it had reached the north coast
of the island of Santo Domingo with a barometer reading of about 29.80
inches.  On the morning of the 5th the center of the disturbance was
approximately 100 miles southwest of Turks Island with about the same
barometric pressure" (MWR).

September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 21.5N, 72.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 22.2N, 72.4W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 21.5N, 72.5W.  Available observations suggest a center west of the
HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  "By the evening of the 5th the winds at Turks Island had
changed from east to west, and were southerly over Santo Domingo and
Haiti, still light in character, apparent evidence that the disturbance
had recurved to the northeastward during the day, and that it was moving
in that direction in very moderate form" (MWR).

September 7: HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 22N, 73.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane at 23.4N, 74.1W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 23N, 73.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 23N, 74.5W with
1003 mb (a.m).  Available observations suggest a center just southwest of 
HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt SE and 1009 mb at 26N, 74.4W at 
23 UTC (COA).  "On the evening of the 6th pressure and wind conditions
over Santo Domingo and the Bahamas indicated the possible presence of a
disturbance over the eastern Bahamas.  Conditions were slightly more
pronounced on the morning of the 7th ... there were slight indications of
a disturbance over the central Bahamas" (MWR).

September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 21.5N, 76W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 major hurricane at 23.9N, 77W at
12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows
a center near 23.5N, 76W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 
23.5N, 77W with 998 mb (a.m.).  Available observations suggest a position
just southwest of HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NNE and 
1006 mb at 25.5N, 80.5W at 21 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  51 kt NE and
998 mb at Nassau at 01 UTC (MWR)  "A belated report on September 8 that a
severe storm could be located south of and near the Andros Islands" (MWR).

September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 23.5N, 81.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 3 hurricane at 24N, 79.8W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24N, 79.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24N, 79.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center was between the HWM and
HURDAT estimates.  Ship highlights:  70 kt N and 938 mb at 24.6N, 82.9W at 
21 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  50 kt NE and 986 mb at Key West at 
23 UTC (MWR); 57 kt NE at Sand Key at 1748 UTC (MWR).  "Considerable local
damage was done in Miami and vicinity, although nothing very serious 
resulted.  Tides were unusually high and many small boats suffered.  The
greatest loss was probably in the fruit crop ... Press reports indicated
that considerable damage was also done along the northwest coast of Cuba"
(MWR) ... The greatest [shipping loss was] the Spanish steamship Valbanera,
off Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West.  The vessel
arrived off Morro Castle, Habana, on September 9, but owing to the hurricane,
was unable to enter the harbor, and nothing further was heard from her until
a diver discovered her beneath the waters off Rebecca Shoals.  The Valbanera
was from Spanish ports for New Orleans, via Habana, and her 400 passengers
and crew of 88 must have perished" (MWR).  "El Huracan del Valvanera - 
Category 1 in Cuba - September 9 and 10" (Perez et al.).

September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 24N, 82W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 24.6N, 82.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 24.5N, 83W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 24.5N, 83W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west-northwest of HURDAT's
estimate.  Ship highlights:  927 mb (eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W (MWR); 930 mb
(eye?) at 24.6N, 82.9W at 05 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  937 mb
at Rebecca Shoals Light; 932 mb (eye) at Dry Tortugas; 82 kt NE at 0148 UTC
and 960 mb at 0510 UTC at Sand Key.  "The storm center passed about 30 or 
40 miles south of Key West about midnight of September 9.  At this time the 
barometer at Key West read 28.83 inches with an east wind of an estimated
velocity of 105 miles an hour, which increased slightly during the next
hour.  At Sand Key, the lowest barometer at about the same time was 
28.35 inches, a difference of 0.48 inch within a distance of 8 miles ...
The following report on the storm at Key West and vicinity was prepared by
Mr. H. B. Boyer, official in charge of the Weather Bureau office at that
place:  `The storm that passed over Key West on September 9 and 10 was,
without question, the most violent experienced since records at this
station began.  While the minimum barometric reading, 28.81 inches, was not
as low as that recorded in 1909 (28.52) and in 1910 (28.47), the violence
of the wind was undoubtedly greater.  It is to be regretted that owing to
the vibrations of the tower supporting the wind instruments the anemometer
cups were shaken loose and blown away at 7:30 pm on the 9th in gusts ranging
between 75 and 80 miles an hour, and thereafter until 3:35 p.m. of the
10th the wind-velocity record was lost.  The wind-vane was blown away at
12:45 a.m. of the 10th during the winds of greatest intensity ... In the
terrific gusts that prevailed during the height of the storm stanch brick
structures had walls blown out and large vessels, firmly secured, were torn
from their fastenings or moorings and blown on the bank ...  the great loss, 
estimated at $2,000,000 ... Owing to the very slow progressive movement of
the storm in this vicinity, winds of gale force and over lasted continuously
from about 7 a.m. of the 9th to about 9:30 p.m. of the 10th ... From the
forenoon of the 9th squalls of wind and rain progressively increased in
force and frequency, culminating in terrific gusts of great violence between
midnight of the 9th and 2 a.m. of the 10th ... Probably not a structure on
the island escaped being damaged more or less ... three lives were lost by
drowning' ... The report of the storm experiences at Sand Key, Fla., was
prepared by Mr. Eugene M. Barto, observer, and is as follows:  `The record
showed that the anemometer cups blew away at 9:35 p.m. with a wind velocity
of 84 miles an hour.  The wind vane was probably blown away shortly after
midnight.  This was also the time of the lowest barograph record, which
was 28.35 ... The highest [wind] recorded was 94 miles an hour from the
northeast at 8:39 p.m.' ...  The center of the storm passed directly over Dry 
Tortugas, 65 miles west of Key West, with a reported barometer reading of 
27.51 inches, while at Rebecca Shoals Light, about 40 miles west of Key West,
the lowest reading was 27.66 inches ... The steamship Winona went 
ashore at 10 a.m., September 10, on a reef on the northeast portion of
the Tortugas group, near Pulaski Shoals ... the barometer [fell at midnight
on the 9th] to 27.45 inches ... A later report from the tank steamer, 
Fred W. Weller, showed a barometer reading of 27.36 inches in the vicinity
of Dry Tortugas on September 9 ... These [close readings] within a very 
limited area, make it safe to assume that they were substantially correct" 
(MWR).  "September 10, 1919, 929 mb Central Pressure, 24.6N, 82.9W Landfall 
Point, 15 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind" (Ho et al.)  "1008 mb environmental 
pressure, 115 kt maximum 1 min surface wind" (Schwerdt et al.)  "Tropical 
Cyclones in Florida, September 9-10, Key West, Major, Marine casualties 300 
plus" (Dunn and Miller).  "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 for FL Keys/S TX with
927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL landfall) (Jarrell et al.)

September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 25.5N, 87W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 25.6N, 84.7W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 25.5N, 86W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26N, 85.5W.
Available observations suggest that the center is southwest of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  45 kt SSE and 998 mb at 26.6N, 85.8W at 23 UTC
(COA).  "[One the 11th], the tide reached a crest of 5.55 feet above low-water
mark, 2 feet higher than ever before recorded in the annals of the United
States Engineers.  The tide did some little damage along that section of the
coast, but none of consequence" (MWR).

September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 89W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.7N, 88W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26.5N, 88W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 88W.
Available observations suggest that the center is just south of the MWR
Summary and Tracks estimates.  Ship highlights:  944 mb (eye?) at 
26.2N, 87.8W at 14 UTC (MWR);  948 mb at 27N, 89W at 22 UTC (MWR);  
942 mb (eye?) at 27N, 88.5W at 23 UTC (MWR).  "After the morning of the 10th,
at which time the storm center was apparently very near Dry Tortugas, Fla.,
its path could only be approximated.  It happened, however, that a report
received by mail from the steamship Lake Deval nearly two weeks after the
storm located the center with a fair degree of definiteness on the morning
of the 12th [about 150 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the 
Mississippi River]" (MWR).

September 13:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27N, 92.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 4 hurricane at 26.5N, 91.6W at 12 UTC.
The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows a center
near 26N, 91W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 26.5N, 91W.
Available observations suggest that the center is west of the HURDAT estimate.
Station highlights:  36 kt SE and 1002 mb at Burrwood at 12 UTC (MWR).
Ship highlights:  931 mb (eye) at 26.5N, 90.5W at 05 UTC (MWR).  "The tide
was 6 feet above normal on Lake Borgne and on Grand Isle, and 5 to 6 feet
above normal on Lake Ponchartrain, on the afternoon of the 13th ... By a
little after sunset the tide [at Port Aransas] had reached 5 feet above
mean sea level" (MWR).

September 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 995 mb at 27.5N, 96.5W.
HURDAT lists this system as a Category 2 hurricane offshore Texas at 
27N, 95.7W at 12 UTC.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, 
and 1921" shows a center near 27N, 95.5W.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a
center near 27N, 96W.  Available observations suggest that HURDAT's
estimate is most accurate.  Station highlights:  61 kt at 18 UTC and
970 mb at 21 UTC at Corpus Christi (OMR).  Ship highlights:  950 mb (eye?)
at 27N, 95W at 14 UTC (MWR).  "On the morning of September 14 the storm
center was not far from the coast of Texas, between Corpus Christi and
Brownsville, and during the day in passed inland, with marked although
with steadily diminishing intensity ... The tide ... reached its highest point
of 8.8 feet [at Galveston] at 7 a.m. of the 14th.  Two men lost their lives
in the storm in this immediate vicinity [Galveston] ... both men were
apparently overtaken by the rising tide and drowned.  ... From reports
received the height of the tide accompanying the storm ranged in this 
district from about 4 feet at Orange, Tex., to approximately 13 feet at
Port O'Connor, Tex.  With this tide and the high wind accompanying it, some
damage resulted at many points, especially along the water front.  At 
Seabrook, Tex., there were a few buildings, mostly light structures,
destroyed ...  At points to the south of Galveston, however, there was more
damage done ... At Matagorda, Palacios, and Port Lavaca, Tex., there was
considerable damage to wharves, fish houses, and small boats.  Similar
damage resulted at Port O'Connor, Tex. ... Stretching along the beach [of
Corpus Christi] for 23 blocks homes were crushed and hurled away or wrecked
by the tidal wave, which reached a depth of 15 feet in some places.  Over
much of the beach section not an indication of former homes now remains,
except here and there a bathtub or part of a brick chimney ... In the
downtown [Corpus Christi] district utter demolition of some of the city's
most important industrial and public plants marked an area extending for
six blocks along the water front and more than a block in width, while beyond
that block, extending back toward the bluff section, every commercial 
establishment's first floor was wrecked, and in some cases the entire
building rendered useless, over a corresponding area two blocks wide.  The
tremendous property damage is becoming daily more apparent and prominent
business men and other trained observers predicted to-night [Sep. 18] that
$20,000,000 would be a conservative estimate of the monetary loss in
Corpus Christi.  284 bodies, almost entirely those of Corpus Christi victims,
have been found ... Details of conditions at Port Aransas and other parts of
the islands between Corpus Christi Bay and the Gulf were ascertained ...
The docks and buildings in Port Aransas have been wiped out with the
exception of a school building ... The large oil tanks there also were
destroyed.  The five who lost their lives [at Port Aransas] were drowned 
while attempting to leave the island in a lifeboat ... The Gulf storm caused
a 6-foot tide here [Anahuac, Mexico], but Anahuac is situated on a 25-foot
bank of Trinity Bay, hence no damage was done.  The wind reached a velocity
of perhaps 30 miles. ... The storm was only the second September storm of
this character of any consequence that reached the south Texas coast during
the last 45 years, the other having occurred in 1910.  The storm of 1919 was
by far the more violent of the two, and was probably the greatest of all 
Gulf storms ... The full force of the storm was experienced between 
Aransas Bay and the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the high tides resulted
in a toll of 183 dead and 174 missing" (MWR).  "Sep. 14, Estimated Lowest
Pressure 27.36" [for Dry Tortugas on the 10th], Tide Info - Corpus Christi 
16', Galveston 8.8', Aransas Pass 11.5', Brownsville 3.6', Port Isabel 8',
Sabine 8', Anahuac 10', La Porte 8.5', Carancahua 13', Ingleside 12', 
Velasco 10', Port O'Connor 13' " (Connor).  "Sep. 14, Landfall point of
27.2N, 97.3W, 950 mb Central Pressure, 35 nmi Radius of Maximum Wind"
(Ho et al.).  "1007 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.)  "Tropical 
Cyclones in Texas, Sep. 14, Corpus Christi, Extreme, 300-600 killed, 
damage $20,270,000" (Dunn and Miller).  "Saffir-Simpson Category 4 in 
FL Keys/S TX with 927 mb central pressure" (presumably for FL, not TX) 
(Jarrell et al.)  "Landfall around 18 UTC on the 14th, 950 mb central
pressure, 35 nmi radius of maximum wind, 1010 mb ambient pressure, 
assumed that central pressure filled from 931 mb to 950 mb the six hours
before landfall, after landfall analyzed 977 mb around 00 UTC on the 15th
(Jarvinen et al.)

September 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 990 mb at 28N, 100.5W.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center near 28N, 100.5W.  HURDAT lists this
system as a tropical depression at 28.2N, 100.2W at 12 UTC.  Available
observations suggest a center west of the HURDAT estimate.  Station 
highlights:  49 kt E at 14 UTC and 993 mb at 1140 UTC at Del Rio (OMR).

September 16:  HWM does not analyze a closed low, though a weak center
is near 31.5N 106W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

Genesis for this tropical cyclone was delayed by 12 hours consistent with
the poorly organized circulation exhibited by numerous observations
on the 2nd at 12 UTC.  Minor changes to the track were made on most days
in accordance with available observations.  The exception was the 2nd where a 
major shift to the east-northeast was introduced.  Decay of the tropical 
cyclone was delayed a day to account for a more intense system still in
existence on the 15th as well as a weak vortex apparent from observations on
the 16th.  Intensity from the 2nd to the 6th reduced significantly based
upon available observations, which also agrees with Monthly Weather Review 
analyses of a weak tropical cyclone during these dates.  Hurricane intensity
is analyzed to have been attained on the 7th (two days later than originally
shown in HURDAT).  A 998 mb peripheral pressure with 51 kt winds from Nassau 
at 01 UTC on the 8th suggests winds of at least 51 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship - 95 kt retained in HURDAT, as it appears that
Nassau was on the outskirts of a large hurricane.  Winds are also retained
from 00 to 12 UTC on the 8th as the cyclone became a major hurricane. 
A 938 mb peripheral pressure (not eye) at 21 UTC on the 9th suggests winds of 
at least 120 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 125 kt chosen 
for HURDAT (up from 110 kt originally).  Three eye pressure measurements were 
observed near Dry Tortugas, Florida early on the 10th:  927, 930 and 932 mb.  
927 mb was selected by Jarrell et al. and is retained here for HURDAT, which 
suggests 129 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship.  Ho's estimate 
of an RMW of 15 nmi is quite close to the 14 nmi for climatology for this
central pressure and latitude (Vickery et al.).  Thus 130 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT at 06 UTC on the 10th, up from 115 kt originally.  This retains
the Category 4 assessment for the Florida Keys.  Because of the revised
definitions of the boundary between southwest and southeast Florida (BFL
and CFL, accordingly) and through an application of the simplified wind model 
in Schwerdt et al., Category 2 conditions are estimated to have occurred
in the Upper Keys and thus southeast Florida (CFL2).  As is typical, 
anemometers at Key West and Sand Key were rendered inoperable before the 
passage of peak winds and these only recorded at most Category 1 conditions.  

Three low pressure readings were observed from ships on the 12th - 944 mb at 
14 UTC, 948 mb at 21 UTC, and 942 mb at 22 UTC.  It is likely that the
944 and 942 mb values were central pressure readings and these are included
as such into HURDAT.  944 mb and 942 mb suggest winds of 118 and 116 kt,
respectively, from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  The new
Brown et al. (2006) north of 25N pressure-wind relationship gives winds of 
111 and 113 kt, respectively.  110 kt is chosen for HURDAT late on the 12th 
and early on the 13th based upon these observations.  However, an eye reading 
of 931 mb was measured by ship on 04 UTC of the next day on the 13th.  This 
value suggests winds of 128 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for 
north of 25N suggests winds of 123 kt.  125 kt is chosen for 
HURDAT, up from 115 kt originally at 06 UTC on the 13th.  

The hurricane weakened significantly before landfall in Texas.  A likely 
central pressure reading of 950 mb on 15 UTC on the 14th suggests winds of 
110 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Both Ho et al. 
and Jarvinen et al. accepted this value as a likely landfall pressure along 
with an RMW of about 35 nmi.  Climatological RMW for this latitude of landfall 
and central pressure is substantially smaller - 18 nmi (Vickery et al.).  This
would suggest that the maximum sustained winds were about 100 kt both
at 15 UTC at the ship report and at about 21 UTC at landfall in Texas.
The new Brown et al. (2006) pressure-wind relationship for north of 25N 
filling cyclones also analyzes about 101 kt.  100 kt at landfall represents 
a reduction in the analyzed Saffir-Simpson Category assigned to south Texas 
from a 4 down to a 3 (ATX3).  However, the wind speed in HURDAT at 18 UTC 
on the 14th right before landfall is adjusted upward sharply from 75 to 
100 kt in the reanalysis.  Application of the Schwerdt et al. idealized 
hurricane wind profile suggests that central Texas (BTX) should also be 
considered a Category 3 impact (BTX3), which is reasonable given 
the landfall position was very close to the boundary between south and 
central Texas coast.  Peak observed winds after landfall (within
plus/minus two hours of synoptic times) were 34 kt at San Antonio at 00 UTC 
on the 15th, 44 kt at San Antonio at 06 UTC, and 49 kt at Del Rio at 12 UTC.  
(These convert to 29, 37, and 41 kt, respectively, after accounting for the
high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind from
these peak 5 min values [Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).
However, with the landfall between Corpus Christi and Brownsville and with
the anemometer at Corpus Christi becoming inoperable after 17 UTC, higher 
winds were quite likely present at 00 and 06 UTC on the 15th.  A run of the 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland wind decay model suggests winds of 71, 49, and 
35 kt, for the same synoptic periods.  Given the low bias of the Kaplan
and DeMaria model for the 12 UTC time, winds after landfall are chosen to
be somewhat higher than the model:  75, 55 and 40 kt, respectively.

*****************************************************************************


1919/03 - 2008 REVISION:

22035 09/02/1919 M= 4  3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22040 09/02*330 727  30    0*340 720  35    0*350 710  45    0*360 697  55    0
22041 09/03*370 684  65    0*380 672  75    0*390 660  85    0*400 650  85    0
22042 09/04*410 640  70    0*420 630  55    0*430 620  45    0*442 610  35    0
22043 09/05E455 600  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22110 HR

This is a new hurricane, previously documented in Tannehill (1938),
but not included in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and Tannehill (1938).

September 1:  HWM depicts stationary front just offshore the U.S. Atlantic
seaboard near the Carolinas, past New England, and extending northeast
south of Nova Scotia.  No closed low is shown.  The MWR Tracks of Lows
indicates a center on the morning of the 1st at 35.5N 73.5W.  Available
observations indicate that the frontal structure is accurate, but that
no closed circulation was likely present on this date.  No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 2:  HWM indicates a warm and cold frontal intersection near
40N 71W with the warm front extending eastward and the cold front
extending southward from the intersection, though with no closed low
indicated.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed a center near 37.5N 72W 
around 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the cold frontal 
boundary to either be dissipating or non-existant.  Additionally, 
the center indicated in HWM appears to be too far to the north and
it was more likely to be centered near 35N 70W, though this is
uncertain due to lack of observations in the region.  No gale force
winds or equivalent in pressure were observed.

September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb centered
near 41N 67W, with a warm front extending east of the center and a
cold front extending to the south.  The MWR Tracks of Lows analyzed 
a position near 41N 69W with a 1013 mb pressure at 12 UTC.  Available 
observations suggest that the cold front did not exist and that 
the cyclone's center was significantly southeast of the HWM and MWR 
positions.  Ship highlights:  70 kt and 977 mb at 17 UTC at 40N 64.5W
from the "City of Oran" (MWR);  50 kt SW and 1000 mb at 20 UTC at
39.7N 61.2W from "Zeppelin" (MWR).  MWR QUOTES ???
Tannehill (1938) showed a tropical cyclone occurring from 1 to 4 September
1919, forming west of Bermuda, recurving before striking the United
States, and clipping Newfoundland before dissipation.  No specific
daily positions were given with his track.

September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb centered
over Newfoundland near 48N 55W with a dissipating stationary
front extending to the southwest back toward south of Nova Scotia
and an occluded front extending to the southeast attached to a
trailing cold front extending southwest toward Bermuda.  The MWR
Tracks of Lows analyzed a 12 UTC position at 44N 64.5W with 1000 mb
pressure.  Available observations indicate that there were two
separate low pressure centers, one near the HWM's position and
one near the MWR's position.  The tropical cyclone is the southwesternmost
system (MWR version), which is beginning to merge with the larger
extratropical low to its northeast.  The cold front, especially
the portion south of 40N, does not appear to exist in reality.  Station
highlights:  15 kt SE and 1003 mb at Sable Island at 12 UTC (HWM).
Ship highlights:  25 kt WSW and 1000 mb at 43N 59.5W at 12 UTC (COA).

September 5:  HWM indicates a large extratropical low centered near
52N 43W having a central pressure of at most 995 mb with an occluded
front extending east and south of the cyclone.  

Genesis for this cyclone is began around 00 UTC on the 2nd east of
the Carolinas with origins from an decaying stationary front.  Based
upon two separate ship reports on the 3rd, the cyclone quickly spun
up during the 3rd (and presumably late on the 2nd as well).  Both
wind and pressure from the "City of Oran" ship support this cyclone
reaching hurricane intensity on the 3rd and early on the 4th.  The 977 mb
peripheral pressure reading at 17 UTC on the 3rd (concurrent with 
estimated 70 kt of wind) suggest maximum winds of at least 76 kt 
from the northern pressure-wind relationship.  Given that the "City
of Oran"'s minimum pressure reading was observed during the peak
(hurricane force) winds, the central pressure was likely substantially
lower than 977 mb.  Thus an intensity of 85 kt is analyzed for 12 
and 18 UTC on the 3rd, which may have been the peak for this cyclone.
A likely quick decay of the hurricane occurred as it moved north
of the Gulf Stream on the 4th.  A lowest pressure of 1000 mb was
observed at 12 UTC on the 4th (suggesting at least 49 kt from
the northern pressure-wind relationship), but environmental pressures
were low and no gales were observed on this date.  Intensity is estimated
to be 45 kt at 12 UTC on the 4th.  Absorption of the cyclone into a larger, 
developing extratropical storm occurred early on the 5th.

*****************************************************************************


1919/04 - 2008 REVISION:

22111 09/29/1919 M= 4  4 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22112 09/29*275 755  30    0*280 760  30    0*285 765  35    0*290 770  35    0
22113 09/30*295 776  35    0*300 782  40    0*305 790  40    0*309 800  40    0
22114 10/01*312 811  40    0*314 823  35    0*315 835  30    0*315 847  25    0
22114 10/02*315 860  20    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
22114 TS                    

Landfall:
10/01/1919 - 01 UTC - 31.2N 81.3W  40 kt  GA

This is a new tropical storm, previously documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ but not included in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and the Original Monthly Records.

September 26:  HWM indicates a baroclinic storm system off the Carolina
coast with a trough extending southwestward over the Florida peninsula.
The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 22.5N, 69.5W.  However, available
observations suggest that no closed low yet exists.  No gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 27:  HWM indicates a vigorous cold front had pushed through the
region and a portion of it was located near Bermuda to the northern
Bahamas.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 24N, 71W.  However,
available observations suggest that no closed low yet exists.  No gale
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 28:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near
Bermuda toward the central Bahamas.  Temperatures on the poleward side
of the front (away from the United States' coast) were moderating.  The
MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 26N, 72W.  However, available 
observations are inconclusive as to whether a closed low exists by
this point.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.

September 29:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from near 
Bermuda toward the central Florida coast.  Temperatures had returned
to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of this
frontal boundary, though temperatures remained cool over the southeast
United States.  The MWR Tracks of Lows shows a center at 27.5N, 74.5W.
The "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" indicates a
center at 29N, 74W.  Available observations suggest a center did exist and
was near 28.5N, 76.5W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt NE (and 78F) at 
32.8N, 75.9W at 11 UTC (COA); 35 kt N at 30.2N, 80W at 23 UTC (COA).
"Storm of September 29-October 1, 1919 - This was a tropical disturbance
which developed and moved nearly westward along the southern edge of a
belt of high pressure" (MWR).

September 30:  HWM indicates a stationary front extended from north of
Bermuda to off the Georgia coast.  Temperatures over the ocean had
returned to warm conditions (upper 70s to 80F) on the poleward side of 
this frontal boundary and it appears that the front was dissipating.
The MWR Tracks of Lows and the "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920,
and 1921" both show a center near 30.5N, 78.5W.  Available observations
suggest that the center is slightly west of these estimates.  Ship
highlights:  20 kt N (and 80F) and 1005 mb at 30.6N, 79.6W at 12 UTC (COA).

October 1:  HWM does not analyze a closed low, but available observations
suggest a center near 31.5N, 83.5W with no frontal boundary present.
The MWR Tracks of Lows suggests a center a 31.5N, 83.5W.  Station
highlights:  36 kt NE at 01 UTC and 1008 mb at 0040 UTC at Savannah (OMR).
"[It passed] inland south of Savannah, Ga., but lacked the energy of a
hurricane" (MWR).

October 2:  HWM and available observations indicate that the system had
dissipated by 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.

This tropical storm had its origins along a frontal boundary from an early
vigorous polar air mass outbreak.  The front became stationary by the
28th and the cool air moderated during the next two days in the presence
of ocean temperatures in the low 80s F.  Despite the MWR Tracks of Lows
suggesting the formation of this system as early as the 26th, a definitive
closed low could not be analyzed until the 29th.  This is in agreement with
the MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" with genesis
of the system on that date.  Because of the moderating of the cool air
on the poleward side of the front, the system is analyzed to form as
a tropical cyclone.  A 1005 mb peripheral pressure on the 30th suggests
winds of at least 38 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 
40 kt chosen for HURDAT.  This was also the peak intensity of the tropical
storm.  Based upon the Savannah observations, the system made landfall in 
Georgia south of the station around 01 UTC with maximum 1 min surface winds 
of around 40 kt.  The system dissipated early on the 2nd near the border
of Georgia and Alabama.  It is unclear why this system was included in
the three-year tropical cyclone MWR Summary article, yet was left out of
HURDAT and Neumann et al.  Perhaps the system was originally considered
too baroclinic or perhaps of not enough intensity.  However, analyses here
indicate that it had enough of both tropical characteristics and multiple
evidence of gale force winds to consider this system to be a tropical storm.
It is possible - for at least a portion of the lifetime of this cyclone -
that it was a subtropical storm.  However, this classification is not
officially utilized until the advent of satellite imagery.

*****************************************************************************


1919/05 - 2008 REVISION:

22115 11/11/1919 M= 4  3 SNBR= 500 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22115 11/10/1919 M= 6  5 SNBR= 501 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
22118 11/10E320 585  30    0E310 593  30    0E300 600  35    0E291 607  35    0

22120 11/11*  0   0   0    0*274 595  40    0*279 611  40    0*281 625  40    0
22120 11/11E283 613  40    0E276 619  45    0E270 625  50    0E266 631  55    0
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22125 11/12*284 635  40    0*287 644  40    0*290 650  40    0*293 654  40    0
22125 11/12*263 638  60    0*261 644  60    0*260 650  60    0*263 656  60    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **      *** ***  **

22130 11/13*295 656  40    0*297 657  40    0*300 658  40    0*305 660  40    0
22130 11/13*270 662  55    0*277 665  55    0*280 664  50    0*280 658  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22135 11/14*314 659  40    0*326 653  40    0*340 640  30    0*351 615  30    0
22135 11/14*278 648  45    0*276 634  45    0*275 620  40    0*283 607  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
22137 11/15*290 595  35    0*295 585  35    0E300 575  30    0E307 565  30    0

22140 TS                    

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
previously storm #3.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, and observations from Bermuda provided by Mark Guishard.

November 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 28N, 62W
with a stationary front extending off to the east of the system.  Available
observations however do not confirm that a low pressure had yet formed.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

November 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 30.5N, 56W
with a warm front extending to the northeast of the system.  Available
observations suggest the center is southwest of HWM's estimate, however it
was difficult to know precisely because of sparse observations on 
the south side.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  (A 1002 mb ship report is discarded because of it being 
inconsistent with nearby ship reports.)

November 11:  HWM indicates a trough of low pressure south and east of
Bermuda with a stationary front placed within the trough east of Bermuda.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 27.9N, 61.1W at 12 UTC.
Available observations are able to close off a center southwest of
the HURDAT position, although the system does appear to still exhibit
extratropical characteristics.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ENE at 31.4N, 62.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).

November 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W
with a warm front extending east of the center.  However, it appears that
frontal boundary has minimal to no temperature contrast and that the
system may at this point be considered tropical (or hybrid) in nature.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29N, 65W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest that the center is near the HWM position.  
Ship highlights:  60 kt E and 1007 mb "near Bermuda" around 12 UTC (MWR);  
25 kt WNW and 1003 mb at 24.5N, 69.5W at 05 UTC (COA).

November 13:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 25N, 66W.
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30N, 65.8W at 12 UTC.
Available observations suggest a center near 28N, 66.5W.  Station 
highlights:  5 kt E and 1006 mb at 18 UTC at Bermuda (BER).

November 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 26N, 62W
with a cold front approaching from the northwest.  HURDAT lists this system
as a tropical depression at 34N, 64W at 12 UTC.  Available observations
suggest a center northwest of the HWM position, well south of the
HURDAT location.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.  (A ship near Bermuda with 1003 mb was determined to be unreliable 
in comparison on this day and later days with other nearby ships.)

November 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 57W
with a stationary front extending northeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the system.  Available observations suggest a position just
south of HWM.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.  (A ship east of Bermuda with 1004 mb was determined to be
unreliable in comparison to other nearby ships on this and other days.)

Genesis is begun one day earlier than HURDAT as an extratropical frontal
cyclone.  The system was likely still extratropical on the 11th based
upon available observations and this is now noted in HURDAT.  A peripheral
pressure of 1003 mb early on the 12th suggest winds of at least 43 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen for HURDAT, based
partially on this reading and also upon an observed 60 kt ship report.
60 kt is the new peak intensity of this system, up from 40 kt previously.
The track of the system is changed dramatically throughout its lifetime,
though there are enough observations to substantiate such changes.  In
particular, the cyclone's track is changed from recurving just west
of Bermuda on the 14th to moving south of Bermuda on the 14th ahead
of a strong cold front.  These changes now match the thrice daily 
observations from the Bermuda station.  An additional day at the end of 
the system's lifetime is added in along with a short transition to 
an extratropical system as the storm was being absorbed by a frontal 
boundary.  If this system were to occur today, it might be considered 
a subtropical storm rather than a tropical storm based upon the observed 
structure.

*****************************************************************************


1919 - Additional Notes:

1)  Historical Weather Maps indicate a low pressure area formed on the 
1st of June in the Caribbean just off the coast of Belize, then moved
across the Yucatan Peninsula and into the extreme southern region of the
Gulf of Mexico on the 2nd, before dissipating on the 3rd.  The storm may 
have reached tropical depression status (or even tropical storm 
intensity), but not enough data was available in HWM and COADS to 
determine if a closed circulation was present.  Highest winds observed
were only 20 kt on the 1st, but a low pressure of 1004 mb was observed at 
Belize on the 1st indicating maximum wind speeds of at least 39 kt 
through the southern pressure-wind relationship.  However, the low
environmental pressure at the time would suggest a lower wind than 
the 39 kt.  Due to a lack of confirmation of a closed low and a secondary 
observation suggesting gale force, this storm is not added to HURDAT but 
listed here as a possible tropical depression.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun.  1  17N  87W     Tropical Depression
Jun.  2  19N  93W     Tropical Depression 


2)  Historical Weather Maps indicate an extra-tropical low forming on 
June 13, off of a stationary front northwest of Bermuda. On the 14th 
the storm transitioned to tropical as the circulation became closed.  The 
system propagated to the southwest where it hovered just west of Bermuda 
for the next several days. The depression expanded during its existence
and became extra-tropical again on the 18th.  HWM and COADS indicate that
peak winds reached 25 kt and minimum pressure was 1010-1012 mb on the 
15th.  Data indicates that although a tropical depression status was 
probable, the system was not observed to reach tropical storm intensity 
and will thus not be added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun. 13  35N  66W     Extratropical
Jun. 14  33N  69W     Extratropical
Jun. 15  32N  72W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 16  32N  71W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 17  33N  70W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 18  35N  70W     Extratropical


3) The Monthly Weather Review indicated that a "tropical disturbance" passed
through the Windward Islands on the 8th of August, with a 4 mb pressure
drop at St. Lucia in 12 hours and a moderate sea swell from the south
felt late in the day at Roseau, Dominica.  The Historical Weather Map on
the 8th showed between 1.5 and 2.0" of rain at St. Lucia, Dominica and
Barbados with lowest pressure of 1008.5 mb at St. Lucia and strongest
winds of 20 kt, but no closed circulation present.  Mr. Michael Chenoweth
also provided the following from the _Barbados Agricultural Reporter_, 
9 August 1919 "Heavy weather was experienced here Thursday night [7th]; 
two ships ran aground.  Weather reports from region on 8 August - 
   Antigua 730am 30.00  930am 30.01 ene, occasional rain
   St. Kitts 9am 29.94 gusty ene
   Guadeloupe 10am 29.95 north, cloudy, rainy, sea white-capped
   Dominica 730am 29.87 east, gusty, heavy rain all night
   St. Lucia 7am 29.78 south, Thunderstorm and heavy rain
   St. Vincent 730am 29.96 south, sea rough, raining 
   Grenada 730am 29.93 heavy rain, high tides, calm"
The Monthly Weather Review further described advisories issued by the
U.S. Weather Bureau for the disturbance through the 11th as it moved
toward the west.  The data on the 8th is somewhat suggestive that a closed 
low near 13N 61W may have been present and that the system was a tropical
depression or tropical storm.  Other that that date, analyses of HWM, MWR and 
COADS data, no closed low for this system could be found, nor were there any 
observations of gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure).  (The
press report of two ships running aground in Barbados, however, might
be construed as evidence for tropical storm conditions.)  Because of
this lack of a clear cut closed low and no definitive gale force winds, this 
system is not added into HURDAT.  It is possible though that the
system did have a closed circulation and was briefly of tropical
storm intensity.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug.  8  13N  61W     Tropical Depression/Storm?
Aug.  9  --N  67W     Tropical Wave
Aug. 10  --N  73W     Tropical Wave


4)  The Historical Weather Maps depicts a stationary front draped across
the southeastern US and over the Atlantic toward Bermuda on the 12th
of August.  On the 13th, a cyclone was centered near 36N 76W over
the North Carolina coast with a warm front extending southeast from
the center and a cold front extending south from the center.  The system
deepened to about 1004 mb according to the MWR Tracks of Centers of
Low Areas around 00 UTC on the 14th with the center just offshore,
near 38N 73W.  On the 14th, HWM depicts the system as beginning to
occlude near Nova Scotia.  The cyclone continued to move east-north
east in the next two days as it decayed over the Atlantic.  Peak 
observed winds from this cyclone over land were 53 kt at Cape Henry
and 49 kt at Block Island on the 13th and 14th, respectively.  Several 
ships also reported gale to storm force winds on these two dates as
well.  However, the cyclone appears to correctly be analyzed as
extratropical for the duration of its lifecycle.  There is the possibility
that the system was subtropical on the 13th, which is why it is 
included here.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 13  36N  76W     Extratropical Storm
Aug. 14  40N  70W     Extratropical Storm
Aug. 15  42N  66W     Extratropical Low - Occluded
Aug. 16  45N  57W     Extratropical Low - Occluded


5)  According to Historical Weather Maps a tropical depression formed off 
of western Africa on August 25th (and possibly earlier).  The system moved
to the west for a period of about two days before being lost in a data void
region. The depression reached its peak intensity on the 25th when observed 
winds reached 20 kt.  Minimum pressure observed was 1007 mb, which suggests
at least 31 kt using the southern pressure-wind relationship. No data was 
available to indicate gale force winds at any point though the ship data
was quite sparse from HWM and COADS, thus the system will not be added into 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 25  17N  27W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 26  17N  32W     Tropical Depression


6)  A tropical depression formed on September 9th in the region of 27N 
and 60W, according to Historical Weather Maps.  The depression strengthened
as it moved to the northwest on the 10th before curving back to the northeast. 
The system reached its point of maximum intensity on the 11th when NW winds of 
30 kt and minimum pressures of 1008 mb were observed at Bermuda (and a 24 hr
pressure drop of about 4 mb). The cyclone became extratropical on the 12th.  
No data were available to support classification of a tropical storm from
MWR, HWM, or COADS.  The system will be listed here as a strong tropical 
depression but will not be added into HURDAT due to a lack of observed
gale force winds.  However, it is quite possible that this cyclone did
become a tropical storm at some point in its lifetime.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep.  9  27N  60W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 10  27N  65W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 11  32N  63W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 12  37N  57W     Extratropical


7)  On the 13th of September, a trough west of the Azores pushed southward
and possibly formed a closed low according to Historical Weather Maps.  On 
the 14th, a closed low existed near 36N and 23W with one observed gale force 
wind.  The system was analyzed in HWM on the 14th to the 16th as being an 
occluding extratropical storm, though the temperature gradients present were 
quite weak with absolute temperatures in the low to mid 70F.  No gale force 
winds or equivalent in pressure were then observed from the 15th to the 18th, 
as the system remained just southeast of the Azores.  On the 19th a single 
ship reported multiple gale force winds (up to 45 kt) and low pressures 
(down to 1007 mb).  However, comparison with other ships indicates a high 
bias in winds and low bias in pressure, making these readings suspect.  On 
the 20th the system was absorbed by a frontal boundary is it approached the 
coast of Spain.  The system is not included into HURDAT because of the lack 
of two independent reliable gale force wind observations and also because 
of uncertainty in the structure of the system (extratropical versus tropical 
cyclone).

DAY      LAT  LON    STATUS
Sep. 14  36N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 15  35N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 16  34N  23W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 17  32N  22W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 18  34N  20W    Extratropical Storm (?)
Sep. 19  36N  15W    Extratropical Storm (?)
				

8)  Historical Weather Maps show that on the 13th and 14th of November
a strong cold front pushed through Florida.  A strong high to the
northeast of Florida continued to advect cold air across the state
and adjacent waters on the 15th and 16th.  On the 17th, a weak low
was analyzed over the central Bahamas.  On the 18th, a low deeper
than 1000 mb was depicted east of Jacksonville not attached to
any frontal features.  By the 19th, the cyclone  - centered halfway
between the Carolinas and Bermuda - was beginning to be absorbed by a larger 
extratropical low and it was analyzed to have a cold to the south
extending from the center.  The system did produce numerous gale
force winds over water on the 18th and 19th.  However, contratry to
the HWM depiction, the system appears to have been baroclinic throughout
its lifetime.  It is possible, but not likely, that it was subtropical
on the 17th and 18th.

DAY      LAT  LON    STATUS
Nov. 17  23N  78W    Extratropical Low
Nov. 18  29N  77W    Extratropical Storm
Nov. 19  33N  71W    Extratropical Storm
Nov. 20  ----------  Absorbed by larger extratropical storm

********************************************************************************


1920/01 - 2008 REVISION:

22145 09/07/1920 M=10  1 SNBR= 501 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22150 09/07*111 361  35    0*115 378  35    0*120 390  35    0*127 401  35    0
22150 09/07*111 366  35    0*115 378  35    0*120 390  35    0*127 401  35    0
                ***                                                 

22155 09/08*134 411  35    0*141 421  40    0*148 430  40    0*155 439  45    0
22155 09/08*134 411  35    0*141 421  40    0*148 430  40    0*154 440  45    0
                                                               *** ***

22160 09/09*163 447  50    0*170 456  55    0*178 464  60    0*187 472  65    0
22160 09/09*161 450  50    0*168 460  55    0*175 470  60    0*183 480  65    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22165 09/10*196 480  70    0*206 488  75    0*215 494  75    0*223 499  80    0
22165 09/10*192 490  70    0*201 500  75    0*210 508  75    0*219 515  80    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

22170 09/11*230 503  80    0*237 507  85    0*246 510  85    0*256 514  85    0
22170 09/11*228 518  80    0*237 519  85    0*246 520  85    0*256 521  85    0
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

22175 09/12*267 517  90    0*278 520  95    0*290 522  95    0*302 520  95    0
22175 09/12*267 522  90    0*278 523  95    0*290 522  95    0*302 519  95    0
                ***              ***                               ***  

22180 09/13*314 517  95    0*326 511  95    0*338 503  95    0*350 494  90    0
22180 09/13*313 514  90    0*324 508  90    0*335 500  85    0*346 491  85    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22185 09/14*363 482  90    0E376 467  90    0E388 450  85    0E398 430  80    0
22185 09/14*358 481  80    0*369 470  80    0*380 455  75    0*390 435  70    0
            *** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22190 09/15E405 406  70    0E410 379  65    0E414 350  55    0E418 319  50    0
22190 09/15E399 410  60    0E407 382  50    0E414 350  45    0E418 319  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

22195 09/16E420 285  45    0E421 249  40    0E420 210  35    0E419 172  35    0
22195 09/16E420 285  35    0E421 249  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                     **               **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

22200 HR                    

Minor track changes and mostly downward minor alterations of intensity 
originally shown in Neumann et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS 
ship database, ship observations from the SS Hammershus provided by NCDC, 
Monthly Weather Review, and the Historical Weather Map series. 

September 7:  HURDAT lists this as a minimal tropical storm near 12N, 39W. 
HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Very sparse data were in 
the area of the cyclone, therefore no changes were made to either the position 
or the intensity.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 8:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. Still 
little to no data to support any changes, so current position of 14.8N, 43W 
and intensity of 40 kt based on HURDAT remains unchanged.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 9:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
listed the system as a 60 kt tropical storm at 17.8N, 46.4W. Slight 
southwestward adjustment of position to 17.5N, 47W is based on rather 
dramatic changes made on the next day.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in 
pressure) were observed.

September 10:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
position is 21.5N, 49.4W and 75 kt intensity.  Wind direction observations 
indicate that the storm passed very slightly to the east of the ship.  Rather 
large westward shift in track to 21N, 50.8W based on the cyclone's close 
approach to the ship. Ship highlight:  70 kt NNE and 985 mb from the
ship Hammershus at 20.2N, 50.7W at 10 UTC (NCDC). 

September 11:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low. HURDAT 
indicates a Category 2 hurricane located near 24.6N, 51.0W. Position 
has been shifted slightly to the west to account for the changes made 
the day before. New position is 24.6N, 52W, although there is little data 
in the immediate vicinity of the storm on this date.  No gale force winds 
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 12:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a cold front approaching the hurricane from the northwest.  HURDAT
listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 29.0N, 52.2W.  No changes are
made to the position as there is still very little data to utilize.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 13:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low though
there is a stationary front analyzed just north of the hurricane.  HURDAT 
lists the system at 33.8N, 50.3W as a Category 2 hurricane.  Position is 
shifted slightly southeast to 33.5N, 50W based on ship data to the northeast 
and west of the storm.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.

September 14:  HWM isobaric analysis did not indicate a closed low and
a stationary front is depicted the region lying west to east-northeast. 
HURDAT listed the system as a Category 2 hurricane at 38.8N, 45W and is 
adjusted lightly southwest to 38N, 45.5W based on COADS and HWM data.  
HURDAT shows that the storm has become extratropical as of 06Z, but COADS 
data suggest that it is still tropical and not yet baroclinic based on 
the stationary front being 2-3 degrees north of the system. Winds to the 
north of the system are not cyclonic, so the cyclone is appears to have 
a small wind field. Ship highlights: 70 kt SSE-NNW and 999 mb at 36.3N, 45.1W 
at 06 UTC (MWR); 50 kt SW and 999 mb at 37.7N, 45W (COA).  "On the [14th]
heavy weather was also encountered in southern waters" (MWR).

September 15:  Cyclone is analyzed in HWM to be an extratropical cyclone
of at most 1020 mb at 41.5N, 35.5W with a warm front extending to the east 
and a cold front extending to the southwest.  HURDAT listed the system as an
extratropical storm at 41.4N, 35W.  The position will remain unchanged.  No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16:  HWM analyzed an extratropical low of at most 1015 mb at
42N, 22W with a warm front extending southeast and a cold front extending
southwest of the low.  HURDAT listed the system as an extratropical storm
at 42N, 21W.  However, available observations indicated that the system
had dissipated by 12 UTC, since no closed circulation was present despite
numerous observations.  Numerous gale force winds were present in the
northwesterly flow behind the front. 

No changes to the genesis of this hurricane, except to adjust the initial
position for allow for a more realistic translational speed.  Minor
track changes based upon available observations were also made for most
of the system's lifetime.  A peripheral pressure of 985 mb on the 10th
suggests winds of at least 71 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship
- 75 kt retained in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC.  Peak intensity of 95 kt
is retained, though there are only sparse observations available 
around the 12th.  Intensity is reduced moderately on the 13th through 
the 16th, as system weakened quicker than originally shown in HURDAT.  
Transition to extratropical is determined to have occurred early on the 15th, 
rather than on the 14th as the front did not overtake the hurricane until 
that point in time.  System dissipated by 12 UTC on the 16th, twelve hours 
early than HURDAT indicated, as the circulation was absorbed within a strong 
frontal boundary.

********************************************************************************


1920/02 - 2008 REVISION:

22205 09/16/1920 M= 8  2 SNBR= 502 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
22210 09/16*  0   0   0    0*122 765  35    0*124 770  35    0*125 780  35    0
22210 09/16*  0   0   0    0*117 765  30    0*120 775  30    0*124 786  30    0
                             ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22215 09/17*127 790  35    0*130 800  35    0*133 808  35    0*137 816  35    0
22215 09/17*129 797  30    0*133 807  30    0*137 815  30    0*141 823  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22220 09/18*141 823  35    0*146 830  35    0*152 837  35    0*159 844  35    0
22220 09/18*145 831  30    0*149 838  30    0*152 845  30    0*155 852  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

22225 09/19*166 851  35    0*173 857  35    0*180 863  40    0*187 868  40    0
22225 09/19*159 859  35    0*164 865  35    0*170 870  40    0*178 873  40    0
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***    

22230 09/20*195 873  45    0*203 877  45    0*212 882  50    0*223 887  50    0
22230 09/20*188 876  45    0*200 879  40    0*212 882  35    0*224 885  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

22235 09/21*235 891  55    0*249 895  60    0*264 900  65    0*279 905  75    0
22235 09/21*236 888  55  999*248 891  65    0*260 895  70    0*274 901  75    0
            *** ***      *** *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** *** 

22240 09/22*294 910  90  982*309 917  65  987*322 926  45    0*340 932  35    0
22240 09/22*289 907  85  975*305 916  60  986*322 926  40    0*340 934  30    0
            *** ***  **  *** *** ***  **  ***          **          ***  **

22245 09/23*355 938  30    0*382 948  25    0*410 950  20    0*  0   0   0    0
22245 09/23*360 941  30    0*382 948  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
            *** ***                           *** ***  **

22250 HR LA2                

Landfall:
9/22 01 UTC  29.1N 90.8W  85 kt  975 mb  LA2

Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. 
(1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992), 

September 15:	No evidence of a closed low on HWM, though available
observations suggest a trough was located in the central Caribbean.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.

September 16:	HWM indicated a closed sub-1005 mb low centered near 
11.5N, 77.5W.  HURDAT listed this system as a tropical storm at 12.4N, 77W
at 12 UTC. Position is adjusted to the southwest to near 12N, 77.5W.  No gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.  

September 17:	HWM continues to indicate a sub-1005 mb closed low centered
near 14N, 81.5W.  HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 13.3N, 80.8W
at 12 UTC.  The position is adjusted to the northwest from 13.7N, 81.5W 
based on available HWM and COADS observations.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "Storm of September 17-22, 1920 - 
This storm developed in the vicinity of the Swan Islands" (MWR).

September 18:	HWM shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 17.5N, 86W in
the Gulf of Honduras.  HURDAT this the system as a tropical storm at 
15.2N, 83.7W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua.  The MWR 
"Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at
14.5N, 83.5W over land near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua.  The 
position is shifted west of the HURDAT estimate.  No gale force winds (or 
equivalent in pressure) were observed.  "The tropical storms ... appeared
in the Caribbean Sea September 18" (MWR).

September 19:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1005 mb. 
HURDAT lists the system as a tropical storm at 18N, 86.3W.  The MWR "Summary 
of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 17.5N, 86W.
HURDAT.  Available observations suggest a center southwest of the HURDAT
estimate.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
"[The storm] moved north-northwestward with increasing intensity, but
retaining its small diameter" (MWR).

September 20:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
over the Yucatan of Mexico near 21N, 89.5W.  HURDAT shows it a tropical 
storm located at 21.2N, 88.2W overland near the northern coast of the 
Yucatan peninsula.  The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" shows a position
near 20.5N, 88.5W.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 
1921" shows the storm at 20N, 88W.  No changes are made to the HURDAT
position.  Ship highlight:  30 kt SE and 1002 mb at 22.7N, 87W at 22 UTC
(COA).  "...crossed the Gulf of Mexico during the 19th and 20th" (MWR).

September 21:  HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 995 mb.
HURDAT shows a Category 1 hurricane located at 26.4N, 90W.  The MWR "Tracks 
of the Centers of Lows" shows a position near 26N, 90W.  The MWR "Summary of 
the Hurricanes of 1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 24.5N, 89.5W.  
Available observations indicate a position south and east of the HURDAT
estimate.  Ship highlights:  60 kt N and 1002 mb at 23.5N, 89.9W at 02 UTC
(NCDC);  999 mb and calm (eye) at 23.7N, 88.8W at 03 UTC (NCDC);  70 kt
E-SSW and 991 mb at 25.8N, 88.8W at 13 UTC (MWR);  70 kt ESE and 986 mb
at 28.3N, 89.2W at 23 UTC (NCDC).  

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of at most 1000 mb
inland over Louisiana.  HURDAT has the system inland as well at 12Z at 
32.2N, 92.6W as a tropical storm.  The MWR "Tracks of the Centers of Lows" 
shows a position near 32N, 92.5W.  The MWR "Summary of the Hurricanes of 
1919, 1920, and 1921" shows the storm at 31.5N, 91.5W.  No changes are made
to HURDAT's position.  Ship highlight:  70 kt at 29.2N, 90W at 0145 UTC
(NCDC).  Station highlights:  40 kt SE and 1005 mb at New Orleans at 02 UTC
(OMR);  982 mb at Houma at 0315 UTC (MWR);  986 mb (eye?) at Bayou Goala
at 0530 UTC (MWR).  Landfall point at 29.2N, 90.6W, RMW of 28 nmi, 982 mb at 
Houma accepted as central pressure after landfall, 980 mb central pressure 
estimated at landfall (Ho et al.).  Estimated maximum 1 min surface winds at 
the coast of 80 kt (Schwerdt et al.).  Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound had 
tides of 5-6 ft while Biloxi reported tides of 5.4 ft.   Outer closed isobar 
- 1011 mb.  Estimated minimum central pressure (and in this case at landfall) 
- 975 mb (Connor).  Hurricane listed as 975 mb and Category 2 impact in 
Louisiana (Jarrell et al.)  One person was killed and damage is estimated 
at $1.45 million (Dunn and Miller).   "The lowest pressure, 28.99, was
reported from Houma, La., about 30 miles inland from the nearest coast line
at 10:15 p.m. on September 21st; the next lowest was 29.09 at 11:20 pm.m at
Morgan City, La., 10 miles to the north and 30 miles to the west of Houma.
The next lowest was 29.13 at Bayou Goula, La., at 12:30 a.m. of the 22nd,
80 miles from the coast.  The topographical and physical features of the
country for 50 miles from the coast are such that the hurricane, while
traversing the area, retained the characteristics which it had in the open
Gulf, and the wind and pressure conditions at Grand Isle, Morgan City, and
Houma, represent the full intensity of the storm...Moderate gales occurred
at New Orleans and Burrwood, the only regular Weather Bureau stations with
self-recording instruments directly in the hurricane proper...Hurricane
winds occurred in Jefferson, Lafourche, Terrebonne, and St. Charles Parishes
and destructive gales occurred in St. John, Ascension, and Iberville
Parishes...At Morgan City the wind changed from northeast to northwest at
10:30 p.m., then calmed down shortly afterwards came up light from the
southwest.  The lowest barometer occurred at 11:30 p.m., during the period
in the lull in the wind.  This indicates that the center of the storm passed
nearly over Morgan City, and that the exact center of the storm passed to
the right of that place.  No severe winds occurred at Morgan City, but a
few miles to the right of that place the wind was of hurricane force...
The storm moved inland over the central and east Louisiana and the Mississippi
coasts.  The center of the cyclonic area advanced northward in Louisiana
along a line running close to longitude 91 degrees, and the calm area of
the center passed partly over Morgan City, La., and then northward over the
interior into Iberville Parish near Bayou Goula...[The] two hours' time 
intervened between the time of the lowest barometer at Houma and its 
occurrence at Burnside and Bayou Goula, which shows the storm advanced with
a speed of 25 miles an hour, an unusually rapid movement for a tropical
cyclone in this region...Damage was confined mainly to railroad, telegraph,
and telephone systems, the losses sustained by these interested being
estimated at $750,000...Damage to rice and sugar cane was confined mainly
to Terrebonne, Lafourche, Palquemine, and Jefferson Parishes.  The total
damage to crops is estimated at about $700,000.  Only one death was reported
and that as a result of an electric wire which had been broken down by the
wind at New Orleans...This storm came in at low tide [so] the damage along
the coast was not so great as it would have been if the storm had moved
inland in the forenoon" (MWR).

September 23:	HWM shows the system having dissipated by 12 UTC.  The MWR
"Tracks of the Centers of Lows" had the system at 12Z near 41N, 95.7W. 
HURDAT listed the as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 41N, 95W.  Based
upon available observations, the system had indeed dissipated by 12 UTC.
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed this day.

No changes are made to the genesis of this system, except to delay its
intensification to a tropical storm until the 19th when it reached the
Gulf of Honduras.  The original HURDAT unrealistically showed no weakening
at all of the system during its transit over the Yucatan of Mexico.  Here
we bring it down to a minimal tropical storm on the 20th, before
re-emerging over the Gulf of Mexico.  A 999 mb central pressure value
at 03 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of 47 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.  55 kt at 00 UTC and 60 kt at 06 UTC retained
due to 60 kt observed winds at 02 UTC.  A 986 mb peripheral pressure 
measurement at 23 UTC on the 21st suggests winds of at least 68 kt from
the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Ho et al.'s suggestion of
a 980 mb central pressure at landfall in Louisiana was based upon assuming
that the value of 982 mb at Houma was a central pressure, which it was
not based upon the analysis shown in Monthly Weather Review (see Fig. 1
on page 521).  Instead the Connor (and Jarrell et al.) central pressure
reading of 975 mb appears to be more reasonable, given the close passage
(but not eye passage) of this hurricane to Houma.  The 982 mb central
pressure value shown in HURDAT is thus replaced with 975 mb for the 00 UTC
22nd synoptic time.  Landfall location is estimated to have occurred near 
29.1N, 90.8W around 01 UTC on the 22nd, which is close to where the original
HURDAT had it making landfall though a couple hours later in time. 
975 mb at landfall suggests winds of 83 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
pressure-wind relationship.  The new Brown et al. north of 25N pressure-wind 
relationship suggests winds of 79 kt and 82 kt for intensifying cyclones
(which this was based upon deepening from 999 mb 24 hours before).  Given
the near climatological value of RMW (28 nmi observed versus 23 nmi 
climatology - Vickery et al.) and a fast translational speed (18 kt), a slight
increase in estimated maximum sustained winds is analyzed at landfall:  85 kt.
This value is a small downward adjustment (from 90 kt) from that originally 
in HURDAT, though it still retains this system as a Category 2 hurricane for 
Louisiana.  Highest 
observed station winds at landfall were only 40 kt at New Orleans, due to 
the distance of the hurricane's landfall to the Weather Bureau stations.
Peak observed winds after landfall were less than gale force.  Bayou
Goula had a minimum pressure reading that was likely a central
pressure measurement with 986 mb at 0530 UTC.  This would suggest winds
of 68 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship - 60 kt chosen
for HURDAT due to inland location and exposure (down from 65 kt originally).
Kaplan and DeMaria inland decay model suggests winds of 58 kt at 06 UTC
on the 22nd, 42 kt at 12 UTC, and 30 kt at 18 UTC.  Winds for HURDAT are
chosen at 60 kt, 40 kt and 30 kt, respectively, which is down slightly from
that originally in HURDAT.  Dissipation of the system is moved ahead by 
six hours, with a last position as a tropical depression at 06 UTC on the 
23rd based upon numerous land-based stations.

********************************************************************************


1920/03 - 2008 REVISION:

22255 09/20/1920 M= 4  3 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
22255 09/19/1920 M= 6  3 SNBR= 503 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *                                     *

(The 19th is new to HURDAT.)
22257 09/19*  0   0   0    0*304 768  25    0*305 765  30    0*306 762  30    0

22260 09/20*  0   0   0    0*298 735  50    0*302 738  50    0*304 740  50    0
22260 09/20*307 759  30    0*308 757  30    0*307 755  35    0*305 754  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22265 09/21*307 743  50    0*311 748  50    0*313 750  55    0*315 752  55    0
22265 09/21*300 753  35    0*296 754  40    0*295 755  45    0*296 757  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22270 09/22*317 754  60    0*321 759  65    0*325 764  65    0*330 770  70    0
22270 09/22*299 759  55    0*304 761  60    0*310 764  70    0*318 769  75    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

22275 09/23*337 778  65    0*344 788  55    0*352 798  30    0*358 808  25    0
22275 09/23*327 775  65    0*337 782  55    0*348 790  35    0*359 799  30    0
                ***          *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 24th is new to HURDAT.)
22277 09/24*370 810  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

22280 HR NC1                
22280 HR
         ***

Landfall:
9/23 07 UTC  33.9N 78.3W  55kt  NC

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly 
Records from NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

September 19:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. Tail 
end of a weakening stationary frontal boundary is located near 27N, 77W. 
HURDAT does not initiate the system until 06Z on the 20th.  Center appears 
to be located near 30.5N, 76.5W.  No gale force winds were reported on this 
date. 

September 20:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 29N, 76W, at the tail end of the stationary front. 
Temperature differences on either side of the front are minimal, so the front 
had likely dissipated by this point. MWR summary map has the low at 
30.5N, 74.5W.  HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 30.2N, 73.8W. Wind 
field is somewhat asymmetric (oriented southwest-northeast) so it may be
a hybrid system.  A center is analyzed to be near 30.7N, 75.5W.  No gales 
were reported on this date.  "Storm of September 20-23, 1920 - This storm...
developed off the South Atlantic coast in an area of low barometer which
had stagnated there" (MWR).  

September 21:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low.  A 
stationary front is still analyzed to be near 30N, 75W and extending off to
the east-northeast, although near the system's center the temperature 
gradient appears to be quite weak.  MWR summary map has the low at 31.5N, 76W. 
HURDAT shows a tropical storm at 31.3N, 75.0W.  Storm still appears 
to be hybrid as the wind field remains asymmetric.  Ship highlight:  35 kt 
NE and 1018 mb at 32.3N, 77.9W at 11 UTC (COA);  35 kt NE and 1017 mb at
33.3N, 76.6W at 23 UTC (COA);  25 kt SSE and 1006 mb at 30.9N, 74.5W at
12 UTC (COA).  Available observations suggest a revised position of 
29.5N, 75.5W.

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low and 
the front is now analyzed as dissipating near 30N, 75W and extending 
eastward. MWR summary map shows the storm near 33N, 77W. HURDAT has 
a Category 1 hurricane at 32.5N, 76.4W. Wind field appears to have become
symmetric, though quite small in areal extent.  Available observations 
indicate a center at 31N, 76.4W.  Ship highlight: 70 kt N at unknown time/
position (MWR).  "The S. S. Louisiana encountered this storm off the 
Carolina coast on the 22d and estimated the velocity of the wind at
90 miles per hour and from the north" (MWR).

September 23:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1015 mb located inland over South Carolina near 34N, 80W. MWR summary map 
has the storm positioned near 34.5N, 79W.  HURDAT has the system as a tropical
depression at 35.2N, 79.8W.  Interpolating the HURDAT positions suggests a
landfall around 03Z just north of the NC/SC border. MWR summary map has 
a similar landfall position.  Ship highlight:  63 kt at 33.7N, 77.8W around
06 UTC (MWR).  No land-based gales or low pressures were observed.  (Peak
station observations were 28 kt NE at Wilmington at 22 UTC on the 22nd.)  A new 
center position is estimated to be at 12Z is 34.8N, 80.2W, southeastward of
the original HURDAT.  North Carolina - Minimal, Damage Slight (Dunn and 
Miller).  North Carolina Category 1 hurricane with no estimated central
pressure (Jarvinen et al. 1992).  "The second disturbance of a tropical 
nature passed inland over North Carolina during the night of the 22d; it
was of small diameter but of moderate intensity ... It is reported to have
caused a gale of 72 miles per hour at the mouth of the Cape Fear River
during the night of the 22d, carrying the light ship several miles
west of its position where anchored ... This disturbance, of considerable
intensity but apparently of very small diameter, passed inland near and
west of the mouth of the Cape Fear River during the night of the 22d...
No low barometer readings were recorded at Weather Bureau stations in 
the vicinity because of the extremely small diameter of the storm" (MWR).

September 24:  System has dissipated by 12 UTC according to all available
observations and analyses.	

Genesis for this system is begun on the 19th, a day earlier than originally
shown in HURDAT based upon numerous ship and coastal observations showing
a closed low.  Intensity is started as a tropical depression and maintained
until 06 UTC on the 20th.  Intensity reduced moderately from the 20th to 
early on the 22nd based upon numerous ship measurements near the center.
The system did attain hurricane force intensity briefly based upon marine
observations on the 22nd from the ship S. S. Louisiana.  The cyclone
may have reached its peak intensity - estimated to be 75 kt - late on 
the 22nd, based upon this ship's observations.  The 63 kt anemometer 
measurement from the lightship off of Cape Fear adjusts to 52 kt 1 min 
wind after converting from 5 min to 1 min and also correcting
for the high bias of the instrument - Fergusson and Covert 1924, Powell 
et al. 1996.  It is of note that Ho et al. (1987) do not include this
system as a U.S. hurricane, implying (by their criterion) a central pressure
higher than 982 mb.  This small system is analyzed to have weakened to below
hurricane force at landfall based upon very low winds, high pressures and
extremely minor impacts in Wilmington (which should have been close to the 
radius of maximum winds on the right front quadrant of the system) and 
elsewhere in North Carolina.  A reduced intensity of the system is consistent
with the Monthly Weather Review Tracks of Lows, which did not even provide
a track for this system, and the Historical Weather Map series, which
did not analyze a closed low on the 21st and 22nd.  The impact of this
system was so slight that it did not warrant inclusion in the comprehensive
North Carolina hurricane history by Barnes.  Landfall intensity is thus
estimated to be 55 kt around 07 UTC on the 23rd near 33.9N, 78.3W.  The system
is analyzed to have existed until early on the 24th as a tropical depression,
six hours after that originally shown in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


1920/04 - 2008 REVISION:

22281 09/23/1920 M= 5  4 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
22282 09/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*325 570  30    0*328 569  30    0
22282 09/24*331 568  35    0*334 567  35    0*335 565  40    0*335 563  40    0
22282 09/25*335 561  40    0*335 558  40    0*335 555  40    0*333 552  40    0
22282 09/26*330 549  40    0*327 545  40    0*325 540  40    0*325 532  40    0
22282 09/27*326 522  35    0*328 511  35    0*330 500  30    0E334 488  25    0
22283 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

September 22:	HWM isobaric analysis does not indicate a closed low. 
Stationary frontal boundary is located in the North Central Atlantic along
33N. System is baroclinic in nature since the front still exists, and 
is not added to HURDAT for this date. No gales were reported. 

September 23:	HWM isobaric analysis indicated a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb on the tail end of the stationary frontal boundary. The low 
is estimated by HWM to be near 32.5N, 57W. The frontal boundary is beginning 
to dissipate so the system is transitioning to (or is) a tropical cyclone. 
No gales reported on this date.

September 24:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 33N, 54W.  The stationary front appears to have 
dissipated in the vicinity of the low, so the system is now considered 
fully tropical.  Based upon available ship observations, the center appears 
to be a little farther west, near 33.5N, 56.5W.  Ship highlight: 35 kts E 
and 1016 mb at 37.1N, 55.8W 12 UTC (COA). 

September 25:	HWM isobaric analysis shows an elongated closed low of no 
more than 1010 mb near 32N, 55W.  Another cold front around 40N is approaching 
the system from the north.  Based upon available ship observations, the
center appears to be north-northwest of the HWM estimate.  Ship highlights:  
35 kts SW at four separate times near 33N, 54W (COA).  

September 26:	HWM isobaric analysis continues to indicate a closed low of 
no more than 1010 mb near 35N, 52.5W.  The cold front continues to approach 
the storm and is now along 39N.  Based upon available ship observations, 
the center position estimate is southwest near 32.5N, 54W.  Ship highlights:
35 kt WSW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 00 UTC (COA); 35 kt NW at 32.5N, 56.5W at 04 UTC
(COA). 

September 27:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a more elongated closed low 
near 34N, 46W with no more than a 1010 mb pressure. The cold front is 
analyzed to be along 39N at the longitude of the storm, but given 
the temperature readings it seems to actually be farther south, near 37N. 
HWM estimate appears to be too far east so the center position estimate 
is 33N, 50W. There were no gales reported on this day, although the data 
was more sparse on this day than on others. 

September 28:	Low is no longer discernible on HWM by either isobaric 
analysis or wind observations. Cold front is now located near 30N, so the 
storm has been likely absorbed by it. 

This is a new tropical storm that is being added to HURDAT. The system 
began as a weak low along a decaying stationary frontal boundary in the North 
Atlantic Ocean.  By late on the 23rd or early on the 24th, the front 
dissipated in the vicinity of the system and the low is analyzed to have
become a tropical depression by 12 UTC on the 23rd and a tropical storm
by 00 UTC on the 24th.  Observations suggest that it peaked at only a
minimal tropical storm status with estimated 40 kt winds from late on 
the 24th until late on the 26th.  The system weakened to a tropical depression
on 27th and was absorbed by an approaching cold front by 18 UTC.

********************************************************************************


1920/05 - 2008 REVISION:

22285 09/25/1920 M= 6  4 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
22285 09/25/1920 M= 6  5 SNBR= 504 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                       * 

22290 09/25*  0   0   0    0*250 833  35    0*248 837  35    0*247 840  35    0
22290 09/25*  0   0   0    0*250 830  25    0*250 837  25    0*251 844  25    0
                                 ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **      

22295 09/26*245 842  35    0*243 846  35    0*242 849  35    0*241 856  35    0
22295 09/26*253 852  25    0*254 859  25    0*255 865  30    0*255 870  30    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22300 09/27*241 863  35    0*241 869  40    0*242 876  40    0*243 879  45    0
22300 09/27*254 874  30    0*253 877  30    0*252 880  35    0*251 883  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

22305 09/28*244 882  50    0*246 885  50    0*248 887  55    0*250 889  60    0
22305 09/28*250 885  40    0*249 886  40    0*248 887  45    0*249 888  50    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

22310 09/29*253 890  65    0*257 890  70    0*261 889  70    0*267 883  70    0
22310 09/29*251 889  55    0*254 890  60    0*258 889  70    0*264 883  75    0
            *** ***  **      ***      **      ***              ***      **

22315 09/30*277 865  65    0*289 840  55    0*303 810  35    0*311 780  20    0
22315 09/30*272 868  65    0*282 844  55    0E295 815  45    0E311 780  45    0
            *** ***          *** ***         **** ***  **     *         **

22320 HR                    

Landfall:  
9/30 09 UTC  28.9N 82.9W  55 kt  FL

Minor track and intensity changes from that originally shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999) and HURDAT are based on COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, Monthly Weather Review, the 
Historical Weather Map series, miscellaneous ship observations
provided by NCDC, Dunn and Miller (1960), and Kasper et al. (1998).

September 25:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 25.5N, 83W. HURDAT list the system as a tropical storm
at 24.8N, 83.7W.  While somewhat ambiguous whether a closed circulation
existed, a center may have been just north of the HURDAT postion.
No gales were reported on the 25th. 

September 26:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1005 mb near 25.5N, 86.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the center near 
26N, 88W and stationary. The MWR summary track has it farther south near 
23.5N, 85W.  HURDAT has the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 84.9W. 
Analysis of wind field does indicates a closed, but ill-defined depression near 
25.5N, 86.5W. No gales or equivalent pressures were reported on this day. 
"Storm of September 26-30, 1920 - The first evidences of this disturbance
were noted on the morning of the 26th over the eastern Gulf of Mexico" (MWR).

September 27:	HWM isobaric analysis shows a closed low of no more than 
1010 mb located near 25N, 88W. MWR Tracks of Lows puts the storm at 
25.5N, 88W, while the MWR summary map shows it at 24N, 86.5W. HURDAT listed
the system as a tropical storm at 24.2N, 87.6W. Center is becoming better 
defined based on wind analysis and the position is adjusted northwest to 
25.2N, 88W.  No gales were reported on this day.  

September 28:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1005 mb located at 23.5N, 89.5W. MWR Tracks of Lows keeps the center near 
26N, 88W, while the MWR summary map has it located near 25N, 88W. HURDAT 
position is 24.8N, 88.7W as a tropical storm.  Despite the lack of 
observations on the west side of the storm, the wind field appears to be 
becoming more distinct. The center is kept at the HURDAT position.
Ship highlight:  35 kt E at 26.8N, 88.3W at 12 UTC (COA).   "On the 28th
it cam under the influence of a rapidly developing trough of low pressure,
recurved, and moved rapidly northeast" (MWR).

September 29:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
1000 mb located near 24.5N, 88W. A cold front is located in the southern 
United States about 50 miles from the Gulf Coast and moving southward. MWR 
Tracks of Lows has the storm located at 27.5N, 87W. MWR summary map has the 
storm near 26N, 88.5W. HURDAT has the system as a Category 1 hurricane at
26.1N, 88.9W.  The HWM position appears to be farther south than the actual 
center, and the monthly Tracks of Lows position appears to be too far to 
the north.  The revised location of the storm is 25.8N, 88.9W.  Ship 
highlights:  70 kt NNE and 990 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 21 UTC (NCDC); 70 kt NNE 
and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 22 UTC (NCDC); 50 kt NNE and 987 mb at 
26.7N, 88.6W at 23 UTC (NCDC).  "[This storm] did not reach hurricane force
until the morning of the 29th.  This disturbance was very violent, and
among the vessels lost were the American S. S. Speedwell and the American
schooner Three Mary's, while a large number of casualties were also
reported" (MWR). 

September 30:	HWM isobaric analysis indicates a closed low of no more than 
995 mb located on the west coast of Florida just southeast of Tampa near 
27N, 82W. A cold front is analyzed to be extending from the northern Gulf of 
Mexico at 27N, 90W, through the southeast United States and up the Eastern 
Seaboard. The MWR monthly Tracks of Lows position is off of the east coast of 
Florida near 31N, 80.5W. The MWR summary map position is inland just south 
of Jacksonville near 29.5N, 81.5W. HURDAT places the center at 30.3N, 81.0W 
which is just east of Jacksonville as a tropical storm.  Temperature 
observations suggest that the front analyzed on the HWM is farther south 
than depicted, likely reaching Tampa at 12 UTC. Also, Jacksonville had 
a minimum pressure at 1030 UTC, nearly two hours earlier than Tampa. This 
suggests that the low had merged with the front and complex extratropical
system by 12 UTC and that the ill-defined center is elongated SW-NE at a 
position farther north than given in HWM. The adjusted 12 UTC position is near 
29.5N, 89.5W, in line with what is shown in the MWR summary map. Ship 
highlights: 50 kt NNE and 989 mb at 26.7N, 88.6W at 00 UTC (NCDC);  50 kt 
NNE and 1001 mb at 27.3N, 84.8W at 03 UTC (MWR);  50 kt SSE-SW and 996 mb at
28N, 84W at 0730 UTC (MWR).  Station highlights:  49 kt SSE at Egmont Key
at 0630 UTC (OMR);  25 kt N and 998 mb (minimum pressure) at Tampa
at 1210 UTC (OMR);  998 mb at Jacksonville at 1030 UTC (minimum pressure).
"But in crossing Florida it lost its identity as a hurricane, and on the
morning of the 30th could not be separately identified in the general
rough formation which covered the Atlantic coast region.  This large and
elongated disturbance developed into a severe coast storm, which should not,
however, be confused with the original hurricane.  In fact, there is some
doubt whether the Gulf disturbance was ever a true hurricane.  The heavy
north winds which occurred over the Gulf on the 30th, long after the
passage of the storm center, were due to the steep-pressure gradient formed 
as a great HIGH moved down from the northwest in the rear of the trough ...
Gales occurred, however, from Key West northward during the night of the
29th and early on the 30th.  And considerable damage was done along the
west coast from about Fort Myers northward to St. Marks.  High tides, salt
spray, and high winds inundated low lands on the immediate coast, and
heavy rains flooded fields more inland, where truck and fruit suffered to
a considerable extent.  As the result of a prostrated wire one person was
killed at St. Petersburg.  A yacht was sunk at Fort Myers, and a number of
vessels were wrecked or dismantled in the Gulf, among which was the
American steamer Speedwell" (MWR).  Florida - Minor Intensity (Dunn and 
Miller).  Storm tide 5' in Tampa (Kasper et al.).

October 1:  Storm merged with larger extratropical low off the U.S. Eastern 
Seaboard.

Genesis of this hurricane is unchanged, though it is somewhat ambiguous as to
whether a closed low existed on the 25th.  Transition to a tropical storm 
delayed from the 25th to the 27th based upon numerous ship and coastal 
observations showing a weak, disorganized low until the later date.  The 
system did quickly intensify into a hurricane on the 29th based upon both 
pressure and wind observations.  (Despite MWR's ambiguous statement regarding
the tropical nature of this system, it does appear that it was a true
hurricane before being disrupted and accelerated off to the northeast
by a cold front.)  A 987 mb peripheral pressure reading late on 
the 29th suggests winds of at least 67 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-
wind relationship - 75 kt chosen for HURDAT (up from 70 kt originally), which
is also the peak intensity of this cyclone.  The system rapidly 
accelerated to the northeast and weakened on the 30th with the arrival of 
a strong cold frontal boundary.  Peak observed winds on the coast were
49 kt at Egmont Key, which converts to 41 kt peak 1 min wind after accounting 
for the high bias of the anemometer used and adjusting to a peak 1 min wind 
from this 5 min values (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).
Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 09 UTC north of Tampa as 
a 55 kt tropical storm, which is the same as that originally shown 
in HURDAT.  The system shortly thereafter became absorbed within a larger 
extratropical cyclone. 

********************************************************************************


1920 Additional Notes:

1)  Monthly Weather Review wrote:  "Four disturbances of tropical origin
reached the American coast during the month [of September].  The first of
these, one of moderate intensity, was off the south Atlantic coast on the
5th and passed thence northeastward along the coast and reached the Canadian
Maritime Provinces on the 8th and 9th."  The Tracks of Lows shows
a similar track, which just skirted the coast of North Carolina on the
6th.  However, observations from the Historical Weather Maps show that
the system was quite ill-defined during the 6th through the 8th with no
closed low.  Moreover, the trough definitively acquired baroclinic
features between 8th and 9th, while a closed low developed.  (It is noted
though that the position of the center analyzed on the 9th does not match very 
well the description and Tracks of Lows described and shown in MWR.)  The 
system then quickly sped off to the east-northeast as an extratropical cyclone
through the 12th.  The system may have had an opportunity on the 6th and
7th to become a tropical cyclone before being entangled in a baroclinic
zone, but available observations indicate that it did not develop the closed
low needed to be called a tropical cyclone.  Thus this system will not
be added into HURDAT.

DAY	LAT	LON	STATUS
Sep 5   --N	--W	(No features of interest in the morning)
Sep 6   --N	--W	Trough off the Carolina coast
Sep 7	--N	--W	Trough/frontal boundary off the mid-Atlantic coast
Sep 8	--N	--W	Trough/frontal boundary between New England and Bermuda
Sep 9	38N	65W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 10	40N	57W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 11	43N	42W	Extratropical cyclone
Sep 12	52N	24W	Extratropical cyclone

2)  Mr. Michael Chenoweth provided the following information regarding
a possible system impacting the Lesser Antilles in mid-September 1920:

Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"....The heat continued with more or less intensity up to Sunday evening 
last, when a change became apparent from the threatening aspect of the 
clouds. Owing to forecasts of stormy weather by local weather observers, 
many people remained indoors on Sunday evening, preparing for any
contingency that might arise. In the early hours of yesterday morning high 
winds prevailed, accompanied with heavy showers, which, however, were not 
continuous. At about 8 o'clock, the clouds which had been gathering burst 
and there was a heavy downpour. The wind blew with great force from the 
southeast, and slight damage was done to vegetable crops. Fortunately, 
there has been no serious damage sustained in the City and suburbs. Reports 
from the rural districts have not yet reached us, but it is believed that 
there has been no occurrence of an alarming nature in those districts. A 
cable despatch from St. Lucia received here about noon yesterday reported that
there was "evidence of small disturbance passing from east; frequent 
squalls of rain. Barometer 29.85; steady."
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 14, 1920
"Telegram from Dominica, at 10 A.M. the barometer 29.93, wind se, weather 
squally"
Barbados Agricultural Reporter, Tuesday, September 18, 1920
"On the 12th inst. [12 September] the wind increased to nearly hurricane 
pitch and some damage was done to vegetables and crops. In some places banana 
trees were uprooted and corn fields laid low. Some forward fields of plant 
canes were blown down."

Examination of the Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review and
ship reports from COADS reveals that a strong tropical wave went through
the Windward Islands on the 12th and 13th.  However, no closed circulation
could be detected from these observations, suggesting that it was not
a tropical cyclone.  The reports of winds ("to nearly hurricane pitch")
and damage to agriculture ("banana trees uprooted and corn fields laid
low") do though indicate that gale force winds (or more) were present in
this system.  These may have been due to a gust front/outflow boundary
from a thunderstorm complex.  With the lack of a closed circulation though, 
the system is not considered a tropical storm and is thus not added into
HURDAT.

3)  The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that "between Hatteras
and Cape Henry on the 9th, when a moderate disturbance was central some 
distance off the coast."  The Historical Weather Map shows a pre-existing
stationary frontal boundary with a weak frontal low on the 7th.  
The extratropical cyclone intensified on the 8th and 9th as it moved
north-northeastward.  On both the 8th and 9th, gales were reported by
ships.  On the 10th and 11th, the cyclone occluded and by late on
the 11th/early on the 12th was absorbed by a larger extratropical 
storm.  While this system appears to have been extratropical throughout
its lifetime, it is included here due to its formation at relatively
low latitudes during the peak of the hurricane season.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct  7          27N     76W             Extratropical
Oct  8          31N     75W             Extratropical
Oct  9          35N     73W             Extratropical
Oct 10          39N     70W             Extratropical
Oct 11          48N     55W             Extratropical


4)  The Monthly Weather Review (page 610) stated that storm warnings
were issued for "extreme southern Florida coast on the afternoon
of the 18th, at which time a disturbance was apparently central
immediately north of Cuba.  However, this disturbance moved westward
and lost intensity, after causing strong northeast winds in the
Florida Straits."  Examination of the Historical Weather Maps indicates
a weak trough with no closed low were present on the 18th and 19th.
Additionally, the Cuban records (Ramon Perez, personal communication)
do not suggest that a tropical cyclone occurred near Cuba on these
dates.  Due to lack of both a closed circulation and no observed
gale force winds, the system is not added into HURDAT as a tropical
storm.

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 18          ---     80W             Trough
Oct 19          ---     85W             Trough - dissipating


5)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone 
developed on 20 October near 20N, 61W from a westward moving tropical wave. 
It moved steadily to the northwest over the next three days until turning 
north in response to an approaching frontal boundary. Although the system 
persisted for several days over the central Atlantic Ocean, it never attained 
gale-force winds until the 27th, when it had already merged with a frontal 
boundary and became baroclinic. The highest winds associated with the system 
as a tropical cyclone were 30 kt and pressures were generally around 1010 mb. 

DAY		LAT	LON		STATUS
Oct 20		20N	61W		Tropical Depression
Oct 21		20N	62W		Tropical Depression
Oct 22		22N	64W		Tropical Depression
Oct 23		25N	65W		Tropical Depression
Oct 24		27N	62W		Tropical Depression
Oct 25		31N	59W		Merging with front
Oct 26		35N	58W		Baroclinic
Oct 27		37N	56W		Baroclinic
Oct 28		-----	-----		Absorbed


********************************************************************************


1958/08 HELENE - 2006 REVISION:

38515 09/21/1958 M=14  8 SNBR= 846 HELENE      XING=1 SSS=0                     
38515 09/21/1958 M=14  8 SNBR= 846 HELENE      XING=0 SSS=3                     
                                                    *     *

38520 09/21*  0   0   0    0*185 515  25    0*190 542  25    0*195 563  25    0*
38525 09/22*201 583  25    0*207 602  25    0*213 619  25 1015*219 635  30 1014*
38530 09/23*225 648  35 1013*230 658  40 1011*234 669  45 1009*240 682  45 1007*
38535 09/24*247 696  45 1005*257 709  50 1004*267 720  65 1002*272 729  65  998*
38540 09/25*277 734  65  993*283 736  70  987*288 739  75  984*292 743  80  983*
38545 09/26*296 748  85  980*299 754  85  977*303 761  90  967*310 771 105  955*
38550 09/27*317 781 110  943*324 785 110  934*331 782 115  938*339 775 115  943*
38555 09/28*348 758 110  946*358 732 110  950*369 705 105  954*380 683  90  957*
38560 09/29*390 659  85  959*417 619  70  963*457 590  65  966E490 566  65  968*
38565 09/30E520 524  60  972E539 488  60    0E550 450  60    0E562 411  55    0*
38570 10/01E570 373  55    0E573 345  55    0E575 320  50    0E577 289  50    0*
38575 10/02E575 255  50    0E561 212  45    0E543 173  45    0E531 154  45    0*
38580 10/03E522 142  40    0E518 134  35    0E514 125  35    0E510 104  35    0*
38585 10/04E505  73  35    0E516  49  35    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
38590 HR                                                                        
38590 HR NC3
         ***                                                             
Based upon research by the NHC Best Track Change Committee, it was determined
that the existing HURDAT was in error for this hurricane.  A major hurricane 
impact was observed in North Carolina from this cyclone as depicted in 
Monthly Weather Review and Barnes (1998).  Based upon existing HURDAT track
and intensity, this impact is estimated to be Category 3 for North
Carolina ("NC3").  However, the eye of the hurricane remained offshore,
so the U.S. landfall indicator ("XING=1") is changed accordingly.

********************************************************************************


1975/05 ELOISE - 2006 REVISION:

47155 09/13/1975 M=12  5 SNBR=1008 ELOISE      XING=1 SSS=3                     
47160 09/13*  0   0   0    0*175 541  25    0*176 552  25 1009*177 563  25 1009*
47165 09/14*178 573  25 1009*179 583  25 1009*180 594  25 1009*181 605  25 1009*
47170 09/15*183 617  25 1009*185 628  25 1009*188 638  30 1007*189 648  30 1007*
47175 09/16*190 656  35 1007*192 667  45 1007*194 675  55 1002*195 684  65 1002*
47180 09/17*196 692  65  997*197 702  60 1000*197 712  55 1000*198 722  50 1000*
47185 09/18*199 733  45 1000*199 745  45 1000*199 757  40 1000*200 770  40 1000*
47190 09/19*200 782  35 1000*199 791  35 1000*199 798  35 1000*198 810  35 1000*
47195 09/20*198 822  35 1000*198 834  35 1000*199 846  35 1006*200 855  35 1006*
47200 09/21*202 864  40 1001*208 871  45 1001*214 878  50 1001*224 885  55  995*
47205 09/22*236 889  60  995*248 894  65  993*258 895  75  986*265 894  85  980*
47210 09/23*273 885  95  968*284 873 105  958*302 863 110  955*330 857  55  982*
47215 09/24*355 843  30  999E365 835  20 1004E370 825  20 1004E375 815  20 1004*
47220 HRAFL3                                                                    
47220 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


1985/11 KATE - 2006 REVISION:

51925 11/15/1985 M= 9 11 SNBR=1106 KATE        XING=1 SSS=2                    L
51930 11/15*               0*               0*               0*2110638  35  999*
51935 11/16*2160639  45  998*2170642  50  996*2150648  55  993*2110653  70  987*
51940 11/17*2070660  75  981*2040664  75  984*2070673  75  982*2110688  80  977*
51945 11/18*2140700  80  976*2160718  80  975*2160733  80  975*2190751  85  972*
51950 11/19*2210768  95  967*2210784  95  968*2270802  90  971*2320819  80  976*
51955 11/20*2390835  85  972*2460845  95  968*2520853 105  956*2600860 105  955*
51960 11/21*2680865 105  954*2750866 100  961*2830865  95  965*2920861  85  967*
51965 11/22*3020851  80  975*3150835  65  983*3250815  50  990*3370792  45  996*
51970 11/23*3470762  40 1003*3440735  35 1005*3400720  35 1006E3350705  35 1006*
51975 HRAFL2                                                                    
51975 HRAFL2IGA1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Georgia
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


1989/02 BARRY - 2007 REVISION:

53315 07/09/1989 M= 6 02 SNBR=1133 BARRY       XING=0
53320 07/09                                                   *1280378  25 1015*
53325 07/10*1300399  24 1015*1390421  25 1014*1500446  30 1013*1630469  30 1013*
53325 07/10*1300399  25 1015*1390421  25 1014*1500446  30 1013*1630469  30 1013*
                     **

53330 07/11*1770482  35 1012*1880492  40 1011*1980504  40 1010*2070518  40 1007*
53335 07/12*2140531  45 1005*2210539  45 1005*2280544  45 1005*2350549  40 1008*
53340 07/13*2380554  40 1012*2400560  35 1014*2390566  35 1016*2370574  30 1017*
53345 07/14*2330581  30 1018
53350 TS

Typographic error corrected.

********************************************************************************


1989/06 FELIX – 2007 REVISION:

53510 08/26/1989 M=16 06 SNBR=1137 FELIX       XING=0
53515 08/26*1680210  25 1009*1690217  30 1008*1700222  30 1007*1720229  35 1005*
53520 08/27*1740235  35 1003*1780239  40 1001*1820240  45 1000*1870243  50 0998*
53525 08/28*1910246  50 0996*1970248  55 0995*2000249  50 0995*2050249  50 0995*
53530 08/29*2080253  45 1000*2110260  35 1001*2140269  35 1005*2190278  30 1006*
53535 08/30*2250287  30 1008*2340297  30 1009*2420310  30 1009*2510324  30 1010*
53540 08/31*2630340  30 1010*2760356  30 1010*2890371  30 1010*2970386  30 1010*
53545 09/01*3050397  30 1009*3110411  30 1009*3180408  30 1009*3220409  30 1009*
53550 09/02*3270409  30 1008*3300409  30 1008*3310410  30 1008*3320413  30 1008*
53555 09/03*3320418  35 1005*3340423  35 1005*3350429  35 1005*3380439  35 1005*
53560 09/04*3400452  40 1004*3430463  40 1003*3490475  45 1002*3530481  45 1000*
53565 09/05*3570488  55 0995*3600487  65 0988*3630486  70 0982*3670483  75 0979*
53570 09/06*3690482  75 0979*3720481  75 0979*3740480  70 0982*3760479  70 0984*
53575 09/07*3800478  65 0988*3850477  60 0990*3930476  55 0992*4040470  50 0994*
53580 09/08*4130467  50 0995*4240458  45 0998*4360448  45 1000*4500428  40 1002*
53585 09/09*4650405  35 1005*4650380  37 1002E4650355  40 1000E4550335  45 0997*
53585 09/09*4650405  35 1005E4650380  40 1002E4650355  40 1000E4550335  45 0997*
                            *         **

Wind brought up to next 5 kt increment as per current methodology.  
Extratropical status begun slightly earlier in line with extratropical 
reintensification of cyclone.


********************************************************************************


1989/08 HUGO - 2006 REVISION:

53685 09/10/1989 M=16 08 SNBR=1139 HUGO        XING=1 SSS=4                     
53690 09/10                                  *1320200  25 1010*1330218  25 1010*
53695 09/11*1320237 030 1009*1300255 030 1007*1280273  30 1005*1250292  35 1003*
53700 09/12*1250310 040 1002*1250329 045 1000*1250348 045  998*1260367  50 0996*
53705 09/13*1260382 055  994*1270400 055  992*1280418 060  990*1280435  65 0987*
53710 09/14*1290449 070  984*1300463 080  980*1320478 085  975*1360491  90 0970*
53715 09/15*1380505 100  962*1400519 110  957*1420533 125  940*1460546 140 0918*
53720 09/16*1480561 135  923*1510573 130  927*1540584 120  940*1580594 120 0941*
53725 09/17*1610604 120  941*1640615 120  943*1660625 125  949*1690635 125 0945*
53730 09/18*1720641 130  934*1770648 120  940*1820655 110  945*1910664 105 0958*
53735 09/19*1970668 100  959*2070673 090  962*2160680 090  964*2260686  90 0966*
53740 09/20*2350693 090  957*2440701 090  957*2520710 095  958*2630722  95 0953*
53745 09/21*2720734 100  950*2800749 100  950*2900761 110  948*3020775 120 0944*
53750 09/22*3170788 120  935*3350803 085  952*3590817 055  975*3850818  40 0987*
53755 09/23E4220802 035  988E4600745 040  990E4900690 040  992E5100650  40 0993*
53760 09/24E5200620 040  994E5250605 040  993E5300595 040  991E5350585  40 0989*
53765 09/25E5400570 040  983E5600520 040  979E5800460 040  974                  
53770 HR SC4                                                                    
53770 HR SC4INC1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that North Carolina
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

*****************************************************************************


1992/02 - ANDREW - 2002 ADDITION:

54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=4
54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=5
                                                          *

54550 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*108 355  25 1010
54555 08/17*112 374  30 1009*117 396  30 1008*123 420  35 1006*131 442  35 1003
54560 08/18*136 462  40 1002*141 480  45 1001*146 499  45 1000*154 518  45 1000
54565 08/19*163 535  45 1001*172 553  45 1002*180 569  45 1005*188 583  45 1007
54570 08/20*198 593  40 1011*207 600  40 1013*217 607  40 1015*225 615  40 1014
54575 08/21*232 624  45 1014*239 633  45 1010*244 642  50 1007*248 649  50 1004

54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  60  994*258 683  70  981*257 697  80  969
54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  65  994*258 683  80  981*257 697  95  969
                                      **               **               **

54585 08/23*256 711  90  961*255 725 105  947*254 742 120  933*254 758 135  922
54585 08/23*256 711 110  961*255 725 130  947*254 742 145  933*254 758 150  922
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 120  937*256 812 110  951*258 831 115  947
54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 130  937*256 812 115  951*258 831 115  947
                                     ***              ***

54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 115  946*278 896 120  941
54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 120  946*278 896 125  941
                                                      ***              ***

54600 08/26*285 905 120  937*292 913 115  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
54600 08/26*285 905 125  937*292 913 120  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
                    ***              ***    

54605 08/27*315 911  35  995*321 905  30  997*328 896  30  998*336 884  25  999
54610 08/28*344 867  20 1000*354 840  20 1000*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

54615 HRCFL4BFL3 LA3
54615 HRCFL5BFL4 LA3
        ********
		
U.S. and Bahamian Hurricane Data
--------------------------------
Date/Time   Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir- Central   Landfall       States
                         Winds Simpson Pressure  Location       Affected
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  130kt   4     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---	
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  140kt   5     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---
                          ***     *

8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  125kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  130kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
                          ***

8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  125kt   4     922mb    Fender Point   CFL4, BFL3
8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  145kt   5     922mb    Fender Point   CFL5, BFL4
                          ***     *                             ****  ****

8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  105kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  100kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
                          ***

After considering the presentations regarding various recommendations for 
the revisions of Andrew's best track intensities, the NHC Best Track Change 
Committee made alterations to the winds in HURDAT for Hurricane Andrew for 
the dates of 22 to 26 August.  These changes are made to Hurricane Andrew's 
intensity data for the time while the storm was over the Atlantic Ocean just 
east of the Bahamas, over the Bahamian islands and south Florida, over the 
Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Louisiana.  Neither the best track 
positions nor the central pressure values of Andrew were adjusted.  The 
alterations in wind intensity were based upon the Franklin et al. (2003) 
methodology, which is consistent with the work of Dunion et al. (2003) and 
Dunion and Powell (2002) as discussed earlier.  The changes to HURDAT were 
applied for these dates as aircraft reconnaissance observations were 
available throughout this period and there were limited in-situ surface 
observations indicative of the maximum 1 min surface winds.  The revisions 
make Andrew a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHS at landfall in both Eleuthera 
Island, Bahamas and in southeastern Florida.  The maximum 1 min surface wind 
for Hurricane Andrew at landfall in mainland southeastern Florida near Fender 
Point (8 nmi [13 km] east of Homestead) at 0905 UTC 24 August is officially 
estimated to be 145 kt.  The original best track landfall intensity estimate 
was 125 kt.  The peak intensity of Andrew, originally assessed at 135 kt, is 
now judged to be 150 kt at 1800 UTC 23 August just east of the northern 
Bahamas.   
Details of presentations made and minutes of deliberations can be found at:
   http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/index.html

********************************************************************************


1993/05 EMILY - 2006 REVISION:

55545 08/22/1993 M=16  5 SNBR=1176 EMILY       XING=1 SSS=3                     
55545 08/22/1993 M=16  5 SNBR=1176 EMILY       XING=0 SSS=3                     
                                                    *

55550 08/22*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1990526  30 1020*
55555 08/23*2050536  30 1020*2130548  30 1020*2230560  30 1020*2320571  30 1020*
55560 08/24*2430578  30 1020*2540586  30 1020*2670595  30 1020*2760600  30 1019*
55565 08/25*2800603  30 1018*2790605  30 1017*2800604  35 1016*2820604  40 1015*
55570 08/26*2830607  45 1013*2790610  55 1010*2740612  60 1007*2690617  65 1004*
55575 08/27*2660624  60 1000*2640630  60  997*2630635  60  992*2640644  65  982*
55580 08/28*2660652  75  981*2700661  75  982*2740669  75  981*2800676  75  976*
55585 08/29*2860682  70  973*2930688  70  978*3000692  70  979*3060697  70  978*
55590 08/30*3120702  70  977*3150708  70  976*3180714  75  975*3200722  75  974*
55595 08/31*3240730  80  972*3290738  85  970*3360747  95  965*3450752 100  962*
55600 09/01*3560749 100  960*3660744 100  962*3750727  95  965*3820707  90  969*
55605 09/02*3900685  90  971*3920660  90  972*3920636  90  973*3900614  85  974*
55610 09/03*3860596  80  975*3810583  75  979*3750577  70  985*3690575  60  994*
55615 09/04*3640576  50  999*3600576  40 1002*3580575  35 1001*3610572  30 1006*
55620 09/05*3670569  30 1008*3740564  30 1009*3800557  25 1010*3870548  25 1011*
55625 09/06*3900530  25 1012*3930511  25 1013E3980494  25 1014*0000000   0    0*
55630 HR NC3 

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 3 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************


1995/15 OPAL - 2006 REVISION:

57000 09/27/1995 M=10 15 SNBR=1201 OPAL        XING=1 SSS=3                     
57005 09/27   0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*191 873  25 1004*
57010 09/28*194 875  25 1004*194 879  25 1004*193 882  25 1003*193 884  25 1003*
57015 09/29*194 884  25 1003*195 884  25 1003*196 883  25 1003*198 882  30 1003*
57020 09/30*201 882  30 1002*206 883  30 1002*211 885  35 1001*214 891  40 1000*
57025 10/01*213 899  45  994*211 907  45  987*209 912  45  986*208 916  50  985*
57030 10/02*207 919  55  984*208 921  60  980*210 923  65  973*212 923  65  972*
57035 10/03*217 922  70  970*222 920  75  969*228 916  80  968*235 910  85  965*
57040 10/04*245 901 100  953*259 894 110  935*273 885 130  919*290 877 110  938*
57045 10/05*310 868  80  950*332 862  50  974*354 857  30  982E385 835  40  986*
57050 10/06E405 823  40  989E420 805  40  991E433 784  35  997E445 765  30 1002*
57055 HRAFL3                                                                    
57055 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****

Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.

********************************************************************************


2004/01 ALEX - 2006 REVISION:

63090 07/31/2004 M= 7  1 SNBR=1311 ALEX        XING=1 SSS=1                     
63090 07/31/2004 M= 7  1 SNBR=1311 ALEX        XING=0 SSS=1                     
                                                    *

63095 07/31*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*3030783  25 1010*
63100 08/01*3100788  25 1009*3150790  25 1009*3160791  30 1009*3160792  35 1009*
63105 08/02*3150793  35 1007*3140794  40 1005*3130790  50  992*3180787  50  993*
63110 08/03*3240782  60  987*3300774  70  983*3420764  85  974*3530752  85  972*
63115 08/04*3600737  80  974*3680721  80  973*3730702  85  973*3780683  95  965*
63120 08/05*3850660 105  957*3950631 105  957*4080596 100  962*4270550  90  970*
63125 08/06*4450493  75  978*4610442  65  984*4700375  50  987E4740327  30  992*
63130 HR NC1  

As the hurricane's center did not cross the U.S. coastline (but did
cause Category 1 conditions at the coast), the XING (continental
U.S. landfall indicator) is changed to "0".

********************************************************************************


2005/4 DENNIS – 2007 REVISION:

64140 07/04/2005 M=15  4 SNBR=1329 DENNIS      XING=1 SSS=3
64145 07/04*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1200608  25 1010*
64150 07/05*1220625  30 1009*1250642  30 1008*1300659  35 1007*1360673  40 1005*
64155 07/06*1430685  45 1000*1470697  50  995*1510709  55  991*1560719  60  989*
64160 07/07*1620730  70  982*1670741  80  972*1760749  90  967*1850761 100  957*
64165 07/08*1940771 120  951*2030784 110  953*2090795 130  938*2200806 120  941*
64170 07/09*2270816 100  960*2340825  75  973*2430834  80  967*2520842  90  962*
64175 07/10*2610850 110  942*2720858 125  935*2850863 120  930*2990869 110  942*
64180 07/11*3150877  45  970*3260885  30  991*3390888  25  997*3530891  20 1002*
64185 07/12*3640892  20 1003*3710890  15 1005*3770887  15 1007*3810883  15 1008*
64190 07/13*3850878  15 1009*3890872  15 1010L3920865  15 1010L3920858  15 1010*
64195 07/14L3920857  10 1009L3900856  10 1009L3870856  10 1010L3840856  10 1010*
64200 07/15L3810858  10 1009L3790862  10 1010L3810864  10 1012L3840866  10 1012*
64205 07/16L3860868  10 1011L3940865  10 1013L4020862  10 1013L4080852  10 1014*
64210 07/17L4130841  10 1013L4220832  10 1013L4310823  10 1013L4390814  10 1012*
64215 07/18L4460805  10 1010L4580798  10 1009*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64220 HRAFL3
64220 HRAFL3IAL1
            ****
Revision indicated in continental U.S. impacts to specify that Alabama
was also impacted as a Category 1 hurricane inland based upon the existing
track and intensity in HURDAT.


********************************************************************************


2005/11 KATRINA – 2007 REVISION:

64560 08/23/2005 M= 9 11 SNBR=1336 KATRINA     XING=1 SSS=3
64565 08/23*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*2310751  30 1008*
64570 08/24*2340757  30 1007*2380762  30 1007*2450765  35 1006*2540769  40 1003*
64575 08/25*2600777  45 1000*2610784  50  997*2620790  55  994*2620796  60  988*
64580 08/26*2590803  70  983*2540813  65  987*2510820  75  979*2490826  85  968*
64585 08/27*2460833  90  959*2440840  95  950*2440847 100  942*2450853 100  948*
64590 08/28*2480859 100  941*2520867 125  930*2570877 145  909*2630886 150  902*
64595 08/29*2720892 140  905*2820896 125  913*2950896 110  923*3110896  80  948*
64600 08/30*3260891  50  961*3410886  40  978*3560880  30  985*3700870  30  990*
64605 08/31E3860853  30  994E4010829  25  996*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64610 HRCFL1LA3MS3AL1
64610 HRCFL1BFL1LA3MS3AL1
            ****

Revision indicated that Katrina also impacted Southwest Florida as a Category 1 
hurricane (BFL1) without any alteration to existing HURDAT data.


********************************************************************************


2005/15 OPHELIA – 2007 REVISION:

64790 09/06/2005 M=18 15 SNBR=1340 OPHELIA     XING=1
64795 09/06*0000000   0    0*2580786  25 1009*2630783  25 1010*2680783  25 1010*
64800 09/07*2740785  30 1006*2790788  35 1003*2870792  40 1000*2880793  45  997*
64805 09/08*2880793  45  994*2870796  50  994*2860796  55  988*2860795  60  988*
64810 09/09*2860793  65  990*2890793  55  990*2930791  55  983*2980785  65  983*
64815 09/10*3020775  60  983*3090769  60  984*3150766  65  976*3170762  70  977*
64820 09/11*3180759  70  977*3170759  75  978*3160757  70  978*3140759  65  978*
64825 09/12*3120762  60  980*3120766  60  985*3150769  55  988*3170773  60  989*
64830 09/13*3180777  60  989*3190779  60  990*3210780  60  989*3230781  60  988*
64835 09/14*3260781  65  985*3290780  70  980*3340777  75  980*3390775  75  979*
64840 09/15*3420769  75  979*3450763  70  982*3470758  65  984*3470756  65  986*
64845 09/16*3460751  60  987*3470748  55  993*3540744  50  995*3640736  55  993*
64850 09/17*3730727  55  995*3870714  50 1000*4000697  50  997*4160673  50  995*
64855 09/18E4320649  45  996E4470621  45  999E4620589  45  999E4760556  45  999*
64855 09/18E4320649  45  996E4480626  45 1000E4620599  45 1000E4740552  45  999*
                             *** ***     ****     ***     **** *** ***

64860 09/19E4840518  45 1000E4900488  45 1001E4950457  45 1000E5000421  45  999*
64860 09/19E4840523  45 1000E4900488  45 1001E4950457  45 1000E5000421  45  999*
                ***

64865 09/20E5090385  45  998E5150347  40 1000E5220305  40 1003E5280265  40 1001*
64870 09/21E5380220  40  998E5530177  35  998E5760146  35  998E5980119  35  996*
64875 09/22E6170084  35  993E6360045  35  993E6560010  35  994E6750019  30  995*
64875 09/22E6170084  35  993E6360045  35  993E6560010  35  994E6753581  30  995*
                                                                  ****

64880 09/23E6883534  30  997*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
64880 09/23E6880066  30  997*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*
               ****

64885 HR NC1

Alterations to track and central pressure on the 18th and 19th were introduced
due to new data uncovered as the system was an extratropical cyclone near Nova
Scotia.  See the Tropical Cyclone Report for more details:  http://www.nhc.noaa.
gov/pdf/TCR-AL162005_Ophelia.pdf .  Changes to the longitude introduced for the
22nd and 23rd to correctly indicate passing the Greenwich
Longitude.

********************************************************************************

2005/22 WILMA – 2007 REVISION:

65105 10/15/2005 M=12 22 SNBR=1347 WILMA       XING=1 SSS=3
65110 10/15*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*0000000   0    0*1760785  25 1004*
65115 10/16*1760788  25 1004*1750790  30 1003*1750792  30 1003*1750794  30 1002*
65120 10/17*1740796  30 1001*1690796  35 1000*1630797  40  999*1600798  45  997*
65125 10/18*1580799  55  988*1570799  60  982*1620803  65  979*1660811  75  975*
65130 10/19*1660818 130  946*1700822 150  892*1730828 160  882*1740834 140  892*
65135 10/20*1790840 135  892*1810847 130  901*1830852 130  910*1860855 130  917*
65140 10/21*1910858 130  924*1950861 130  930*2010864 125  929*2030867 120  926*
65145 10/22*2060868 120  930*2080870 110  935*2100871 100  947*2130871  85  958*
65150 10/23*2160870  85  960*2180868  85  962*2240861  85  961*2310854  90  963*
65155 10/24*2400843  95  958*2500831 110  953*2620810 100  950*2800788 105  955*
65155 10/24*2400843  95  958*2500831 110  953*2620810  95  950*2800788 105  955*
                                                      ***

65160 10/25*3010760 110  955*3330720 100  963*3680679  90  970*4050635  75  976*
65165 10/26E4250600  60  978E4400575  55  982E4500550  50  986E4550520  40  990*
65170 HRBFL3CFL2

Winds reduced slightly while Wilma was centered over South Florida to better
indicated weakening that occurred over land.  See the Tropical Cyclone Report
for more details:  http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf 

********************************************************************************