WPC 
      2       B   V   o          Z     #| L          0pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P21/01/96 05:53            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coa                                                         5    XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2       9     9     I  	      #| L          21/01/96 05:53            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coa                                                         5     2 q	                       Dutch Roman 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Courier 10cpi Dutch Italic 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Line Printer 16.67cpi Dutch Roman 16pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 13pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) chapter                                                                      S  e    # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t              B  g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              !  } S    `(#7 #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 6k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#  "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,T\L\X8T`00\0```\DD8`PxLLLXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         2    Z   	    	      ,  
  HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,l`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllldXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,4<X|,DDX(8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Pxt|xh@@xtht`ptthxL4HX,\XL\L4L\,,X,\\XX8D0`PtHHDXXXX XX  XX             X `  x\x\x\x\x\|LxLxLxLxL@,@,@,@,\\\\\````hHx\\\\hH \hXx\x\x\|L|L|L|L\xLxLxLxLLLLLLL\\@ @ @,@   @ xXt,t,t,t,t,\\\\\\  t8t8t8`D`D`D`Dp0p0p0``````thHxDxDxD  \t,\t8`Dp0hHhH\\`  dh XX4PHHXX XDDX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^$,0lHt$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttDl`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllld0$0H$DL<LD,DL$$H$tLLLL840L@`<@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  lDlDlDlDlDld<dDdDdDdD0$0$0$0$lLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLl@lDpLtLtLl@HLTLlDlDlDd<d<d<d<pLdDdDdDdDtDtDtDtDtDtDtLtL0 0 0$0   < hH\$\$\$HH\$lLlLlLlLtLtL  l8l8l8L4L4L4L4\0\0\0tLtLtLtLtLtL`l@d<d<d<  pL\$lLl8L4\0l@l@pLtLtLNH HT HH,DHHHHHH48ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H 2 S    +  ,    ,  ?    k   "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00TptxthDXpl|dlt|ltL,LX,X\L\P8Td08\0dX\\LL<dPtTPLXXXX XX  XX             X `  pXpXpXpXpX|xLtPtPtPtPD0D0D0D0dXXXXddddlPpX\XXlP Xl\pXpXpXxLxLxLxL\tPtPtPtPTTTTTTddD D D0D   X \p0p0p0p0p0ddddXX  |L|L|LdLdLdLdLl<l<l<ddddddtlPtLtLtL  \p0d|LdLl<lPlP\Xd  dh XX8T\\XX XD@X    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^$,0lHpp$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttD\\dh\Tll4HlXhpXpdPXh\d\\<(<H$HL<L@,DT,,L,|THLH<<0P@\D@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  \H\H\H\H\Hdd<\@\@\@\@4,4,4,4,hTpHpHpHpHhPhPhPhP\@\HhLpHpH\@HHXL\H\H\Hd<d<d<d<hL\@\@\@\@lDlDlDlDlDlDlTlT4 4 4,4   H lLX,X,X,HHX,hThThThTpHpH  d<d<d<P<P<P<P<X0X0X0hPhPhPhPhPhP\\@\<\<\<  hLX,hTd<P<X0\@\@hLpHhPNH HT HH,DLLHHHH84ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0T H         H                                            h              H "  m^$(0lHd$88Ht 0$(HHHHHHHHHH($ttt@d\dh`Xpl48`\|hlTl\LXh\|`T`<(<H$HH@L<(<L$$H$tLLHH04(L@`<88HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  dHdHdHdHdHhd@`<`<`<`<4$4$4$4$hLlLlLlLlLhLhLhLhLT8dHhLlLlLT8HLTHdHdHdHd@d@d@d@hL`<`<`<`<p<p<p<p<p<p<lLlL4 4 4$4   8 `H\$\$\$HH\$hLhLhLhLlLlL  \0\0\0L4L4L4L4X(X(X(hLhLhLhLhLhL|`T8`8`8`8  hL\$hL\0L4X(T8T8hLlLhLNH HT HH(@<<HHHH88ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H "  m^ ((`@th 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``X( (|@ <D8H<(<D$$@$dDDHH00(D8T488@@@h@ @@  @@             @ H  `<`<`<`<`<`X8X<X<X<X<,$,$,$,$`DdDdDdDdDhDhDhDhD`8`<dHdDdD`8 DLH`<`<`<X8X8X8X8dHX<X<X<X<d<d<d<d<d<d<hDhD, , ,$,   8 \@P$P$P$P$P$`D`D`D`DdDdD  `0`0`0D0D0D0D0P(P(P(hDhDhDhDhDhD|T`8X8X8X8  dHP$`D`0D0P(`8`8dHdDhD   H @@(<@@@@ @,4dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ 2 a$        m  
  U   ^      "  m^ (,`@`` 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|PTX\PL``,<`Pt\`L`XHP\PtXPP4$4|@ @D8D8$<H $@ hH@DD44,H8P<88@@@h@ @@  @@             @ D  P@P@P@P@P@tXX8P8P8P8P8, , , , \H`@`@`@`@\H\H\H\HP8P@\D`@`@P8 @LDP@P@P@X8X8X8X8\DP8P8P8P8`<`<`<`<`<`<`H`H, , , ,   < `@P P P P P \H\H\H\H`@`@  X4X4X4H4H4H4H4P,P,P,\H\H\H\H\H\HtPP8P8P8P8  \DP \HX4H4P,P8P8\D`@\H   H @@(<@@@@ @00dd@    Ld^hh                                  (H                                                        \ "  m^4HHl̰4TTl4H4<llllllllll<<lԤP`̤xԨH<Hl4lt`xlHhx<<p<xtxxTTHxd```llll ll  ll             l t  lllll䨘`llllP<P<P<P<xttttxxxx`lxtt` xxlll````xllllhhhhhhxxP P P<P   ` p<<<<<xxxxtt  TTTxTxTxTxTHHHxxxxxxԔ````  x<xTxTH``xtx    llHlllll lPXl    ^                                  Hx                                                        "  ^ D X X     D d d   @ X @ H           H H             ` t                X H X  D   t   T   H H  H      d d X  |  t x t                                                               t         ` H ` H ` H ` H                    x          x             t  t  t  t                           `   `   ` H `       t      H  H  H  H  H                  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  X  X  X               x  t  t  t        H    d  d  X  x  x                   X         d l              ^                                                                       X                                                                                                                   } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P ? x x x , -  x 6X   @ 8; X@	\ 0 Y : , , ;  Y 	`>	    xi fQ  
Xf ( K / $ , i  WK 	[ 
    P fQ  Pd~ 1 \ : , ,   N,\ ~>	    p fQ  
f ( K / $ ,   1K ~>	    p fQ  Tg ' H / $ ,   ԙH 	`>	    xi fQ  XZ # C *   ,  /%iC 	[ 
    P fQ  wPZ # A *   , E cA ~>	    p fQ  wk + H H H , p H  H    @ ; @L K  Y D ,   	[ 
    P fQ   P } 2 ] : , ,   ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P = s H 4 ,  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P 2         $                                   | )      m ,,M À&M a?À&M a ?À&M q À&M  À&M  À&M ?À&M%?À&M%~?À&M%?À&M%À&M%?<    p&M?π&c4 $C

~  8 9
`@ @@  L *   7    |~  ?   p    ?; z ?[   |` <`πg ;Q?B@ * $ 
P   \    
  ?
    
 ?,  Oπ
  >8 dA
??  ?
| 
|
|8?
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?
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?
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?`??Ccp
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À

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?
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x
 ? ~
 < ?

    
<?|   ? s  ?x
߀|   0    
H  ? 3  ?  
 `  >??? 
  ?    ~ π E 
~ ǀ 
ǀ
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ǀ	

߀
	ǀ
߀
	߀?߀		?

		
?	
?
߀	
 
?߀	
	
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 À?߀)Àπ? À π߀)Àπ À߀π)ÀπÀ߀π)Àπ?À߀-À?π?Àǀ߀-ÀπÀ?߀(?Àπ  À߀?'Àπ?  À?߀?'À?>8À߀(À?ǀ߀'?
À?ǀ߀'?
ÀÀ߀'? Àǀ߀' À?߀'o  ''߀ %? ??߀ %??߀`&??߀%À	%À	?%À&À?߀&À߀g&ÀÀ߀?%ÀÀ߀?%À߀?%À
À߀%À߀%À߀&?>À߀$<|cǀÀ߀$8cǀ À߀$8cǀ  ǀ߀$ǌ1!
  ǀ߀$ǌ1 
 	ǀ߀$0 ?
	ǀ߀#1?   	À߀À#1? 	À߀#|0 	ß߀ ?#8 	 π ?#<x	xa @ "< 	>   "ǿ 	~? 0  ߀ "?	 	 ?
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π#?
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Ӏ߀_?"?߀
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?!??	Ӏ߀??!?	Ӏ
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Ӏ~ ?π߀!? gǀ
ÀӀ ߀ ??Àπ
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	ۀ` ߀ ?
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|߀߀? ߀ π
O|߀À
?π
π|߀ǀۀ ߀??ۀ
 π߀ۀ
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  ߀	ۀ	  
?   ߀
ۀ	??   ߀
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ۀ	 ??	  ?߀
ۀǀ 
   ??߀	ۀÀ  ??π	À 
 ? ߀À ? 

 ? ߀À 	
À  ǀπ?À 	
~À	  ÀπÀ ?	
À
 蟀À 	
 ?߀À
 )  ?À
 )?À@ ?À
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" ?C	π	À 
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π̀πǀ ?
Àa
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À?  	À?
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 	?ÀÀ?@ π?xÀ? ? À? ?À7	?À''?À'π?ÀOπ À	À À
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À	| 	0? 
À	|>
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À	
x~Çx
 ?À
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~?	 ~ 
>?	  <CÀ 
 ?Ï	 
'
 À	 pǀ
ǀ
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Ïǀ
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Ç
??	?
?π?π?A??A
??À	
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?	? 
?À	? 	À?	À??ÀÀ??ÀÀ
π	?O	?؀?aǀǀ
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?<??À??ǀǀ?p̿߀Àp̿?߀?̿??߀?Gǀ???߀???׀
?߀< ׀??
|?߀À?πxÀ ?߀À?π ?߀À ?߀ǀ
π?
?߀ǀπ??À	߀	ǀ?	߀À<߀?À?ǀyÀ1߀ǀ???ǀ߀ǀ= ? ǀ߀
ǀCǀ
ǀ
?ǀ߀
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
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? 
  ? ?	 	   	  ?	     3
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  À  ?
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  ?ǀ ?   ?ǀ?         ǀÀ?     
?    ?  ? 
ǀ ?  s ?? 	À? ?	À? ?
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p?>p ? ?>  ? ~? ? ?	 >??  	 ?>?  ?>  ?>ǀ ǀ > > 
< ?
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 ǀ??
 ǀ?
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  ??
  ~?? ~ǀǀ?ǀ ?À?  ߀   ? >> > ? 
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 w wǀ---5À'?
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<΀ ? 
~< ?`
	<~>?	 ?
	<|>?	 
?
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 ?ƀ ? ?  ?
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 ￀
 ?	- 	- 	-  - -À??      }C  g?À  À  
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	À'!
	'!߀C
ǀ	'!!9>c8?ǀ	À'!*!>`>	?À'!RqÏ?<?>||0?x? 0>0 x %!R|yß<?<?>||x?Ǐ` 8<x| ㏀%!R|yß|?>?<<xǇp|<x|π%!"|?|?-8<xχ8|~~?π%!"||?,x ?χ<|~~?À&!.~? |??x ?~~?&!#F? |?,?~~?%!#F |?,?~~?%!#`|?	8 >~
~?%!#}|?,?xǇ<|~H~?%!#}Ϗ|?ǀ,8??>8x~~?%!R|Ϗ|?8?>>8x~~?%!Sx!< 8|a x0~x~8p~<?~?Ǐ$!S8?<  8a  x `^<?|? 珇$!	?*>?   ~?8$8	ǀ$8^ 8^  6  chapter    #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t              |   g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              y  } S    `(#b #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 6k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#    
  E   
  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard zar estilo t)cnico            ܰ                                          



a' Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data



   ^  #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P#    ' 1 6: THERMAL STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUPERFICIAL
 (  GENERAL CIRCULATION OBSERVED BETWEEN CAPE VERDE AND
 4  FREETOWN (NORTHWEST AFRICA)
 ) `      # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 


  ~ R  =a; Aim of Lessonă

To use a time series of NOAA images to demonstrate thermal structures and establish an
approximation to the seasonal variation of the superficial circulation: to relate the daily fluctuations
of such structures to a relaxation event from the upwelling at Cape Verde.



  ~ R     <  Objectives
 ) `      
On completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1) enhance the thermal structures of the sea surface water in the zone between Cape Verde and
Freetown

2) use arithmetic processes to highlight image contrast

3) follow the evolution of an upwelling episode over the continental shelf

4) calculate sea surface temperature anomalies as an index of upwelling

5) use temperature images for the study of seasonal variations in the distribution of isotherms.



  ~ S ^ a6 Background Informationă

  ~ R   The BILKO image processing software

Extensive knowledge of the BILKO program is not necessary, but some acquaintance with its use 
  ~ S o# is assumed, especially concerning the mathematical-physical meaning of the Histogram function. The
  } S @$ help option, accessed by typing <h>, explains the mode of operation of this function.

  ~ R % Images used in this lesson

For this lesson, six sea surface temperature images from the AVHRR sensor on the NOAA-9 satellite
are provided, corresponding to several dates in 1987; registered in GAC format, their spatial
resolution at the nadir is 4.4 ' 4.4 km/pixel. The images have been corrected geometrically so they
can be superimposed. They have also been processed to obtain sea surface temperature, according   )        o.?+?+HH  to the MCSST (Multi Channel Sea Surface Temperature) procedure described by Brown and Evans
(1982). By this method, it is possible to obtain the value of the sea surface temperature in degrees
Centigrade by dividing the digital value of each pixel by 8.

The area of interest for this study is limited by the western coast of Africa between Cape Verde
(Senegal) and Freetown (Sierra Leone), and is defined in the following way: (see Fig. 1)

  
Top left corner:C 15.11$N, 22.12$W
Bottom right corner: C 4.87$N, 11.88$W
  
h  
    d d x                           
 ! d d x        ZCZZ              """""""  h & (	  	 (	  	 &           "     Name of
  p image file      "   0  Origin of the Image      "   ]  Type of Data  (	  	 X	 	            "        p    "   " 	 SATELLITE   p    "   2  DATE   p    "   >  HOUR   p    "   I s SENSOR   p    "   X u CHANNEL   p    "   g  PRODUCT X	 	H			           "     C11C
  O C56
  O C57
  # C112
  # C137
  # C138
  O ISOBATH      "   # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 NOAA9
 # 
 ԩ      "   0 c 11/01/87
 0 c 25/02/87
 0 c 26/02/87
 0 c 22/04/87
 0 c 17/05/87
 0 c 18/05/87
 2  ԩ      "   > D 15:00
 > D 15:00
 > D 15:00
 > D 15:00
 > D 16:00
 > D 16:00
 >  ԩ      "   J  AVHRR
 J  AVHRR
 J  AVHRR
 J  AVHRR
 J  AVHRR
 J  AVHRR
 J O ԩ      "   Y  4  5
 Y  4  5
 Y  4  5
 Y  4  5
 Y  4  5
 Y  4  5
 Y  ԩ      "   i  SST
 i  SST
 i  SST
 i  SST
 i  SST
 i  SST
 i a ԩ H			 p   
  ~ S  Za8 Table 1. Image Dataă


  ~ S  Basic Oceanographic Information (according to the referenced authors).

The coast of Northwest Africa, between Safi (32$N) and Freetown (8$N), is characterized by the
presence of seasonal coastal upwellings forced by the Trade winds. The Trade winds from the
northeast blow parallel to the coast directed towards the equator, leaving the African continent to the
left. Surface currents produced by the wind are affected by the Coriolis acceleration, 90$ to the right
of the wind direction in the northern hemisphere. This produces an outwards mass flow and a deficit
of surface water at the coast. This water mass that cannot be replaced by surface water is
compensated by water from the subsurface, colder and richer in nutrients.

The Trade winds are subject to seasonal variations along the Northwestern coast of Africa due to the
meridional displacement of the anticyclone of the Azores (Figures 1 and 2). The coastal upwelling
associated with this wind follows a parallel seasonal cycle. The upwelling appears in February at 10$N,
and at higher latitudes the frequency of its appearance increases as the year goes on. For latitudes
above 15$N, the duration is 6 months, between November and May.

   "        o.?+?+HH                    Figure 1                                           Figure 1      A                     5! $ H    1                   VIETINV.WPG                                          $)   i
 
  ~ R       Q  Figure 1a and 1b: Mean atmospheric pressures
 
  and winds during winter
  ~ R p   c  according to Mittelstaedt (1983).5 $  ""  88  ! 8$  0             o.?+?+HH  8Ha/  !  0    88  ""    1A & H    1                    :VIENTOVE.WPG                                         &)  i
     a 
  -  Figures 2a and 2b. Mean atmospheric pressures
 
 v and winds during summer
  ~ R p    according to Mittelstaedt (1983).1 $  ""  88  A 8$  0             o.?+?+HH  8H91  A  0    88  ""   The surface current associated with the upwelling that flows on the continental platform towards the
equator (Figs. 3 and 4), follows the same pattern. The isotherms of low temperature parallel to the
coast are indicative of the upwelling, and its extension to the south depends both on the associated
surface currents and on the opposing countercurrents. The isotherms perpendicular to the coast show
the latitudinal thermal gradient corresponding to the presence or absence of the upwelling event in
the area.

The region covered by the images corresponds to that in which, during winter, the belt of Trade winds
reaches its southernmost position, at 10$N, while the northern limit is located at over 20$N. The
maximum upwelling occurs in February. After this, as the year progresses, winds begin to weaken and
with them the frequency of appearance of upwelling events. These completely disappear in the
summer.



  ~ S 0 a: Lesson Outlineă

Preliminary Section

  ~ S q 1) To load the images using Load Image, it must be kept in mind that the original images had a size
of 512' 512 pixels, so a reduction of the grid was made by applying the correction factors:

  ~ R   Line Sample  = 2
  ~ R   Pixel Sample = 2

What is the spatial resolution after this process has been applied?

  ~ S  2) Use the Load Image and Display Image commands to load and display all the images following the
  ~ S  sequence indicated in Table 1. Load the colour palette CVERDE.PAL using the Load Palette function,
in order to highlight the thermal structures of the images.

  ~ S 4 3) For each of the images select the Histogram function and observe the interval of digital values of
interest. In this zone there are frequent cloud formations with temperatures below 16 $C: use the
  ~ S  Cursor function to differentiate them from the values corresponding to the land. Select the interval
corresponding to sea in each of the images, keeping a record of the smallest and largest digital values.
Now that you have established a range of values covering the surface temperatures of all the images,
  ~ S F it is possible to compare them. Determine the ranges of interest and use Linear Stretch from the
  ~ S  Modify LUT Menu, to change the display table of the images so as to neglect the values
corresponding to land and clouds. 

3.1) What effect does this operation have on the images? Repeat the procedure for all six images and
  ~ S X! save the LUT using the Save LUT function. Compare the new LUT with the one included in the
  ~ S )" module, CDEFAULT.STR.

Observe the differences between the images noting their more important characteristics. 

  ~ S j% 3.2) What is the sea temperature interval over the six images? Use the Cursor command to locate
the values. Remember that the digital value f(x,y), divided by 8, corresponds to the temperature in
degrees Centigrade. 
   '         o.?+?+HH   a Mt;	H    a              H   { , CIRVER.WPG                                           Mt)   
  ~ R         Figure 3. Idealized surface circulation in summer  according to
  ~ R    5 Mittelstaedt (1983). $  ""  ss  a sO$ 
 a sO 
 a sO   
Mt;	z                     |  CIRINV.WPG                                           Mt)   
  ~ R         Figure 4. Idealized Surface circulation in winter  according to
  ~ R    5 Mittelstaedt (1983).  a sO  @           o.?+?+HH!  sHO  a   sO1  @    ss  ""   
3.3) What is the effect of the new LUT on the color distribution? 

3.4) Are the thermal structures of the sea surface water similar in all the images? 

3.5) In which images does the spatial distribution differ most? What is the probable cause of these
large differences?

4) Linear Contrast enhancement (LCE) is used to expand the values of interest in an image to over
a greater interval of digital values and so make better use of the possibilities of the output device
(computer screen) (Jensen, 1986).

Before using the LCE process, it is important to ensure that only the values corresponding to the
surface of the ocean enter in later calculations. You can then assign a nil value to the land and cloud
  ~ S ` pixels using Radiometric Masking from Multi Image.

Once the intervals of digital values for land and clouds have been determined, use each image to
  ~ S 
 mask itself, by making Name of the file defining the mask the same as Name of the file to be masked.
  ~ S  Use the Save Image function to obtain an image corresponding to the interval of values representing
  ~ S s the sea pixels. Name it C*Q.

In the LCE process each pixel of the chosen interval is assigned a new value given by: 
   S  X!  #b,      d d d d d       L  d d                                                        x             } 
ITAL n '~ = ~{ITAL n `  ` ITAL n SUB FUNC min
} over { ITAL n SUB FUNC max `  ` ITAL n SUB FUNC max } ~
CDOT ~ ITAL Range
] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P       n     A~n     (~n     g n     g n     ~ Rangeu u    7              ~      g        @     u u    Fminu u    +/ maxu u    / max X$  """"!! "$ where n' and n are the newly assigned digital value and the original value respectively: the values nmax
   S  and nmin are the limits of the range of the original image that is to be enhanced, and Range `   @       } S & ԍThe range of sea surface temperatures in the study area has been estimated to be 13 $C, so the
range 247 is chosen as the largest multiple of 13 in the interval 0255. In this way the number of
digital values corresponding to 1 $C is an integer, in this case 19 digital units is equivalent to 1 $C
(247/13).`  is the
interval of values over which the selected data is to be expanded.

This process alters the digital values of the data, so it is essential to keep in mind the alterations that
the original data undergoes as it experiences the LCE process.

  ~ S  As the Image Algebra function from the Multi-Image option does not allow execution of the equation
   S y in a single step, use the Add Constant function from Miscellaneous to do the first part (n-nmin), and
  ~ S K for your constant, use the minimum value of the range and remember to change sign. Use Save Image
  ~ S  to save this first step, naming the resulting image C*R. Determine the value of:
A  #b5%      d d d d d         d d                                                        x        J     Q ITAL a ~ = ~ ITAL Range OVER  { ITAL n SUB FUNC max `  ~ ITAL
n SUB FUNC min } 
] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P       a     2TRange     g n     g n              g      u u    / maxu u    / minJ $  """"@!A "$ 
  ~ S " Use Image Algebra from Multi Image and give the same name to images A and B: use the computed
   S # value for a and the value of zero for b and c. Load the processed image as C*T and repeat the
  ~ S $ process for all the images. Use the Transect function on the processed image and on the original
image. Compare the results. What differences can be observed? @  q%     o.?+?+HH! ,"v  !  5%"U(  A  @  Ԍ  ~ S    ԙTo superimpose the isobath on any of the images use Radiometric Masking of Multi Image, giving
  ~ S   the name ISOBATA when asked Name of file defining the mask: mask from 255 to 254. Save the final
  ~ S  result with the name C*TB2 and contrast the resulting images with those given in lesson C*TB.


  ~ R  Study of an upwelling event

  ~ S  5) Use the Transect function on images C56TB2 and C57TB2. Describe the evolution of temperature
shown in the February images. Observe the remaining images to see if the same pattern of "wake"
exists in the colder water, just south of Cape Verde, and suggest a reason why this might occur. What
is indicated by the orientation of the isotherms parallel to the coast and the dispersion of colder
waters to the south?

  } S 
 6) The sea surface temperature anomalies w   @
       } S  ԍ The sea surface temperature anomalies are established in coastal waters and waters on open sea. 
Due to the spatial limitation of the images, the anomalies calculated here are established between
the innermost waters of the platform and the closest waters near the continental platform, so they
must be considered as "relative" anomalies.w  provide an index of the degree of upwelling when their
  ~ S d values are negative. Calculate the magnitude of the anomalies off Cape Verde in images C56 and
  ~ S 5 C57. 

Use the cursor to describe a common transect along the platform. Use the digital value of each point
to calculate the differences along the defined transect. Interpret the detected anomalies.

Calculate the value of the anomaly in the same zone for any other image. What fundamental
difference do you find?


  ~ R  Seasonal study

  ~ S & 7) To establish the spatial evolution of the isotherms during the year, use the Transect function on
a line parallel to the coast, in a northeast direction, locating the cursor on the same line for all
images. Are the observed structures similar? Do these structures reflect some kind of movement?





  ~ S  ca2 Suggested supplementary readingă


 X  Brown, O.B., Evans, R., 1982. Visible and infrared satellite remote sensing  A status report. Nav.
Rev., 31: 725."

 X  Jensen, J.R., 1986. Introductory digital image processing. Prentice Hall. pp 125129."

 X  Mittelstaedt, E.,1983. The upwelling area off Northwest Africa: A description of phenomena related
to coastal upwelling. Progr. Oceanogr., 12: 307331."

 X  Mittelstaedt, E.,1991. The ocean boundary along the Northwest African coast: Circulation and
oceanographic properties at the sea surface. Progr. Oceanogr. 26:307335."   h%     o.?+?+HH  Ԍ X  Speth, P., Detlefsen, H., 1982. Meteorological influences on upwelling off Northwest Africa. Rapp.
Pv. R)un. Cons int. Explor. Mer, 180: 2934."

 X  Svenjkousky, J., 1988. Sea Surface flow estimation from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
and Coastal Zone Color Scanner Satellite imagery: A verification study. J. Geophys. Res., 93
(C6): 67356743."

 X  Van Camp, L., Nykjaer, L., Mittelstaedt, E., Schittenhardt, P., 1991. Upwelling and boundary
circulation off Northwest Africa as depicted by infrared and visible satellite observations.
Progr. Oceanogr. 26: 357402."

 X  Wooster, W.S., Bakun, A., MacLain, D.R., 1976. The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern
boundary of the North Atlantic. J. Mar.Res., 34(2): 131141."



  ~ R  
 Acknowledgements:

The images used in this lesson were received and processed by D. Pablo Clemente-Col;n from the
Oceanography Division of ORA/NESDIS/NOAA, for the CIFORS project between ORA/NESFIS/NOAA and the Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (formerly Centro de Tecnologia
Pesquera) from the Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, coordinated by Dr. J.B. Zaitzeff.

      y    b                     d       d d                                                        	                 y 

This lesson was prepared by A. GonzlezMu9oz, J.P)rezMarrero and O. Llins, October 1992.





Comments or suggestions relating to this lesson should be sent to:

Adelina GonzlezMu9oz
Javier P)rezMarrero
Octavio Llins
Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas
   Q P Cabildo de Gran Canaria/ hh7 ? G 
   Q   Apdo. 56, 35200 Telde
   Q  Gran Canaria  ESPA8A


   Q `! Fax: 3428/693908


  ~ R #    7 ( Answers for Lesson 6
 A a 
 A a      1) The spatial resolution of the image is reduced to a half of the original resolution, so each pixel
represents 8.8 km ' 8.8 km.

  ~ S ' 2) Using the CVERDE.PAL palette the temperature gradients are clearly defined. The temperature
interval (between 17 $C and 29/30 $C), has its warmest points in the tropical waters located in the
south of the images. The images showing the largest differences from one another are those
  ~ S Q* corresponding to February (C56) and May (C138). On the C56 image there is an upwelling event   Q*	       o.?+?+HH  south of Cape Verde, which explains the difference from the May image, in which no such event
exists.

  ~ S p 3)  3.1) The effect of the Linear Stretch function is to show in detail the range of digital values
corresponding to the sea, and consequently to make variations in the sea easier to visualize.

 3.2)  In the case of the six images considered, a digital interval ranging from 136 and 240 was
selected.  These values represent, respectively, 17 $C and 30 $C.

  ~ S Q  3.3) The 16 levels of colour utilized involve 105 digital values. Using the CVERDE.PAL the
temperature gradients are clearly outlined, representing the warmer tropical waters located south of
the images.

 3.4) No. Thermic structures vary according to the intensity ofthe upwelling.

 3.5) The images that reflect a larger degree of divergence are those corresponding to
  ~ S 
 February (C56) and May (C138). In the first an upwelling phenomena occurs south to Cape Verde.
It differs significantly from the second one, in which the phenomenon does not exist.

4. In the original images, the observed values are much higher than in those resulting from the LCE
process. (Water values begin to be noted at +/ 130 in the first image, while values begin at zero in
the second). In the images given with the lesson, values corresponding to land are hidden by the mask
with a value of 245; the images constructed by the user have a value of zero, as well as clouds.
Temperature patterns are logically similar but, as a result of the histogramenhancing process, they
appear more detailed in the final images.

  ~ S # 5) Images C56TB2 and C57TB2 correspond to the 25th and 26th of February. Their thermal
structures show the relaxation of an upwelling event.

The orientation of the isotherms parallel to the coast is a clear evidence of the upwelling events, as
is the dispersion of cold water to the south, transported by the current flowing over the continental
shelf.

  ~ S  6) The thermal anomalies calculated from images C56 and C57, give the values -5.5 and 4
respectively along the transect X,Y = 124,26 : X,Y = 24,26. These show the existence of a coastal
  ~ S u upwelling event. The computed anomaly in image C138 does not show a sudden change of
temperature from the coast to the open sea. The orientation of the thermal structures perpendicular
to the coast shows the absence of upwelling.

7) The thermal structures of the six images show common characteristics. The spatial distribution of
these structures shows the existence of a coastal countercurrent directed towards the north. This gains
strength in the beginning of the year and reaches its peak value in the summer.