WPC0 
      2       B   V   o          Z     #| ]          0pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P21/01/96 05:52            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data                                          4    XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2 y      9     9     I      #| ]          21/01/96 05:52            Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data                                          4    chapter                                                                      S  e    #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t                g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              x  } S    `(#L #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 4k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#  2 ]	  	                u     u  Dutch Roman 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Courier 10cpi Dutch Roman 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 16pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 13pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW)  "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,T\L\X8T`00\0```\DD8`PxLLLXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         2   Z   	   e 	    N 
  6 HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P   
 Object #0000 L         Word.Picture.6          > ࡱ                ;  	                                       N   M                  	   
         
                                                             !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /   0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?   @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _   `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~          R                                                                   	           F             FlK           P I C                                                         
                                         L        P I C T                                                                                                            C o m p O b j                                                                                         \                      	   
      L          )  4                                                  ࡱ                 ;  	                    	           F   Image Microsoft Word 6.0 NB6W   Word.Picture.6         ࡱ                 ;  	      ࡱ                 ;  	                          
                    Oh +'0   ^                                         
        
       
        )     D  	   L     V      .                      MSWD      
    . T    JS         H   H           g`      Ӏ          ff  33          ̙  ff  33            ff  33      ff  ff  ff  ffff  ff33  ff    33  33  33  33ff  3333  33                  ff    33              ff  33          ̙  ff  33      ̙  ̙  ̙  ̙ff  ̙33  ̙    ff  ff  ff  ffff  ff33  ff    33  33  33  33ff  3333  33                  ff    33              ff  33          ̙  ff  33            ff  33      ff  ff  ff  ffff  ff33  ff    33  33  33  33ff  3333  33                  ff    33        ff  ff  ff  ffff  ff33  ff    ff  ff  ff̙  ffff  ff33  ff    ff  ff  ff  ffff  ff33  ff    ffff  ffff  ffff  ffffff  ffff33  ffff    ff33  ff33  ff33  ff33ff  ff3333  ff33    ff    ff    ff    ff  ff  ff  33  ff      33  33  33  33ff  3333  33    33  33  33̙  33ff  3333  33    33  33  33  33ff  3333  33    33ff  33ff  33ff  33ffff  33ff33  33ff    3333  3333  3333  3333ff  333333  3333    33    33    33    33  ff  33  33  33                    ff    33                  ̙    ff    33                      ff    33          ff    ff    ff    ffff    ff33    ff      33    33    33    33ff    3333    33                          ff      33                                ww      UU      DD      ""                                            ww      UU      DD      ""                                            ww      UU      DD      ""                  wwwwww  UUUUUU  DDDDDD  """"""              JSkq   
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                                    '                           ,                G                         M                             4                    /                   '                                                                  
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



 NNqq 8  :  Qt                |.AE                       	  S             &      Word Microsoft Word   &  Word   
                                            2
@ @ $   Utilisez Word 6.0c (ou ultrieur)      2
@ $   pour afficher une image Macintosh.           JS          S  J         
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       "  m^,4<X|,DDX(8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Pxt|xh@@xtht`ptthxL4HX,\XL\L4L\,,X,\\XX8D0`PtHHDXXXX XX  XX             X `  x\x\x\x\x\|LxLxLxLxL@,@,@,@,\\\\\````hHx\\\\hH \hXx\x\x\|L|L|L|L\xLxLxLxLLLLLLL\\@ @ @,@   @ xXt,t,t,t,t,\\\\\\  t8t8t8`D`D`D`Dp0p0p0``````thHxDxDxD  \t,\t8`Dp0hHhH\\`  dh XX4PHHXX XDDX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,l`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllldXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         2 4   P   8     ,    "  m^ ((`@th 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``X( (|@ <D8H<(<D$$@$dDDHH00(D8T488@@@h@ @@  @@             @ H  `<`<`<`<`<`X8X<X<X<X<,$,$,$,$`DdDdDdDdDhDhDhDhD`8`<dHdDdD`8 DLH`<`<`<X8X8X8X8dHX<X<X<X<d<d<d<d<d<d<hDhD, , ,$,   8 \@P$P$P$P$P$`D`D`D`DdDdD  `0`0`0D0D0D0D0P(P(P(hDhDhDhDhDhD|T`8X8X8X8  dHP$`D`0D0P(`8`8dHdDhD   H @@(<@@@@ @,4dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^ $(`@tX 00@h(  @@@@@@@@@@$ hhh8|TPX\TLd`,0TTp\`H`PDL\PpTLT8(4|@@@8D8$4@  < d@@@@(0$D8T400@@@h@ @@  @@             @ @  T@T@T@T@T@x\X8T8T8T8T8, , , , \@`@`@`@`@\D\D\D\DL0T@\D`@`@L0 DH@T@T@T@X8X8X8X8\DT8T8T8T8d4d4d4d4d4d4`@`@, , , ,   0 T<T T T T T \@\@\@\@`@`@  P(P(P(D0D0D0D0L$L$L$\D\D\D\D\D\DpTL0T0T0T0  \DT \@P(D0L$L0L0\D`@\D   H @@$844@@ @00dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00TptxthDXpl|dlt|ltL,LX,X\L\P8Td08\0dX\\LL<dPtTPLXXXX XX  XX             X `  pXpXpXpXpX|xLtPtPtPtPD0D0D0D0dXXXXddddlPpX\XXlP Xl\pXpXpXxLxLxLxL\tPtPtPtPTTTTTTddD D D0D   X \p0p0p0p0p0ddddXX  |L|L|LdLdLdLdLl<l<l<ddddddtlPtLtLtL  \p0d|LdLl<lPlP\Xd  dh XX8T\\XX XD@X    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^$,0lHt$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttDl`dpdXtt0<h\ltTtlL\tllld0$0H$DL<LD,DL$$H$tLLLL840L@`<@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  lDlDlDlDlDld<dDdDdDdD0$0$0$0$lLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLtLl@lDpLtLtLl@HLTLlDlDlDd<d<d<d<pLdDdDdDdDtDtDtDtDtDtDtLtL0 0 0$0   < hH\$\$\$HH\$lLlLlLlLtLtL  l8l8l8L4L4L4L4\0\0\0tLtLtLtLtLtL`l@d<d<d<  pL\$lLl8L4\0l@l@pLtLtLNH HT HH,DHHHHHH48ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H 2 T ,  f ,      	    "  m^$,0lHpp$88Ht$0$$HHHHHHHHHH((tttD\\dh\Tll4HlXhpXpdPXh\d\\<(<H$HL<L@,DT,,L,|THLH<<0P@\D@<HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  \H\H\H\H\Hdd<\@\@\@\@4,4,4,4,hTpHpHpHpHhPhPhPhP\@\HhLpHpH\@HHXL\H\H\Hd<d<d<d<hL\@\@\@\@lDlDlDlDlDlDlTlT4 4 4,4   H lLX,X,X,HHX,hThThThTpHpH  d<d<d<P<P<P<P<X0X0X0hPhPhPhPhPhP\\@\<\<\<  hLX,hTd<P<X0\@\@hLpHhPNH HT HH,DLLHHHH84ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0T H         H                                            h              H "  m^$(0lHd$88Ht 0$(HHHHHHHHHH($ttt@d\dh`Xpl48`\|hlTl\LXh\|`T`<(<H$HH@L<(<L$$H$tLLHH04(L@`<88HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  dHdHdHdHdHhd@`<`<`<`<4$4$4$4$hLlLlLlLlLhLhLhLhLT8dHhLlLlLT8HLTHdHdHdHd@d@d@d@hL`<`<`<`<p<p<p<p<p<p<lLlL4 4 4$4   8 `H\$\$\$HH\$hLhLhLhLlLlL  \0\0\0L4L4L4L4X(X(X(hLhLhLhLhLhL|`T8`8`8`8  hL\$hL\0L4X(T8T8hLlLhLNH HT HH(@<<HHHH88ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H "  m^4HHl̰4TTl4H4<llllllllll<<lԤP`̤xԨH<Hl4lt`xlHhx<<p<xtxxTTHxd```llll ll  ll             l t  lllll䨘`llllP<P<P<P<xttttxxxx`lxtt` xxlll````xllllhhhhhhxxP P P<P   ` p<<<<<xxxxtt  TTTxTxTxTxTHHHxxxxxxԔ````  x<xTxTH``xtx    llHlllll lPXl    ^                                  Hx                                                        "  ^ D X X     D d d   @ X @ H           H H             ` t                X H X  D   t   T   H H  H      d d X  |  t x t                                                               t         ` H ` H ` H ` H                    x          x             t  t  t  t                           `   `   ` H `       t      H  H  H  H  H                  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  X  X  X               x  t  t  t        H    d  d  X  x  x                   X         d l              ^                                                                       X                                                                                                                    2 0  ^   v    k   Z k    } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P
 ? x x x , -  x 6X   @ 8; X@Z # C *   , ;  /%iC 	[ 
    P fQ  wP[ " @ *   , g  i@ 	`>	    xi fQ  wXd~ 1 \ : , ,   N,\ ~>	    p fQ  
f ( K / $ ,   WK 	[ 
    P fQ  Pf ( K / $ ,   1K ~>	    p fQ  Tg ' H / $ ,  ԙH 	`>	    xi fQ  X\ 0 Y : , , D Y 	`>	    xi fQ  
XL K  Y D , r  	[ 
    P fQ   P } 2 ] : , ,   ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P
 = s H 4 ,  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P$'!!!""!!,!55!a8Document g        Style document  Style                                    F   X X`	`	 ƺ`	

a5Document g        Style document  Style                                    S   X "

a6Document g        Style document  Style                                      X ƺ

 2     b v    t   }     a2Document g        Style document  Style                                  < o  
  y O                    A.        

a7Document g        Style document  Style                                       X  X`	`	 "`	

Bibliographi         Bibliographie                                           : 6t   X 
 "

a1Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            : F   @n                   I.  
  X "

 2 h 	    
   `         a2Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            	C   G   @`	                  A.    `	`	 "`	

a3Document g        Style document  Style                                  
B 
 b 
  y O                     1.        
a3Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            L &    `	`	 @                  1.  `	`	    "

a4Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            U ,`     `	`	   @d
$                  a.     `	' "

 2  
       Y    !     a5Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            
_ u    `	`	   ' @mh*                  (1)  '  hh. "h

a6Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            h g l&   `	`	   ' hh. @0                  (a)  hh.  4 "

a7Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            p 2 81   `	`	   ' hh. 4 @z8                  i)  4  h; "

a8Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            y g  D   `	`	   ' hh. 4 ; @p>                  a)  ;  ppA "p

 2                  v a1Document g        Style document  Style                                  X n q
    
   e   a5                       I.           ׃

Techn actif           Activer style document technique                          e    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1                                      Technique                                            a2Technique         Style document technique                               <   
  y O                    A.        

 a3Technique         Style document technique                               9  Xh 
  y O                    1.        
  2 f    O       /       a4Technique         Style document technique                               8  X|   y O                     a.        
 a1Technique         Style document technique                               F f! < 
   e                         I.           

 Doc actif            Activer style document le                               H   
 
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k    y O                      i)  .  a8Technique         Style document technique                               8 n    y O                      a)  .   2       $    R   c  J      (
 Papier marg)       R/gle de num)rotation de lignes                                                     X    X`	hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                                         y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y 

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pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard                                  ܰ                                          
  7   
  chapter    #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
    
  t              u  g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              T  } S    `t"I #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 4k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P#       5 a  6&                                          6& Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard                                  ܰ                                         
 5 a 
  
 Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data
 ) `      

   ^  #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P#      4: OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF A RED TIDE EVENT FROM
   ^ 
  ! S NOAA/AVHRR IMAGES IN THE ARGENTINEAN SEA# ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
 5 a 
 5 a 
 5 a 
  ~ R t  / = Aim of Lesson
 5 a 
 ) `      To demonstrate the usefulness of the AVHRR sensor in the study of extraordinary phytoplankton
bloomings in platform waters, using the visible channels. 



  ~ R $    0  Objectives
 * a      
On completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1) describe the thermal structure of the ocean in terms of frontal zones

2) eliminate cloud-contaminated pixels to allow a correct interpretation of the thermal image

3) display portions of the ocean where a Red Tide has occurred using a simple "atmospheric
correction".

4) evaluate the concentration distribution of the area of red tide in the zones where the concentration
is greatest.


  ~ R T    *  Background Information
 5 a 
  } S   * a      Some familiarity with the BILKO software is assumed. The <help> option is continuously available
  } S  by pressing <h>, which explains the operation of the command in use. Return to the Main Menu
  } S  by pressing <escape>.



  ~ R   The event to be studied

The so called "red tides" are variations in the colour of the sea water produced by extraordinary
blooming of phytoplankton algae. The red tide presented in this lesson occurred in the Argentinean
sea, during the months of August and September of 1989, and was produced by dinoflagellates from
   S $ the genus Gyrodinium, with concentrations that reached 40 x 106 cell/l. These values are the largest
measured in the area and are among the most important cited in the international literature for
species which produce blooming in the open sea.

   S &( The comparison of satellite data with in situ data was made possible by a coincident realization of
scientific research in the area.
   )         o.?+?+HH  ԌCertain aspects of the migratory behavior of the dinoflagellates must be taken into account when
using these satellite images:

a) Vertical migration of dinoflagellates is conditioned by the intensity of radiation, state of sea and
so on. In calm seas, this migration can reach 8 - 10 metres.

The penetration of water by light in the visible channels is of low magnitude, so an event is visible
only if the cells are in the superficial strata.

b) In contrast, the irregular distribution (patchiness) of the cell concentration is totally conditioned
by hydrodynamic effects.

  } S 	 The spatial resolution of the AVHRR is 1 km x 1 km, so areas exceeding 1 km2 are displayed more
   S 
 clearly. In situ observation make it possible to determine that the patch occurred in random fashion,
  } S b colouring the water in a brownish tone. Patches of less than 1 km2 in area show a modification of the
spectral response in the pixel in question. They are therefore not displayed in the images, since they
are masked by the dominant surrounding radiance values.

It is important to point out that the most common applications of the AVHRR sensor are the
mapping of sea surface temperature from channels 4 (10.3m - 11.4m) and 5 (11.5m - 12.5m).
Channel 1 (0.58m 0.68m) is generally considered inappropriate for oceanographic applications
because of its low radiometric sensitivity. On an image in this bandwidth, water normally appears
dark. Elements suspended in the water, like sediments and some contaminants, modify the spectral
response by increasing the reflectance.


  ~ R " Hydrographic Characteristics

The South Atlantic waters shown in the image, are characterized by water masses with very different
features.


  ! t'
J     2                P Z ~Object #0000                                        t)   j mA 

  ~ S  g:	
 Location Map of the study Zoneă
  $  ""_	_	  ! _	b$ 
 ! _	b 
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 ! _	b  0  B*         o.?+?+HH _	J bf1  !  0  Ԍ  _	_	  ""   ԙ1)  The Brazil Current (BC), warm and salty, is associated with the south-tropical gyre from the South
Atlantic Ocean, and flows to the south along the continental margin of Brazil until it reaches a zone
near Argentina and Uruguay where it separates from the coast at 36$ S on the average. From this
latitude, the current separates from the continental slope and enters the interior of the South Atlantic
in a series of meanders of great amplitude. In its southward movement the warm waters are formed
by eddies, filaments and meanders whose southern limit extents to 46$S. It is common to find
anti-cyclonic gyres in the shelf waters. These are lost as they mix with the adjacent waters.

2)  The Malvinas current (MC), colder and less saline, originates as a branch of the Circumpolar
Current and flows to the NNE following the continental slope of the Argentinean Sea. These waters
encounter the warm waters Brazil-Mafrom the BC and flow together towards the open sea creating
a region known as the BrazilMalvinas confluence.

3)  The contribution of fresh water from the R1o de la Plata which goes into the shelf, constitutes the
third important water type. The encounter of these three water masses on the continental shelf
generates thermic and saline fronts of great magnitude.

It is important to point out the presence of a continental slope front along the whole continental
margin 9   d d d dK d d  @   d d d dK d d  @  9 separating the waters of the shelf from the waters of the MC. Along all its length the
upwelling of cold water occurs. These waters are rich in nutrients, which guarantees high primary
productivity all year long.


  ~ R  Images Used in this Lesson

High resolution NOAA/AVHRR images acquired by the National Meteorological Service of
Argentina were partially processed at the "Centro Argentino de Estudios de Radiopropagaci;n y
Compatibilidad Electromagn)tica" (CAERCEM) using an ERDAS 7.4 program.

These images have been geolocated and geometrically rectified (Mercator projection), with a pixel
size of approximately 1.1km x 1.1km, on the fullresolution images (C11, C21, TEMP1). Images C1,
C2, TEMP were obtained from the original full resolution images, by sampling every 3 lines and every
2 pixels, giving pixel sizes of 3.3km x 2.2km. Surface temperatures were calculated using a
multichannel algorithm which considers atmospheric influences: no atmospheric corrections were
applied to the images.

h  
     d d x                           
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 O Name of image file       "   & : Satellite       "   :  Track Data       "   O 3 Type of Data" X	  	  	 X	 	@"           "    *        "   #  Name       "   -  Orbit       "   8  Date       "   A  Hour (*)       "   M 4 Sensor       "   X  Channel X	 				           "     C1
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  . TEMP   "   "   "  NOAA11
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 6  15/08/89   "   "   C o 16:00
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 C o 16:00   "   "   N  AVHRR
 N  AVHRR
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 [   2
 Y O  4 & 5 			    
 `	`	 (*) Local Hour






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  ~ R 
    .  Lesson Outline
 * a      
Part 1.

In this first section you will work with complete images in the different channels. The main object
is to describe the thermal structure pattern on a regional scale.

  ~ S  1) Display the TEMP image. Familiarize yourself with the image by modifying the LUT and then
display the histogram. What are the maximum and minimum temperature values?

Keep in mind that the digital values must be divided by 8 to obtain the equivalent value in degrees
centigrade.

Why do so many pixels have values less than zero?

  ~ S 	 Characterize the surface thermal structure: for this you may find the Transect and Cursor options
useful.

  ~ S z 2) Display image C1. Several structures may be seen: interpret them, differentiating between land,
water with sediments on coastal zones, and clouds.

Use the Cursor option at different points across the image to define the digital values of the pixels
which delimit clouds in the best possible way. If higher resolution is needed for better cloud definition
  ~ S   use the Zoom option.

The oblique lines which appear in the image arise from errors during acquisition of the satellite
information.

  ~ S $ 3) Display image C2 and proceed as for image C1.

Again, the oblique lines which appear in the image arise from errors during acquisition of the satellite
information.

  ~ S ( 4) Mask the clouds using the Radiometric masking option from image C1, and create a new
description of the area.
   N*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ5) Observe the thermal gradient that occurs between the MC and a branch of the BC. What is the
mean thermal gradient?

At the latitude corresponding to Mar del Plata (38 $S) what is the distance to the coast from the
nucleus of the MC?

  ~ S  6) Make a colour palette for the image TEMP colouring each 1 $C: set white as the lower limit (cold)
and brown as the upper limit (warm), going through blue, green, yellow and red. This palette will
help you to obtain a better description of the thermal image.

Part 2.

In this section you will work with the image from the visible part of the spectrum to identify the red
tide. You will then try to correlate this with the thermal structure of the ocean. The images to be
used in this case are subimages of the full resolution images. An area where the event was most
prominent and interesting has been selected.

  ~ S 
 1) Load image C11. Identify cloudy and coastal zones. What structures can you see in the cloud-free
areas?

Modify the LUT. Digital values up to 58 correspond to clear waters easily penetrated by solar light:
   S  Secchi disk values measured in situ reach 13 metres. Values between 59 and 64 correspond to waters
where the red tide is present. Values greater than 64 show contamination by cloud structures,
including subpixel size clouds, that modify the spectral response of the ocean water.

  ~ S T 2) Load image C21. Proceed as for image C11.

3) The reflectance from the clear water shown in channel 2 of the AVHRR is very close to zero.
What is the cause then of the low values found in certain parts of the image, that are derived from
water and are cloud free? How can this "noise" be avoided?

  ~ S 5 4) Masking image C11, mask land and clouds and use your mask to display image TEMP1. Use the
value 65 as minimum limit of the mask.

  ~ S  Compare the histograms of the image TEMP1 and the image you have masked. What new structures
  ~ S w appear in this maximum resolution image when it is compared with the TEMP image from the
previous section?

5) Calculate the areas covered by red tide. Keep in mind that:
c  
 A d d x          qqZ              """""""  a d d          uu    @@  c  	    P             & 
 Concentration          8  Digital Value                      +  Low  X!       = C 12                       * N Mean  ("       = C 13         X!             * l High  "       = C 14      ("     
Evaluate the area for each concentration.

6) To compare the surface thermal structures and the distribution patterns of the phytoplankton spot
use the Toggle option. What sorts of difficulties do you find? How can they be avoided?


   (        o.?+?+HH  
y    b                     d       d d                                                                         y 


This lesson was prepared by RaCl Reta, September 1992.   X*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ
   Q  Comments or suggestions relating to this lesson should be sent to:

Lic. RaCl Reta
Laboratorio de Oceanograf1a
Departamento de Ciencias Marinas
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MAR DEL PLATA
Funes 3350
7600 Mar del Plata
ARGENTINA

or to the following address:


Laboratorio de Oceanograf1a
Departamento de Ambiente Marino 0  P*         o.?+?+HH H "   !  0  ԌINSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACION Y DESARROLLO PESQUERO
Casilla de Correo 75 
7600 Mar de Plata
ARGENTINA

   Q ` Fax: 54  23  517442






  ~ S  #a2 Answersă
Part 1.

1)  Minimum value = 0 $C
 Maximum value = 27.6 $C
 The many pixels with zero value are evidence of very cold elements in the image. These
correspond to the presence of clouds (see the following answers).

5) Mean gradient = 4.6 $C/6.6 km.

 Distance from the coast to the nucleus of the MC = 209km.

Part 2.

1) If you modify the LUT in a suitable way you will see elongated structures in the centre of the
image oriented parallel to the coast.

  ~ S ' 3) In image C21 it can be seen that the digital values corresponding to free water oscillate between
46 and 49. This is because noise is added to the information that reaches the satellite sensor by an
atmospheric layer that produces dispersion. One way to avoid this atmospheric noise is to produce
a new image by forming the difference of values from channel 1 and channel 2.   R*        o.?+?+HH  Ԍ  ~ S    ԙThe new image C11-C21 shows very low digital values between 10 and 23. Modify the LUT with
  ~ S   Linear stretch and stretch the histogram for this sector, and you will find that the elongated structures
mentioned above are highlighted. Try again with a stretch between 10 and 14. Mask the clouds in this
  ~ S r image using the C11 image and save the resulting image.

  ~ S  Once you have finished the exercise, apply REDTIDE.STR and REDTIDE.PAL, to compare your
processing with that done by the author.

  ~ S  4) Image TEMP1 details a finer surface temperature structure. Small meanders and filaments of the
MC can be observed, which turn over the continental shelf. Observe the cold eddies that are trapped
by this occidental branch of the BC.

5)
#  K 	[ 
    P fQ  WP# J   a d d          uu    @@   d d       
   uu    @@  J                        & v Concentration  D        f I 
  9 8 Area (km2)         
             +  Low         <  56216         D             * z Mean         <  32290                      *  High  Q
       <  10165          # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# 
These areas are over-estimated since the coastal pixels with suspended sediment load have not been
subtracted. These have similar radiance values to those found in the waters with the red tide.

  ~ S  6) It is not possible to display both the temperature images and the difference C11-C21, since the
histograms of the two images are very different and the Toggle function uses only one LUT. This
  ~ S 2 difficulty can be solved in part by adding a constant to the image C11-C21. This displaces the
histogram in such a way that the mean values of the two images are the same. Nevertheless,
information is lost.

  ~ S s Another way to superimpose the temperature image on the C11-C21 image is to copy the fine
structures that appear in the temperature image with transparent paper.   D       o.?+?+HH  