********************************************************************************
1875/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. The storm is determined to have reached
hurricane force based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/02: The only major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) is to
extend the track of this tropical cyclone back to the 1st of September
to take into account that this was the first day of its existence reported
in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 1. However, the other
track modifications that Partagas and Diaz (1995b) provided from that
shown in Neumann et al. (1993) were large, but reasonable. 982 mb
central pressure suggests 75 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane force based upon the central pressure measurement
and several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 2. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Cuba and Texas. 978 mb central
pressure suggests 80 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship -
80 kt chosen for best track. 992 mb central pressure suggests 61 kt from
the southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track. A
pressure reading of 979 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 00 UTC,
September 17th) suggests winds of at least 78 kt from the Gulf of Mexico
wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt is chosen for best track. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force in the Caribbean based
upon severe damage reports from Barbados, St. Vincent, Martinique,
Dominica and Cuba, several ship reports and the 978 mb central pressure.
A storm tide estimate of 15' is reported in Roth (1997b). Storm regained
hurricane force and reached major hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico
based upon ship reports, wind and storm surge produced destruction in
Indianola and Galveston, Texas, and the peripheral pressure at landfall.
********************************************************************************
1875/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 3. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. The best track provided appears to describe the
full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
********************************************************************************
1875/05: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Storm is determined to have reached
hurricane status based upon several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1875/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 4. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane force based upon reports from the
ship "E.E. Ruckett".
********************************************************************************
1876/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 970 mb central pressure suggests
82 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt
chosen for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 970 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1876/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made large
alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm
number 1. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the NE United States. Used accelerated decay rate to
take into account enhanced topography over Hispanola and Cuba. 990 mb
central pressure (twice) suggests 64 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. 991 mb central pressure
suggests 63 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt
chosen for best track. 999 mb central pressure suggests 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 50 kt chosen for best track.
985 mb central pressure suggests 68 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track, which is reduced as
storm was inland at this position. A central pressure of 980 mb at
landfall is estimated, which suggests 75 kt from the subtropical
latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track. Storm
is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean based
upon damage accounts from St. Kitts and Vieques and upon the 990 mb and
991 mb central pressure measurements. Storm is determined to have
regained hurricane intensity in the Atlantic based upon ship and land
(Cape Lookout, North Carolina) wind reports as well as the 980 mb estimated
central pressure at landfall.
1876/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 165 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05230 09/12/1876 M= 8 2 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
***
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 70 0*180 621 70 0
05235 09/12*177 585 70 0*177 597 70 0*179 610 80 0*180 621 90 0
** **
05240 09/13*180 634 70 0*181 643 70 990*182 653 70 990*184 666 70 991
05240 09/13*180 634 100 0*180 646 100 0*181 660 90 0*183 676 70 991
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05245 09/14*187 684 70 0*190 701 60 0*192 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
05245 09/14*186 692 70 0*189 707 60 0*193 720 50 0*197 734 50 0
*** *** *** *** ***
05250 09/15*201 748 50 0*204 761 50 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
05250 09/15*201 748 70 0*204 761 60 0*207 776 50 0*210 786 50 0
** **
05255 09/16*217 796 50 0*229 800 50 999*245 800 60 0*266 794 60 0
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 60 985
05260 09/17*288 786 70 0*314 783 70 0*335 778 80 980*360 773 70 985
**
05265 09/18*382 773 50 0*408 781 40 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
05265 09/18*382 773 60 987*408 781 50 0*425 775 40 0*430 761 40 0
** *** **
05270 09/19*430 745 30 0*427 730 30 0*423 715 30 0*420 700 30 0
05275 HR NC1
05275 HR NC1 VA1
***
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 980mb NC1,VA1
***
Boose et al.'s (2003) analysis of hurricanes that made landfall in Puerto
Rico documented that this hurricane caused widespread Fujita-scale F2 damage
and occasional F3 destruction. Additionally, the 990 mb pressures originally
thought to be central pressures in HURDAT were found, instead, to be
peripheral pressure measurements. Thus this hurricane is estimated
here to be a Category 3 (100 kt) at landfall in Puerto Rico, a major
hurricane. Mitchell's (1924) report also allowed for changes to both track
and intensity. A peripheral pressure of 979 mb (11 UTC on the 13th)
suggests winds of at least 79 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship. Mitchell's report estimated an eye diameter of 9 nmi and
rapid translational velocity of about 17 kt, both of which would suggest
increases in maximum winds above the standard wind-pressure relationship.
These facts are consistent with a 100 kt hurricane at landfall. A central
pressure of 991 mb (at 1530 UTC on the 13th) after the hurricane
transited the spine of Puerto Rico suggests winds of 63 kt. Due to the
small size and fast translational velocity, 70 kt is chosen for the
best track. Additionally, a re-analysis by Perez (2000 and personal
communication) of Cuban hurricanes indicate that this system re-attained
hurricane force at landfall in Cuba as a Category 1 hurricane based upon
moderate wind damage on the eastern end of the island. Winds are adjusted
accordingly on the 14th and 15th. Observations of sustained hurricane force
winds in Cape Henry, Virginia from Roth and Cobb's (2001) Virginia Hurricane
History are the basis for slightly boosting winds late on the 17th and early
on the 18th. A central pressure of 987 mb (at 2130Z on the 17th) suggest
winds of 66 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen
for best track because of inland location. The hurricane is known as
"San Felipe" for its impacts in Puerto Rico (Boose et al. 2003).
********************************************************************************
1876/03: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 2.
********************************************************************************
1876/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over Central America with an
accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography. The storm is
determined to have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from
the ship "Nile" and from the destruction that occurred in Nicaragua.
********************************************************************************
1876/05: Two major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The first
is to start the track of the tropical cyclone in the southwest
Caribbean Sea to take into account heavy swells observed in Tunas de
Zaza, Cuba as reported in Partagas and Diaz (1995b). The second major
change is to position the hurricane on 12 UTC 20th of October near
Melbourne, Florida based upon observations reported in Doehring et al. (1994).
Otherwise, track is reasonably and dramatically altered from that shown in
Neumann et al. (1993) - originally storm number 3 - by Partagas and Diaz.
Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds
over Cuba and Florida. 971 mb central pressure suggests 88 kt using the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt chosen for best track. 973 mb
central pressure suggests 86 kt using the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 90 kt chosen. 976 mb central pressure suggests 80 kt using
the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen for best
track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane status based upon
destruction reported in Grand Cayman and Cuba, the central pressure
observations of 971, 973 and 976 mb, several ship reports and wind
observations from Key West, Florida.
1876/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 168 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
05350 10/12/1876 M=12 5 SNBR= 171 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
05355 10/12*120 790 40 0*122 790 40 0*124 790 50 0*126 790 50 0
05360 10/13*128 790 50 0*130 791 50 0*132 792 50 0*135 792 50 0
05365 10/14*138 794 50 0*141 795 50 0*144 796 50 0*147 797 50 0
05370 10/15*150 798 50 0*154 799 50 0*158 800 50 0*162 801 50 0
05375 10/16*166 802 50 0*170 803 50 0*174 804 60 0*178 805 60 0
05380 10/17*182 806 70 0*186 807 70 0*190 808 80 0*194 809 80 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 816 90 0*212 818 90 0
05385 10/18*197 811 90 0*202 813 90 0*207 815 90 0*212 817 90 0
*** ***
05390 10/19*217 819 90 0*221 819 90 0*227 820 90 0*236 820 90 971
05390 10/19*217 819 100 0*223 822 100 0*227 823 100 958*236 823 90 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05395 10/20*247 819 90 973*260 813 90 0*275 805 80 0*288 796 80 976
05400 10/21*300 788 80 0*310 779 80 0*319 767 80 0*325 749 80 0
05405 10/22*330 726 80 0*333 698 80 0*335 678 70 0*335 666 70 0
05410 10/23*338 656 70 0*339 646 70 0*340 635 60 0*342 620 60 0
05415 HRBFL2CFL1
Re-analysis effort by Perez (2000) has revealed that the central pressure for
this hurricane was 958 mb (at Bejucal on the 19th), which suggests winds of
102 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 100 kt used for the
best track. This is consistent with the assessment of landfall as a
Category 3 hurricane at landfall in Cuba (Perez 2000). The original listing
of 971 mb for a central pressure (18Z on the 19th) was determined to be,
instead, a peripheral pressure. The track is shifted slightly to the west to
take into account this new center fix location. The hurricane is known as El
Huracan de Gran Cayman-La Habana for its impacts in Cuba (Perez 2000).
********************************************************************************