WPC 
      2       B   V   o          Z      #| Q          0pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P21/01/96 06:45            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data                                          -    XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2       9     9     I  	       #| Q          21/01/96 06:45            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data                                          -     2                     Z     Dutch Roman 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Courier 10cpi Dutch Roman 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 16pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 13pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW)  "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,T\L\X8T`00\0```\DD8`PxLLLXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2 
      >    D    	  
        chapter                                                                      S2  e    #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t                g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              {   } S    `(#7 #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 9k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#  "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,l`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllldXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,4<X|,DDX(8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Pxt|xh@@xtht`ptthxL4HX,\XL\L4L\,,X,\\XX8D0`PtHHDXXXX XX  XX             X `  x\x\x\x\x\|LxLxLxLxL@,@,@,@,\\\\\````hHx\\\\hH \hXx\x\x\|L|L|L|L\xLxLxLxLLLLLLL\\@ @ @,@   @ xXt,t,t,t,t,\\\\\\  t8t8t8`D`D`D`Dp0p0p0``````thHxDxDxD  \t,\t8`Dp0hHhH\\`  dh XX4PHHXX XDDX    h^                                  8d                                                         2   	,  
          ,     "  m^$,0lHt$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttDl`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllld0$0H$`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``XHHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  lDlDlDlDlDld<dDdDdDdD0$0$0$0$lLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLl@lDpLtLtLl@HLTLlDlDlDd<d<d<d<pLdDdDdDdDtDtDtDtDtDtDtLtL0 0 0$0   < hH\$\$\$HH\$lLlLlLlLtLtL  l8l8l8L4L4L4L4\0\0\0tLtLtLtLtLtL`l@d<d<d<  pL\$lLl8L4\0l@l@pLtLtLNH HT HH,DHHHHHH48ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H "  m^ ((`@th 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``X( (|@ <D8H<(<D$$@$dDDHH00(D8T488@@@h@ @@  @@             @ H  `<`<`<`<`<`X8X<X<X<X<,$,$,$,$`DdDdDdDdDhDhDhDhD`8`<dHdDdD`8 DLH`<`<`<X8X8X8X8dHX<X<X<X<d<d<d<d<d<d<hDhD, , ,$,   8 \@P$P$P$P$P$`D`D`D`DdDdD  `0`0`0D0D0D0D0P(P(P(hDhDhDhDhDhD|T`8X8X8X8  dHP$`D`0D0P(`8`8dHdDhD   H @@(<@@@@ @,4dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^ $(`@tX 00@h(  @@@@@@@@@@$ hhh8|TPX\TLd`,0TTp\`H`PDL\PpTLT8(4|@@@8D8$4@  < d@@@@(0$D8T400@@@h@ @@  @@             @ @  T@T@T@T@T@x\X8T8T8T8T8, , , , \@`@`@`@`@\D\D\D\DL0T@\D`@`@L0 DH@T@T@T@X8X8X8X8\DT8T8T8T8d4d4d4d4d4d4`@`@, , , ,   0 T<T T T T T \@\@\@\@`@`@  P(P(P(D0D0D0D0L$L$L$\D\D\D\D\D\DpTL0T0T0T0  \DT \@P(D0L$L0L0\D`@\D   H @@$844@@ @00dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^$,0lHt$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttDl`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllld0$0H$DL<LD,DL$$H$tLLLL840L@`<@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  lDlDlDlDlDld<dDdDdDdD0$0$0$0$lLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLl@lDpLtLtLl@HLTLlDlDlDd<d<d<d<pLdDdDdDdDtDtDtDtDtDtDtLtL0 0 0$0   < hH\$\$\$HH\$lLlLlLlLtLtL  l8l8l8L4L4L4L4\0\0\0tLtLtLtLtLtL`l@d<d<d<  pL\$lLl8L4\0l@l@pLtLtLNH HT HH,DHHHHHH48ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H 2 s    K  ,  3  ,  _       "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00TptxthDXpl|dlt|ltL,LX,X\L\P8Td08\0dX\\LL<dPtTPLXXXX XX  XX             X `  pXpXpXpXpX|xLtPtPtPtPD0D0D0D0dXXXXddddlPpX\XXlP Xl\pXpXpXxLxLxLxL\tPtPtPtPTTTTTTddD D D0D   X \p0p0p0p0p0ddddXX  |L|L|LdLdLdLdLl<l<l<ddddddtlPtLtLtL  \p0d|LdLl<lPlP\Xd  dh XX8T\\XX XD@X    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^$,0lHpp$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttD\\dh\Tll4HlXhpXpdPXh\d\\<(<H$HL<L@,DT,,L,|THLH<<0P@\D@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  \H\H\H\H\Hdd<\@\@\@\@4,4,4,4,hTpHpHpHpHhPhPhPhP\@\HhLpHpH\@HHXL\H\H\Hd<d<d<d<hL\@\@\@\@lDlDlDlDlDlDlTlT4 4 4,4   H lLX,X,X,HHX,hThThThTpHpH  d<d<d<P<P<P<P<X0X0X0hPhPhPhPhPhP\\@\<\<\<  hLX,hTd<P<X0\@\@hLpHhPNH HT HH,DLLHHHH84ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0T H         H                                            h              H "  m^$(0lHd$88Ht 0$(HHHHHHHHHH($ttt@d\dh`Xpl48`\|hlTl\LXh\|`T`<(<H$HH@L<(<L$$H$tLLHH04(L@`<88HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  dHdHdHdHdHhd@`<`<`<`<4$4$4$4$hLlLlLlLlLhLhLhLhLT8dHhLlLlLT8HLTHdHdHdHd@d@d@d@hL`<`<`<`<p<p<p<p<p<p<lLlL4 4 4$4   8 `H\$\$\$HH\$hLhLhLhLlLlL  \0\0\0L4L4L4L4X(X(X(hLhLhLhLhLhL|`T8`8`8`8  hL\$hL\0L4X(T8T8hLlLhLNH HT HH(@<<HHHH88ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H "  m^4HHl̰4TTl4H4<llllllllll<<lԤP`̤xԨH<Hl4lt`xlHhx<<p<xtxxTTHxd```llll ll  ll             l t  lllll䨘`llllP<P<P<P<xttttxxxx`lxtt` xxlll````xllllhhhhhhxxP P P<P   ` p<<<<<xxxxtt  TTTxTxTxTxTHHHxxxxxxԔ````  x<xTxTH``xtx    llHlllll lPXl    ^                                  Hx                                                         2 &   ^      #  c  J     R   L } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P
 ? x x x , -  x 6X   @ 8; X@Z Z # C *   , ;  /%iC 	[ 
    P fQ  wP[ " @ *   , g  i@ 	`>	    xi fQ  wXf ( K / $ ,   WK 	[ 
    P fQ  P	dO ~ 1 \ : , ,   N,\ ~>	    p fQ  
f ( K / $ ,   1K ~>	    p fQ  TM g ' H / $ ,  ԙH 	`>	    xi fQ  X Y } 2 ] : , ,   ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
Pf ( K / $ ,  WK 	[ 
    P fQ  P	\[  0 Y : , , D Y 	`>	    xi fQ  
XLN  K  Y D , r  	[ 
    P fQ   P = s H 4 ,  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P"  ^ D X X     D d d   @ X @ H           H H             ` t                X H X  D   t   T   H H  H      d d X  |  t x t                                                               t         ` H ` H ` H ` H                    x          x             t  t  t  t                           `   `   ` H `       t      H  H  H  H  H                  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  X  X  X               x  t  t  t        H    d  d  X  x  x                   X         d l              ^                                                                       X                                                                                                                    2         &                                   +   4      &l9         	 PG=l: fl    :P#\h
 K K     g	/i'; 
  ?ǀU7
٧?߀     ;     q` c	 _ 	0 "π	?      Ã0P @           c_ hC     wxm
?
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    P fQ   
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  t                g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              x  } S    `(#[ #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 9k #  ] 	[ 
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  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard zar estilo t)cnico            ܰ                                          

   # 
 Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data
 = a 
 = a 
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   ^   #  #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P# 9: IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES FAVOURING THE
 % { DEVELOPMENT OF PHYTOPLANKTON, BASED ON THE COLOUR
 0 o CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEA
 = a # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
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  ~ R   7 = Aim of Lesson
 * a      
  ~ S  To demonstrate the use of the CZCS sensor to register ocean dynamics over vast areas at the same
time, by using the colour variations of the sea as modified by phytoplankton, suspended matter and
dissolved organic compounds.



  ~ S  a8 Objectivesă

On completion of this lesson you should be able to:

1) differentiate the several causes which produce an increment in pigment concentration or suspended
matter in the sea

2) measure the extent of the effect produced by events causing colour changes in the sea

3) determine the areas which have greater plankton biomass and are therefore potentially more
productive

4) distinguish the superficial flow of currents according to the shape of the dispersion patterns of the
patches.

5) appreciate the effect of coastal geomorphology features on the presence of phytoplankton and the
dispersion of patches.


  ~ R  !    2  Background Information
 * a      

  ~ R p# The BILKO image  processing program

  ~ S % Some familiarity with the BILKO 1.3 program is required. However, it is always possible to access
  } S % help by pressing <h>. By pressing <esc> one returns to the Main Menu or to the activated
command.
  ~ R ' Additional equipment

  } S !) You will need basic drawing materials and a calculator with logarithms in base 10 and antilog (10x).
If a calculator is not available, it is possible to use logarithmic tables instead.   )        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ R    ԙ   + 
 Background oceanographic information
 = a 
 = a      
The southern sector of the Caribbean Sea, north of the South American continent, shows a diversity
of factors making it an area of great oceanographic interest. In the southwestern corner is the outflow
of the Orinoco River, although the influence of another big river, the Amazon, is even more
important. The volume transport of the two rivers is so great that together they contribute 20% of
all fresh water reaching the oceans of the planet (mean volume transport of the Orinoco is
  } S  40x106Ġm3/s; of the Amazon, 170x106Ġm3/s).

Besides fluvial influence, upwelling is induced by the trade winds from the east, when the orientation
of the coast is east-west. This is one of the few cases in which this event occurs in this direction: the
general tendency is for upwelling to be produced on coasts oriented from north to south. Along the
whole northern coast of the continent the trade winds are particularly intense and constant during
the first semester of the year (average velocity 5m/s, with peaks of 15m/s). The localities where
upwelling is often observed are the northern coasts of the peninsulas of Araya and Paria and of
Margarita Island. It is also observed in the Gulf of Venezuela, and east and southeast of the peninsula
of Paraguan (Fig. 1). 

Upwelling is especially evident because the surface waters are relatively cold for the Caribbean (20
- 22$C). In this semi-enclosed sea, therefore, the surface waters located in the south are colder than
those at higher latitudes.

On the other hand, the coastline shows notable features: islands, capes, gulfs and peninsulas (See Fig.
1). From the study of the satellite images it appears that these features have an important role in the
distribution of phytoplankton, but this has not yet been studied on this site. It is important to note
that a freshwater lake of great extension, Maracaibo Lake, outflows directly to the sea in the Gulf
of Venezuela: this situation is very uncommon.

The geostrophic current south of the Caribbean is very intense (0.8 m/s - 1.2 m/s), and of westward
direction, coming from the western north-equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The main flow enters the
Caribbean through the space separating Trinidad Island from Grenada and moves almost constantly
with a maximum during the first semester of the year.

Another important feature is the shape and extent of the continental shelf. Being narrow in some
places and wide in others, this factor influences the occurrence of upwelling, productivity, and the
strength and orientation of the currents.


  ~ R  Image Data

The four CZCS images used in this lesson are from orbit 738 of the NIMBUS-7 satellite, acquired
on 16 December 1978. This sequence of images runs from east to west and corresponds to part of
the northern coast of the South American continent, including part of the north-equatorial western
Atlantic Ocean and the south of the Caribbean Sea, as far as the Peninsula of Guajira (Fig. 1).

The images were provided and pre-processed by Dr. Frank Muller-Karger, (University of South
Florida, St. Petersburg). The atmospheric correction and bio-optical algorithms used are those
   S  ' proposed by Gordon et al. (1983).

The pixel values in the images indicate the "pigment" concentration, which is equivalent to the sum
   S r) of chlorophyll, phaeopigments and dissolved organic substances with yellow colour (gelbstoffe).
Suspended matter interferes to a greater or lesser degree with the measurements carried out by the   D*        o.?+?+HH  sensor. When the waters are influenced by the sedimenttransporting rivers, the error in the mean
is unknown, but is estimated to be greater than 40 %.

                Figure 1                                           Figure 1                            p! %
O                  +      RAMON.PCX                                            %
)   9.    "  
  ~ R      `  Figure 1 : Central-western Caribbean Sea and north-equatorial western
   >  Atlantic Ocean. In the grid, the areas covered by the CZCS images (GU,
   CO, MA, TR).
 "  p 
	  @	 The scale for the conversion of the gray values to "pigment" concentration is generated by NASA's
SEAPAK program, and is given by the following exponential equations:


  } S  "pigments"[mg/m3] = 10{(gray  136)/74.17}, when the gray value > 136

  } S  "pigments"[mg/m3] = 10{(gray  136)/98.38}, when the gray value  136

To land pixels and those with no data a fixed value of zero was assigned, and to the clouds a fixed
value of 255: the remaining values correspond to sea pigments. The separation is therefore already
developed. The pixels show the maximum spatial resolution of the CZCS, 825 m x 825 m.

The images cover from 10$ N to 14$ N and from the meridians 58$ W to 72.5$ W, the image files
corresponding to the following geographic locations:


O  
     d d x                            !         !       @@  O    	 	 	               
'	 Image  x#      C d 
 A  Area 	 		 	!             
TR738  (%      
Northeast of Trinidad Tobago, Atlantic Ocean 	 		 	x#             
MA738  &      
West of Venezuela, Margarita Island, Caribbean Sea 	 		 	(%             
CO738  (      
Central Zone of Venezuela, Caribbean Sea 	 				&             
GU738  H*      
Gulf of Venezuela and Peninsulas of Paraguan and La Guajira 			 (        = a    H*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ = a ԙ
  ~ R    6  Lesson Outline
 * a      

  ~ S @ 1. Load the MA738 image with Load Image. It is convenient to start with this image, because on it
are clearly registered the several features to be distinguished. To see the complete image it is
necessary to use a sampling of lines by 2. But this operation deforms the image, so it is convenient
to look at it in two parts, first from line 257 to line 512, and then from line 1 to line 256. An
undeformed projection of the area may also be obtained by dividing the lines and pixels by 2, though
the scale is then smaller.

  ~ S  2. With the complete image (lines/2), activate the Histogram function, which shows a great number
of zero pixel vales (f(N)= 24791), corresponding to the land and to missing data; at the other
extreme, with a value of 255 (f(N)=17531), are grouped the pixels corresponding to clouds. The
intermediate values show a rather peculiar distribution with three modes. This is a result of the
algorithms used.

  ~ S 
 3. To improve the visibility, create a suitable palette using Modify Palette. Once done, activate
  ~ S  Manual Stretch, in the Modify LUT Menu, to assign the colour white exclusively to the pixels with
value 255, and black to those with value zero. The remaining values represent the pigment
concentration; it is recommended that you give them colours with adequate contrast, to facilitate their
  ~ S  identification. Use Cursor to locate the areas with highest or lowest concentration. The palette and
LUT "CLORO" are given as a suggestion. To facilitate the following operations it is convenient to
  ~ S  save the subsampled image with another name (Save image).

  ~ S V 4. Display the other three images (CO738, GU738, TR738) with the same palette and LUT, to
facilitate comparison. Save the subsampled form of each of them with a different name. Now, using
  ~ S  the Toggle option in Multi Image, look at two contiguous images (use the saved images for this).
What happens if you use the images corresponding to the original data?

5. In all the images many clouds may be observed, as is almost always the case near the equator. This
makes it difficult to distinguish the coastline, especially as the clouds often form just over the land
masses. It is therefore necessary to pick out or even to guess the boundaries using a map; the
  ~ S  orientation of the images has North upwards. On image TR738, Trinidad is at the bottom left corner.
Tobago lies somewhat to the NW from Trinidad.

  ~ S I In image MA738, the continent occupies the lower part of the image, and it is possible to distinguish
two gulfs: to the right the Paria and to the left the Cariaco, the latter limited by a narrow branch of
land which, in this case, is covered with clouds; Margarita Island lies a little more to the north, close
to the continent and almost completely covered by clouds.

  ~ S Z! In image CO738 it is easy to distinguish the continental mass, in the lower part of the image, while
  ~ S +" in image GU738 it is necessary to guess the position of the peninsulas of Paraguana to the right and
La Guajira to the left, because they are totally covered by clouds. Between them, they delimit the
Gulf of Venezuela: Maracaibo Lake flows into its meridional extreme.

  ~ S l% 6. With the Cursor option it is possible to derive the pigment concentration in any pixel, using the
  ~ S =& equations given in the section "Image Data". It is often convenient to assign to the sixteencolour scale
its equivalence in concentration, finding out what interval of pixel values corresponds to each colour.

7. Analyze each of the images, looking for causes or events explaining the presence and form of
dispersion of the patches of pigments (the analysis must be based on previous knowledge of the
  ~ S N* oceanography of the area). In image MA738 the plume of the Orinoco River may be seen clearly.   N*        o.?+?+HH  This enters the Caribbean Sea through the strait of Boca de Drag;n, between the Continent and
Trinidad island, visible in the bottom right corner of the image. This is an example of how the colour
of the sea may be used to track the trajectory of the river plumes. What factors could influence the
coloration of the sea in this particular case? Rivers that drain basins with tropical forest show yellow
colour organic compounds dissolved in relative abundance. These interfere to an unknown extent with
the colourderived estimates of phytoplankton biomass, but have the advantage of being excellent
tracers to follow the influence of rivers in the sea, because they are dissolved substances and can be
propagated over long distances.

Why does the river plume assume this orientation? Is it logical that the plume of a river goes towards
the left in this latitude? What forces are acting to make the plume take this trajectory?

8. With coordinates taken from the cursor, measure the length of the plume and its width in three
places. Remember to allow for any subsampling applied when you first loaded the images. How does
the concentration change in the direction of the plume? Is there any front between the plume and
the waters located to the west and to the east of it? To find this out, it is necessary to obtain several
transects perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Try then to enhance the fronts in the screen. For this,
  ~ S 
 use the Gradients option from the Filters Menu. Next, in Modify LUT, activate Histogram
  ~ S  Equalization. The display is clearer if it is observed with the VGA palette (gray scale), instead of a
  ~ S r coloured one. Try also the Texture Filter option.

  ~ S  9. Perform the operations Transect and Filters previously described with image GU738, with the
purpose of locating concentration gradients or fronts.

  ~ S  10. In image TR739, the high pigment concentration surrounding Trinidad is due to the influence of
the discharge of the Orinoco River, which outflows by the mouths of the delta located towards the
South (see map). Suggest a reason for the inflection of the river plume in this manner? Compare this
  ~ S  image with MA738 using the Toggle option.

  ~ S  11. The image continues to the west on CO738, and shows a very different phytoplankton distribution.
Here the concentration is very low in all the zone except in the proximity of Cape Codera, where
there are no important rivers that outflow and the platform is very narrow. What factors favour
phytoplankton growth in this place? Note the shape of the elongate patch towards the NW. What is
the reason for this?

  ~ S w 12. Towards the west we have a more complex zone (image GU738), with a feature that stands out:
the Gulf of Venezuela delimited by the two peninsulas. Several dispersion patterns can be observed
here. The western part of the gulf shows a high pigment concentration, but this is in part due to the
presence of suspended sediments. The waters here are very turbid because of the discharge from
Lake Maracaibo, the turbulence produced by the wind and the low depth of the zone.

The western sector of the Gulf is markedly different. The waters are more transparent and have less
plankton. Besides, the depth is greater here. Only in proximity to the coast are greater concentrations
found. There is proof that along the south-western coast of the Gulf of Venezuela there is a local
upwelling. Evidence for this is that the waters are colder and denser than in the rest of the Gulf.
What factors should one keep in mind when studying the movement and circulation of waters inside
the Gulf?

13. Continuing with the same image it is possible to observe another dispersion pattern that indicates
the presence of an event, probably physical, that favours the primary producers. This concerns the
plumes that form to the North of and continue towards the Northwest of the Paraguan peninsula.
How long and wide are they? What oceanographic mechanism could act in favour of the primary
production of this place? Considering that there are no important rivers in this region, which besides   H*        o.?+?+HH  is extremely dry, can the shape of the platform border be of any influence?

14. This image still contains a lot of information; for example, it is possible to analyse the formation
of gyres or eddies, like that which forms at the end of the plume of the Orinoco River. It is also
possible to look for regularities in the different images. For example, the trajectory of the plumes is
similar in all three images: can this indicate that the factors causing the dispersion are the same in
all cases?

This exercise shows how a sensor and an algorithm designed to register the biomass of phytoplankton
can be very useful in describing the movements of superficial water masses, and hence make it
possible to infer the physical factors that cause an increase of primary producers. In this case the
natural pigments present in the water masses act as a tracer that can be followed from space.



  ~ S 0 ca. Suggested supplementary readingă


Denman, K.L. and T.M. Powell. 1984. Effects of physical processes on planktonic ecosystems in the
coastal ocean. Oceanogr. Mar.Biol.Ann. Rev., 22:125168

MullerKarger, F.E., C.R. McClain, T.R. Fisher, W.E. Esaias and R. Varela., 1989. Pigment
distribution in the Caribbean Sea: Observations from space. Prog. Oceanog., 23:2364.

MullerKarger, F.E. and, R. Varela. 1990. Influjo del R1o Orinoco en el Mar Caribe: Observaciones
con el CZCS desde el espacio. Memoria Soc.Cien.nat. La Salle, 4950 (131134) : 361390.

 X  Monente, J.A., I.Astor. 1987. Observaciones hidrogrficas superficiales en la regi;n nororiental del
Mar Caribe Venezolano. Memoria Soc. Cien. nat. La Salle, 57 (127128): 125148."

 X  SCOR (grupo de Trabajo 70). 1988. Las mediciones del mar por sat)lite : posibilidades que ofrecen
y problemas que plantean. Documentos t)cnicos de la UNESCO sobre Ciencias del Mar, 46:
1106."

      y    b !                    d       d d                                                                         y 

This lesson was prepared by R. Varela and J.C. Camacho.



   Q  Suggestions and comments regarding this lesson should be sent to:

Ram;n Varela Allegue
Fundaci;n La Salle, EDIMAR
Isla Margarita
Apartado 144, Porlamar 6301
VENEZUELA
Fax: (5895)  98 061
eMAIL: rvarela@dino.conicit.ve


Jos) Camacho Ruiz
EscuelaTaller Marismas del Piedras"
c/Miguel Rodr1guez, s/n   Q*         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ21440, Lepe  Huelva
ESPA8A
   Q  Fax: (3455)  380911

   Q @ Lepe, 17th September 1992

  ~ S  La4 Answers to Lesson 9ă
   
      
 (Numbers indicate the section to which an answer relates.)
 * a      
  ~ S ! 4. If an image with more than 256 lines is loaded in the Toggle option, it appears in decomposed form
on the screen.

7. The water colour is considerably modified by phytoplankton, since these waters are rich in nutrients
of fluvial origin. But to this we have to add the effect of suspended matter and dissolved organic
compounds, very noticeable in tropical rivers.

The plume of the Orinoco River is directed towards the NW. This trajectory can be explained as the
result of the forces acting on the surface waters. The current from the Atlantic moves westward,
parallel to the coast; on the other hand, the wind is constant from the East and, given the orientation
of the coast, the surface water withdraws to the northnorthwest.

The area under study is located in the northern hemisphere, so the river plume should deviate to the
right, but because this is near the equator (10$ N - 14$ N) the "f" parameter of the Coriolis force is
small. In this case the geostrophic current towards the west dominates over the force due to the
earth's rotation, this despite the intense trade winds from the east. Only occasionally does the
Orinoco discharge into the Atlantic, when atmospheric and marine current changes are produced on
a big scale.

8. The length of the plume from the strait (x = 458, y = 205) to a point at the extremity with colour
8(x= 151, y = 83) is 324 km, considering each pixel to be 825 m long. The width oscillates between
25 km and 40 km.

A transect along the plume indicates that there is no noticeable variation in concentration.
Nevertheless, when doing transverse cuts it may be observed that there are two concentration pigment
fronts: one in the west, very marked, another to the east. Although it is not certain that a physical
front exists, (it has not been recorded by classical methods), it is probable that one occurs in
coincidence with one of the pigments.

10. The reasons why the plume of the Orinoco River surrounds Trinidad in this way, are those
indicated in the previous paragraph, in particular the strong current coming from Guyana. The mixed
waters remain confined relatively close to the coast.

11. The patch present in Cape Codera is considered to be the result of local upwelling, since it
appears for short time intervals and coincides with wind maxima. This can be appreciated from a
series of CZCS images from 1978 to 1982. Another clue is the fact that the continental platform is
a little bit wider here than to the west of this locality. There are no studies that corroborate the
upwelling event in Cape Codera. Nevertheless, the few stations providing data from oceanographic
campaigns near the Cape register somewhat lower temperatures. Here again, the shape of the
dispersion is the result of the effect of the eastward wind and the westward current.

12. To decipher the movement of water masses in the Gulf of Venezuela it would be necessary to
study a series of images showing the displacements of the patches of phytoplankton. But we also have   B*        o.?+?+HH  to consider another type of information, the bathymetry and the intensity gradient that occurs in the
meridional half of the Gulf. Little field data is available for this zone, but it seems clear that the
bathymetry is an important factor. The western and eastern sectors are separated by a shallow
threshold that coincides with the frontier between the areas of maximum and minimum concentration.

13. To the East and North of the Paraguan Peninsula two plumes are formed whose approximate
locations in the image are (x=226, y=112) to (x=292, y=145) and (x=299, y=141) to
(x=408, y=182). Their lengths are 121km and 112 km, respectively.

The mechanisms favouring the increase in phytoplankton production in this place are not known. This
kind of dispersion has not previously been recorded, surely because there are too few pigment
measurements in the area. It is thought that there could be a kind of vertical fertilization due to the
effect of a geostrophic current in the border of the platform. This idea is based mainly on the fact
that the plume in the east follows the border of the continental platform. Can other mechanisms
occur ? The opinion of readers in this regard would be appreciated.

This example demonstrates that satellite images are very useful from the oceanographic point of view
when dealing with little known areas, because they make it possible to pick out previously unknown
features. This presents the advantage that in later oceanographic campaigns, it is possible to identify
beforehand the areas which require greater sampling effort.