Enfield, D. B., and L. Cid-Serrano, 2009: Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity. International Journal of Climatology., 28, in press. [PDF]
Guilyardi, E., A. Wittenberg, A. Fedorov, M. Collins, C. Wang, A. Capotondi, G. J. van Oldenborgh, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Understanding El Niño in ocean-atmosphere general circulation models: progress and challenges. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 90:325-340. [PDF]
Lee, S.-K., C. Wang, and B.E. Mapes, 2009: A simple atmospheric model of the local and teleconnection responses to tropical heating anomalies. Journal of Climate, 22(2):227-284. [PDF]
Perez, R. C., and W. S. Kessler, 2009. The three-dimensional structure of tropical cells in the central equatorial Pacific ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography., 39(1), 27-49. [PDF]
Schubert, S., D. Gutzler, H. Wang, A. Dai, T. Delworth, C. Deser, K. Findell, R. Fu, W. Higgins, M. Hoerling, B. Kirtman, R. Koster, A. Kumar, D. Legler, D. Lettenmaier, B. Lyon, V. Magana, K. Mo, S. Nigam, P. Pegion, A. Phillips, R. Pulwarty, D. Rind, A. Ruiz-Barradas, J. Schemm, R. Seager, R. Stewart, M. Suarez, J. Syktus, M. Ting, C. Wang, S. Weaver, and N. Zeng, 2009: A U.S. CLIVAR project to assess and compare the responses of global climate models to drought-related SST forcing patterns: Overview and results. Journal of Climate, submitted. [PDF]
Wang, C., S. Dong, and E. Munoz, 2009: Seawater density variations in the North Atlantic and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Climate Dynamics, in press. [PDF]
Wang, C., F. Kucharski, R. Barimalala, and A. Bracco, 2009: Teleconnections of the tropical Atlantic to the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans: A review of recent findings. Meteorologische Zeitschrift (Special Issue), in press. [PDF]
Wang, C. and S.-K. Lee, 2009: Reply to comment by Joseph J. Barsugli on "Global warming and United States landfalling hurricanes". Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L01706, doi:10.1029/2008GL035111. [PDF]
Bourles, B., R. Lumpkin, M. J. McPhaden, F. Hernandez, P. Nobre, E. Campos, L. Yu, S. Planton, A. J. Busalacchi, A. D. Moura, J. Servain and J. Trotte, 2008: The PIRATA program: History, Accomplishments, and Future Directions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(8), doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2462.1.
Johns , W.E., L.M. Beal, M.O. Baringer, J. Molina, S.A. Cunningham, T. Kanzow, and D. Rayner, 2008: Variability of shallow and deep western boundary currents off the Bahamas during 2004-2005: First results from the 26°N RAPID-MOC array. Journal of Physical Oceanography, in press.
Lavelle, J.W. and W.C. Thacker, 2008: A pretty good sponge: Dealing with open boundaries in limited-area ocean models. Ocean Modelling 20:270-292. [PDF]
Lee, S.-K., and C. Wang, 2008: Tropical Atlantic decadal oscillation and its potential impact on the equatorial atmosphere-ocean dynamics: A simple model study. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38:193-212. [PDF]
Lee, S.-K., D.B. Enfield, and C. Wang, 2008: Why do some El Niños have no impact on tropical North Atlantic SST? Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L16705, doi:10.1029/2008GL034734. [PDF]
Mainelli, M., M. DeMaria, L. Shay, and G. Goni, 2008. Application of oceanic heat content estimation to operational forecasting of recent Atlantic category 5 hurricanes. Weather and Forecasting, in press.
Thacker, W.C., 2008: Estimating Salinity between 25° and 45°S in the Atlantic Ocean Using Local Regression. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25:114-130. [PDF]
Wang, C., and S.-K. Lee 2008:, Global warming and United States landfalling hurricanes, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L02708, doi:10.1029/2007GL032396. [PDF]
Wang, C., S.-K. Lee, and D.B. Enfield, 2008: Atlantic warm pool acting as a link between Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q05V03,doi:10.1029/2007GC001809. (In the special issue of "Interactions between climate and tropical cyclones on all timescales".) [PDF]
Wang, C., S.-K. Lee, and D.B. Enfield, 2008: Climate response to anomalously large and small Atlantic warm pools during the summer. Journal of Climate, 21, 2437-2450. [PDF]
Baringer, M.O., and C.S. Meinen, 2007: Global oceans: The meridional overturning circulation and oceanic heat transport. In State of the Climate in 2006. A. Arguez, A.M. Waple, and A.M. Sanchez-Lugo (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(6):S38-S39.
Baringer, M.O., and S.L. Garzoli, 2007: Meridional heat transport determined with expendable bathythermographs, Part I: Error estimates from model and hydrographic data. Deep-Sea Research, Part 1, 54(8):1390-1401.
Cunningham, S.A., T. Kanzow, D. Rayner, M.O. Baringer, W.E. Johns, J. Marotzke, H.R. Longworth, E.M. Grant, J.J-M. Hirschi, L.M. Beal, C.S. Meinen, and L.H. Bryden, 2007: Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N. Science, 317(5840):935-938.
Dong, S., S.T. Gille, and J. Sprintall, 2007: An assessment of the Southern Ocean mixed layer heat budget. Journal of Climate, 20(17):4425-4442.
Garzoli, S.L., and M.O. Baringer, 2007: Meridional heat transport determined with expendable bathythermographs, Part II: South Atlantic transport. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 54(8):1402-1420.
Kanzow, T., S.A. Cunningham, D. Rayner, J.J.-M. Hirschi, W.E. Johns, M.O. Baringer, H.L. Bryden, L.M. Beal, C.S. Meinen, and J. Marotzke, 2007: Observed flow compensation associated with the MOC at 26.5°N in the Atlantic. Science, 317(5840):938-941.
Kelble, C.R., E.M. Johns, W.K. Nuttle, T.N. Lee, R.H. Smith, and P.B. Ortner, 2007: Salinity patterns of Florida Bay. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, 71(1-2):318-334.
Lee, S.-K., D.B. Enfield, and C. Wang, 2007: What drives seasonal onset and decay of the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool?. Journal of Climate, 20(10):2133-2146. [PDF]
Lee, T.N., E. Johns and P. Ortner, 2007: Chapter 4: Physical Processes, in Florida Bay Science Program: A Synthesis of Research on Florida Bay, J. Hunt (ed). Florida Marine Research Institute (FMRI), 41 pp.
Lumpkin, R., and G.J. Goni, 2007: Global oceans: Surface current observations. In State of the Climate in 2006, A. Arguez, A.M. Waple, and A.M. Sanchez-Lugo (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(6):S36-S37.
Lumpkin, R. and K. Speer, 2007: Global Ocean Meridional Overturning. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37:2550-2562.
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., D.B. Enfield, and C. Zhang, 2007: Water vapor fluxes over the Intra-Americas Sea: Seasonal and interannual variability and associations with rainfall. Journal of Climate, 20(9):1910-1922. [PDF]
Muñoz, E., A.J. Busalacchi, S. Nigam and A. Ruiz-Barradas, 2007: Winter and Summer Structure of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet. Journal of Climate, 21:1260-1276. [PDF]
Schmid C., R.L. Molinari, R. Sabina, Y.H. Daneshzadeh, X. Xia, E. Forteza, and H. Yang, 2007: The Real-Time Data Management System for Argo Profiling Float Observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 24(9):1608-1628.
Thacker, W.C., 2007: Data assimilation with inequality constraints. Ocean Modelling, 16(3-4):264-276. [PDF]
Thacker, W.C., 2007: Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature, Part 1: Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Marine Systems, 65(1-4):224-248. [PDF]
Thacker, W.C., and L.R. Sindlinger, 2007: Estimating salinity to complement observed temperature: 2. Northwestern Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems, 65:249-267. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2007: Variability of the Caribbean low-level jet and its relations to climate. Climate Dynamics, 29:411-422. [PDF]
Wang, C., and S.-K. Lee, 2007: Atlantic warm pool, Caribbean low-level jet, and their potential impact on Atlantic hurricanes. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L02703, doi:10.1029/2006GL028579. [PDF]
Wang, C., S.-K. Lee, and D. B. Enfield, 2007: Impact of the Atlantic warm pool on the summer climate of the Western Hemisphere. Journal of Climate, 20:5021-5040. [PDF]
Ayina, L.-H., A. Bentamy, A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, and G. Madec, 2006: The impact of satellite winds and latent heat fluxes in a numerical simulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate, 19(22):5889-5902. [PDF]
Baringer, M.O., and C.S Meinen, 2006: Global oceans: Thermohaline circulation. In State of the Climate in 2005, K.A. Shein, A.M. Waple, H.J. Diamond, and J.M. Levy (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(6):S27-S28.
Casal, T.G.D., L.M. Beal, and R. Lumpkin, 2006: A North Atlantic deep-water eddy in the Agulhas Current system. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 53(10):1718-1728.
Enfield, D.B., and L. Cid-Serrano, 2006: Projecting the risk of future climate shifts. Int'l J. of Climatology, 26(7):885-895. [PDF]
Enfield, D.B, S.-K. Lee, and C. Wang, 2006: How are large Western Hemisphere Warm Pools formed? Progress in Oceanography, 70(2-4):346-365. [PDF]
Lavin, M.F., P.C. Fiedler, J.A. Amador, L.T. Ballance, J. Farber-Lorda, and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 2006: A review of eastern tropical Pacific oceanography: Summary. Progress in Oceanography, 69(2-4)391-398.
Lee, T.N., E.M. Johns, N. Melo, R.H. Smith, P.B. Ortner, and N. Smith, 2006: On Florida Bay hypersalinity and water exchange. Bulletin of Marine Science, 79(2):301-327.
Lentini C., G. Goni and D. Olson, 2006: Investigation of Brazil Current rings in the confluence region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(C6):C06013,doi:10.1029/2005JC002988.
Lumpkin, R., and G.J. Goni, 2006: Global oceans: Surface currents. In State of the Climate in 2005. K.A. Shein, A.M. Waple, H.J. Diamond, and J.M. Levy (eds.). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(6):S25-S26.
Lumpkin, R., and M.C. Pazos, 2006: Measuring surface currents with Surface Velocity Program drifters: The instrument, its data, and some recent results. In Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics, A. Griffa, A.D. Kirwan, A.J. Mariano, T. Ozgokmen, and T. Rossby (eds.). Cambridge University Press.
Meinen, C.S., M.O. Baringer, and S.L. Garzoli, 2006: Variability in Deep Western Boundary Current transports: Preliminary results from 26.5°N in the Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(17):L17610, doi:10.1029/2006GL026965.
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., A. Bentamy, and K.B. Katsaros, 2006: Seasonal and El Niño variability in weekly satellite evaporation over the global ocean during 1996-1998. Journal of Climate, 19(10):2025-2035. [PDF]
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., and A.J. Miller, 2006: Interdecadal variability and climate change in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69(2-4)267-284. [PDF]
Mooers, C.N.K., H.-S. Kang, I. Bang, and D.P. Snowden, 2006: Some lessons learned from comparisons of numerical simulations and observations of the JES circulation. Oceanography, 19(3):86-95.
Morris, V., P. Clemente-Colon, N.R. Nalli, E. Joseph, R.A. Armstrong, Y. Detres, M.D. Goldberg, P.J. Minnett, and R. Lumpkin, 2006: Measuring trans-Atlantic aerosol transport from Africa. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 87(50):565-571.
Pelegri, J.L., J.H. Churchill, A.D. Kirwan, Jr., S.-K. Lee, R.E. Munn and N.R. Pettigrew, 2006: Gabriel T. Csanady: Understanding the physics of the ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 70(2-4):91-112.
Sun, W., M. Cetin, W.C. Thacker, T.M. Chin, and A.S. Willsky, 2006: Variational Approaches on Discontinuity Localization and Field Estimation in Sea Surface Temperature and Soil Moisture. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44:336-350.
Tracey, K.L., D.R. Watts, C.S. Meinen, and D.S. Luther, 2006: Synoptic maps of temperature and velocity within the Subantarctic Front south of Australia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(C10):C10016, doi:1029/2005JC002905.
Wang, C., 2006: An overlooked feature of tropical climate: Inter-Pacific-Atlantic variability. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L12702, doi:10.1029/2006GL026324. [PDF]
Wang, C., D.B. Enfield, S.-K. Lee, and C.W. Landsea, 2006: Influences of the Atlantic warm pool on Western Hemisphere summer rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. Journal of Climate, 19:3011-3028. [PDF]
Wang, C., and P.C. Fiedler, 2006: ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography, 69:239-266. [PDF]
Wang, C., W. Wang, D. Wang, and Q. Wang, 2006: Interannual variability of the South China Sea associated with El Nino. Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans), 111, C03023, doi:10.1029/2005JC003333. [PDF]
Wang, W., and C. Wang, 2006: Formation and decay of the spring warm pool in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L02615, doi:10.1029/2005GL025097. [PDF]
Ansorge I., S. Speich, J. Lutjeharms, G. Goni, C. Rautenback, P. Froneman and S. Garzoli, 2005: Monitoring the oceanic flow between Africa and Antarctica: Report of the first Good Hope cruise. South African Journal of Science, 101(3-4):29-35.
Enfield, D.B, and S.-K. Lee, 2005: The Heat Balance of the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool. Journal of Climate, 18:2662-2681. [PDF]
Goes, M., R.L. Molinari, I. da Silveira, and I. Wainer, 2005: Retroflections of the North Brazil Current during February 2002. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 52(4):647-667.
Hu, C., F.E. Muller-Karger, C. Taylor, K.L. Carder, C. Kelble, E. Johns, and C. A. Heil, 2005: Red tide detection and tracing using MODIS fluorescence data: A regional example in SW Florida coastal waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 97(3):311-321.
Hu, C., J.R. Nelson, E. Johns, Z. Chen, R.H. Weisberg, and F.E. Muller-Karger, 2005: Mississippi River water in the Florida Straits and in the Gulf Stream off Georgia in summer 2004. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(14):L14606, doi:10.1029/2005GL022942.
Kang, H.S. and C.N.K. Mooers, 2005: Diagnoses of water mass subduction/formation/transformation in the Japan (East) Sea. Deep Sea Research II, 52:1505-1524.
Kim, D-O., K. Lee, S.-D. Choi, H.S. Kang, J.-J. Zhang and Y.-S Chang, 2005: Determination of the diapycnal diffusion rates in the upper thermocline in the North Atlantic Ocean using sulfur hexafluoride. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C100010, doi:10.1029/2004JC002835.
Lee, S.-K., D.B. Enfield, and C. Wang, 2005: Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiments on the annual cycle of Western Hemisphere Warm Pool. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C09004, doi:10.1029/2004JC002640. [PDF]
Legeais, J.-F., S. Speich, M. Arhan, I. Ansorge, E. Fahrbach, S.L. Garzoli, and A. Klepikov, 2005: The baroclinic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of Africa. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(24):L24602, doi:10.1029/2005GL023271.
Lumpkin, R. and Z. Garraffo, 2005: Evaluating the decomposition of tropical Atlantic drifter observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 22(9):1403-1415.
Lumpkin, R. and S.L. Garzoli, 2005: Near-surface circulation in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I, (52):495-518. [PDF]
Meinen, C.S., 2005: Meridional extent and interannual variability of the Pacific Ocean tropical-subtropical warm water exchange. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35(3):323-335.
Meinen, C.S., 2005: Temporal sampling: How many sections are needed to quantify the mean transport and structure of a meandering current? Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 22(4):476-489.
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., C. Zhang and D.B. Enfield, 2005: Uncertainties in Estimating Moisture Fluxes in the Intra-Americas Sea. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6:696-709. [PDF]
Mooers C.N.K., C.S. Meinen, M.O. Baringer, I. Bang, R. Rhodes, C. N. Barron, and F. Bub., 2005: Cross Validating Ocean Prediction and Monitoring Systems. EOS, 86(29):269,272-273.
Perez, R. C., D. B. Chelton, and R. N. Miller, 2005. The effects of wind forcing and background mean currents on the latitudinal structure of equatorial Rossby waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography., 35(5), 666-682. [PDF]
Schmid, C., 2005: On the impact of combining temperature profiles from different instruments on an analysis of mixed layer properties. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 22(10):1571-1587. [PDF]
Schmid, C., B. Bourlés and Y. Gouriou, 2005: Impact of the deep equatorial jets on the zonal transport in the Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II, 52(3-4):409-428. [PDF]
Shoosmith, D.R., M.O. Baringer, and W.E. Johns, 2005: A continuous record of Florida Current temperature transport at 27°N. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(23):L23603.
Shaji, C., C. Wang, G.R. Halliwell, and A. Wallcraft, 2005: Simulation of tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans using a HYbrid coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modelling, 9:253-282. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2005: ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the Walker and Hadley circulations. In: The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past, and Future. H.F. Diaz and R.S. Bradley, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 173-202. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2005: Subthermocline tropical cells and equatorial subsurface countercurrents. Deep-Sea Research I, 52:123-135. [PDF]
Wang, D., C. Wang, X. Yang, and J. Lu, 2005: Winter Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature variability associated the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L16706, doi:10.1029/2005GL022952. [PDF]
Chave, A.D., D.S. Luther, and C.S. Meinen, 2004: Correction of motional electrical field measurements for galvanic distortion. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 21(2):317-330.
Fonseca, C., G.J. Goni, W. Johns, and E. Campos., 2004: Investigation of the North Brazil Current retroflection and North Equatorial Countercurrent variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(21):L21304, doi:10.1029/2004GL020054.
Garzoli, S.L., A. Ffield, W.E. Johns, and Q. Yao, 2004: North Brazil Current retroflection and transports. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(C1):1013, doi:10.1029/ 2003JC001775.
Hansell, D.A., H.W. Ducklow, A.M. Macdonald, and M.O. Baringer, 2004: Metabolic poise in the North Atlantic Ocean diagnosed from organic matter transports. Limnology and Oceanography, 49(4):1084-1094.
Hu, C., F.E. Muller-Karger, G.A. Vargo, M.B. Neely, and E. Johns, 2004: Linkages between coastal runoff and the Florida Keys ecosystem: A study of a dark plume event. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(15):L15307, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020382.
Meinen, C.S., S.L. Garzoli, W.E. Johns, and M.O. Baringer., 2004: Transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current and the Antilles Current off Abaco Island, Bahamas. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 51(11):1397-1415.
Molinari, R.L., 2004: Annual and decadal variability in the western subtropical North Atlantic: Signal characteristics and sampling methodologies. Progress in Oceanography, 62(1):33-66.
Thacker, W.C., S.-K. Lee, and G.R. Halliwell, 2004: Assimilating 20 years of Atlantic XBT data into HYCOM: A first look. Ocean Modelling, 7(1-2):183-210.
Wang, C., and J. Picaut, 2004: Understanding ENSO physics -- A review. In: Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. A. Carton, Eds., AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 147:21-48. [PDF].
Wang, C., S.-P. Xie, and J. A. Carton, 2004: A global survey of ocean-atmosphere interaction and climate variability. In: Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J. A. Carton, Eds., AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 147:1-19. [PDF].
Bentamy, A.,K.B. Katsaros, A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, W.M. Drennan, E.B. Forde, and H. Roquet, 2003: Satellite estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux over the global oceans. Journal of Climate, 16:637-656. [PDF].
Boebel, O., J. R. E. Lutjeharms, C. Schmid, W. Zenk, T. Rossby, and C. Barron, 2003: The Cape Cauldron: A regime of turbulent interocean exchange. Deep-Sea Research II, 50(1):57-86. [PDF].
Brenes, C.L., J.E. Coen, D.B. Chelton, D.B. Enfield, S. León, and D. Ballestero, 2003: Small scale wind driven upwelling in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Intl. J. of Remote Sensing, 24:1127-1133. [PDF]
Esenkov, O.E., D.B. Olson, and R. Bleck, 2003: A study of the circulation and salinity budget of the Arabian Sea with an isopycnic coordinate ocean model. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 50(12-13):2091-2110
Franca, C., I. Wainer, A.R. de Mesquita, and G.J. Goni, 2003: Planetary equatorial trapped waves in the Atlantic Ocean from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 213-232.
Garraffo, Z.D., W.E. Johns, E.P. Chassignet, and G.J. Goni, 2003: North Brazil Current rings and transport of southern waters in a high resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 375-409.
Garzoli, S.L., A. Ffield, and Q. Yao, 2003: North Brazil Current rings and the variability in the latitude of the retroflection. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 357-373
Garzoli, S.L., J. Servain, 2003: CLIVAR workshop on tropical Atlantic variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(5):8001, doi:10.1029/2002GL016823
Goni, G.J., and J.A. Trinanes, 2003: Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 84(51):573-578 (2003).
Goni, G.J., and W.E. Johns, 2003: Synoptic study of warm rings in the North Brazil Current retroflection region using satellite altimetry. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 335-356.
Halliwell, G.R., R.H. Weisberg, and D.A. Mayer, 2003: A synthetic float analysis of upper-limb meridional overturning circulation interior ocean pathways in the tropical/subtropical Atlantic. In Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 93-136.
Johns, W.E., R.J. Zantopp, and G.J. Goni, 2003: Cross-gyre transport by North Brazil Current rings. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 411-441.
Katsaros, K.B., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, A. Bentamy, and E.B. Forde, 2003: Wind bursts and enhanced evaporation in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 463-474.
Lumpkin, R., 2003: Decomposition of surface drifter observations in the Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 0(14):1753, doi:10.1029/2003GL017519
Lumpkin, R., and K. Speer, 2003: Large-scale vertical and horizontal circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 3(9):1902-1920.
Macdonald, A.M., M.O. Baringer, R. Wanninkhof, K. Lee, and D.W.R. Wallace, 2003: A 1998-1992 comparison of inorganic carbon and its transport across 24.5°N in the Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 50(22-26):3041-3064.
Mayer, D.A., M.O. Baringer, and G.J. Goni, 2003: Comparison of hydrographic and altimeter based estimates of sea level height variability in the Atlantic Ocean. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 23-48.
Meinen, C.S., and D.S. Luther, 2003: Comparison of methods of estimating mean synoptic current structure in "stream coordinates" reference frames with an example from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 50(2):201-220.
Meinen, C.S., D.S. Luther, D.R. Watts, A.D. Chave, and K.L. Tracey, 2003: Mean stream coordinates structure of the Subantarctic Front: Temperature, salinity, and absolute velocity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 08(C8):3263, doi:10.1029/2002JC001545.
Molinari, R.L., and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 2003: North Atlantic decadal variability and the formation of tropical storms and hurricanes.Geophysical Research Letters, 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL016462. [PDF]
Molinari, R.L., S. Bauer, D.P. Snowden, G.C. Johnson, B. Bourles, Y. Gouriou, and H. Mercier, 2003: A comparison of kinematic evidence for tropical cells in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 269-286.
Richardson, P.L. and S.L. Garzoli, 2003: Characteristics of intermediate water flow in the Benguela current as measured with RAFOS floats. Deep Sea Research II, 50(1): 87-118. [PDF]
Schmid, C., O. Boebel, W. Zenk, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, S. L. Garzoli, P. L. Richardson, and C. Barron, 2003: Early evolution of an Agulhas Ring. Deep-Sea Research II, 50(1):141-166. [PDF]
Schmid, C., Z. D. Garraffo, E. Johns, and S. L. Garzoli, 2003: Pathways and Variability at intermediate depths in the tropical Atlantic. ed. by G. J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli. Elsevier Oceanography Series,, 68:233-268. [PDF]
Schott, F.A., M. Dengler, P. Brandt, K. Affler, J. Fischer, B. Bourles, Y. Gouriou, R.L. Molinari, and M. Rhein, 2003: The zonal currents and transports at 35°W in the tropical Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(7):1349, doi:10.1029/2002GL016849.
Snowden, D.P., and R.L. Molinari, 2003: Subtropical cells in the Atlantic Ocean: An observational summary. In: Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G.J. Goni and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli (eds.). Elsevier Oceanography Series, 68 (ISBN 0444512675), 287-312.
Thacker, W.C., 2003: Data-model-error compatibility. Ocean Modelling, 5(3):233-247.
Trinanes, J.A., and G.J. Goni, 2003: Implementation of a multi-scale system for environmental data distribution. In Remote Sensing of Fisheries and Prediction of Toxic Tides, F. Pose (ed.). Institute of University Studies, Spain, 79-111.
Wang, C. and D.B. Enfield, 2003: A further study of the tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool. Journal of Climate, 16:1476-1493. [PDF]
Bauer, S., M.S. Swenson, and A. Griffa, 2002: Eddy mean flow decomposition and eddy diffusivity estimates in the tropical Pacific Ocean: 2. Results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 07(C10):3154, doi:10.1029/2000JC000613
Chereskin, T.K., W.D. Wilson, and L.M. Beal, 2002: The Ekman temperature and salt fluxes at 8°30'N in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 southwest monsoon. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 49(7-8):1211-1230.
Esenkov, O.E., and D.B. Olson, 2002: A numerical study of the Somali coastal undercurrents. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 49(7-8):1253-1277.
Goni, G.J., and M.O. Baringer, 2002: Surface currents in the tropical Atlantic across high density XBT line AX08. Geophysical Research Letters, 9(24):2218 ,doi:10.1029/2002GL015873
Hendry, R.M., D.R. Watts, and C.S. Meinen, 2002: Newfoundland Basin sea level variability from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry and inverted echo sounder/bottom pressure measurements. Canadian J. Remote Sensing, 28(4):544-555.
Johns, W.E., T.L. Townsend, D.M. Fratantoni, and W.D. Wilson, 2002: On the Atlantic inflow to the Caribbean Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 49(2):211-243 (2002).
Jury, M.R., D.B. Enfield, and J.-L. Melice, 2002: Tropical monsoons around Africa: Stability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation associations and links with continental climate. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(C10), 3151, doi:10.1029/2000JC000507. [PDF]
Meinen, C.S, and D.S. Luther, 2002: Mooring Motion when the Pressure Sensors Fail: A Method Employing Inverted Echo Sounders. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19(9):1451-1460.
Meinen, C.S, D.S. Luther, D.R. Watts, K.L. Tracey, A.D. Chave, and J. Richman, 2002: Combining inverted echo sounder and horizontal electric field recorder measurements to obtain absolute velocity profiles. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 19(10):1653-1644.
Nogues-Paegle, J., C.R. Mechoso, R. Fu, E.H. Berbery, W.C. Chao, T.-C. Chen, K. Cook, A.F. Diaz, D.B. Enfield, R. Ferreira, A.M. Grimm, V. Kousky, B. Liebmann, J. Marengo, K. Mo, J.D. Neelin, J. Paegle, A.W. Robertson, A. Seth, C.S. Vera, and J. Zhou, 2002: Progress in Pan American CLIVAR research: Understanding the South American monsoon. Meteorologica, 27(1-2):3-32.
Seki, M.P., R. Lumpkin, and P. Flament, 2002: Hawaii cyclonic eddies blue marlin catches: The case study of the 1995 Hawaiian International Billfish Tournament. Journal f Oceanography, 58(5):739-745.
Taylor, M.A., D.B. Enfield, and A.A. Chen, 2002: The influence of the tropical Atlantic vs. the tropical Pacific on Caribbean Rainfall. Journal of Geophysical Research,, 107(c9)10.1029/2001JC001097. [PDF]
Thacker, W.C. and O.E. Esenkov, 2002: Assimilating XBT data into HYCOM. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 9(5):709-724. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2002: Atlantic climate variability and its associated atmospheric circulation cells. Journal of Climate, 15:1516-1536. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2002: Atmospheric circulation cells associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 15:399-419. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2002: ENSO and atmospheric circulation cells. CLIVAR Exchanges, 7:9-11. [PDF]
Wilson, D.W., W.E. Johns, and S.L. Garzoli, 2002: Velocity structure of North Brazil Current rings. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(8):10.1029/2001GL013869. [PDF]
Baringer, M. O. and J. Larsen, 2001: Sixteen Years of Florida Current Transport at 27N. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 16, 3179-3182.
Campos, E., A. Busalacchi, S.L. Garzoli, J. Lutjeharms, R. Matano, P. Nobre, D.B. Olson, A. Piola, C. Tanajura, and I. Wainer, 2002: Important aspects of the South Atlantic to the understanding of the global climate. In Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century: A Strategy for Global Ocean Observations, C.J. Koblinsky and N.R. Smith (eds.). GODAE Project Office, 20 pp.
Enfield, D.B., 2001: Evolution and historical perspective of the 1997-1998 El Niño- Southern Oscillation event. Bull. Marine Science, 69(1): 7-25. [PDF]
Enfield, D.B. and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 2001: Interannual-to-multidecadal climate variability and its relationship to global sea surface temperatures. In: Inter-Hemispheric Climate Linkages, V.Markgraf (ed.), Academic Press, 17-29. [PDF]
Enfield, D.B., A.M. Mestas-Nunez, and P.J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophysical Research Letters, 28: 2077-2080. [PDF]
Garzoli, S.L. and R.L. Molinari, 2001: Ageostrophic transport in the upper layers of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 28:4619-4622. [PDF]
Goldenberg, S.B., C.W. Landsea, A.M. Mestas-Nuñez and W.M. Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity : Causes and implications. Science, 293(5529):474-479. [PDF]
Goni, G.J. and W.E. Johns, 2001: A Census of North Brazil Current Rings Observed from TOPEX/POSEIDON Altimetry: 1992-1998. Geophysical Research Letters, 28:1-4. [PDF]
Goni, G.J. and I. Wainer, 2001: Investigation of the Brazil Current front variability from altimeter data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106:31117-31128. [PDF]
Lee, T.N., E. Williams, E. Johns, W.D. Wilson, and N.P. Smith, 2001: Transport processes linking south Florida coastal ecosystems. In The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook, K.G. Porter and J.W. Porter (eds.). CRC Press (ISBN 0849320267), 309-342.
Lindeman, K.C., T.N. Lee, W.D. Wilson, R. Claro, and J.S. Ault, 2001: Transport of larvae originating in southwest Cuba and the Dry Tortugas: Evidence for partial retention in grunts and snappers. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 52:732-747.
Macdonald, A. M., M. O. Baringer and A. Ganachaud, 2001: Heat Transport and Climate. In: Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe and K. K. Turekian (eds), London, UK, Academic Press, 2, 1195-1206.
Mayer, D.A., R.L. Molinari, M.O. Baringer, and G.J. Goni, 2001: Transition regions and their role in the relationship between sea surface height and subsurface temperature structure in the Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 28:3943-3946. [PDF]
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M and D.B. Enfield, 2001: Eastern Equatorial Pacific SST Variability: ENSO and Non-ENSO Components and their Climatic Associations. Journal of Climate, 14:391-402. [PDF]
Ochoa, J., J. Sheinbaum, A. Badan, J. Candela, and W.D. Wilson, 2001: Geostrophy via potential vorticity inversion in the Yucatan Channel. Journal of Marine Research, 59(5):725-747.
Rizzoli, P., A. Busalacchi, R. Fine, J. McCreary, R.L. Molinari, and F. Schott, 2001: Meeting summary: CLIVAR workshop on shallow tropical-subtropical overturning cells (STCs) and their interaction with the atmosphere: Venice, Italy, 9-13 October 2000. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82(12):2815-2816.
Sainz-Trapaga S., G. Goni, T. Sugimoto, 2001: Identification of the Kuroshio Extension and its Northern Branch from Altimeter and Hydrographic Data During November 1992 - August 1999: Mesoscale Dynamics and Variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1759-1762.
Schmid, C., R.L. Molinari, and S.L. Garzoli, 2001: New observations of the intermediate depth circulation in the tropical Atlantic. Journal of Marine Research, 59(2):281-312. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2001: A unified oscillator model for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 14:98-115. [PDF]
Wang, C., 2001: On the ENSO mechanisms. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 18:674-691. [PDF]
Wang, C. and D.B. Enfield, 2001: The tropical Western Hemisphere warm pool. Geophysical Research Letters, 28:1635-1638. [PDF]
Wang, C. and R. H. Weisberg, 2001: Ocean circulation influences on SST in the equatorial central Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106:19515-19526. [PDF]
Waworuntu J.W., S.L. Garzoli and D. Olson. Dynamics of the Makassar Strait, Journal of Marine Research, 59:313-325. [PDF]
Beal, L.M., R.L. Molinari, T.K. Chereskin, and P.E. Robbins, 2000: Reversing bottom circulation in the Somali Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(16):2565-2568.
Cushman-Roisin, B., O.E. Esenkov, and B.J. Mathias, 2000: A particle-in-cell-method for the solution of two-layer shallow-water equations. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Fluids, 32(5):515-543.
Enfield, D.B. and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 2000: Global modes of ENSO and non-ENSO SST variability and their associations with climate. In: El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts, H.F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, eds,Cambridge University Press, 89-112. [PDF]
Ffield, A., K. Vranes, A.L. Gordon, R.D. Susanto, and S.L. Garzoli, 2000: Temperature variability within the Makassar Strait. Geophysical Research Letters, 27:237-240. [PDF]
Garzoli, S.L., and G.J. Goni, 2000: Combining altimeter observations and oceanographic data for ocean circulation and climate studies. In Satellites, Oceanography, and Society, D. Halpern (ed.). Elsevier Oceanographic Series, 63 (ISBN 0-444-50501-6),79-95.
Kelly, P.S., K.M.M. Lwiza, R.K. Cowen, and G.J. Goni, 2000: Low-salinity pools at Barbados, West Indies: Their origin, frequency, and variablility. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105:19699-19708. [PDF]
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M, 2000: Orthogonality properties of rotated empirical modes. International Journal of Climatology, 20:1509-1516. [PDF]
Molinari, R.L., and J.F. Festa, 2000: Effect of subjective choices on the objective analysis of sea surface temperature data in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Oceanologica Acta,23(1):3-14.
Schmid, C., G.W. Siedler, and W. Zenk, 2000: Dynamics of Intermediate Water Circulation in the Subtropical South Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30:3191-3211. html and Compressed PS formats.
Shay, L.K., G.J. Goni, and Schmid, C. P.G. Black, 2000: Effects of Warm Oceanic Features on Hurricane Opal. Monthly Weather Review, 128:131-148. [PDF]
Wainer, I., P. Gent, and G.J. Goni, 2000: Annual cycle of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence region in the National Center for Atmospheric Research climate system model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 05(C11):26,167-26,177.
Wang, C., 2000: On the Atmospheric responses to tropical Pacific heating during the mature phase of El Niño. J. Atmos. Sci., 57:3767-3781. [PDF]
Wang, C. and R.H. Weisberg, 2000: The 1997-98 El Niño evolution relative to previous El Niño events. Journal of Climate, 13:488-501. [PDF]
Wilson, W.D., nd K.D. Leaman, 2000: Transport pathways through the Caribbean: The tropical origins of the Gulf Stream. Current, 16(1):14-18.
Baringer, M.O., and J.F. Price, 1999: A review of the physical oceanography of the Mediterranean Outflow. Marine Geology, 155(1-2):63-82.
Baringer, M.O., and R.L. Molinari, 1999: Atlantic Ocean baroclinic heat flux at 24-26°N. Geophysical Research Letters 26(3):353-356.
Boebel, O., C. Schmid,and W. Zenk, 1999: Kinematic elements of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the western South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 46(1-2):355-392.
Boebel O., C. Schmid, G. Podesta, and W. Zenk, 1999: Intermediate water in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone: A Lagrangian view. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C9):21,063-21,082.
Boebel, O., R.E. Davis, M. Ollitrault, R.G. Peterson, P.L. Richardson, C. Schmid, and W. Zenk, 1999: Direct observations of the western South Atlantic intermediate depth circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(21):3329-3332.
Bourles, B., R.L. Molinari, E. Johns, W.D. Wilson, and K.D. Leaman, 1999: Upper layer currents in the western tropical North Atlantic (1989-1991). Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C1):1361-1376.
Enfield, D.B. and E.J. Alfaro, 1999: The Dependence of Caribbean Rainfall on the Interaction of the Tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Journal of Climate, 12:2093-2103. [PDF]
Enfield, D.B. and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 1999: Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns. Journal of Climate, 12:2719-2733. [PDF]
Enfield, D.B., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, D.A. Mayer, and L. Cid-Serrano, 1999: How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures? J. Geophys. Res., 104:7841-7848. [PDF]
Esenkov, O.E., and B. Cushman-Roisin, 1999: Modeling of two-layer eddies and coastal flows with a particle method. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C5):10,959-10,980.
Garzoli, S.L., P.L. Richardson, C.M. Duncombe Rae, D.M. Fratantoni, G.J. Goni, and A.J. Roubicek,1999: Three Agulhas rings observed during the Benguela Current Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C9):20,971-20,986.
Goni, G.J., 1999: Transport estimates of the Kuroshio Current from satellite altimeter data. In Ecosystem Dynamics of the Kuroshio Oyashio Transition Region, M. Terazaki, K. Ohtani, T. Sugimoto, and Y. Watanabe (eds.). Japan Marine Science Foundation, Tokyo, 1-8.
Hansen, D.V. and W.C. Thacker, 1999: Estimation of salinity profiles in the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 104:7921-7848. [PDF]
Johns, E., W.D. Wilson, and R.L. Molinari, 1999: Direct observations of velocity and transport in the passages between the Intra-Americas Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, 1984-1996. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(C11):25,805-25,820.
Landsea, C.W., R.A. Pielke, Jr., A.M. Mestas-Nunez and J.A. Knaff, 1999: Atlantic basin hurricanes: Indices of climatic changes. Climatic Change, 42: 89-129. HTML
Mestas-Nuñez, A.M and D.B. Enfield, 1999: Rotated global modes of non-ENSO sea surface temperature variability. Journal of Climate, 12:2734-2746. Available on line in [PDF]
Molinari, R.L., 1999: Lessons learned from operating global ocean observing networks. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 80(7):1413-1420.
Molinari, R.L., S.L. Garzoli, and R.W. Schmitt, 1999: Equatorial currents at 1000 m in the Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(3):361-364
Rodbell, D.T., G.O. Seltzer, D.M. Anderson, M.B. Abbott, D.B. Enfield, and J.H. Newman, 1999: A high-resolution ~15,000 year record of El Niño driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador. Science, 283:516-520. [PDF]
Swenson, M.S., and D.V. Hansen, 1999: Tropical Pacific Ocean mixed layer heat budget: The Pacific cold tongue. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29(1):69-82.
Thacker, W.C., 1999: Principal predictors. International Journal of Climatology, 19(8):821-834.
Wang, C., R.H. Weisberg, and J.I. Virmani, 1999: Western Pacific interannual variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 104(C3):5131-5149. [PDF]
Wang, C., R.H. Weisberg, and H. Yang, 1999: Effects of the Wind Speed-Evaporation-SST Feedback on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 12:1391-1403. [PDF]
Other Publications:
Kourafalou, V.H., R.S. Balotro, G. Peng, T.N. Lee, E. Johns, P.B. Ortner, A. Wallcraft, and T. Townsend, 2006: Seasonal variability of circulation and salinity around Florida Bay and the Florida Keys: SoFLA-HYCOM results and comparison to in-situ data. University of Miami Technical Report, RSMAS 2006-04, 102 pp.
Mestas-Nuñez A.M. and D. B. Enfield, 2003: Investigation of Intra-seasonal to Multi-decadal Variability in South Florida Rainfall. Report prepared for the South Florida Water Management District under contract C-10806.
Cruise Report: Subtropical Cells 1
R/V Oceanus
Cruise No. OC 365-4
March 5 - 25, 2001
Cruise Report: Tropical Atlantic PALACE deployment cruise
R/V Seward Johnson
Cruise No. 2000-01
January 10 - 26, 2000
COSTA Report
Report on the COSTA (Climate Observing System for the Tropical Atlantic)
Workshop
held in Miami at AOML
May 4-7, 1999
Cruise Report: North Brazil Current Rings Experiment
R/V Seward Johnson
Cruise No. 9808
November 7 - December 11, 1998
Atlantic Climate
Variability Report
Proceedings from a Meeting on Atlantic Climate
Variability
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
September 24-26, 1997
Cruise Report from SJ9703: The cruise SJ9703, conducted during the summer of 1997 aboard the R/V Seward Johnson, represents one of NOAA's contributions to the Atlantic Circulation and Climate Experiment (ACCE). [PDF]
Daneshzadeh, Y.C., Festa, J.F., Molinari, R.L., 1996, Quality Control of XBT Data Collected in the Atlantic Ocean
Daneshzadeh, Y.C., Festa, J.F., Minton, 1994, Procedures Used at AOML to Quality Control Real Time XBT Data Collected in the Atlantic Ocean, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL AOML-78.