WPCH$ 
      2       B   V   o          Z     #| @          0pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P21/01/96 05:50                                                                                                           2    XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2       9     9     I         #| @          21/01/96 05:50                                                                                                           2     2 +         Z     	    B   $  F   "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,T\L\X8T`00\0```\DD8`PxLLLXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P	   
 Object #0000 	          Unknown            BM      v   (   ,   :         p                                                    LB        	 DD        LB  ""   	DD       LB  ""    	DD      LB  ""    	DD      LB  ""                                    Unknown           + !           !   +         
     + !      : ,         H   H             kf      {                                                                                                                               : ,     + !  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
       
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
         
 Object #0001           Equation.2            ࡱ                ;  	                                                       R                                                                               F             Fuߺ    	       O l e                                                         
                                                 P I C                                                         
                                              L        P I C T                                                                                                                       	   
         
                                                      "   #                     ࡱ                 ;  	           L              
                                                ࡱ                 ;  	                      "  d xpr          
     "     " "      
currentpoint
 "       ,  Times 
 .    +NDVI, 	 Symbol  ))= (  Bimage )(1 )- )	image ))2     (  >()k)     (  Bimage )(1 )+ )	image ))2     (  >()k)  "  =o  /MTsave save def 40 dict begin
currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub
5600 div 1088 3 -1 roll exch div scale
currentpoint translate 64 62 translate
/thick 0 def
/th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def
16 th 1917 479 moveto 3581 0 rlineto stroke
/cat {
dup length 2 index length add string
dup dup 5 -1 roll exch copy length
4 -1 roll putinterval
} def
/ff {
dup FontDirectory exch known not {
dup dup length string cvs (|______) exch cat
dup FontDirectory exch known {exch} if pop
} if
findfont
} def
/fs 0 def /cf 0 def
/sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def
/f1 {ff dup /cf exch def sf} def
/ns {cf sf} def
/sh {moveto show} def
384 /Times-Italic f1
(NDVI) 13 578 sh
(image) 2059 312 sh
(image) 3845 312 sh
(image) 2058 874 sh
(image) 3846 874 sh
384 /Symbol f1
(=) 1312 578 sh
(-) 3572 312 sh
/f3 {ff 3 -1 roll .001 mul 3 -1 roll .001 mul matrix scale
makefont dup /cf exch def sf} def
384 1000 1291 /Symbol f3
(\() 1930 333 sh
(\)) 5359 333 sh
384 /Symbol f1
(+) 3572 874 sh
384 1000 1291 /Symbol f3
(\() 1929 895 sh
(\)) 5360 895 sh
384 /Times-Roman f1
(1) 3341 312 sh
(2) 5158 312 sh
(1) 3340 874 sh
(2) 5159 874 sh
end MTsave restore
  d MATH  #: 
NDVI=    image1-image2 ()    image1+image2 ()       ࡱ                 ;  	                                 F"   Microsoft Editeur d'quations 2.0 DNQE   Equation.2     ࡱ                 ;  	   C o m p O b j                                                                                                ]        O b j I n f o                                                                                                    E q u a t i o n   N a t i v e                                                                          !                                                                                                                                 ࡱ                 ;  	                                                  
NDVI=    image1-image2 ()    image1+image2 ()     ࡱ         Equation.2           "  d xpr          
     "     " "      
currentpoint
 "       ,  Times 
 .    +NDVI, 	 Symbol  ))= (  Bimage )(1 )- )	image ))2     (  >()k)     (  Bimage )(1 )+ )	image ))2     (  >()k)  "  =o  /MTsave save def 40 dict begin
currentpoint 3 -1 roll sub neg 3 1 roll sub
5600 div 1088 3 -1 roll exch div scale
currentpoint translate 64 62 translate
/thick 0 def
/th { dup setlinewidth /thick exch def } def
16 th 1917 479 moveto 3581 0 rlineto stroke
/cat {
dup length 2 index length add string
dup dup 5 -1 roll exch copy length
4 -1 roll putinterval
} def
/ff {
dup FontDirectory exch known not {
dup dup length string cvs (|______) exch cat
dup FontDirectory exch known {exch} if pop
} if
findfont
} def
/fs 0 def /cf 0 def
/sf {exch dup /fs exch def dup neg matrix scale makefont setfont} def
/f1 {ff dup /cf exch def sf} def
/ns {cf sf} def
/sh {moveto show} def
384 /Times-Italic f1
(NDVI) 13 578 sh
(image) 2059 312 sh
(image) 3845 312 sh
(image) 2058 874 sh
(image) 3846 874 sh
384 /Symbol f1
(=) 1312 578 sh
(-) 3572 312 sh
/f3 {ff 3 -1 roll .001 mul 3 -1 roll .001 mul matrix scale
makefont dup /cf exch def sf} def
384 1000 1291 /Symbol f3
(\() 1930 333 sh
(\)) 5359 333 sh
384 /Symbol f1
(+) 3572 874 sh
384 1000 1291 /Symbol f3
(\() 1929 895 sh
(\)) 5360 895 sh
384 /Times-Roman f1
(1) 3341 312 sh
(2) 5158 312 sh
(1) 3340 874 sh
(2) 5159 874 sh
end MTsave restore
  d MATH  #: 
NDVI=    image1-image2 ()    image1+image2 ()        2 <0    G+  ,  /-  v   [/  k   /   "  m^ ((`@th 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``X( (|@ <D8H<(<D$$@$dDDHH00(D8T488@@@h@ @@  @@             @ H  `<`<`<`<`<`X8X<X<X<X<,$,$,$,$`DdDdDdDdDhDhDhDhD`8`<dHdDdD`8 DLH`<`<`<X8X8X8X8dHX<X<X<X<d<d<d<d<d<d<hDhD, , ,$,   8 \@P$P$P$P$P$`D`D`D`DdDdD  `0`0`0D0D0D0D0P(P(P(hDhDhDhDhDhD|T`8X8X8X8  dHP$`D`0D0P(`8`8dHdDhD   H @@(<@@@@ @,4dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^$(0lHd$88Ht 0$(HHHHHHHHHH($ttt@d\dh`Xpl48`\|hlTl\LXh\|`T`<(<H$HH@L<(<L$$H$tLLHH04(L@`<88HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  dHdHdHdHdHhd@`<`<`<`<4$4$4$4$hLlLlLlLlLhLhLhLhLT8dHhLlLlLT8HLTHdHdHdHd@d@d@d@hL`<`<`<`<p<p<p<p<p<p<lLlL4 4 4$4   8 `H\$\$\$HH\$hLhLhLhLlLlL  \0\0\0L4L4L4L4X(X(X(hLhLhLhLhLhL|`T8`8`8`8  hL\$hL\0L4X(T8T8hLlLhLNH HT HH(@<<HHHH88ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              Ha8Document g        Style document  Style                                    F   X X`	`	 ƺ`	

a5Document g        Style document  Style                                    S   X "

 2 h2  k   n0     0  v   ~1  t   1  a6Document g        Style document  Style                                      X ƺ

a2Document g        Style document  Style                                  < o  
  y O                    A.        

a7Document g        Style document  Style                                       X  X`	`	 "`	

Bibliographi         Bibliographie                                           : 6t   X 
 "

 2 *5     2     43  	   3  
   ~4  a1Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            : F   @n                   I.  
  X "

a2Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            C   G   @`	                  A.    `	`	 "`	

a3Document g        Style document  Style                                  	B 
 b 
  y O                     1.        
a3Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            
L &    `	`	 @                  1.  `	`	    "

 2 h8     \5     6  
   6     7  a4Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            U ,`     `	`	   @d
$                  a.     `	' "

a5Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            _ u    `	`	   ' @mh*                  (1)  '  hh. "h

a6Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            
h g l&   `	`	   ' hh. @0                  (a)  hh.  4 "

a7Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            p 2 81   `	`	   ' hh. 4 @z8                  i)  4  h; "

 2 ;     8     s9     ?:     ?;  a8Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            y g  D   `	`	   ' hh. 4 ; @p>                  a)  ;  ppA "p

a1Document g        Style document  Style                                  X n q
    
   e   a5                       I.           ׃

Techn actif           Activer style document technique                          e    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1                                      Technique                                            a2Technique         Style document technique                               <   
  y O                    A.        

  2 ]?     <     <     l=  /  .>  a3Technique         Style document technique                               9  Xh 
  y O                    1.        
 a4Technique         Style document technique                               8  X|   y O                     a.        
 a1Technique         Style document technique                               F f! < 
   e                         I.           

 Doc actif            Activer style document le                               H   
 
               p-p-p-    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)                                     Document g                                            2 A     ?     @     @     =A  a4Document g        Style document  Style                                    ŕ   z O     .  a5Technique         Style document technique                               9 :    y O                      (1)  .  a6Technique         Style document technique                               9 z    y O                      (a)  .  a7Technique         Style document technique                               8 
k    y O                      i)  .   2 oJ     B    B    F    H  a8Technique         Style document technique                               8 n    y O                      a)  .  Papier marg)       R/gle de num)rotation de lignes                                                     X    X`	hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                                         y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y 

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H 28	 + 	 Ӄ "  m^4HHl̰4TTl4H4<llllllllll<<lԤP`̤xԨH<Hl4lt`xlHhx<<p<xtxxTTHxd```llll ll  ll             l t  lllll䨘`llllP<P<P<P<xttttxxxx`lxtt` xxlll````xllllhhhhhhxxP P P<P   ` p<<<<<xxxxtt  TTTxTxTxTxTHHHxxxxxxԔ````  x<xTxTH``xtx    llHlllll lPXl    ^                                  Hx                                                         "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00TptxthDXpl|dlt|ltL,LX,X\L\P8Td08\0dX\\LL<dPtTPLXXXX XX  XX             X `  pXpXpXpXpX|xLtPtPtPtPD0D0D0D0dXXXXddddlPpX\XXlP Xl\pXpXpXxLxLxLxL\tPtPtPtPTTTTTTddD D D0D   X \p0p0p0p0p0ddddXX  |L|L|LdLdLdLdLl<l<l<ddddddtlPtLtLtL  \p0d|LdLl<lPlP\Xd  dh XX8T\\XX XD@X    h^                                  8d                                                         2  R   c  J  ,  L    0N    P  Dutch Roman 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 13pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW)  "  m^$,0lHt$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttDl`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllld0$0H$DL<LD,DL$$H$tLLLL840L@`<@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  lDlDlDlDlDld<dDdDdDdD0$0$0$0$lLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLl@lDpLtLtLl@HLTLlDlDlDd<d<d<d<pLdDdDdDdDtDtDtDtDtDtDtLtL0 0 0$0   < hH\$\$\$HH\$lLlLlLlLtLtL  l8l8l8L4L4L4L4\0\0\0tLtLtLtLtLtL`l@d<d<d<  pL\$lLl8L4\0l@l@pLtLtLNH HT HH,DHHHHHH48ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,l`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllldXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,4<X|,DDX(8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Pxt|xh@@xtht`ptthxL4HX,\XL\L4L\,,X,\\XX8D0`PtHHDXXXX XX  XX             X `  x\x\x\x\x\|LxLxLxLxL@,@,@,@,\\\\\````hHx\\\\hH \hXx\x\x\|L|L|L|L\xLxLxLxLLLLLLL\\@ @ @,@   @ xXt,t,t,t,t,\\\\\\  t8t8t8`D`D`D`Dp0p0p0``````thHxDxDxD  \t,\t8`Dp0hHhH\\`  dh XX4PHHXX XDDX    h^                                  8d                                                         2 vW   \  2R    U     R   c  J  } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
PZ # C *   , -  /%iC 	[ 
    P fQ  wPTg ' H / $ , Y  ԙH 	`>	    xi fQ  X = s H 4 ,   qs 	[ 
    P fQ  Pd~ 1 \ : , ,   N,\ ~>	    p fQ  
f ( K / $ ,   WK 	[ 
    P fQ  P } 2 ] : , ,   ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P\ 0 Y : , ,  Y 	`>	    xi fQ  
X[ " @ *   , 6 i@ 	`>	    xi fQ  wX                                                                                   "  m^ $(`@tX 00@h(  @@@@@@@@@@$ hhh8|TPX\TLd`,0TTp\`H`PDL\PpTLT8(4|@@@8D8$4@  < d@@@@(0$D8T400@@@h@ @@  @@             @ @  T@T@T@T@T@x\X8T8T8T8T8, , , , \@`@`@`@`@\D\D\D\DL0T@\D`@`@L0 DH@T@T@T@X8X8X8X8\DT8T8T8T8d4d4d4d4d4d4`@`@, , , ,   0 T<T T T T T \@\@\@\@`@`@  P(P(P(D0D0D0D0L$L$L$\D\D\D\D\D\DpTL0T0T0T0  \DT \@P(D0L$L0L0\D`@\D   H @@$844@@ @00dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ 2         W                                   /    ,, k  
? p       s
8? d	& < ] W  O Kx` @8  ) x   " ?~?c  Ȁ?ǀ`   x ?(  
  ,|>^?q1 C 
p ??G 
.?	G #	G  	G  0;	G 0 %	G x`ǀ,	G 8	G >	G    l @	G H	?GJ	?GJ	?GJ	?GK 	?GK	?GK	?GK 	?GK 	GK 	 H K  HK HK HK HK ?HKHKHKHK HK HK HK HK HK  HL HL HL HM ?HM?HMH MHMHM?HM ?HM HM HMIMIMIMIM IM IM ?IM IM JM JMJMJN JNJNI NININININININJNJN JN JN JNJMJNJNJNJ NJ NJNJNJNJNJ NJ NJNJNJNJNJNJNJNJNJNJ NJNJ NJNJ NJNJN?JN?JN?JN??JN??JNJN JN JN KN KNKNKNKNKNKNKNK NKOKOKOK OKOK OKOKOKOKOKOKOKOKOK O KN KNKNKNKNKN?KN?KN?KN?KNKNKNKN KN LNLNLN?LN?LN?L NLN?A
NA
NA	NA ?	NA 	N@ 	NA 	NA 	NA 	NA 	NA  	NA  	N@  N@  ?N@?N@?N@?N@?N@?N@N@N@ M@M@M@M@M@M@MAMAM@MA M?A ?MA M@ M@ M@ M@ M @L  ?@L  @L @L ALALALALALALALALALALALALA L?AL?ALALALBL BL BLB L ?B L ?B ?L B L B L B  L B L B L B L B L B  LB  	LB 	L B  	K B K B ?K ?B ?K ?B?K ?BK ?BK ?BK?BK?BK?B ?K?B ?KB KB K?B K?B 	K?B 	K?B	K?B	LB	KBKB KBKB KB KB KB KB KB  KB K B	 ' " B ' " B '  " B & ?! B & !B & ! B & ! B& 0 ! B&  B&  B?&   B?&  B? % B?% B? %B? % B % ?B% ?B%  ?B%  ?B%  B %   B%   B %   C % B % B % B % C ?% C?%  C?% ? ?C?% ? C?%  D%  D&  D&  0E& GH GH GH G  H ?G   H G   H G   HG   HG   & G   & G   % G  % G   % G   %   ?G x &   ?G &    ?G )  ?G ) ?G )  ?G(  G( ?   ?H (  ?H ( ?O ( ?O' O' O ' O 'O ' O & O & O & ?O & ?O? & ?O  &   ?O  &  O   % ?  Q   % ?  Q   % ?  P  % ?  P  % R?  &   R?          <  Q *  Q *  Q *  Q  )   Q   )  Q   )   Q   )  S? (  T  ( T  (  T  '  T  ' T  '  T  &  T  &  T   & T   &  ~T   % ?S   %   Q  %   Q?  %  Q?  % ? Q  %  Q  &   Q  &  <  Q  &  S  &  g  '  g  ' g   '  g   ( f   ( Q    (   Q    (  ? Q ?  ) ? Q   ) ?? Q   ) ?? Q   *?  Q  */Q  *e  *e  *e  *?e  *?e  *?Q  *? `  Q  *? Q  *? Q   *? Q   
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 & V 
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 %??U
 %??U 
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 % V?
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 & ?V
 &W & j & j?
 &j
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 & j?
 & j?
 & j?
 '  j?
 '  k?
 ' l?
 (l? ?
  ? 
  ? ? (k?
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 
   ??    
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V??.? ?.  ?? ?0  ? 0  ? 0?  < 0  x 0   p	  0  
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.$|   s:! 08 @|  G<    0?L 8X h Àp v 8y      `?  8
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  ?/? 
 ߀ r/ !  vGvF vFv Fv Gu GvGvG     ^      #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t              2]  g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  l              @H  } S    `I(#w #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Introductory Tutoriall 
     
   =  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard     rJet Series II ( ,] ܰ                                             5     I  #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P# Section 1
 M a 
 B W Introductory Tutorial:
 : g The BILKO 1.3 Image Processing Software
 M a          =  o.o.o.   M a               o.?+?+HH   M a 
 M a 
 5 a # qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P#    B %
 INTRODUCTORY TUTORIAL:
 : 	 THE BILKO 1.3 IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE
 M a # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
 M a 
  ~ R   G = Aim of Lesson
 5 a      
To introduce the basic concepts of digital image analysis and to demonstrate a series of operations
by which particular features of a digital image may be enhanced.


  ~ S h
 aH Objectivesă

After completing this lesson, you should have learned to:

1) run the BILKO software and load digital images for analysis;

2) select and apply the image analysis and image modification routines of the BILKO system;

3) read the pixel value for a chosen coordinate; display and interpret the frequency histogram of pixel
brightnesses of a loaded image; carry out simple modifications of a look up table (LUT) so as to
enhance particular features of an image; select the colours shown in an image; modify an image by
selecting particular areas and by zooming in on chosen aspects of the display; plot a transect between
chosen points on an image; apply a variety of filters to a chosen image; combine images of a single
scene, using data from one image to select, or otherwise modify, what is shown of another; toggle
rapidly between two images;

4) call for help files when in doubt about any image handling procedure.


  ~ R     5 k Background Information and Notational Conventions
 5 a      
BILKO is an image processing system developed for use with worksheets and lessons in
oceanographic applications of remote sensing. Its routines may be applied to the analysis of any image
and include many standard image processing functions. It is not however designed to compete in
power, speed and versatility with commercial image processing systems: it is a low cost toolkit
deliberately optimised to help students learn some of the techniques of remote sensing.

To begin, you should familiarise yourself with all of the available options and the notation used by
following this demonstration.

To run the programs you require an IBM PC or close compatible, a colour monitor, VGA or EGA
standard graphics capability and a 1.2 Mbyte 5 1/2" or 1.4 Mbyte 3 1/2" floppy disk drive. Note that
you will also need a 1.4 Mbyte 3 1/2" floppy disk (or 720 Kbyte 3 1/2" floppy disk) to store modified
  ~ S 9% image files and other working files. Make sure you have a formatted empty 3 1/2" floppy disk before
  ~ R 
& starting to use BILKO.

In this lesson you are required to deal with file names and to make entries on the keyboard of your
computer. So as to be explicit about how entries should be made the following typographic convention
is used throughout the tutorial.
   *         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ R    ԙKeynames

  } S  The names of keys are spelled out (for example, <escape>, <enter>, <control>) and appear
in small capital letters. On your own keyboard the key caps may abbreviate the names or represent
   ^ @ them a little differently (e.g. the <enter> key may be labelled as #  W \	    P 6QP# # XP \	    P 6Q XP# , the <escape> key as Esc, and
  } S : the <control> key as Ctrl).


  ~ R  Direction Keys

  } S J The <direction> keys are the four arrow keys (    ) on your computer's keypad. The name
  } S 	 of the individual <direction> key refers to the direction the arrow points: the <up> key, the
  } S 	 <down> key, the <right> key, or the <left> key. Pairs of keys are sometimes denoted the
  } S 
 <vertical> keys ( ) and the <horizontal> keys ( ). You use the <direction> keys to
move the selection, the pointer or the insertion point on your screen.


  ~ R 
 What You Type

Anything you are required to type verbatim is printed in capitals. For example, if you are asked to
  ~ S j type a file called MYVUE.LUT, what you actually type is shown in capitals: MYVUE.LUT. (In
practice it does not matter whether you type the letters in capitals or not).


  ~ R  Menu Choice

In BILKO most entries are made by choosing an item from a menu. The convention adopted here
  ~ S  is that menu items are shown in bold face type as, for example, Display image and Histogram



  ~ R \    J A Startup
 5 a      
To begin the tutorial you must load and run the control program. If you are in Windows) exit from
it to the operating system. Make sure you are in the directory in which you keep your BILKO files.
   X`	hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                      Xhp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                     
  } S l  X  "   Activity:"  Type UNESCO13 < enter >"
 X  "   "
  ~ S  Following a credit screen you will find you have access to a screen labelled Main Menu. From this
point forward you control the processing of images from within the program.


  ~ S M" aD The Main BILKO Menuă

  ~ S # The Main Menu is displayed as white text on a blue ground with just one of the 16 entries coloured
red. The entries represent options, red indicating the one available for immediate selection. When
  ~ S % the Main Menu is shown just 7 keys are active:

  } S 0' 1. <direction> keys: By using the direction keys, <up> <down> <left> <right>, the red
highlight may be moved at will between the menu items.       d  
  } S 4) 2. <enter>: Pressing <enter> selects the option shown in red.
  } S h* 3. <h>: Pressing <h> displays a Help screen relating to the option shown in red.   h*         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  } S    4. <escape>: Pressing the escape, <escape>, key exits the program and returns you to DOS.   d      


  ~ S p After a selection has been made you may always return to the Main Menu by pressing the <escape>
  } S A key. The same key provides a return path from the Help screens. Note that Help screens provide an
  } S  extensive on-line facility which is available at any time. The <h> key activates a screen which
describes the option selected and/or the keys currently available for use. Long Help screens may be
  } S  scrolled using the <up> and <down> arrow keys.

Activity: " Familiarise yourself with the menu and keyboard by making some selections. You will
  } S ! find that the <horizontal> keys move the red highlight between the columns while
  } S  the <vertical> keys move it up and down. If you press <h> you will find
abbreviated descriptions of the different menu choices."

  } S a  X  " Try one or more selections using the <enter> key. You will find that most give error
messages or ask you to provide a file name. This is because you have not yet loaded an
  ~ S 
 image. You should be able to return to the Main Menu by using the <escape> key."

  ~ S   X  " Note that if you chance to use the <escape> key twice, you leave the program and
must carry out the startup procedure once again."


  ~ S  aB Using the Menu Optionsă

To make use of the BILKO software it is necessary to provide an image on which to perform the
available operations. 

  ~ S  Activity: " Return to the Main Menu. Select Load image and press the <enter> key. A green
box will appear asking for a file name. At this point type:"

  } S e  X  " EIRE4.DAT <enter>"

This will load the image file called EIRE4.DAT. If you make a mistake in the filename the program
will not be able to find the file. It will tell you so and let you try again. When a suitable file name has
been entered, a menu showing the file size appears. The menu shows the following items: first line,
last line, line sample, first pixel, last pixel, pixel sample. The values displayed are the default for that
  ~ S E file i.e. its actual size. (They can be changed if required, but in this case should not be changed.) Press
  } S  <enter> to load the image described by these parameters. If the <enter> is accepted you should
  ~ S  now see an Image loading message followed by a return to the Main Menu. 

With the program running and an image loaded, you can begin to explore the capabilities of the
  ~ S W! BILKO software. The remainder of this section introduces the items of the Main Menu one by one.


   #         o.?+?+HH  The items offered in the Main Menu are:

O  
    d d x                           
 ! d d x        <%        O  X	 	X	 	              Load image		$           Save image X	 	X	 	              Load LUT   P       Save LUT X	 	X	 	              Load palette          Save palette X	 	X	 	P              Display image           Cursor X	 	X	 	              Histogram   X       Filters X	 	X	 	               Modify LUT   	       Multi image X	 	X	 	X              Modify image          Transect X	 	h				              Modify palette   p       Miscellaneous h			    



  ~ R  1. Load image


  ~ S   The Load Image option copies an image from the server's hard disk into your computer's memory
(called RAM which stands for Random Access Memory ) and is an essential first action. This is what
you did in the Activity above. When chosen, a green box will appear asking for the file name. At this
point any image can be loaded. 

If you make a mistake in the filename, the program will not be able to find the file and will tell you
so and let you try again. 

BILKO allows you to alter and choose the line and pixel coordinates to be loaded into memory; thus
a large diskfile image may be reduced to a suitable display size, the maximum dimensions being 512
  } S A pixels by 256 lines. Enter <tab> to move from line to line of the file size menu. To change a
  } S  parameter enter the new values and use <space> to delete any unwanted digits. 

          o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  	    
U           1                                                1                                        ^	! (bH            	S i  d d ˁ                                                       
            ~ R       !     Xhp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                    M	
U]
e                      Understanding the Load image file size menu.       d  
 & 
          M	
U]
e                     M	
U]
e                      In the case of EIRE4.DAT the file size displayed is 1, 256, 1, 1, 512, 1. This means that the first
line of the image file to be displayed is line 1 and the last line is line 256; the first pixel to be
displayed is number 1 in the image file; the last pixel to de displayed on each line is pixel 512,
  ~ S  i.e. each line will be 512 pixels long. Line sample and pixel sample allow one to subsample the
  ~ S u image, that is, not to display all pixels in the image file. If line sample and pixel sample are set
  ~ S F to 1, then all pixels are sampled and displayed. If line sample and pixel sample are set to 2 then
  ~ S  every other pixel on each line is displayed and every other line is displayed. If line sample is set
  ~ S  to 1 and pixel sample is set to 2 then every line will be displayed but only every other pixel in
each line will be displayed; thus for EIRE4.DAT an image 256 lines long and 256 pixels wide
would be displayed.
Subsampling is particularly useful when your disk file is larger than the maximum size of 512
pixels wide by 256 lines long. For example if you have on a disk file an image of 1024 lines by
1024 pixels, set the following line and pixel coordinate values to choose a subsampled overview
to load and display: 
XX	  first line = 1, `	`	% . last line = 1024, K line sample = 4
XX	  first pixel = 1, . last pixel = 1024, K pixel sample = 2   d   d  
In this case every fourth line is displayed giving 1024/4 = 256 lines, and every second pixel is
displayed giving 1024/2 = 512 pixels on each line.   d      ^	


If you wanted to load a full resolution subimage of a disk file which is larger than 512 pixels by 256
  ~ S E lines into memory, you would set line sample and pixel sample to 1 and choose first and last lines and
  ~ S  first and last pixels so that their difference is not greater than 256 or 512 respectively. For example,
  ~ S  for a 1024 pixel by 1024 line image, you could set first line to 257 and last line to 512, and first pixel
  ~ S  to 513 and last pixel to 1024. You would then load a full resolution subimage from the upper right
hand side of the full image into memory, as shown in the diagram below. 

                                                     1024 pixels                    
J  
 ! d d x        <%        A Z Z        M    @@  J  h				 	            
line 256       
 	 		 	H                                     
   @  256 lines
 2 b    0 2 line 512                Q      U  Subimage
 P f loaded into memory 	 	H	 	            
line 768  !      Y b 
 R ;  512 pixels  	 				Q            
line 1024  "      			 )!       

If the parameters entered into the file size menu would result in an image with a line length greater
  ~ S q% than 512 pixels, or more than 256 lines being loaded into memory, the command will not be accepted,
so you must change the parameters.

When the image has been loaded into the computer's memory, you are returned to the main menu.
  ~ S ( Note that this option does not display an image: it only loads an image into memory, making it
available to the other options.
   S*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ R    ԙ2. Display image

  ~ S  The Display image option allows you to display the currently loaded image on the screen. Note: You
generally have to display the image before you can do anything else with it.

  ~ S  Activity: " Choose Display image to display EIRE4.DAT. You should see a 16 grey tone thermal
image of north east Ireland and the North Channel linking the Atlantic Ocean and Irish
Sea. On the right hand side of the screen you will find a 'thermometer' indicating the
relative temperatures of the displayed grey tones: black is lowest and white highest. The
  ~ S R displayed image will stay on the screen until you press any key to return to the Main
  ~ S # Menu. Press any key. Now the Main Menu appears. "


  ~ R 
 3. Cursor

  ~ S 4 The Cursor option allows the image coordinates, pixel value and colour value of any individual pixel
to be displayed. All images are stored on disk in an 8bit format, so the pixel brightness value for each
image coordinate lies in the range 0-255. Thus each pixel occupies one byte and a 512 x 256 image
occupies 131072 bytes (+512 byte header). The relationship of these pixel values to the physical
measurement varies according to the type of image being displayed.

Activity: " Select the cursor option now. A yellow cursor appears on the screen and details of its
position and pixel value are shown at the bottom of the screen. The cursor is initially
  ~ S  placed at (x, y) = (171, 85)' in EIRE4.DAT and the pixel value [f(x,y)] at this point is
142. This corresponds to colour 9 in the look up table (LUT) which defines the way in
which each of the 16 displayable colours are assigned to a range of pixel brightness
  } S & values. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor around the image. Toggle the <caps
  } S  LOCK> key to move in individual pixel steps or in pixel steps of 20. "

Question 1: " Move the cursor around in a) the sea, b) the large inland lough in Northern Ireland
(Lough Neagh), and c) the land range of pixel brightnesses for these different parts of
   S 6 the image. [Hint: The thermometer to the right of the image showing relative
temperatures of colours is a useful guide to the areas in which to search for high and
low pixel values.]"

 1.1:" What are the minimum and maximum pixel brightnesses in areas which are clearly sea?
 1.2: " What are the minimum and maximum pixel brightnesses in areas which are clearly
lough?"
 1.3: " What are the minimum and maximum pixel brightnesses in areas which are clearly land?"

 X  "    " Move the cursor to the top left hand corner of the image, to the light green area (EGA
display() or midgrey (VGA display() represented as colour 10. Move the cursor around
in this section and notice how the colour number does not change but the pixel value
  } S " does. Now exit from the cursor option: press <escape>. This last observation leads to
the next item of this tutorial."

' [Note that the y coordinate defines the line, in this case line 85 from the top of the image, and the
x coordinate defines the position on the line, in this case 171 pixels from the left hand side of the
image. Thus, cursor position (1, 1) is the top left of the image and cursor position (512, 256) is the
bottom right of the image.]

( [Note that the default colour palette automatically loaded when using a computer with an EGA
display adapter is a sixteen colour palette called EGA.PAL. The default palette when using a VGA   H*        o.?+?+HH  display is a grey scale with sixteen grey tones from black to white, called VGA.PAL. EGA.PAL  can
be loaded on a VGA display, but VGA.PAL does not load onto an EGA display. This is explained
further in section 7, Modify palette.]


  ~ R  4. Load LUT

The final point of the last section is important: each colour or grey tone in an image covers a range
  ~ S  of pixel values. Just what colour is used is determined by the way in which the Look Up Table, LUT,
is mapped onto the pixel values. Detail in a particular feature may be brought out by mapping a
different range or 'stretch' of pixel values to different colours or grey tones.

  ~ S 	 Activity: " Choose the Load LUT option and enter the file name EIRE4.STR. Return to the Main
  ~ S 
 Menu and choose Display image. Notice how the land areas are now shown in black and
that much more detail is shown up in the water areas. Notice that the thermometer
showing the current LUT has been changed from the default LUT."

  ~ S 
 Activity: " Restore the original stretch using the <escape> key. Choose Load LUT and enter the
  ~ S  file name DEFAULT.STR. Use Display image to show that the image has returned to
its initial condition."

The use of look up tables is an important aspect of image processing and will be treated again under
  ~ S  the option Modify LUT. To appreciate what can be done however it is necessary first to introduce
  ~ S  the option called Histogram.


  ~ R ' 5. Histogram

   S  The Histogram option displays a histogram showing the number, f(N), of pixels in the loaded image
having a given pixel value versus the set of values, N, a pixel can take. By using left and right arrow
keys, a green line can be moved through the histogram, the corresponding frequency of the data value
in the image being displayed at the bottom. The image statistics are displayed at the top of the
histogram. The yellow line on the histogram indicates the mean value. Notice that the histogram of
EIRE4.DAT is essentially bimodal. The lower values represent land pixels and higher values, water
pixels.

  ~ S I Question 2: " Enter the Histogram option and use the left and right arrows."

 X  "    2.1: " What pixel value is found most frequently in the lower peak of the histogram
displayed?8 hhA K (Answers will be found at the end of this lesson.)"

 2.2: " What is the greatest number of pixels having any single value in the histogram
displayed?"


  ~ R $ 6. Modify LUT

  ~ S :& The Modify LUT option contains a submenu offering three options:
 m 
  ~ S ' "  Histogram equalization, 
  ~ R ( "  Linear stretch, 
  ~ S |) "  Manual stretch.
 m    M*	         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ S    As in the Main Menu use of the arrow keys changes the option shown in red and the <enter> key
selects that option. All options may be used to remap the current LUT to the pixel values.

  ~ S q Histogram equalization is an automatic contrast stretch which allocates approximately equal areas of
the display to each of the 16 available colours or grey tones in the image. This option gives a good
overview of the image, without revealing small scale image detail.

  ~ S  Question 3: " Execute the Histogram equalization option and look at the resulting image and
thermometer. How does this stretch compare with EIRE4.STR loaded earlier?"
 X  "   "
  ~ S # Linear stretch allows you to choose two points between which a simple linear stretch is carried out.
The lower point defines the pixel value below which all pixel values will be mapped to the lowest 
value colour (black) and the upper point defines the pixel value above which all pixel values will be
mapped to the highest value colour (white). Between these two points, the LUT is mapped linearly
to the remaining 14 colours.

Activity: " Select Linear stretch: a histogram will be displayed. Adjust the upper limit of the stretch
  } S 
 by toggling <capslock> to ON and holding down left or right arrow keys as
appropriate; this will move the red, right hand cursor, through the histogram. To set the
  } S t lower limit of the stretch toggle the <capslock> key OFF and use the right or left
  } S D arrow keys to move the left, blue, cursor through the histogram. Press <enter> when
  } S  you are finished, and reply <n> when asked whether you want to overlay the stretch.
  } S  Remember you can press <h> at any time to obtain help on what to do."

 X  " From section 3 above you will have found that for the EIRE4.DAT image the
brightnesses of the sea and other water pixels are greater than those of land pixels. In
section 5 you will have seen that the brightnesses fall into two groups giving a bimodal
frequency histogram with land pixels forming the lower peak, and sea and inland water
body pixels forming the upper peak. You can thus selectively stretch either the sea and
loughs/lochs or the land. "

 " View the results of the following stretches:

 X  "  . 1. Set limits at 0 and 62"
 X  "  . 2. Set limits at 89 and 177"
 X  "  . "
These stretches show how important it is to use the correct LUT for detailed work. In stretch 1, the
land is enhanced while the water is saturated (white): in stretch 2, the reverse is true with the land
being black.

  ~ S   The Manual stretch option allows you to select the pixel values (or range) to which the colours will
be mapped so you can create your own LUT. This option has possibilities beyond the needs of this
present tutorial.

  ~ S # Notice that the result of exercising choice among the Modify LUT options is to produce screens of
  ~ S $ different types. Histogram equalization produces an image: Linear stretch gives a histogram with
  ~ S g% controls for selecting limits: and Manual stretch shows a histogram mapped against the palette
colours.

   '
         o.?+?+HH    ~ R    7. Modify palette

  ~ S  The Modify palette function is operational whenever a colour palette is loaded. However, if you are
  ~ S q running BILKO 1.3 on a VGA display, the Modify palette option is not initially active because the
  ~ S B default palette is a sixteen level greyscale. To activate Modify palette with a VGA display, use Load
  ~ S  palette to load any colour palette, for example the standard sixteencolour palette EGA.PAL. If you
are running BILKO 1.3 on a computer with an EGA display, EGA.PAL is automatically loaded and
  ~ S  so Modify palette is already active. (If later you wish to revert back to the greyscale after using a
colour palette, simply load VGA.PAL, but note that it will not load if you are using an EGA display.)
  ~ S U Through the Modify palette option you may select the colours used in an image. Note that this is
indeed a choice of colour: it does not alter the way in which the pixel values are mapped to colours
via the LUT. Starting with EGA.PAL you have a range of 16 default colours, but you are free to
change this and may choose any 16 colours from an available 64.

The option allows you considerable freedom to choose the colours used in images. It will become
clear that a well-organised palette considerably enhances your ability to interpret the viewed image.
  ~ S 
 Together, the Modify LUT and Modify palette options give you complete control over how the colours
are mapped to pixel values and which colours are used in a particular mapping.

  ~ S w If you are using a 16 colour palette when Modify palette is selected, you will see a screen which takes
the form of a 2 x 2 subsampled current image (blank if no image has been displayed), the current
palette shown as a 'palette tower' on the right of the screen, while three 'towers' representing the red,
green and blue (RGB) weights of each colour are shown at the centre. Each colour may be set to
have the value 0, 1, 2 or 3.

To change colour, place the cursor slider on the palette tower on the right of the screen using the
  } S ( <left> and <right> keys and select a colour slot by using the <up> and <down> keys. The
RGB towers indicate the RGB weights used to make the colour selected on the palette tower. The
  } S  displayed image also reflects the altered colours. Press <enter> to save the new colours as the
  } S  current palette. Press <escape> to exit and return the original palette.

  ~ S 8 Activity: " 1. Load EGA.PAL, select the Modify palette option and create your own palette. Watch
the changes in the image."

  " 2. Try to form a palette with a sense of progression in it -- the spectral colours perhaps
-- and see if you can identify pattern in the image."

  ~ S   X  " 3. Exit to the Main Menu and choose Modify LUT. Select Manual stretch. You will now
see the 16 slots displayed horizontally below a histogram. The bands are of variable
  ~ S  length depending on the active LUT. Now select Histogram equalization in the Modify
  ~ S   LUT option and return to Manual stretch: you will now see your colours as equal
bands."

Note in the above exercises that the Help screen is always available to show you a way out of trouble.

  ~ S $ Question 4: " Load EIRE4.STR using the Load LUT option and EIRE4.PAL using the Load Palette
option. View the image. What do you see?"

Activity: " Complete the exercise by returning to the original colour or greyscale palette. Escape
  ~ S ' back to Main Menu: select the Load Palette option and load the file EGA.PAL or
VGA.PAL."

   N*         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ R    8. Modify image

  ~ S  A blue submenu appears when the Modify image option is chosen and the Main Menu turns green.
Choices from the submenu, as elsewhere, are made by moving the red highlight to the required entry
  } S A and pressing <enter>.

  ~ S  As the name suggests, Modify image provides options which alter the displayed image. The options
  ~ S  are: Subimage and Zoom.

  ~ S S Subimage allows a subimage of the loaded image to be taken and subsequently treated as the
memory resident image, that is, the subimage is treated as a new image. When finished, the sub  ~ S  image created may be saved to disk via the Save image option.

  ~ S 
 The Zoom option allows any user selectable section of the memory resident image to be temporarily
magnified. When the zoomed image appears, a cursor is also presented so the brightness of individual
pixels can be investigated.


  ~ R  9. Multiimage

  ~ S F Selection of the Multiimage option causes a submenu to be offered. This has six options: 
 m 
  ~ S  "  Radiometric masking, 
  ~ S  "  Twoband ratioing, 
  ~ S  "  Scattergram, 
  ~ S Z "  Image arithmetic, 
  ~ R + "  Toggle,
  ~ R  "  NDVI.
 m   
  ~ S  As in the Main Menu use of the arrow keys changes the option shown in red and the <enter> key
selects that option.

The options of this sub-menu differ from those described earlier in that each requires the input of
two image filenames. Note that in BILKO 1.3, the multiimage functions must operate on two files
of the same dimensions, which should be no more than 512 pixels by 256 lines.

  ~ S L Radiometric masking makes it possible to use a selected pixel range from one image to mask out part
of a second image. This option is particularly useful when both visible and infrared channels from the
same scene are available. In this case the visible image can be used to identify the land/sea boundary,
and the information may be applied to the thermal image where the boundary is uncertain.

The program requires the names of two files to perform the radiometric mask. The first is that of the
file defining the mask, the second that of the image to be examined.

The maskdefining file is loaded into memory so that its histogram can be computed. After the second
filename has been entered the histogram of the first is displayed. Left and right pointers define the
  ~ S m% mask. They can be moved along the histogram in the same way as in the Linear stretch function of
  ~ S >& Modify LUT. In the image defining the mask, all of the pixels which have a value less than the value
chosen by the left pointer or greater than the right pointer, define the mask. The pixels at the
corresponding places in the masked image will be set to zero. Below the histogram are displayed the
upper and lower ranges defining the mask, and the corresponding percentage of the image which will
  } S ) be masked. Having selected the most appropriate mask, the <enter> key is selected. The second
image file is then read into memory and the mask applied.   O*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ S    ԙOn completion, the program returns to the Main Menu. To view the masked image select the Display
  ~ S   image option. Examination of the histogram of a masked image shows that the masked values are
ignored in the statistics and in subsequent stretches.

Activity: " Use EIRE2.DAT as the masking file and EIRE4.DAT as the image file. Try the value
13 as the entry for the range to be masked. You should see the required masking of
land data. Try some stretches of the data to confirm that only unmasked pixels
contribute to the image statistics."

  ~ S R The Twoband ratioing option performs a simple ratio on the data sets of any two image files. This
   S # means the pixel value on row i and column j of the first image, or numerator, is divided by the
   S  corresponding value on row i and column j of the second image, or denominator, assuming this
   S 	 second value is non-zero. The range of possible ratios lies between the values Rmin and Rmax where
   S 
 Rmax is the ratio of the minimum value in the first image divided by the maximum value in the second
   S k image, and Rmin is either undefined or is the ratio of the maximum value in image one divided by the
smallest value in image two. The upper limit is undefined in cases where the minimum value in the
second image is zero.

To display the values determined by the ratio option a linear stretch is applied to map the ratios onto
the range [0,255]. The mapping is established by selecting appropriate subranges of values in the
numerator and denominator. This is done by choosing a box region on the scattergram (see below
for an explanation of the scattergram) of the two images. The numerator lies along the x-axis and the
denominator along the y-axis. The two cursors define the upper and lower limits of the mapping. The
   S  top left cursor corresponds to Rmin and is mapped to zero, while the bottom right hand cursor
   S  corresponds to Rmax and is mapped to 255. All ratios outside the range are mapped to zero or 255
respectively. It should be remembered that any two boxes selected on the scattergram which have the
   S 1 same area and whose corresponding vertices lie on the family of lines y=x+c will generate identical
linear maps. For completeness, the ratio of two zero pixels is set to 255.

  } S  Having selected the most suitable range for the stretch <enter> is selected. On completion the
  ~ S s program returns to the Main Menu. The ratio of the two images can be viewed by selecting the
  ~ S D Display image option.

  ~ S  The Scattergram option generates a two-dimensional representation of the information in any two
selected images. In this the axes take values from zero to 255 and correspond to the possible pixel
   S  values of each image file. A point on the graph at the position (x,y) indicates that for some single
   S X position (a,b) in the image files the value x is taken in image 1 and y is taken in image 2. This option
allows the user to select a suitable subregion of interest for the scattergram.

  } S  On completion the scattergram is displayed by pressing either <enter> or the spacebar. The first
image can be reviewed or a new region of interest selected.

  ~ S :" The Image arithmetic option allows the user to perform simple arithmetic operations on two images.
After entering the filenames of the two images a coefficient box appears. This box defines three
   S # coefficients a, b and c such that the output image is defined in terms of the input images A and B as:

   S }% a? output image = aA + bB + c .

   S ' HINT: set A=B or b=0 for single image arithmetic.

  ~ S ( On completion the program returns to the Main Menu, where the resultant image can be viewed by
  ~ S ) selecting the Display image option. 
  ~ S c* The Toggle option allows the user to view two files in a rapid flick or toggle mode to allow   c*
         o.?+?+HH  differences to be viewed and analyzed. Enter the two filenames and press the spacebar to toggle.


  ~ S p The NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) option calculates the NDVI of two images based
on the equation:

F!  ")d d   d d d d d       2  d d                                                        b              ITAL NDVI ~ = ~ 255 OVER 2 ~ TIMES ~ left[ ~ left( {~ \image ~
1 ~  ~ \image ~ 2 ~ } OVER { ~ \image ~ 1 ~ + ~ \image ~ 2 ~ 
}right) ~+ ~ 1 ~ right] 
] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P] 	[ 
    PfQ  
P       NDVI     *image     `	*image     = image     `	= image              = '      *      =                     v       w      
 }      
 ~      f h      f i       o       pp            *255      .= 2      *1      Z*2      = 1      Z= 2      S
 1 F$  """"@!! "$ 

  ~ R 	 10. Transect

  ~ S a The Transect option allows a transect to be plotted between any two points on an image. This is
shown on the screen as a graph of pixel values versus position along the line between the points. To
define the end points of the transect, two cursors are used.

Transects may be superposed by pressing the space bar when viewing one transect.

  ~ S B Activity: " Use the Help screen to guide you through the creation of a transect across the
land/water boundary in EIRE4.DAT. Form a second transect across the oceanic front
off Northern Ireland (where pixel brightnesses suddenly change)."


  ~ R S 11. Save image, Save LUT, Save palette

  ~ S  The three Save options have common elements which make it useful to describe them together. Each
  ~ S  of these options will be used after exercising the corresponding Modify option and is used to put a
record on disk of work which has been done on an image.

Save options are used, for example, after you have changed the look up table to suit some particular
requirement and wish to retain it for later use. With the new LUT, the one currently active, select
  ~ S  Save LUT. You will then be asked to choose a file name. Insert a name of up to 8 characters with
an extension of 3 characters.

Within BILKO the convention used is that the file extension for look up tables is STR, for example,
DEFAULT.STR and EIRE4.STR. File extensions for images are DAT, for example EIRE4.DAT,
and for palettes are PAL, for example EIRE4.PAL. All saved files have forced extensions as above.
  ~ S  This makes compatibility issues easier to program. Note that when using the Load options, the
appropriate extension will be appended to a file name entered without extension: only then will the
search begin.


  ~ R # 12. Miscellaneous

  ~ S g% The miscellaneous menu offers options not included in the other menu classifications. The DOS shell
allows you to exit temporarily to DOS to allow DOS commands to be executed before returning to
BILKO. Some DOS commands may corrupt the image data stored in the computer's memory so you
should save any work before proceeding. For example it is possible to check the filenames in a
directory without exiting from BILKO.

  ~ S H* If you have a VGA display, the VGA256 mode allows you to display a 300 x 200 subimage of the 0  H*         o.?+?+HH )".  !  0  loaded file at full 6bit resolution. The default palette is 64 grey levels but, if required, a new VGA256
mode palette may be loaded (see the box on next page): a prompt is offered during the option. Press
  } S  <enter> at this point to retain the 64 greys. The image currently loaded in memory appears with
a cursor to identify the centre of the 300 x 200 subimage to be selected for display in VGA256 mode.

  ~ R  Header text:

When a file is saved, an embedded header is also saved. This contains file size information and a text
string or header text. Use this option to view the current header text, or to write new header text.
  ~ S P In the Renew header text option type the text, up to a maximum of 503 characters, and exit by typing
  } S ! <control>z. Alternatively, <escape> quits the option. Any header text is loaded and saved with
the image.

  ~ S 
 A note about header information: Those who have used BILKO 1.1 should note that BILKO 1.3
differs from it by handling data files which contain header information embedded at the beginning
of the .DAT file. No .HDR file is therefore required with BILKO 1.3 .DAT files. However, BILKO
1.1 .DAT files may still be loaded directly into BILKO 1.3 provided there is a corresponding .HDR
  ~ S 
 file in the same directory. When a .DAT file is created by the Save image function in BILKO 1.3 the
embedded header in formation is generated automatically. For images no larger than 512 pixels ' 256
lines this provides a satisfactory method of converting BILKO 1.1 files to BILKO 1.3 formats. Simply
load into BILKO the 1.1 file and then save it under a new name. Any additional text that was in the
  ~ S  .HDR file is lost, but new header text may be input via the Renew header text option (see above).
There is no change in the .STR and .PAL file formats between versions 1.1 and 1.3. Further
   S  information about preparing images for use with BILKO is given in Section 3: A lesson for lesson
   S  creators.

  ~ S ( The Add constant option allows the user to add an integer value to an image file. The resultant image
is saved to disk under a separate file name. 

  ~ S  The Convert option is included to convert early version BILKO 1.1 format files (with associated
.HDR header files) into BILKO 1.2 and BILKO 1.3 new format files in which the header information
is embedded in the image file itself (as the first line of the file).

           o.?+?+HH  ԒE   A Z Z        M    @@  a Z Z          u  @  E  P		$		              
VGA256 mode palette information
       d  
In VGA256 mode, you can enter new palettes if you wish. These palettes have a different format to
the 16 grey scale and 16 colour palettes (GREY16.PAL and COLOR16.PAL). Each screen colour is
defined by a 4byte integer which specifies the red, green and blue colour intensities. The integer is
formatted as:
   ) 
 most significant bit                                least significant bit
 ;  zzRRRRRR zzGGGGGG zzBBBBBB zzzzzzzz 
 5 H     x where z is set at 0, and R, G, and B represent the bit values for red, green and blue intensities
respectively. These intensities occupy 6 bits of each byte and so can take values between 0 and 63,
allowing a choice from 262,144 possible colours arising from different combinations of primary
intensities. If desired, a different colour could be allocated to each of the 256 pixel intensity values
which may be encountered in an image. In VGA256 mode the LUT therefore has 256 entries each
4 bytes long so the palette consists of 1024 bytes. In the case of the greyscales given, however, each
group of 4 bytes is repeated four times since R, G and B intensities have to be equal to achieve
grey, and only 64 possible levels of grey are available using 6 bits. This is the case for VGA256.PAL
and REV256.PAL which define 64 grey scale palettes, the first going from brightnesses of 0 (black)
to 63 (white), the second going from brightnesses of 63 (white) to 0 (black). RED256.PAL,
GREEN256.PAL and BLUE256.PAL define 64 scale red, green and blue monochrome palettes.
 $		         

  ~ R  13. Filters

  ~ S  The Filters menu allows you  to apply a filtering process to an image. The first two options operate
  ~ S  on the currently loaded image. In the case of the Smooth and Gradient functions, the original image
is lost from memory to be replaced by the smoothed or gradients image. As the names suggest, the
  ~ S f Smooth and Gradient options act as low and high pass filters respectively. The Gradient filter
evaluates the difference between the diagonally opposite corners of a 2 x 2 group of pixels, and sums
their absolute values.

  ~ S o Activity: " Apply the Gradient option to EIRE4.DAT. Select the Modify LUT option and perform
  ~ S @ a contrast stretch with Histogram equalization. The boundary between land and water
areas is sharpened, as are the gradients within the water area itself. Note, for example,
the thermal gradients associated with the front lying off the North East Coast of
Northern Ireland."

  ~ S $  X  " Return to the Main Menu and select the Histogram option. Notice how selection of the
  ~ S $ Gradient option has modified the original bimodal pattern of the histogram."

  ~ S S' Question 5: " Reload the original EIRE4.DAT and, before running Gradients on it, apply the Smooth
  ~ S $( option first. What is the effect of applying Smooth first?"
   Y)        o.?+?+HH  ԌThe remaining three filter options on the menu operate on an image file on and write the new file
to disk. The input image has to be named and the output (filtered) image is given a default name.
Note that if the same filter option is applied to several images, the default file will be overwritten.
To preserve a filtered image under these circumstances, it must be renamed. This can be done either
by loading it with its default name and then saving it with a new name, or by using the MSDOS
  ~ S  REName command which can be reached through the DOS shell option under Miscellaneous.

  ~ S y The Texture filter replaces each pixel value by the variance of the group of 3x3 pixels of which it is
  ~ S J the centre. To apply the filter to EIRE4.DAT type EIRE4.DAT at the Enter the filename of the file
  ~ S  to be filtered: prompt. At the Enter filename for the filtered file: type in the name of the file to which
you want the filtered image saved, e.g. TEXTURE.DAT. Load the filtered file and display it.

  ~ S T The Median filter replaces each pixel value by the median of the group of 3x3 pixels of which it is
the centre. You could save the filtered image as MEDIAN.DAT

  ~ S  The 3x3 filter is a general filter in which the weights (integers) are defined by the user. The filter
operates over the input image in the usual way. You could save the filtered image as 3X3.DAT

Activity: " Experiment by constructing your own filters. To start try constructing a mean filter or
   S  smoothing filter. This filter will replace the middle pixel in a 3 pixel x 3 pixel block with
the mean of the 9 pixels in the block. To see what it does, first make a note of pixel
values in EIRE4.DAT surrounding the pixel at (x, y) coordinates (175, 66) using the
  ~ S  Cursor option in the Main Menu."

Question 6: " What values do you find? Put them in the 5x5 table below."
  #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# Y   a Z Z          u  @   Z Z          ,            "       Y  $		                 "   5 k
 x, y  T    "   > [ 173  T    "   F u 174  T    "   N  175  T    "   W  176  T    "   _  177      	 	           "   7 
 
 6 
 64         
   &      
   &         &         &          	 	  	 	@	T            "   7 
 
 6 
 65         
                                    "   	 	@	  	 	@	&"           "   7 
 
 6 
 66         
                                    "   	 	@	  	 	@	"           "   7 
 
 6 
 67          
                                            	 	@	  			            "   7 
 
 6 
 68   ^"      
   ~"         ~"         ~"         ~"         			       # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#   
  ~ S #  X  " Now select the 3x3 filter from the filter menu. To move between each cell in the filter
you use the TAB key. Make each cell in the filter a 1 as in the example to the right and
  } S S% then press <enter> to filter the image. "
                   1                                                    1                                 !  ,                    <	  d d                                                                #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# c    Z Z          ,            "      !   Z Z                  """  c    	n	 	            "      
    1   n   "     
   1   n   "     
   1 n	 	n	 	             "      
    1      "     
   1      "     
   1 n	 	~			n           "      
    1   Z   "     
   1  Z   "     
   1 ~			    


   #*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ X  " This filter gives all pixels in the array equal weight in the averaging process. Load the
  ~ S   filtered image and display it. Note the smoothing that has occurred. Now use the Cursor
option to discover how the central 9 pixels from coordinates (174, 65) to (176, 67) have
changed."

 X  "   Question 7:" What values do you find? Enter them in the empty 3x3 table below and check that the
central pixel is indeed the mean of the ninepixel block of which it is the centre."
    #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# h    Z Z          ,            "        Z Z          +        """"  h                 "   ?  
 = q x, y      "   G  
 F r 174      "   N  
 M R 175      "   V  
 U ; 176     	@	H           "   ?  
 >  65   a
   "   G     a
   "   O     a
   "   V     	@	H  	@	H           "   ?  
 >  66   #   "   G     #   "   O     #   "   V     	@	H  	A	Ia
           "   ?  
 >  67   
   "   G     
   "   O     
   "   V     	A	I #   # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
  Below are three other filters with which to experiment. The first is a general highpass (mean
difference) filter which enhances all sharp features or edges in the image. 
 bb                     1             !                                    1                                 `A  Fbe                   <  d d 6                                                       F        
  f I   #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# T# High pass filter
Y    Z Z          +        """" !   Z Z          B      """  Y    	A	 	             "     
    ԩ1      "    9 
   ԩ1      "    L 
   ԩ1
  L  	 		 	           "     
    ԩ1   
   "    9 
   8   
   "    L 
   ԩ1
  L  	 	-			           "     
    ԩ1   7   "    9 
   ԩ1   7   "    L 
   ԩ1
  L  -			    `$  bb``vv``  A bv$ \a  Fve                     d d VB                                                       F        
  f I   #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP#  # EW edge enhancer
Y    Z Z          +        """" !   Z Z          C      """  Y    	A	 	             "     
    1      "    : 
   2      "    M 
  ) 1
  M  	 		 	           "     
    0   
   "    : 
   0   
   "    M 
  ) 0
  M  	 	-			           "     
    ԩ1   7   "    : 
   ԩ2   7   "    M 
   ԩ1
  M  -			    \,  vv````  A bva v, ^  e                   
  d d ۇ                                                       F        
  f I   #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# J  SWNE edge enhancer
Y    Z Z          +        """" !   Z Z          )      """  Y    	A	 	             "     
    2      "     
   1      "     
   0
    	 		 	           "     
    1   
   "     
   0   
   "     
   ԩ1
    	 	-			           "     
    0   7   "     
   ԩ1   7   "     
   ԩ2
    -			    ^4  ``bb``A bva v _4 
 bb Question 8:" What are the principal sharp features which this filter enhances on the
EIRE4.DAT image?%

The second is a filter designed to enhance linear features running in an EW direction. Examination
of EIRE4.DAT indicates that many geological features actually run in a SWNE direction (e.g. the
Great Glen): the third filter will enhance such features. Try it out and load the resulting image. Note
the bright bands along the northwestern sides of SWNE linear features and the dark bands along
the southeastern sides of such features. Note also the pronounced SWNE features of a map of the
region, Figure 1.
                Figure 1                                           Figure 1                            ! !b0*S                     /   m e MAP.TIF                                             x0*)    Q   } S    \
6 .  

  ~ R %& 14. Printing images

Although no direct printing is supported in BILKO, any graphics printer with a PRINT SCREEN
  ~ S ]) driver may be initialised using the DOS Graphics command before entering BILKO to enable screen
  } S .* dumps to the printer using <shift> + <print> screen key combination. Note that the BILKO `  .*       o.?+?+HHA bevK   A  veK   a  e_K     S"{1  !  `  $  ""  ""  ! "$  0            o.?+?+HH S"{1  !  0  images are displayed on the second graphics page (except for the VGA256 option which is on the first
page) and the driver should be set accordingly. The same applies to software which grabs image files
for import into display or graphics software packages. 

   S  [Technical note: If you cannot set your screen grab software to access the second page, it is still
  ~ S  possible to grab an image by using the Toggle function. The second image to be loaded is stored in
the first page and is thus readily captured.]


     G	 y    b                     d       d d                                                                         y 


The BILKO software was written by R.D.Callison and M. Dobson. This Introductory Tutorial was
written by R.D.Callison, D.A.Blackburn and A.J. Edwards.



  ~ S  a> Answers to Questions - Tutorială

   Q , Question 1   d   d  
1.1 Pixel brightnesses vary between about 100 and 177 in the sea areas.   d      
1.2 Pixel brightnesses vary between 89 and 128 in the large lough.
1.3 Pixel brightnesses on land vary between 0 and about 62.

   Q  Question 2
2.1 34
2.2 3668

   Q  Question 3
Detail can be seen in land areas but very little remains in sea areas.

   Q P Question 4
You should now see clearly that the warmer waters are shown in red shades, while colder waters are
shown in blue shades, and the land has been masked out.

(Note that it may be necessary to adjust the contrast and brightness controls on your monitor in order
that the various shades of colour are clearly distinguishable from one another).


   Q $ Question 5
There is a loss of detail.
   p&         o.?+?+HH     Q               X  Question 6"
  #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# h    Z Z          +        """"   Z Z           ,            """"""  h                   "   5 k
 x, y      "   > [ 173      "   F u 174      "   N  175      "   W  176      "   _  177      	 	            "   7 
 
 6 
 64      "   ?  
 > c 165
 ?        "   G  
 F } 154      "   P  
 O  154      "   X  
 W  107      "   ` 8 
 _  107    	 	  	 	@	            "   7 
 
 6 
 65      "   ?  
 > c 153
 ?        "   G  
 F } 107      "   P  
 O  107      "   X  
 W  49      "   ` 8 
 _  49"   	 	@	  	 	@	"           "   7 
 
 6 
 66      "   ?  
 > c 158
 ?        "   G  
 F } 134      "   P  
 O  134      "   X  
 W  111      "   ` 8 
 _  111"   	 	@	  	 	@	"           "   7 
 
 6 
 67   4	   "   ?  
 > c 157
 ?     	   "   G  
 F } 159   	   "   P  
 O  159   	   "   X  
 W  154   	   "   ` 8 
 _  154    	 	@	-  			            "   7 
 
 6 
 68   Q   "   ?  
 > c 147
 ?         "   G  
 F } 156       "   P  
 O  156       "   X  
 W  159       "   ` 8 
 _  159 -  			 	     # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#   


   Q  Question 7
    #  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# h    Z Z           ,            """"""   Z Z       `   +        """"  h  -  	^  	           "   ?  
 = q x, y      "   G  
 F r 174      "   N  
 M R 175      "   V  
 U ; 176 ^  n  	@	H`           "   ?  
 >  65      "   G  
 F z 147   ,   "   O  
 N Z 124   ,   "   V  
 U ; 109 n  	@	Hn  	@	H           "   ?  
 >  66      "   G  
 F z 140      "   O  
 N Z 117      "   V  
 U ; 103 n  	@	H~  	A	I,           "   ?  
 >  67      "   G  
 F z 140      "   O  
 N Z 123      "   V  
 U ; 114 ~  	A	I    # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
  
   Q  Question 8
Coastlines.



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