WPC 
      2       B   V   o          Z      #| M          0pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P21/01/96 06:53            Section 2                                                                                      5    XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                        HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P 2       9     9     I  	      #| M          21/01/96 06:53            Section 2                                                                                      5     2    4         8   Z   8        Dutch Roman 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 8.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Bold 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 16pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Italic 10.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 7.50pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) Dutch Roman 13pt (HP Roman 8) (Port) (FW) HP LaserJet Series II (Additional)   HLSEIIDU.PRS ] 	[ 
    P fQ     0Z
P     2 T
             	    l  chapter                                                                     S' X    #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P# 
    
  t                g H    # H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              !  } S    `(#b # H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 1k # ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P# # ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
P#  "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Tx|xl@Lph`t|808X,T\L\X8T`00\0```\DD8`PxLLLXXXX XX  XX             X `  TTTTT|LxXxXxXxX@0@0@0@0`````````LT\``L `h`TTT|L|L|L|L\xXxXxXxXTTTTTT``@ @ @0@   L \p0p0p0p0p0``````  DDD`D`D`D`Dt8t8t8``````xL|L|L|L  \p0`D`Dt8LL\``  dh XX8TXXXX X@HX    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,8<X,DDX,8,0XXXXXXXXXX00TptxthDXpl|dlt|ltL,LX,X\L\P8Td08\0dX\\LL<dPtTPLXXXX XX  XX             X `  pXpXpXpXpX|xLtPtPtPtPD0D0D0D0dXXXXddddlPpX\XXlP Xl\pXpXpXxLxLxLxL\tPtPtPtPTTTTTTddD D D0D   X \p0p0p0p0p0ddddXX  |L|L|LdLdLdLdLl<l<l<ddddddtlPtLtLtL  \p0d|LdLl<lPlP\Xd  dh XX8T\\XX XD@X    h^                                  8d                                                         "  m^,4<X|,DDX(8,0XXXXXXXXXX00Pxt|xh@@xtht`ptthxL4HX,\XL\L4L\,,X,\\XX8D0`PtHHDXXXX XX  XX             X `  x\x\x\x\x\|LxLxLxLxL@,@,@,@,\\\\\````hHx\\\\hH \hXx\x\x\|L|L|L|L\xLxLxLxLLLLLLL\\@ @ @,@   @ xXt,t,t,t,t,\\\\\\  t8t8t8`D`D`D`Dp0p0p0``````thHxDxDxD  \t,\t8`Dp0hHhH\\`  dh XX4PHHXX XDDX    h^                                  8d                                                         2     
  ,  n       Z  H   "  m^ ((`@th 00@h (  @@@@@@@@@@$$hhh<|`TXdXLdh,8\Pt`dLd`DPh`|``X( (|@ <D8H<(<D$$@$dDDHH00(D8T488@@@h@ @@  @@             @ H  `<`<`<`<`<`X8X<X<X<X<,$,$,$,$`DdDdDdDdDhDhDhDhD`8`<dHdDdD`8 DLH`<`<`<X8X8X8X8dHX<X<X<X<d<d<d<d<d<d<hDhD, , ,$,   8 \@P$P$P$P$P$`D`D`D`DdDdD  `0`0`0D0D0D0D0P(P(P(hDhDhDhDhDhD|T`8X8X8X8  dHP$`D`0D0P(`8`8dHdDhD   H @@(<@@@@ @,4dd@    Ld^hh                                  (D                                                        \ "  m^$(0lHd$88Ht 0$(HHHHHHHHHH($ttt@d\dh`Xpl48`\|hlTl\LXh\|`T`<(<H$HH@L<(<L$$H$tLLHH04(L@`<88HHHtH HH  HH    H    H   H L  dHdHdHdHdHhd@`<`<`<`<4$4$4$4$hLlLlLlLlLhLhLhLhLT8dHhLlLlLT8HLTHdHdHdHd@d@d@d@hL`<`<`<`<p<p<p<p<p<p<lLlL4 4 4$4   8 `H\$\$\$HH\$hLhLhLhLlLlL  \0\0\0L4L4L4L4X(X(X(hLhLhLhLhLhL|`T8`8`8`8  hL\$hL\0L4X(T8T8hLlLhLNH HT HH(@<<HHHH88ppHH HHTpH          H       H H             H                HmttHH    HH  HHHHH  HHHHHHHHHHHH     0P H         H                                            h              H"  ^ D X X     D d d   @ X @ H           H H             ` t                X H X  D   t   T   H H  H      d d X  |  t x t                                                               t         ` H ` H ` H ` H                    x          x             t  t  t  t                           `   `   ` H `       t      H  H  H  H  H                  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  X  X  X               x  t  t  t        H    d  d  X  x  x                   X         d l              ^                                                                       X                                                                                                                   } 2 ] : , ,    ] 	[ 
    P fQ  
PTg ' H / $ , -  ԙH 	`>	    xi fQ  Xd~ 1 \ : , , Z  N,\ ~>	    p fQ  
L K  Y D ,    	[ 
    P fQ   P\ 0 Y : , ,   Y 	`>	    xi fQ  
XZ # C *   ,   /%iC 	[ 
    P fQ  wP = s H 4 , 
 qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P 2   v     k   J  k           a8Document g        Style document  Style                                    F   X X`	`	 ƺ`	

a5Document g        Style document  Style                                    S   X "

a6Document g        Style document  Style                                      X ƺ

a2Document g        Style document  Style                                  < o  
  y O                    A.        

 2   v     t   m       	   {  a7Document g        Style document  Style                                       X  X`	`	 "`	

Bibliographi         Bibliographie                                           : 6t   X 
 "

a1Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            : F   @n                   I.  
  X "

a2Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            	C   G   @`	                  A.    `	`	 "`	

 2   
   P            
   X  a3Document g        Style document  Style                                  
B 
 b 
  y O                     1.        
a3Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            L &    `	`	 @                  1.  `	`	    "

a4Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            U ,`     `	`	   @d
$                  a.     `	' "

a5Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            
_ u    `	`	   ' @mh*                  (1)  '  hh. "h

 2 "     I                 !  a6Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            h g l&   `	`	   ' hh. @0                  (a)  hh.  4 "

a7Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            p 2 81   `	`	   ' hh. 4 @z8                  i)  4  h; "

a8Para. droit       Num)ro paragraphes align) ! droite            y g  D   `	`	   ' hh. 4 ; @p>                  a)  ;  ppA "p

a1Document g        Style document  Style                                  X n q
    
   e   a5                       I.           ׃

 2 %     "     #     f$     
%  Techn actif           Activer style document technique                          e    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1                                      Technique                                            a2Technique         Style document technique                               <   
  y O                    A.        

 a3Technique         Style document technique                               9  Xh 
  y O                    1.        
 a4Technique         Style document technique                               8  X|   y O                     a.        
  2 (     %  /  &     '     V(  a1Technique         Style document technique                               F f! < 
   e                         I.           

 Doc actif            Activer style document le                               H   
 
               p-p-p-    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)                                     Document g                                           a4Document g        Style document  Style                                    ŕ   z O     .  a5Technique         Style document technique                               9 :    y O                      (1)  .   2 .     )     )     L*    *  a6Technique         Style document technique                               9 z    y O                      (a)  .  a7Technique         Style document technique                               8 
k    y O                      i)  .  a8Technique         Style document technique                               8 n    y O                      a)  .  Papier marg)       R/gle de num)rotation de lignes                                                     X    X`	hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?A                                         y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y y    *                    d       d d                                                                         y 

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    
  t                g H    #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Marine and Coastal Image Data Module 5:t  k              x  } S    `(#` #  H 	`>	    xi fQ  ԩX# Practical Lessons: 1k #  ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
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   =    2   3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard cument technique                 ܰ                                           <  Section 2
 @ a #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P# 
 &  Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data
 @ a    @ a                 Figure 1                                           Figure 1                            ! 	`8!
                   !>"  i i     MAP2.TIF                                             8!/   )CG      Geographic locations of the lessons in MARINF/100  
 @ a    @ a  0        =  o.o.o.  	#-7!  0   @ a                 o.,,HH   @ a 
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 # ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
P# Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data
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   ^   (  #  qs 	[ 
    P fQ  P# 1: IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COASTAL
   ^   ; s ECOSYSTEMS# ] 	[ 
    P fQ   
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  ~ R   : = Aim of Lesson
 ) `      
To use the BILKO system for classification and analysis of the characteristics of the vegetation in a
tropical coast, to establish zones and the succession of states following human activity.


  ~ S  a; Objectivesă

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1) differentiate terrestrial from aquatic zones

2) distinguish the vegetation of the terrestrial zone from the remainder of the image

3) identify mangroves, salt marshes and forests under Atlantic influence, and identify, in the latter,
areas which are in different states of alteration and succession as the result of human activities

4) quantify the extent of the zones identified in 3)

5) distinguish each of the vegetation features with a particular colour

6) identify the most developed mangrove areas in the South of Brazil.



  ~ S Y  a5 Background Informationă

The study zone is located in the South of Brazil (25$30'-25$15' S and 48$45'-48$20' W), and comprises
one of the most important and clearly defined estuary-lagoon systems in the country (Fig.1). This
system is called the "Estuario-lagunar de Iguape-Canan)ia y Paranagu", and is considered the third
most important system in the world in terms of primary productivity.

Mangroves are the dominant feature in the zones of tidal influence. Associated with the mangroves
   S & one finds salt marshes as precedent to arboreal vegetation. The genus Spartina dominates, in general,
in this salt marsh. Towards the terrestrial zone, behind the mangroves, transition zones of marine and
fluvial influence may be observed. These are generally formed by species that can survive in marshy
conditions.
   *         o.?+?+HH  ԌForests of Atlantic influence are found in areas with the greatest elevation, their state of succession
varying with human intervention. Different values of dominance among the mangrove species
   S  (Avicennia, Laguncularia and Rhizophora) have been observed, as a result of the different
physiographies of the forests of the region. The most developed mangrove forests are on the margins
of the water paths.



  ~ R  Other equipment

Some acquaintance with the use of BILKO to display satellite images is assumed. Coloured pencils,
calculator and squared paper will be useful in answering some of the questions presented in the
lesson.


  ~ R 2 Image Data

Channels 4 and 5 of the TM LANDSAT image of the study area are given as image data, with the
  ~ S  names LARAN4 and LARAN5. Each image is 256 ' 256 pixels, corresponding to a land area of 7.68
' 7.68 km. The main island in the image is the "Ilha das Laranjeiras", located in the bay of the same
name.

The spectral characteristics of the TM LANDSAT bandwidths used in this work are shown in Table
1. 

h  
     d d x                           
 ! d d x     S   2I6              """""""  h    	 (	 	             "     Name       "   " 
 Date       "   , L
 Sensor       "   9 * Size       "   D A Channnel 1       "   U P Bandwidth       "   f  Spatial
 d  Resolution (	 	X	 	S           "    F LARAN 4       "   ! 	 9/09/90       "   . 
 TM       "   7 \ 256 x 256       "   I  4       "   U F 760900nm       "   h  30m X	 	h			{           "    F LARAN 5   ;    "   $ 
    ;    "   / L    ;    "   ;     ;    "   I  5   ;    "   S  15501750 nm   ;    "   i   h			    
  ~ S  a2 Table 1. Details of the imageă


  ~ R | Lesson Outline

  Part 1.

  ~ S  1. Enter the BILKO software, load the image LARAN4 and look at the image using Display Image
  ~ S   on the Main Menu. Use the Load Palette function to load EGA.PAL and display the coloured image.

  ~ S ." 2. Repeat the same procedure with LARAN5.

  ~ S # 3. Select Toggle on the Multi-Image option in order to observe differences between the two images
and to identify possible vegetation areas.

  ~ S @& 4. Display the Histogram option for both images and verify the variations in radiance. Are changes
in radiance uniform? Select the image that best shows all the characteristics of interest.

  ~ S ( 5. Use Smooth on the Filters option. Is the delineation of the various zones improved?

  ~ S R* 6. Use the Modify LUT option to improve the contrast of the image. Select Linear Stretch and, to   R*        o.?+?+HH  obtain the maximum amount of information, mask up to pixel value 98, using the red cursor. Save
  ~ S   this image with the name LARAN98. How do the vegetation zones differ from those of the original
image? 

  ~ S A Introduct the Transect option to enhance the differences of radiance level in the vegetation zones.
Make several transects. Where, in general, are the higher radiance level variations found?


Part 2.

  ~ S " 1. Recover the image LARAN98. Show it using EGA palette in Load Palette. Select the areas which
are likely to be mangroves, tropical forest or zones under anthropogenic influence.

  ~ S 
 2. Estimate the area of the mangrove zone using Manual Stretch in Modify LUT. Select the range
  ~ S d of values in which mangroves are found. In the Histogram option count the number of pixels
considered to be in the mangrove area and multiply by 900 (the pixels of the LandsatTM images
  ~ S 
 correspond to an area of 900 m2). Convert square metres to hectares (1 ha = 10,000 m2). Identify
the other zones and estimate their values.

  ~ S v 3. To differentiate the zones of vegetation more clearly, use the Linear Stretch option in Modify
  ~ S G LUT, masked, as in Part One, to pixel 98, using the red cursor. Identify the coastal line.

  ~ S  4. With the masked image, use Manual Stretch, in Modify LUT, to enhance the areas of tidal
influence, among them the mud flats with or without marsh vegetation. Replace light blue or green
by yellow. What is the effect of this masking procedure?

  ~ S ) 5. Use Zoom, in Modify Image, to improve differentiation of the several vegetation features in the
  ~ S  LARAN98 image. In the zoning of the estuary systems of the area, from water to land, use the
following classification :

 " Zones of marine influence.
 `	`	  Mud banks with or without saltmarsh vegetation
 `	`	  Mangroves

 " Zones of marine-river influence.
 `	`	 Transition vegetation; fresh water marshes

 " Zones of river influence.
 `	`	 Forest of Atlantic influence

We know that values of radiance up to 42 correspond to the types of vegetation characteristic of the
  ~ S [! zone which has experienced no significant human intervention. With Zoom, choose an area in which
  ~ S ," changes of this vegetation can be observed (radiance <42). With Cursor, identify the various zones
and locate the radiance values. How many zones can you identify?

6. We know that the most developed mangrove systems are located next to salt water paths which
penetrate the land zone. Quantify this information. Compare the values you obtain with the initial
calculation of the extent of mangrove zone. What factors can induce errors in the delimitation of the
mangrove area?	  
' 	 
   b(         o.?+?+HH  
       y    b                     d       d d                                                                         y 

This lesson was prepared by Gisele Cristina Sessegolo, Bella G;mez Lorenzo, Jorge Eduardo Lins
Oliveira, Mar1a Fuensanta Donoso de Vasquez, H)ctor Hernndez Nu9ez



   Q  Comments or suggestions relating to this lesson should be sent to:

Gisele Cristina Sessegolo
Instituto Gaia do Brazil. hh6  Fax: 55 412 70 22 00
Rua Senador Nereu Ramos, 126
CuritibaPR
Brazil
   Q p CEP 81.510070



  ~ S  (a6 Answers for Lesson 1ă


Part 1.

  ~ S  4. The radiance values in LARAN4 are more uniform, so it is more difficult to differentiate the zones.
  ~ S  The chosen image is, therefore, LARAN5, in which the several zones can be better distinguished.

  ~ S 3 5. Using Smooth the image is smoothed, allowing a better observation of the boundaries between the
zones. This filter only allows a global vision of the image, and should not be used to perform a
detailed analysis of the information.

6. Masking the image up to pixel 98 allows differentiation, with an ample scale of colours, of the
variety of vegetation characteristics in the study zone.

The radiance values increase from water to land, with further modifications associated with the
characteristics of land cover.


Part 2.

1. Mangroves constitute the boundary of the terrestrial zone. In the centre, tropical forests are found,
their characteristics being influenced to some degree by human presence.

2. The mangrove zone shown in blue has a surface of 1,060ha. Green represents forest of Atlantic
influence of total area 1,159.38 ha: light blue and red represent zones of anthropogenic influence, of
total area 115.56 ha.

4. This masking allows the differentiation of two zones of tidal influence. It should be pointed out that
in this image any flat zones (muddy banks, with or without vegetation, and shallow channels), may
be masked due to the tide level at the moment when the image was acquired by the sensor. It is not
possible, therefore, to establish the boundaries of each zone with complete accuracy.

5. With the use of the cursor, the following zones and radiance values can be identified:
   T*         o.?+?+HH  Ԍ " Zones of Marine influence

  `	`	 Muddy banks with or without vegetation of salt marshes: blue and green, radiance
between 8 and 21."`	

 `	`	 Mangroves: red and pink, radiance between 22 and 35.

 " Zones of fluvial influence.

  `	`	 Forest of Atlantic influence with or without anthropogenic influence: orange,
radiance between 36 and 42."`	

6. The colour which represents the most developed mangroves is red; with a total of 661.95 ha. The
total estimated area for the mangrove in section 1 is 1,060 ha. It is possible that a relation between
radiance and mangrove cover exists, but actually this delimitation is subject to error, since there can
be other types of land cover which reflect the same radiance as the developed mangroves.
    
         o.?+?+HH     