WPC  
      2       B      V   -   ,   Z     #| w          le)  "  m+O6^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲY~~wCN~sk~CCCddCYdYdYCdd88d8ddddJN8ddddYYdYd dd  ddd   C dddddd ddd8 YYYYYY~Y~Y~Y~YC8C8C8C8ddddddddddYdddddsdYYYYYYYd~Y~Y~Y~YddddddddC8C8C8C8oN d~8~8~8~8~8dvddddJJJkNkNkNkN~8~8~8dddddddYYY  d~8dJkN~8dddddC     dd   C      CCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNd ddCYQQddddddFddddF CC hhd44ddzzddd woo     Ch      d     F"Ȑdh             d岲  dCCȐzȲxCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ]Ȑ ȐȧzȐ       Uw                                                                                                 ŐdȐ      Y   Y                           C   C   C   C                                                               ѐz~o  zoY~NYdYC8YooYdYzsdzd d~YYzozzzzNd88YYYzYz z zz CCddddd          dd         zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNdddddddddddddddddddd888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzC  s  ~CzCddYC xCG Times (Scalable) CG Times Bold (Scalable) XPnetlaser                             HPLASIII.PRS Xw     P 7,\,KXP 2 y  	                H     + USUK  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard        HPLASIII.PRS Xw     +                                          +#| O   CG Times (Scalable) CG Times Bold (Scalable) CG Times Italic (Scalable)  \XP 2                 <   j   USUK  3'                                          3'Standard                                  6&                                          6& Standard        HPLASIII.PRS Xw     +                                           "  m+O6^18MSS888S8888SSSSSSSSSS88Jxir{icx{8Aui{x`xoZi{xxxl888SS8JSJSJ8SS..S.SSSS>A.SSxSSJJSJS SS  SSS   8 SSSSSS SSS. xJxJxJxJxJorJiJiJiJiJ8.8.8.8.{SxSxSxSxS{S{S{S{SxSxJ{SxSxSxS{S`SxJxJxJrJrJrJrJ{SiJiJiJiJxSxSxSxSxSxS{S{S8.8.8.8.z]A uSi.i.i.i.i.{S{c{S{SxSxSxo>o>o>ZAZAZAZAi.i.i.{S{S{S{S{S{SxxSlJlJlJ  {Si.{So>ZAi.xSxS{SxS{S8     SS   8      88WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNxxxS SS8JDDSSSSSS;SSSS; 88 VVS++SSffSSxS c]]     8V      S     ;"xxSxWxx             S唔  S88xfxxxxxxxxxxx8SxS]SxoS8SxJS`xlxxxxxxxxxxMxxxx xxofx       Gc                                               xxxx                                                  xxxSxxxx   xx   xJ   xxxxJ   xxxxx   xxx   xxx   xxx   xxxxxxxxxxxxxx     x   xxxxxx    xxxxxxxx8   xxx8   xxx8   xxx8   xxxx   x                                                   x   xxxx   xxxxfi]  f]oJiAlJ{SxJ8.uJo]]{JoSxJxf`SfS SiJxJofx]ffffAS..JJJfJf f ff 88SSSSS          SS         fffffffffffffffffffAAAAAAASSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS............JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJffffffffffffffffffff8  `  xi{8xxf8xSSJ8 x ]                                     z                     U w                                                                                                                                                                                                                 d                        Y           Y                                                                                                  C          C          C          C                                                                                                                                              z ~ o     z o  Y ~ N  Y  d  Y C 8  Y  o  o  Y  d  Y  z s d z d   d ~ Y  Y  z  o  z z z  ~  C d    z Y z   z   z z  C C d d d   d                                                                                                                                       d d d                                                      z                                     C     s  d Y C  x    \             p x           t      l l                                           X    p      h h <       X                                                                                  \ H |    CG Times CG Times Bold CG Times Italic CG Times Bold Italic  2   v     p   N  k     k   )  a8Document g        Document Style  Style                                       X X`	`	  `	

a4Document g        Document Style  Style                                      .  a6Document g        Document Style  Style                                    G  X  

a5Document g        Document Style  Style                                   }    X (#

 2        v   k  t        U  a2Document g        Document Style  Style                                  < o  
   ?                    A.        

a7Document g        Document Style  Style                                   y    X  X`	`	 (#`	

Bibliogrphy          Bibliography                                             :   X 
 (#

a1Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        : ` S  @                   I.  
  X (#

 2   	   !  
        k       a2Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        	C  	   @`	                  A.    `	`	 (#`	

a3Document g        Document Style  Style                                  
B 
 b 
   ?                     1.        
a3Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        L ! 
   `	`	 @P
                  1.  `	`	   (#

a4Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        U  j   `	`	  @                  a.    `	 (#

 2 .  
                  U  a5Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        
_ o    `	`	   @h                  (1)    hh# (#h

a6Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        h     `	`	   hh# @$                  (a)  hh#  ( (#

a7Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        p fJ    `	`	   hh# ( @*                  i)  (  h- (#

a8Right Par         Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbers                        y W" 3!   `	`	   hh# ( - @p/                  a)  -  pp2 (#p

 2 !     `  +  ,     W      W!  a1Document g        Document Style  Style                                  X q q
    
   l   ^)                       I.           ׃

Doc Init             Initialize Document Style                                  
 
               0*0*    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)                                     Document g                                           Tech Init             Initialize Technical Style                              .  
k    I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)                 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1                                      Technical                                            a5Technical         Technical Document Style                               ) W D                   (1)  .   2 $     "     "     E#     #  a6Technical         Technical Document Style                               )  D                   (a)  .  a2Technical         Technical Document Style                               < 6  
   ?                    A.        

 a3Technical         Technical Document Style                               9 W g 
   2                    1.        
 a4Technical         Technical Document Style                               8 bv {    2                     a.        
  2 +     $     %     &   h   &  a1Technical         Technical Document Style                               F ! < 
   ?                         I.           

 a7Technical         Technical Document Style                               ( @ D                   i)  .  a8Technical         Technical Document Style                               (  D                   a)  .  CG Times (Scalable) CG Times Bold (Scalable) CG Times Italic (Scalable) CG Times Bold Italic (Scalable)   c     P 7Pl  3 m = 6 ,   #{&m     P 7&Pl =  H @ ,   $     P 7P  SS   8      88WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNxxxS SS8JDDSSSSSS;SSSS; 88 VVS++SSffSSxS c]]     8V      S     ;"xxSxWxx             S唔0 S88xfxxxxxxxxxx 8SxS]SxoS8SxJS`xlxxxxxxxxxxMxxxx xxofx       Gc                                               xxxx                                                  xxxSxxxx   xx   xJ   xxxxJ   xxxxx   xxx   xxx   xxx   xxxxxxxxxxxxxx     x   xxxxxx    xxxxxxxx8   xxx8   xxx8   xxx8   xxxx   x                                                   x   xxxx   xxxxfi]  f]oJiAlJ{SxJ8.uJo]]{JoSxJxf`SfS SiJxJofx]fffxi{8SxxxfJf f ffz88SSS S                      x                         {                   SSS                xxx         f                  8  `SJ8xߖMuu]daqqZZnkxxuqxxIx]WW2IςM<g 2 "I    0,    1  Z  7  	  l>   "  m+O6^6=U\\===\====\\\\\\\\\\==Qs~sm=Gsizbsw===\\=Q\Q\Q=\\33\3\\\\DG3\\\\QQ\Q\ \\  \\\   = \\\\\\ \\\3 QQQQQz~QsQsQsQsQ=3=3=3=3\\\\\\\\\\Q\\\\\i\QQQ~Q~Q~Q~Q\sQsQsQsQ\\\\\\\\=3=3=3=3fG \s3s3s3s3s3\m\\\\zDzDzDbGbGbGbGs3s3s3\\\\\\\wQwQwQ  \s3\zDbGs3\\\\\=     \\   =      ==WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN\ \\=QKK\\\\\\A\\\\A == __\00\\pp\\\ mff     =_      \     A"\_             \壣  \==px=\\f\z\=\Q\iwU zp       Nm                                                                                                 ń\      Q   Q                           =   =   =   =                                                               фpsf  pfzQsGwQ\Q=3QzffQz\Qpi\p\ \sQQzpfppppG\33QQQpQp p pp ==\\\\\          \\         pppppppppppppppppppGGGGGGG\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\333333333333QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQpppppppppppppppppppp=  i  s=p=\\Q= x;c\\\{IZu__FXOOMKV_aaa}rgweeencwrTpOgOaaaa0Oja>rraaa99!aaaaag0aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaappppllllllllllVVaaaaaajjaaTTTTrraa____aaXXrXTTTT3(DTaa "  m+O6^@HdllHHHlHHHHllllllllllHHlTh͜xٜHHHllHlx`x`Llx<Hx<xlxx`THxlll`llllll  lll   H llllll llx< lllll᜜`````T<T<T<T<xllllxxxxllxllllxlll````x````llllllxxT<T<T<T<|h x<<<T<xxxll```xTxTxTxTHHHxxxxxxٜl```  x<x`xTHllxlxH     ll   H      HHWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNl llHl\\llllllLllllL HH ||l88lllll xx     H|      l     L"ٜl|             l  lHHٜxHllxlِٜlHl`l|ٜhٜ ٜٽٜ       \                                                                                                 Ŝlٜ      l   l                           H   H   H   H                                                               ќx  x`T```T<`xx`l`ll l``xT`<<````   HHlllll          ll         TTTTTTT````````````````````<<<<<<<<<<<<```````````````````H    TTll`H xZnkxxuqxxIx]WW2IςM<gl  8 w C ; ,   [hXw     P 7XPl x / c 8 1 ,   c     P 7Pl  3 m = 6 ,   #{&m     P 7&Pl  =  H @ ,   $     P 7P  <  H @ ,  y; _    p ^7  7 z C ; ,  sXz _    p ^7X 6 u C ; , - /3Xu &_  x $&7XX| #  4 x C ; , ' Xx *0  x ]7X  $  2 p = 6 , 	 L&p _    p i7& &  Y  j ^ ,   b     P E37P
  %  W  j ^ , 	  _    p i7 '  O  ^ T ,   "hR     P E37RP
  (  N  ^ T , 	 ÕR _    p i7R>  L  ^ T ,  mR &_  x 7RX| )  I  ^ T , ' FR *0  x ]7R * O  A % ! ,   JA     P E37JP ,  >  I A ,   C     P E37P  +  =  I A , 	  _    p i7> -  1 k = 6 ,  &k &_  x 7&X> z - b 8 1 ,  ib &_  x 7X    S 8 8      x f   x x x x x x x x x x   8  S f S ] S   x  o S 8 S S ` x  l   x x x x x x x x x x      M  x x x x              "  4|J~		^ @ H d l l   H H H l  H H H H l l l l l l l l l l H H    `          H T      |   t        H H H l l H ` l ` l ` H l l < < l <  l l l l P T < l l  l l ` ` l `   l   l l     l l l       H   l l l l l l   l l l <    `  `  `  `  `    `  `  `  `  ` H < H < H < H <  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  `  l  l  l  l  l | l  `  `  `  `  `  `  `  l  `  `  `  `  l  l  l  l  l  l  l  l H < H < H < H <  x T    l  <  <  <  <  <  l    l  l  l  l    P  P  P t T t T t T t T  <  <  <  l  l  l  l  l  l    l  `  `  `      l  <  l  P t T  <  l  l  l  l  l  H           l l       H             H H W                                                 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N    l   l l H ` X X l l  l l l   l L l l l l  L   H H   p p l  8 8   l l     l  l  l      x x            H p             l            L "          l    q                                  l             l H H                    x H  l  l x l      l H l  ` l |                     d                                                          \                                                                                                                                                                                                                  l                        `           `                                                                                                  H          H          H          H                                                                                                                                                x      x  `  T  `  l  ` H <  `  x  x  `  l  `   | l  l   l  `  `    x      T l < < ` ` `  `           H H l l l l l                     l l                                      T T T T T T T l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l < < < < < < < < < < < < ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `                     H     |        H    H  l  l ` H   x c      y     u     }                           Q    g      _ _ 7       Q                                                                                  T B r     2 ,t    TI    
T    ^  \  vi   "  m+O6^;C]ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲdzN`zoȐCCCddCdoYoYFdo8Co8odooYNCodddYdddddd  ddd   C dddddd ddo8 dddddϐYYYYYN8N8N8N8oddddooooddoddddzodddYYYYoYYYYddddddooN8N8N8N8r` o888N8ooodd┐YYYoNoNoNoNCCCooooooȐdYYY  o8oYoNCddodoC     dd   C      CCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNd ddCdUUddddddFddddF CC ssd44ddzzddd ~oo     Cs      d     F"Ȑds             d岲  dCCȐzȲxCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ`Ȑ ȐȮzȐ       Uw                                                                                                 ŐdȐ      d   d                           C   C   C   C                                                               ѐzo  zoYNYYYN8YooYdYzzdzd dYYzozzzzNY88YYYzYz z zz CCddddd          dd         zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzC  z  NzNddYC x d                                                          \                                                                                                                                                                                                                  l                        `           `                                                                                                  H          H          H          H                                                                                                                                                x      x  `  T  `  l  ` H <  `  x  x  `  l  `   | l  l   l  `  `    x        H l     `          H H l l l   l                                                                                                                                       l l l                                                                                           H     |  l ` H  x  " d       88 "   y            ~      u u                                          _    y      q q A       _                                              

                                  d N      "  m+O6^;C`ddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲdzzzsCYozzdozzooCCCddCddYdY8dd88Y8ddddNN8dYYYNYdYd dd  ddd   C dddddd ddd8 zdzdzdzdzdYzYzYzYzYC8C8C8C8dddddddddoYzddddoYdzdzdzdzdYYYYdzYzYzYzYddddddddC8C8C8C8dY Yo8o8o8o8o8dzddddzNzNzNdNdNdNdNo8o8o8ddddddoYoNoNoN  do8dzNdNo8oYoYdddC     dd   C      CCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNd ddCd]]ddddddFddddF CC ddd88ddzzddd kdd     Cd      d     F"Ȑdd             d岲  dCCȐzȲxCdzdodȐȅdCdYdsȐ]Ȑ ȐȧzȐ       Uw                                                                                                 ŐdȐ      Y   Y                           C   C   C   C                                                               zzzo  zoYzNoYdYC8YooYdYzzdzd doYoYzzozzzzNd88YYYzYz z zz CCddddd          dd         zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNdddddddddddddddddddd888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzC  s  zzCozCoddYC x h                                                          \                                                                                                                                                                                                                  l                        l           l                                                                                                  H          H          H          H                                                                                                                                                x      x  `  T  `  `  ` T <  `  x  x  `  l  `    l  l   l  `  `    x        T l     `          H H l l l   l                                                                                                                                       l l l                                                                                           H       l ` H  x  " d       88 "   y            ~      u u                                          _    y      q q A       _                                              

                                  d N      "  m+O6^;NhddCCCdCCCCddddddddddCCȲdzNdzzozzzCCCddCddYdYFdo88d8odddNN8oYdYNdddddd  ddd   C dddddd ddd8 dddddYYYYYN8N8N8N8oddddoooozYddddzYdzddddYYYYdYYYYddddddooN8N8N8N8kd dz8z8z8zFz8oooddהNNNoNoNoNoNz8z8z8oooooozYzNzNzN  dz8oNoNz8zYzYddoC     dd   C      CCWxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNd ddNdYYddddddCddddC CC kkd88ddzzddd sss     Ck      d     C"Ȑd~             d岲  dCCȐzȲxCddodȐȅdCdYdsȐ`Ȑ ȐȮzȐ       Uw                                                                                                 ŐdȐ      d   d                           C   C   C   C                                                               хzo  zoYNzYYYN8YooYdYzzdzd dzYzYzozzzzNY88YYYzYz z zz CCddddd          dd         zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzNNNNNNNYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY888888888888YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzC  z  NzzNzddYC x `                                     z                     U w                                                                                                                                                                                                                 d                        d           d                                                                                                  C          C          C          C                                                                                                                                              z  o     z o  Y  N  Y  Y  Y N 8  Y  o  o  Y  d  Y  z z d z d   d  Y  Y  z  o  z z z    N d    z Y z   z   z z  C C d d d   d                                                                                                                                       d d d                                                      z                                     C     z  d Y C  x    \             p x           t      l l                                           X    p      h h <       X                                                                                  \ H |    lR  8 w C ; ,   [hXw     P 7XPl+ x / c 8 1 ,   c     P 7PlB  3 m = 6 ,   #{&m     P 7&PlQ  =  H @ ,   $     P 7P3  <  H @ ,  y; _    p ^7>  7 z C ; ,  sXz _    p ^7X 6 u C ; , - /3Xu &_  x $&7XX.?  4 x C ; , H iXx *0  x M7XP  2 p = 6 ,  h&p _    p ^7&l Y  j ^ ,   q     P 7Px x N    d   d d C d ] ] d d  d d d   d F d d d d  F   C C   d d d  8 8   d d z z   d  d  d   k   d d            C d             d             F "          d    d                                  d       9     d C C       z               C  d z d o d      d C d  Y d s                     ]                                     z                     U w                                                                                                                                                                                                                 d                        Y           Y                                                                                                  C          C          C          C                                                                                                                                             z z z o     z o  Y z N o Y  d  Y C 8  Y  o  o  Y  d  Y  z z d z d   d o Y o Y  z z o  z z z z z  C d  o o z Y z   z   z z  C C d d d   d                                             z                                                                                          d d d                                 o o o                   z                                     C     s  d Y C  x    \             p x           t      l l                                           X    p      h h <       X                                                                                  \ H |     2 6    ^t  		    
	  ʉ  ^     "  m+O6^6=U\\===\====\\\\\\\\\\==\zzpGXzpfzz===\\=\fQfQA\f3=f3f\ffQG=f\\\Q\\\\\\  \\\   = \\\\\\ \\f3 \\\\\QzQzQzQzQG3G3G3G3f\\\\ffff\\f\\\\pf\\\QQQQfzQzQzQzQ\\\\\\ffG3G3G3G3iX fz3z3z3zGz3fff\\ψQQQfGfGfGfGz=z=z=ffffff\zQzQzQ  fz3fQfGz=\\f\f=     \\   =      ==WxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN\ \\=\NN\\\\\\A\\\\A == ii\00\\pp\\\ sff     =i      \     A"\i             \壣  \==px=\\f\z\=\Q\i~X zp       Nm                                                                                                 ń\      \   \                           =   =   =   =                                                               фpzf  pfzQzGzQQQG3QzffQz\Qpp\p\ \zQQzpfppppGQ33QQQpQp p pp ==\\\\\          \\         pppppppppppppppppppGGGGGGGQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ333333333333QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQpppppppppppppppppppp=  p  zGpG\\Q= x `                                     z                     U w                                                                                                                                                                                                                 d                        d           d                                                                                                  C          C          C          C                                                                                                                                              z  o     z o  Y  N z Y  Y  Y N 8  Y  o  o  Y  d  Y  z z d z d   d z Y z Y  z  o  z z z    N d  z z z Y z   z   z z  C C d d d   d                                                                                                                                       d d d                                 z z z                   z                                     C     z  d Y C  x    \             p x           t      l l                                           X    p      h h <       X                                                                                  \ H |    "  4|J~		^ ^ j     j j j  j j j j           j j ==         j {            +   j j j   j      j   X X  X      u { X          =                   j              X                        j X j X j X j X                                                                           j X j X j X j X   {      X  X  X  X  X               u  u  u  {  {  {  {  X  X  X             +                X    u  {  X            j                   j             j j W ================================================x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         j          o     o   j j      R R ==     = =                  j                   +  }    o " ====  ===  ==   ===                            ===  )    j j =====  =          x j =     = =  j         ==          ===== =    =============  ======  ======   = =      ==                                                                                                                                                          ==                    =                ==                  =       =  ===                                                                                                                            j          j          j          j                                                                                                                                                          {       j X                                  {  X X                j j                                                                 { { { { { { {                     X X X X X X X X X X X X                                        j             j    j      j   x c      y     u     }                           Q    g      _ _ 7       Q                                                                                  T B r    "  4|J~		^ ^ j    j j j  j j j j           j j ==         {    +         =   j j j   j      o   X j  X      { j          =  #                j              X             H           { X { X { X { X                                                                           { X { X { X { X        X  X  X  {  X             f        {  {  {  {  j  j  j             =                X      {  j            j                   j             j j W ================================================x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         j      5    o     o   j j      R R ==     = =                  j                   +  q    o " ====  ===  ==   ===                            ===  )    j j =====  =          x j =     = =  j         ==          ===== =    =============  ======  ======   = =      ==                                                                                                                                                          ==                    =                ==                  =       =  ===                                                                                                                            j          j          j          j                                                                                                                                                          {       { X     +                             {  X X                j j                                                                 { { { { { { {                     X X X X X X X X X X X X                                        j             {    {      j   x  


c P       iI*V###=VI C *   0 II  _ * CCCC6666666666  00    II  I      r   lR  8 w C ; ,   [hXw     P 7XPl+ x / c 8 1 ,   c     P 7PlB  3 m = 6 ,   #{&m     P 7&PlQ  =  H @ ,   $     P 7P3  <  H @ ,  y; _    p ^7>  7 z C ; ,  sXz _    p ^7X 6 u C ; , - /3Xu &_  x $&7XX.?  4 x C ; , H iXx *0  x M7XP  2 p = 6 ,  h&p _    p ^7&lT  Y  j ^ ,   q     P 7P
S  W  j ^ ,  	R _    p ^7lU  O  ^ T ,   AR     P 7RP N  ^ T ,  ^R _    p ^7Rj j =====  =            j =     = =  j         ==          ===== =    =============  ======  ======   = =      ==                                                                                                                                                          ==                    =                ==                  =       =  ===                                                                                                                            j          j          j          j                                                                                                                                                          {       { X     +                               {                j j                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          j         j  x i Viivv\    V*V*    **  


c P       iI*V###=VI C *   0 II  _ * CCCC6666666666  00    II  I      r    2 @  	  h  	    
	  Դ   `    "  4|J~		^ T ^      ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^ ^           ^ ^  ~          ^ n               ^ ^ ^   ^ ~  ~  ~ ^   O O  O      i n O      ~ ~  ~                    ^              O    ~  ~  ~  ~  ~    ~  ~  ~  ~  ~ ^ O ^ O ^ O ^ O                      ~              ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~    ~  ~  ~  ~                 ^ O ^ O ^ O ^ O   n      O  O  O  O  O                i  i  i  n  n  n  n  O  O  O                 ~  ~  ~        O    i  n  O            ^                   ^             ^ ^ W x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         ^ ~ s s          d      d   ^ ^       I I                            ^                     U    d "                                          %     ^ ^              x ^          ^   ~                                            y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ~           ~                                                                                                  ^          ^          ^          ^                                                                                                                                                        ~  n  ~    ~ ^ O  ~     ~    ~           ~  ~          n  O O ~ ~ ~  ~           ^ ^                                                                 n n n n n n n                     O O O O O O O O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~                     ^             ^    ^     ~ ^   x      =  ,             C'
2 2' !e 
     }    ''     U      
}                                !!!!__              ''          '      f     "  4|J~		^ T ^      ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^ ^           ^ ^            n                ^ ^ ^   ^   ~  ~ d   O ^  O      ~ n ^      ~                      ^              O             &  ~  ~  ~  ~  ~ n O n O n O n O                                          ~  ~  ~  ~    ~  ~  ~  ~                 n O n O n O n O        O  O  O  n  O             @  ~  ~  ~  n  n  n  n  ^  ^  ^                 ~  ~  ~        O    ~  n  ^            ^                   ^             ^ ^ W x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         ^  y y         d      d   ^ ^       I I                            ^                     K    d "                                          %     ^ ^              x ^          ^   ~                                            y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ^          ^          ^          ^                                                                                                                                                        ~  n  ~  ~  ~ n O  ~     ~    ~           ~  ~          n ~ O O ~ ~ ~  ~           ^ ^                                                                 n n n n n n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O O O O O O O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~                     ^             n    n     ~ ^   x      =  ,             C'
2 2' !e 
     }    ''     U      
}                                !!!!__              ''          '      f     "  4|J~		^ T ^      ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^ ^           ^ ^            ^ ~                 ^ ^ ^   ^   ~  ~ O   O O ~ O      n n O  ~  ~ ~ n ~  ~                    ^              O                ~  ~  ~  ~  ~ ^ O ^ O ^ O ^ O                    ~          ~            ~  ~  ~  ~    ~  ~  ~  ~                 ^ O ^ O ^ O ^ O   ~    ~  O  O  O  O  O               n  n  n  n  n  n  n  O  O  O                ~  n  n  n        O    n  n  O  ~  ~        ^                   ^             ^ ^ W x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         ^             d      d   ^ ^       O O                            ^                      Z    d "                                          %     ^ ^              x ^          ^   ~                                            y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ~           ~                                                                                                  ^          ^          ^          ^                                                                                                                                                        ~  n  ~    ~ ^ O  ~      ~    ~           ~  ~          n  O O ~ ~ ~  ~           ^ ^                                                                 n n n n n n n                     O O O O O O O O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~                     ^             ^    ^     ~ ^   x      =  ,             C'
2 2' !e 
     }    ''     U      
}                                !!!!__              ''          '      f     lR  8 w C ; ,   [hXw     P 7XPl+ x / c 8 1 ,   c     P 7PlB  3 m = 6 ,   #{&m     P 7&PlQ  =  H @ ,   $     P 7P3  <  H @ ,  y; _    p ^7>  7 z C ; ,  sXz _    p ^7X 6 u C ; , - /3Xu &_  x $&7XX.?  4 x C ; , H iXx *0  x M7XP  2 p = 6 ,  h&p _    p ^7&lT  Y  j ^ ,   q     P 7P
S  W  j ^ ,  	R _    p ^7lU  O  ^ T ,   AR     P 7RP
V  N  ^ T ,  ^R _    p ^7R L  ^ T , - R &_  x $&7RX.W  I  ^ T , H R *0  x M7RlO  A % ! ,   JA     P 7JP                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ^          ^          ^          ^                                                                                                                                                        ~  n  ~  ~  ~ n O  ~      ~    ~           ~  ~            n      ~          ^ ^                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^        ~ ^  x Cp| Z 2 CCNN8|     2
2
          

      =  ,             C'
2 2' !e 
     }    ''     U      
}                                !!!!__              ''          '      f      2   	  r    (  
        "  4|J~		^ T n      ^ ^ ^   ^ ^ ^ ^           ^ ^            n                  ^ ^ ^   ^   ~  ~ d   O O  O      n n O  ~   ~ n                      ^              O               ~  ~  ~  ~  ~ n O n O n O n O                    ~          ~            ~  ~  ~  ~    ~  ~  ~  ~                 n O n O n O n O         O  O  O  d  O             0  n  n  n  n  n  n  n  O  O  O                ~  n  n  n        O    n  n  O  ~  ~        ^                   ^             ^ ^ W x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N         n  ~ ~          ^      ^   ^ ^       O O                            ^                      Z    ^ "                                          %     ^ ^              x ^          ^   ~                                            y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ^          ^          ^          ^                                                                                                                                                        ~  n  ~  ~  ~ n O  ~      ~    ~           ~  ~          n ~ O O ~ ~ ~  ~           ^ ^                                                                 n n n n n n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O O O O O O O O O O O O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~                     ^             n    n     ~ ^   x w                                          a    {      r r B       a                                                                                e O      "  m+O6^!%377bV%%%7b%%%%7777777777%%nbn1bOEKQEAOQ%+MEdQO?OI;EQOhOOG%%%77%17171%777V7777)+77O771171n7 77  777   % 777777 777 O1O1O1O1O1bIK1E1E1E1E1%%%%Q7O7O7O7O7Q7Q7Q7Q7O7O1Q7O7O7O7Q7?7O1O1O1K1K1K1K1Q7E1E1E1E1O7O7O7O7O7O7Q7Q7%%%%P=+ M7EEEEEQ7QAQ7Q7O7O7bOI)I)I);+;+;+;+EEEQ7Q7Q7Q7Q7Q7hOO7G1G1G1  Q7EQ7I);+EO7O7Q7O7Q7%     77   %      %%WnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNOOO7 77%1--77a777bb7'7777b' %% 997bnn77CCTn7n7O7 A\\==b     %9      7  h   '"nnnnOOnnn7Onn9OObbnnn             7bbnnn  b7%%nnnnnOCnbOOOOOOOOOOx%n7O7=7bnOnI7%7O17?OVGnnOOOOOOOOOOnnnnn3nOOOOnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnOOnnnnnn\ICVnOn   nn    /A                                               OOOO                       nn          n        nn         nOOO7OOnOOnnn   OO   O1   OOOO1   OOOOO   OOO   OOO   OOO   OOOOOOOOOOOOOO     O   OOOOOO    OOOOOOOO%   OOO%   OOO%   OOO%   OOOO   O                                                   O   OOOO   OOOOCE=  C=I1E+G1Q7O1%M1I=d=Q1I7O1OC?7C7 7E1O1ICO=VCCCC+7111C1C C CC %%77777          77         CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC+++++++777777777777777777771111111111111111111CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC%  ?  OEQ%OOC%O771% x j                                                          ^                                                                                                                                                                                                                  n                        n           n                                                                                                  I          I          I          I                                                                                                                                                z      z  b  V  b  b  b V =  b  z  z  b  n  b    n  n   n  b  b    z        V n     b          I I n n n   n                                                                                                                                       n n n                                                                                           I       n b I  x  ' e     == '   {                  w w                                          a    {      r r B       a                                                                                e O     "  ` H2	:	^ 6 = X \ \   = = = \  = = = = \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ = =    \  p p z  p i   = Q z f  z  p  p \ f  p  p f f = = = \ \ = \ \ Q \ Q 3 \ \ 3 3 Q 3  \ \ \ \ G G 3 \ Q z Q Q G Q \ Q   \ / \ \   \ \ \       =   \ \ \ \ \ \   \ \ \ 3   p \ p \ p \ p \ p \  z z Q p Q p Q p Q p Q = 3 = 3 = 3 = 3 z \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \ f Q p \  \  \  \ f Q  \ p \ p \ p \ p \ z Q z \ z \ z \  \ p \ p \ p \ p \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \  \ \ 3 \ \ \ \ = \  \ \ \ z \ f 3 f \ f \ f 3 f 3 z \   p z \ z \  \  \  z p G p \ p \ \ G \ G \ \ \ \ f \ f \ f \  \  \  \  \      \  z f \ f G f G  =           \ \       =             = = W                                                 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N    \   \ \ = \ U U \ \  \ \ \   \ A \ \ \ \  A   = =   \ \ \  3 3   \ \ p p   \  \  \   b   \ \            = \             \             A "          \    [                                  \       4     \ = =       p               =  \ p \ f \     z \ = \  Q \ i   w                  U                                    z p                     N m                                                                                                                                                                                                                 \                        Q           Q                                                                                                  =          =          =          =                                                                                                                                             p p p f     p f z Q p G f Q  \  Q = 3 z Q z f  f z Q z \  Q  p p \ p \   \ f Q f Q z p p f  p p p p p  = \  f f p Q p   p   p p  = = \ \ \   \                                             p                                                                                          \ \ \                                 f f f                   p                                     =     i  \ Q =  x      T            g n           j  } }   c c      y     u     }                           Q    g      _ _ 7       Q                                                                                  T B r     2                                           



#  c     P 7P# 
Restricted distribution`"@ MARINF/90
`"9 Paris, July 1993
`"= English only
# Xw     P 7 [hXP# 






a UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC
!
a AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION




#  &m     P 7#{&P# 
l	a Marine Sciences Training and Education Programme (TREDMAR)




#      P 7$P# 
   ]  ^a APPLICATIONS OF MARINE AND COASTAL IMAGE DATAă
   Y  # Xw     P 7 [hXP# a from Satellite, Airborne and Insitu Sensorsă



a Fourth Computerbased Learning Module



a% edited by



a I.S.Robinson, A.Matthews and D.A.Blackburn
aa) 
@a)  





a A CONTRIBUTION TO "AGENDA 21" IMPLEMENTATION
#       P 7$P#    +         p-p-p-  # &m     P 7#{&P#     



   x ` #      P 7	qP# ia Applications of Marine and Coastal Image Dataă
   p  # 	R     P 7ARP# a from Satellite, Airborne and Insitu Sensors

# R     P 7ARP# 	a Fourth Computerbased Learning Module
# &m     P 7#{&P# 



   T  a Lessons by: T.Granata1ă
   T  a H.Demarcq, J.Citeau, A.Pezin and E.S.Diop2ă
   T 
 
a
 P.Lena, M Petit, M.RakotoRavalonstalama and M.Slepoukha3ă
   T ` a R.Verhoeven and J.Roozekrans4ă
   T 8 a P.Castaing and J.Froidefond5ă
   T  	a J.Stretta, M.Petit, H Farrugio and A.Wadsworth6ă
   T  9a  W.Yung and P.Vogt7ă


   T p @
a
 BILKO Software and Tutorial by: R.Callison and M.Dobson8ă

   T   a Edited by: I.Robinson, A.Matthews9 and D.Blackburn11ă

   T  Z	a	 Project Management by: D.Troost10, J.Morales12 and C.Blackburn10ă







	a A CONTRIBUTION TO "AGENDA 21" IMPLEMENTATION

     @ y    b #                    d       d d                                                                         y 

# c     P 7P# 
1) X Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California, USA."
2) X CRODT/ORSTOM/UTIS, Senegal."
3) X ORSTOM / Station Seas, La Reunion, France."
4) X Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, The Netherlands."
5) X Dept. de Geologie et Occeanographie, Universite de Bordeaux I, France."
6) Centre ORSTOMUF HydrobiologieOceanographie, Montpellier, France.
7) Naval Research Laboratory, USA.
8) X Pharos Scientific Ltd., U.K"
9) Dept. of Oceanography, University of Southampton, UK.
10) X TREDMAR Programme, UNESCO, France."
11) Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, France.
12) EscuelaTaller, "Marismas del Piedras", Spain.

N.B. X Full addresses, including coauthors are given at the end of each lesson."   +         p-p-p-  # &m     P 7b&P# 






The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Unesco Secretariat concerning the legal status
of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries.  The ideas and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the views of Unesco.
























Published in 1993
by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization,
7, Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
Printed in Unesco's workshops


 UNESCO 1993
Printed in France

This text and accompanying disks may
be copied for noncommercial,
educational purposes only.
The BILKO software may be used 
for the creation of lessons or other products
to be published in the present Marinf series
or otherwise in consultation with UNESCOTREDMAR.   +         p-p-p-  


   ^  a, Contentsă
   

Introductionp!"m 1

Networkingp!"m 3

Section 1:`	`	 Introductory Tutorial: the BILKO 1.3 Image Processing Softwarep!"m 7

Section 2:`	`	 Practical Lessons Using Marine and Coastal Image Data
  1: Imaging insitu biooptical and physical parameterspZ!"l 25
  2: Spatiotemporal evolution of coastal upwelling in the Senegalese and Mauritanian
  `	`	 littoralpZ!"l 35
  3: Variation of AVHRRderived sea surface temperature with satellite zenith anglespZ!"l 43
  4: Seasonal and yearly variation of surfacetemperature distributions in the North SeapZ!"l 51
  5: Analysis of the turbid plume of the Gironde Estuary (France) using SPOT datapZ!"l 65
  6: Detection of seasurface life with an Airborne Synthetic Aperture RadarpZ!"l 77
  7: Bathymetry prediction from satellite altimeter datapZ!"l 83
 

Appendices
  A: Contents of the floppy diskspZ!"l 91
  B: Contents of module 1 (MARINF/70), module 2 (MARINF/81) and module 3
  `	`	 (MARINF/83)pZ!"l 97
  C: Reply sheet for user response to UNESCOp "k 101
    y         g    I  z N    # c     P E37ApP# Marine and Coastal Image Data module 4y     "        p-p-p-  
     
 
    
     # &m     P 7b&P# 
   ^   a8 Introductionă


This is the fourth computerbased learning module prepared as part of UNESCO's Marine Science
Training and Education Programme (TREDMAR).  Like its predecessors, this volume contains
lessons which are based on the display of data in image form and call for its interpretation using a
simple image display software toolkit called BILKO.  The lessons are presented in this text; data and
software are supplied on the accompanying magnetic disks.  The first volume in the series, "Some
Marine Applications of Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing", was issued as MARINF/70 in July
1989, the second, "Applications of Marine Image Data", in February 1991 as MARINF/81, and the
   T m	 third, "Applications of Marine and Coastal Image Data from Satellite, Airborne and InSitu Sensors"
in February 1992 as MARINF/83.  The contents tables of these earlier modules are reproduced in
Appendix B.

With this booklet, the BILKO and lesson software is provided on 3" 1.4 Mb floppy disks for
personal computers which operate with MSDOS and are fitted with a colour monitor and graphics
adapter, preferably to VGA standard but at least to EGA standard.  The minimum RAM required to
run the lessons is 512 kb.  There have been no further developments of the image processing software
since the issue of Module 3: disk 1 contains BILKO version 1.3.  Full details of the software, the
programme commands and their use are given in the introductory tutorial, Section 1.  The full
contents of the disks are listed in Appendix A.

Seven new lessons have been provided by a number of authors.  These further extend the already
wide geographical and topical coverage provided in previous modules.  The first lesson is based on
   T ? insitu data in image form describing the variation of physical ocean parameters in depth and time at
mooring in the Sargasso Sea.  It demonstrates the utility of image display software for analysing and
interpreting any dense fields of data whether or not it is remotely sensed.  This particular lesson
provides detailed instructions on image manipulation and should provide a helpful starting place for
those who have not had experience with previous modules.  Four of the lessons are concerned with
satellite data.  Upwelling off the NorthEast African coast is studied using Meteosat images.  The
sediment discharge from the estuary of the Gironde in France into the Bay of Biscay (North Atlantic)
is revealed on images from the SPOT satellite.  The changing distribution of sea surface temperature
in the North Sea is presented using images derived from the AVHRR sensor.  This lesson uses a
display programme in addition to BILKO in order to show a sequence of images.  Another lesson,
using AVHRR data from the Indian Ocean, demonstrates the influence of satellite viewing angle on
the atmospheric contribution to the apparent temperature of the sea surface.  Remote sensing of
whales, tuna and fishing activity, using airborne imaging radar, is the subject of another lesson.  The
remaining lesson explores the interpretation of ocean geoidal data recovered from a satellite altimeter,
in terms of the underlying seabed bathymetry.

The present module results directly from feedback by recipients of the first three modules.  Having
found lessons of this type to be helpful for their own teaching in marine sciences, users now want to 
contribute their own lessons.  They have established an informal community whose members create
and share lessons using BILKO software as a common means of teaching.  A fuller description of the
user network, how it has evolved, and how the TREDMAR development team hope to see it evolve,
is presented in the Networking Section which follows this introduction.  That section raises a number
of questions.  Replies to these questions would greatly help the development team.  A reply sheet and
brief questionnaire to facilitate your response is sent out with each module: a copy of the reply sheet   (        p-@*@*@@  is also printed as Appendix C at the end of this volume.

As the informal network of users and producers of imagebased lessons grows, it is important that
those who wish to contribute a lesson communicate details via the reply sheet to UNESCO as soon
as possible.  All types of lessons are welcomed, provided they are based on data which makes use
of the BILKO software.  If you plan to write a lesson please note that Section 3 of Module 2 contains
a "Lesson for Lesson Creators" which provides guidance on the preparation of images and texts.  As
with most scientific educational literature, contributed lessons are subject to editorial review before
publication.  You should be aware that from Module 6 onwards, an increasing number of lessons will
be based on a new Windows version of Bilko.  Lessons written in the existing format will be readily
adapted, but the Windows lesson format will offer new opportunities for interactive lessons through
hypertext functions.  Authors wishing to find out more about these developments should respond in
the questionnaire.

It is our hope that recipients of this module will make copies of the disks for distribution to colleagues
and students.  Additional copies of the MARINF/90 text are available on request, by marking the last
item of the reply sheet.  The text may also be printed from disk in Word Perfect 5.1 format. 

   T 0 Just two conditions are attached to the copying and distribution of the material.  The first is that the
   T 	 material may not be sold.  The second is that recipients of this module, either the original or a
   T  copy, should fill in the reply sheet and return it to UNESCO, Paris, at the address indicated.  The
return of reply sheets enables us to know the extent to which Module 4 is reaching the community
for which it is intended, and helps us to identify new lesson material for future modules.  The reply
sheet is attached to the letter accompanying this module.  If you did not receive the accompanying
letter, please use a copy of Appendix C.   C        p-@*@*@@  # &m     P 7b&P# 
   ^   5a$ Networkingă


It is now ten years since the first memoranda on what has become the TREDMAR module project
were circulated.  They describe an initiative based on videodisks and compact disks whose objectives
were to make the skills of image interpretation accessible to students having no access to specialised
equipment, and to use the associated media to encourage excellence in teaching.

At this distance in time it is difficult to remember just how difficult were some of the early decisions,
now seen to be at the core of the project.  The use of the floppy disk was initially a stopgap measure
to allow the editing of lessons and subsequent trial distributions: the decision to write the basic
image-interpretation software, BILKO, was contrary to expert advice of the day.

Other decisions were seen as self evident: image-interpretation skills were too important to be left in
the hands of experts, so image-interpretation software must run on simple equipment making it
accessible to all; on its own the interpretation software would have been unusable, so it had to be
accompanied by lessons exemplifying its use; distribution should be free, so the copyright in all
material should be held by UNESCO; the production of lessons demonstrating excellence could be
sustained only by inputs from individuals with a wide range of experience and interests, so the
distribution of learning modules should be linked to the creation of a community whose members
would provide the input for future modules.

For those of us who have been involved with the project since its inception, it was a pleasure to
experience the warm reception accorded the first module and a relief to see the steady growth of the
small community of interested teachers and researchers as subsequent modules were published.  We
now have lessons from all five continents and the present module will be sent to not less than four
hundred institutions worldwide.  A small queue of lessons ensures the publication of further modules.

But more can be done, and our purpose in writing is to ask your help.  The project is open to
development along three broad lines which may be described as relating to access, excellence and
community.  All are asked to take part in this development, but key contributions will come from
those who teach their students using the lessons and offer their experience for the benefit of others.

Existing modules concentrate on the marine sciences, an historical coincidence that derives from  the
skills and enthusiasms of those who first set up the project, the constraints under which the original
BILKO software was written and the budgetary imperatives of the day.  It is now time to extend the
reach of the project to adjacent topics.  For this, it would be helpful to have the views of experts in
other fields.  Of particular interest would be assessments of the kind of lesson that could be written
with the existing software and the degree to which possibilities would be opened up by the provision
of additional features.  This could be done from UNESCO, essentially starting the project afresh in
new disciplines.  Much more effective, however, would be for those who use the existing lessons to
bring in friends and colleagues who work in adjacent disciplines and represent a good source for such
advice.

To promote excellence by example is a demanding task, but the reports on existing modules are good. 
Lessons, however, have not been subjected to the extensive student testing that is normally a
prominent feature in the development of computer-based lessons.  A Windows-based version of
BILKO, now being written, will make it possible to annotate the disc-based lessons with questions   (        p-@*@*@@  and modified text.  Students will be able to call up aditional commentaries, definitions, questions to
verify understanding of particular points...and so on.  A re-issue of earlier modules, using this
format, is now planned.  With the collaboration of the original authors this will, we hope, incorporate
many of the suggestions for improvement of lessons and the extension of software made in the
feedback reports received so far.  In the Windows format, teachers will be able to modify lessons for
their own purposes and to make these modifications available to others.

This is an important development.  We know that their experience in the classroom has led many
teachers to add their own questions and refinements to the published lessons.  Our objective is to
enrich existing lessons by pooling the knowledge which already exists in the network.  For this, we'd
like questions, descriptions of student projects, alternative images and alternative presentations. 
Please do not hesitate to send exercises, modifications or additional explanations which have worked
well with your students.  It is a simple matter to link optional text to the main lessons of the Windows
presentation, and we hope to add some hundreds of exercises to the published versions of existing
modules.

The community which surrounds this TREDMAR activity has grown steadily over the last few years. 
The first module was written by the founding group and distributed to colleagues known at UNESCO
to be interested in the teaching of marine sciences.  Recipients were asked to make copies freely
available to colleagues and students, and to consider writing a lesson for publication in a future
module.  The number, quantity and variety of the lessons received are evidence that the recipients are
not content merely to use the materials provided, but do indeed think it worth while to contribute to
this exercise in improving the quality of teaching.

Other important developments have taken place.  Module 5 is a Spanish initiative. Written initially
in Spanish and presented to the project in completed form for translation into English, the writing of
the module has brought about the creation of a Spanish-speaking sub-group within the BILKO-user
community.  A similar initiative is planned in India with, on this occasion, the creation of a regional
sub-group.  A separate initiative in the USA has been to use electronic mail to distribute the modules
and to set up a user group.

These spontaneous contributions show that the TREDMAR community has the strength to drive the
project, to determine its priorities and to operate as a network sustained by its own activity. To realise
such a condition would be a splendid culmination to the project.


   `	`	     David Blackburn -  pp2 Jesus Morales
   `	`	     Richard Callison -  pp2 Ian Robinson
   `	`	     Malcolm Dobson -  pp2 Dirk Troost.
    
 