A. Program Summary and Statement of Objectives

This cruise is designed to support research sponsored by the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program under: (i) The Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (OACES); and (ii) the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) repeat hydrography program. The OACES objective is to determine the fluxes of CO₂ in the North Atlantic during the winter. A baseline of total carbon inventory in this region will be established such that the uptake rate of atmospheric CO₂ can be determined in future cruises. The objective of the WOCE (repeat) hydrography component is to understand the general circulation of the global ocean well enough to be able to model its present state and predict its evolution.

B. Overview of Cruise and Itinerary

The cruise will consist of a leg originating in Miami, Florida on January 8, 1998 and arriving in Las Palmas, Canary Islands on January 21, 1998, and a leg returning from Las Palmas, Canary Islands on January 23, 1998 and arriving into Charleston, South Carolina on February 24, 1998. During the first leg, studies will concentrate on underway upper water column measurements for the OACES and ACCP programs including XBTs, shipboard ADCP and underway CO₂ measurements. The return leg will include over 120 full water column stations with CTD/LADCP data and water samples collected for a full suite of carbon parameters, nutrients, and other chemical species.

The carbon measurements on the cruise can be operationally separated into two components:

(1) Measurement of the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), in the surface water, and the biogeochemical and physical components controlling the pCO₂.

(2) Determination of the carbon inventory in the water column and the potential uptake capacity of the ocean by measuring the total dissolved inorganic CO₂ (DIC), stable carbon isotopes, alkalinity, chlorofluorocarbons (freons), dissolved organic carbon, pCO₂, nutrients, oxygen, and pH of the water.

Underway systems will measure temperature, salinity (by TSG), pCO₂, TCO₂, pH, nitrate, and "chlorophyll" by fluorometry on a continuous basis. With these measurements we will map the source and sink regions of CO₂ in the ocean and distinguish which factors influence the pCO₂ of the surface water. This research is of fundamental importance to determine the influence of the ocean on atmospheric CO₂ levels as outlined in "Atmosphere-Ocean Exchange of Carbon Dioxide: Implications for Climate and Global Change on Seasonal-to-Century Time-Scales," NOAA Climate and Global Change Program Special Report No. 3, J. Todd et al. (eds.), 1990.

Water column measurements of CO₂ parameters that influence the carbon cycle will yield information on the CO₂ uptake capacity of the ocean and also establish a baseline for comparison with values measured on repeat occupations. DIC measurements will give water column inventories. Oxygen, alkalinity, and nutrient levels will show the influence of respiration and carbonate dissolution on total CO₂ with depth. The presence of freons will indicate the depths and locations of recent atmospheric ventilation. Approximately 130, 36-bottle rosette casts to the bottom will be

performed during the cruise.

The hydrographic work is designed to capture a broad sampling of the current regimes influenced by surface winds, thermohaline overturning regions, and thermocline and deep flows in the Atlantic Ocean. The surveys will include CTD-O₂-LADCP and rosette bottle stations; underway XBT stations; continuous underway hull-mounted ADCP velocity sampling; and continuous thermosalinograph surface temperature and salinity measurements. Together, the survey will be used to estimate variations of the thermohaline overturning, meridional and zonal flows, and heat and freshwater fluxes. These processes have been carefully selected as fundamental to increasing the understanding of the Atlantic Ocean's role in climate. All together, the international WOCE and DOE/NOAA carbon programs will provide a data set with unprecedented coverage of the world oceans and will serve as a reference point for future monitoring of its physical and chemical properties.

All personnel are considered preliminary at this time. Once funding levels for proposed projects have been finalized, this list will be finalized (sometime before mid-December).

Chief Scientist

The Chief Scientist will be Dr. Kitack Lee of NOAA/AOML. David Bitterman of NOAA/AOML will be the Co-Chief Scientist. Contingency deviations from these cruise instructions during the course of the cruise may be made upon mutual agreement between the Chief Scientist and the Commanding Officer provided the general intent of the original instructions is not significantly changed, vessel safety is maintained, the deviation does not cause undue expense, the deviation adds potential to the success of the cruise, and the cruise time allotment is not exceeded.

B. Principle Investigators

Name	Institution	Parameter
Dr. Molly Baringer	AOML	CTD/O2/LADCP/ADCP
Dr. Gregory Johnson	PMEL	CTD/O2
Dr. Rik Wanninkhof	AOML	Total DIC, pCO2
Dr. Richard Feely	PMEL	Total DIC, pCO2
Dr. John Bullister	PMEL	CFC
Dr. Jia-Zhong Zhang	AOML	Nutrients
Dr. Calvin Mordy	PMEL	Nutrients
Dr. Paul Quay	UW	C-13
Dr. Frank Millero	UM	Alkalinity
Dr. Dennis Hansell	BBSR	DOC
Dr. Peter Minnett	UM	Meari
Dr. Igor Solobev	Chem & Poly Tech, Inc.	TFA

Abbreviations:

CTD = conductivity-temperature-depth

ADCP = acoustic Doppler current profiler

LADCP = lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler

DIC = dissolved inorganic carbon

DOC = dissolved organic carbon

C-13 = stable carbon isotope

pCO₂ = (air-sea) partial pressure of carbon dioxide

CFC = chlorofluorocarbons

TFA = dissolved trifluoroacetyl halides

Maeri = interferometer (special type of radiometer)

AOML = Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

PMEL = Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

CIMAS = Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami

Chem & Poly Tech., Inc. = Chemical and Polymer Technology, Inc.

UM = University of Miami

UW = University of Washington

BBSR = Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.

C. Personnel at Sea

Personnel: Atlantic Ocean, A6, Leg 1: Miami-Canaries, January 8-21, 1998:

	NAME	Function	Institution
1	Gregg Thomas	Chief Scientist	AOML
2	Mary Roche	underway pH/Alk	UM
3	Merrydith Gallanter	underway pH/Alk	UM
4	Cindy Moore	underway pH/Alk	UM
5	Dana Greeley	TCO2	PMEL

Personnel: Atlantic Ocean, A6, Leg 2: Canaries-Charleston, January 23-February 24, 1998:

	Name	Function	Institution
1.	David Bitterman	Co-Chief Scientist	AOML
2.	Kitack Lee	Co-Chief Scientist	AOML
3.	Doug Anderson	CTD/ET	AOML
4.	Christiane Fleurant	CTD	CIMAS
5.	Kristie McTaggart	CTD data processor	PMEL
6.	Gregg Thomas	Salinity	AOML
7.	Robert Roddy	Oxygen/CTD/ET	AOML
8.	George Berberian	Oxygen/CTD	AOML
9.	Ryan Smith	LADCP	AOML
10.	Richard Sikorski	CTD/LADCP	UM
11.	Deanna Spindler	CTD/LADCP	UM
12.	Marilyn Roberts	DIC	PMEL
13.	Hua Chen	fCO2	AOML
14.	Esa Peltola	DIC	CIMAS
15.	Dana Greeley	fCO2	PMEL
16.	Cindy Moore	TAlk/pH	UM
17.	Xiaorong Zhu	TAlk/pH	UM
18.	Xuewn Liu	TAlk/pH	UM
19.	Jason Joliff	TAlk/pH	UM
20.	Dave Wisegarver	Freon	PMEL
21.	Fred Menzia	Freon	PMEL
22.	Tania Westby	C-13	UW
23.	Amy Richie	DOC	BBSR
24.	Rachel Parsons	DOC	BBSR
25.	Charles Fischer	Nutrients	AOML
26.	Calvin Mordy	Nutrients	PMEL

Abbreviation (see above).

Addresses (of collaborating institutions):

Bermuda Bio. Station: 17 Biological Lane, Ferry Reach, Bermuda

CIMAS: 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149

AOML: 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149

University of Washington: School of Oceanography, WB-10, Seattle, WA 98195

PMEL: 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Seattle WA 98115

UM: 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149

A map showing the A6 line is provided as Figure 1 and a tentative list of CTD stations can be found in Appendix A.

A. Outline of Cruise Tasks

1. Principal project

As described above, water column sampling will have top priority. Hydrocasts will be to the bottom at 5-45 nautical mile spacing for the entire cruise. The ship supplied CTD hydrowinch should have at least 10 km of good conducting wire and a properly operating winch to assure completion of the cruise without loss of equipment or seatime. Air sampling for CO₂ will take place during the cruise as well.

Assistance from ship personnel is requested for the following operations:

(1) Winch operator and for deployment and recovery of the CTD,

(2) On-deck deployment and recovery during daylight hours (0800-1630),

(3) Standard operational log keeping by the OOD will include Marine Operations Abstract, Deck Log, official weather log and synoptic weather reports.

(4) Maintenance and monitoring of the IMET, SCS, TSG and bathymetry equipment under guidance of scientific personnel.

(5) Maintenance of shipboard computer systems, networking, and communications.

(6) Water sampling for salinity from TSG intake at 1200 GMT (daylight working hours of the Survey Technician).

Surface water measurements are an important component of the cruise. Water flows from the bow must be maintained at 40-50 L/min at all times. The Chief Scientist should be notified immediately if there are problems with the water delivery system. Measurements will be made from the bow intake system of temperature and salinity (TSG), chlorophyll, nitrate, pH, and partial pressure of CO₂ . The ship's TSG will run continuously; we request that its data quality and recording be monitored by ship's personnel.

Project supplied 10-L Niskin bottles will be sampled for oxygen, freons, pCO₂, TCO₂, inorganic 13C, TAlk, major nutrients, DOC, and salinity.

Navigation will be based on the best available information (likely GPS), and will be recorded on the Marine Operations Abstract (MOA) form. MOA entries will be made on each half hour and at the time of each course and speed change when the ship is enroute between stations. MOA entries will also be made for each CTD, and Palace float deployment, and daytime TSG water sample drwan. Navigation output (SCS data stream) should be available in the computer room with terminal readouts and RS-232 access to the data stream in ASCII format.

2. Ancillary projects

Any ancillary work done during this project will be accomplished on a not-to-interfere basis with the programs described in these instructions and in accordance with NOAA fleet standing ancillary instructions.

3. Piggyback projects

Any and all piggyback projects must be conducted on a not-to-interfere basis. Current piggyback projects include

(1.) Deployment of Profiling Autonomous Lagrangian Current Explorers (PALACE floats) which should deployed after the CTD rosette is secured on deck while the ship steams slowly

at 1-4 knots. Deployment should take less than 5 minutes at selected locations.

(2.) Measurements of dissolved trifluoroacetyl halides from selected discrete Niskin water bottle samples when available.

4. Estimated station/reduced speed time:

Leg 1 0 hours (0 days)

Leg 2 371 hours (15 days)

5. Estimated steaming time:

Leg 1 321 hours (13 days) Assuming 12.5 knots average steaming speed

Leg 2 403 hours (17 days) Assuming 11.5 knots average steaming speed

A. Ship Provided

The ship will be expected to furnish the following equipment:

1.. Marine Operations Abstract: including (for each sampling event e.g., CTD, PALACE, TSG water sampling etc.) Event, GMT time, Position, Water Depth, SST, SS Salinity (bottle value if sample taken). CTD/LADCP entry and exit from the water and time of arrival on station should be logged as separate events.

2. BT log sheets (NOAA Form 77-22).

3. Bathymetric system and Seabeam systems in working order, PDR and line scan recorder (one system as backup).

4. Navigational systems: GPS interfaced to the ship's SCS system logging at least every 15 seconds.

5. Computer systems storing SCS data, plus backup media.

6. Starboard side deep-sea winch with 10,000 m of .322" conducting wire, sliprings, and connection to computer room.

7. Spare spool of 10,000 m of .322" conducting wire.

8. Power, phone, computer line, SCS and water requirements for Vans as listed below.

9. A ship hull-mounted 150 kHz ADCP. The ADCP will be run continuously to measure currents in the upper ocean along the track. A synchro-to-digital signal converter interface between the MK-39 ring laser gyro and the ADCP; the ship's gyrocompass shall be maintained to provide the most accurate heading information possible.

10. Two autosalinometers; two Guildline models, calibrated and in good working order.

11. Thermosalinograph calibrated to 0.01C and 0.005 ppt with calibration records.

12. Laboratory and storage space for up to 30,000 pounds of equipment (including vans, as itemized in this document).

13. Uncontaminated continuous seawater feed to the Hydro Lab at a flow rate of 40 to 50 liters/minute.

14. Ship-to-shore email communications with separate accounts for each PI.

15. Communications from Main Lab, Winch, Bridge, Hydro Lab and Computer Room during CTD deployments via phone and VHF.

16. Wire-out readouts in the Main Lab, Hydro Lab, Electronics Room. SCS readouts acceptable only for Main Lab and Hydro Lab. Electronics room should have working hard wired display independent of SCS system.

17. SEAS XBT system as backup to AOML provided autolaunching XBT system.

18. Seabird CTD, deck unit, VHS backup and Acquisition computer with calibration sheets to serve as backup for AOML provided systems.

B. Investigator Provided

1. XBT probes, autolaunching system, and computer. The autolauncher will be mountedon the stern rail or just forward of the stern rail using a tube mounted with hose clamps to the rail or clamped on. A inch multiconductor cable is run into the Main Lab or other interior space where the computer is located. Two additional cables will be used, one for GPS and one to transmit the data out through GOES. These cables will be run to an upper deck where antennas can be located.

2. Two Seabird 911 CTDs and data storage medium.

3. 216 salinity sample bottles.

4. 216 oxygen sample bottles.

5. Three, 11 kHz pingers.

Lowered ADCP system with battery packs, chargers, and deck unit. A LADCP is mounted on the CTD frame. Once the rosette is on deck, a 3/4 inch multiconductor cable is attached to the LADCP which runs into the Electronics Room or Main Lab as necessary. The LADCP processing computer must be set up next to the LADCP deck unit.

7. One 36-10 liter bottle rosette package, two 24-10 liter bottle rosette package and one 24-2.7 Liter bottle rosette package. The 36 bottle rosette will be primary attached to the winch. Other rosettes should be tied down on deck outside (to prevent CFC contamination) so that they are accessible during heavy weather to replace the 36 bottle rosette attached to the winch.

8. 26 spare 10-liter Niskin bottles.

9. Compressed gases: approximately 49 T-6 tanks of various gases, most in 6-packs, to be secured on the Main, as necessary. Approximate weight of 6-pack is 600 pounds; of individual tank 100 lbs. Approximately 15 additional tanks will be secured in the Main Lab.

10. Instrumentation for Main Laboratory and Hydro Laboratory:

2 coulometers, 3 titrators

3 infrared analyzers

6 cooling baths (10 to 18 amp draw)

4 UPS (uninterruptable power supplies)

1 spectrophotometer

approximately 12 computers for instrument control

1 gas chromatograph

1 sample freezer

2 fluorometers

1 drying oven

Milli-Q water system

Weights

Power requirements are on the order of 12,000 pounds and 20 kW (115 VAC/60 Hz), respectively may be required. Several outlets must have 20A rating. Space will be required near the uncontaminated seawater discharge point for a Turner-Designs fluorometer, underway pCO₂ analyzer, pH and nitrate analyzer.

11. Instrumentation: Oxygen Van:

2 autosalinometers, Guildline model 8400B

2 oxygen titrators

2 UPS

2 computers

12. Instrumentation: Nutrient Van:

6 auto analyzers

2 computers

1 UPS

13. Instrumentation: Freon Van:

2 gas chromatographs

2 cryocooler

2 computers

2 UPS

, Miscellaneous spares and other equipment

14. Instrumentation: CO2 Van:

TBA

15. Several UPS power supplies. No ship UPSs required unless otherwise noted.

16. One interferometer (a special form of Radiometer) to be mounted forward on the O2 deck.

C. Portable Vans (main level)

Name Dimension (LWH)* Weight Power Serv.**

Oxygen 6'4" 7'4" 9'0" 3200 + 1000 440/60/3 P,S,SCS

Nutrients 21'0" 8'0" 9'6" 7000 + 4000 440/60/1 P,S

CO₂ 20'6" 8'0" 8'0" 7000 + 1000 440/60/1 P,S

Freon 20'0" 8'0" 8'0" 13000 + 2000 480/60/3 P,C,SCS

*not including protrusions (air conditioners, etc.)

**C = potable water, P = phone, S = SCS readout

Hazardous materials brought onboard NOAA ships by visiting scientific parties will be accompanied by an inventory list and a Material Safety Data Sheet for each hazardous material. This material should be provided to the Operations Officer. On departure from the ship, visiting scientific parties will provide an inventory of hazardous materials to the Operations Officer, showing that all such materials brought onboard have been properly used up or removed in suitable waste containers. Electron capture detectors containing nickel-63 will be used with the equipment to be installed in the Air Sampling Van.

A preliminary list of hazardous materials is included below. Each scientific party is responsible for updating this list to ship's personnel and the Chief Scientist.

1. CFC sampling (loaded in the CFC Van):

Chemical Quantity

Isopropanol 4 L

Hexane 4 L

Magnesium perchlorate 1 lb

Compressed Gases Quantity

Nitrogen 5 cylinders

Argon:methane (95:5) 2 cylinders

Compressed air 1 cylinder

Helium 1 cylinder

Other: analysis machines contain a nickel-63 radioactive source. These will be tested for leakage prior to leaving Seattle as per DOT and NRC regulations.

2. CO₂ and discrete pCO₂ (loaded in CO₂ Van):

Chemical Quantity

Magnesium perchlorate 8 500 g bottles (glass)

Phosphoric acid 7 500 ml bottles (glass)

Mercuric chloride 500 g bottle (plastic)

Malcosorb 4 500 g bottles (glass)

Cathode sol'n 10 gallon jugs (plastic)

Anode sol'n 12 pint bottles (plastic)

Potassium iodide 1000 g (plastic)

Acetone 4 gallon jugs (glass)

Hexane 2 1 L bottle (glass)

Isoproyl alcohol 2 0.5 gallons (glass)

Apiezon grease 10 75 g tubes

Aquasorb 2 500 g (glass)

Thermometers (mercury) 12 (glass)

Compressed Gases Quantity

Oxygen 2 tanks

Air (with CO₂) 16 tanks

Nitrogen 8 tanks

Hydrogen 4 tanks

CO₂ gas 4 disposable tanks

3. Oxygen (loaded in the Oxygen Van):

Chemical Quantity

KIO₃ primary standard 1.5 L

H₂SO₄ acid 11 L

Manganous chloride 11 L

Alkaline iodide 11 L

Sodium thiosulfate 22 L

4. Nutrients (loaded in the Nutrient Van):

Chemical Quantity

H₂SO₄ 4 L

HCl 2 L

Acetone 1 L

Chloroform 500 ml

Ethly alcohol 2 L

Methy alcohol 1 L

Isoproply alcohol 1 L

Antimony potassium tartrate 10 g

Ammonium molybdate 100 g

Ascorbic acid 200 g

Dowfax 200 ml

Oxalic acid 800 g

Imidazole 140 g

Copper sulfate 40 g

Sulfanilamide 200 g

NEDA (N-1-naphylethylinediame dihydrochloride) 10 g

Brig 200 ml

Cadmium metal 25 g

Sodium hydroxide 200 g

Potassium persulfate 200 g

Potassium phosphate monobasic 25 g

Sodium nitrate 100 g

Potassium nitrate 200 g

Sodium hexafluorosilicate 500 g

A. In accordance with NC Instruction 535.0 "Controlled substances aboard NOAA Vessels, August 16, 1985," all persons boarding NOAA vessels give implied consent to conform with all safety and security policies and regulations which are administered by the Commanding Officer. All spaces and equipment on the vessel are subject to inspection or search at any time.

B. Radio transmission can interfere with several of the continuous data streams which are essential to the project. RF transmissions shall be limited to those which are absolutely necessary. VHF radio transmissions in immediate proximity to the sampling vans, Main Lab and Hydro Lab shall be kept to a minimum.

D. All pressurized gas cylinders must be tagged with the date of the last hydrostatic test. To comply with vessel requirements, cylinders that have not been tested within the past 5 years will not be allowed on board.

E. The commanding Officer shall notify the Chief Scientist at least 24 hours in advance of (1) planned maintenance activities anywhere on the ship which may generate noxious fumes or chloroflourocarbons (e.g. welding, or work on air-conditioning compressors) or excessive vibration (e.g. topside deck maintenance), and (2) any planned major machinery shuto\down which may limit the ship's ability to carry out assigned operations under these Cruise Instructions.

F. Sources or potential causes of contamination of air and water samples shall be minimized to the greatest extent practicable. Use of any material in spray cans shall be totally avoided in the vicinity of any embarked van. Scientists operating freon analyses equipment shall be notified of any planned nearby use of volatile lubricants and/or aerosol spray. Particular care must be taken not to deposit foreign substances on or near the Niskin bottles at any time. The Commanding Officer will consult with the Chief Scientist regarding the designation of No Smoking areas in the vicinity of topside scientific sensors and operations. Times of incinerator use will be coordinated such that impacts on scientific operations is minimized.

G. All scuba diving, if conducted, will be in conformance with NOAA, NC, and AMC directives.

H. The Chief Scientist will be informed of failures or malfunctions of ship's equipment which may have adverse impact on scientific operations, in particular, contamination of the fresh water supply or failure of the IMET system.

The Chief Scientist is responsible for the disposition, feedback on data quality, and archiving of data and specimens collected onboard the ship for the primary project. As the representative of the program manager (Director, AOML), the Chief Scientist is also responsible for the dissemination of copies of these data to participants on the cruise, to any other requestors, and to NESDIS in accordance with NDM 16-11 (ROSCOP II form submitted within 30 days of cruise completion). The ship will assist in copying data and reports insofar as facilities allow. The ship will provide the Chief Scientist copies of the following data:

Marine Operations Abstracts

Hourly weather log observation sheets

XBT logs

SCS data files on backup media

In addition to the "standard" data sets, the SCS files shall contain the following specific data:

1. Date and time

2. Position (latitude, longitude)

3. Temperature from the thermosalinograph

4. Salinity from the thermosalinograph

5. ADCP temperature

6. True wind speeds

7. True wind direction

The Chief Scientist will receive all original data collected by the ship for the primary and piggyback projects, and this data transfer will be documented on NOAA Form 61-29 "Letter Transmitting Data." The Chief Scientist in turn will furnish the ship a complete inventory listing of all data gathered by the scientific party, including types and quantities.

The Commanding Officer is responsible for all data collected for ancillary projects until those data have been transferred to the projects' principal investigators, or their designees, as described in

Section V.A.2. Data transfers will be documented on NOAA Form 61-29. Copies of ancillary project data will be provided to the Chief Scientist when requested.

A. The Chief Scientist is responsible for preparing and submitting any cruise report required as a condition for the granting of a foreign research clearance. The original for the granting of a foreign research clearance. The original cruise report and related data schedules shall be submitted to the Office of NOAA Corps Operations, Program Services Division, for surther disposition with the Department of State.

B. A Ship Operations Evaluation Form shall be completed by the Chief Scientist by a form provided by the Commanding Officer. This evaluation shall be submitted to the Chief, Program Services Disision, Office of NOAA Corps Operations, through the Director of AOML.

Approval of instructions will be acknowledged in writing:

____________________________________________________________

Rear Admiral John C. Albright, NOAA (date)

Director, Atlantic and Pacific Marine Centers

____________________________________________________________

Dr. Kristina B. Katsaros, NOAA (date)

Director, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

Figure 1. Map showing proposed trackline for 24N section. Trackline nominally follows 2430'N except where it diverts northward to sample near the Abaco time series and the Moroccan coast (clearance problems). Topography from ETOPO5 is overlain with increasingly light shading from 3000, 4000, 5000 to 5500 m.

Appendix A

Leg 1: January 8-21, 1998

Miami, Florida to Las Palmas, Canary Islands

Station	Latitude (N)	Longitude (W)	Dist. (km)	Cum (km)	Depth (m)	Date	Start (time)	Stop (time)	Sta (time)	Total Hours	Total Days
0	2546	8009	0	0	0	1/8/98	1200	1200	0.0	0.0	0.0
1	2700	7956	139	139	0	1/8/98	1800	1800	0.0	6.0	0.3
2	2700	7912	73	212	0	1/8/98	2109	2109	0.0	9.2	0.4
3	2630	7856	62	273	0	1/8/98	2349	2349	0.0	11.8	0.5
4	2549	7711	191	464	0	1/9/98	0804	0804	0.0	20.1	0.8
5	2620	7758	97	561	0	1/9/98	1215	1215	0.0	24.3	1.0
6	2630	7657	103	664	0	1/9/98	1642	1642	0.0	28.7	1.2
7	2630	7100	592	1256	0	1/10/98	1815	1815	0.0	54.3	2.3
8	2430	6908	291	1547	0	1/11/98	0649	0649	0.0	66.8	2.8
9	2430	2329	4600	6147	0	1/19/98	1323	1323	0.0	265.4	11.1
10	2755	1322	1078	7225	0	1/21/98	1155	1155	0.0	311.9	13.0
11	2808	1525	203	7428	0	1/21/98	2041	2041	0.0	320.7	13.4

Summary of projected times (all in GMT)

Total distance (km) = 7428

Total distance (nmi) = 4008

Assumed ship speed (kts) = 12.5

Total steaming time (hours, days) = 320.7, 13.4

Total station time (hours, days) = 0.0, 0.0

Total of ______ hours, _____ days required

The cruise track will include a short section along 27N in the Straits of Florida where long-term cable and Pegasus measurements have been made over the past decade. Cable measurements and Sea level gauges should be operational during the cruise. The track continues along 26.5N off the coast of Abaco where long term current meter moorings and repeated hydrographic observations give a good estimate of the mean circulation. The section continues until 71W, then jogs down to 24.5N by 69W. The 245N latitude is sampled until clearance difficulties cause the section to divert northward into the coast of Africa.

The projected times listed here are all in GMT and assume that the ship can maintain an average speed of 12.5 knots, including slowing down and speeding up for stations, weather-related slow downs, etc. Should excellence in seamanship allow the ship to maintain an average speed of 13 knots, the ship would arrive into Las Palmas 12 hours earlier on January 21.

During this leg no water samples or CTD casts will be performed. The ship will not slow down or stop for any science-related reason.

Leg 2: January 23-February 24, 1998

Las Palmas, Canary Islands to Charleston, South Carolina

Station	Latitude (N)	Longitude (W)	Dist. (km)	Cum (km)	Depth (m)	Date	Start (time)	Stop (time)	Sta (time)	Total Hours	Total Days
0	2808	1525	0	0	0	1/23/98	1000	1000	0.0	0.0	0.0
1	2755	1322	203	203	130	1/23/98	1931	2001	0.5	10.0	0.4
2	2754	1324	4	207	300	1/23/98	2131	2216	0.8	12.3	0.5
3	2753	1325	2	209	600	1/24/98	2346	0031	0.8	14.5	0.6
4	2751	1333	14	223	1000	1/24/98	0201	0255	0.9	16.9	0.7
5	2748	1349	27	249	1500	1/24/98	0425	0543	1.3	19.7	0.8
6	2737	1413	44	294	2000	1/24/98	0753	0923	1.5	23.4	1.0
7	2726	1451	66	360	2600	1/24/98	1235	1435	2.0	28.6	1.2
8	2714	1535	76	435	3200	1/24/98	1815	2045	2.5	34.8	1.4
9	2702	1607	57	493	3200	1/25/98	2331	0201	2.5	40.0	1.7
10	2650	1640	59	552	3700	1/25/98	0453	0738	2.8	45.6	1.9
11	2640	1712	56	608	3700	1/25/98	1022	1307	2.8	51.1	2.1
12	2631	1752	68	676	3700	1/25/98	1624	1909	2.8	57.2	2.4
13	2621	1820	50	726	3700	1/26/98	2136	0021	2.8	62.4	2.6
14	2610	1849	52	778	3500	1/26/98	0253	0538	2.8	67.6	2.8
15	2559	1922	59	837	3500	1/26/98	0831	1116	2.8	73.3	3.1
16	2548	1954	57	894	4100	1/26/98	1402	1702	3.0	79.0	3.3
17	2537	2026	57	951	4100	1/26/98	1949	2249	3.0	84.8	3.5
18	2526	2057	56	1007	4500	1/27/98	0132	0438	3.1	90.6	3.8
19	2515	2129	57	1065	4500	1/27/98	0725	1031	3.1	96.5	4.0
20	2504	2202	59	1124	5000	1/27/98	1323	1641	3.3	102.7	4.3
21	2447	2248	84	1207	5000	1/28/98	2043	0001	3.3	111.0	4.6
22	2430	2329	76	1283	5000	1/28/98	0341	0659	3.3	117.0	4.9
23	2430	2413	74	1357	5000	1/28/98	1033	1351	3.3	123.9	5.2
24	2430	2457	74	1432	5000	1/28/98	1726	2044	3.3	130.7	5.4
25	2430	2541	74	1506	5000	1/29/98	0018	0336	3.3	137.6	5.7
26	2430	2625	74	1580	5000	1/29/98	0710	1028	3.3	144.5	6.0
27	2430	2709	74	1654	5000	1/29/98	1403	1721	3.3	151.4	6.3
28	2430	2753	74	1729	5000	1/30/98	2055	0013	3.3	158.2	6.6
29	2430	2837	74	1803	5000	1/30/98	0347	0705	3.3	165.1	6.9
30	2430	2926	83	1885	5000	1/30/98	1105	1423	3.3	172.4	7.2
31	2430	3016	84	1970	5000	1/30/98	1826	2144	3.3	179.7	7.5
32	2430	3105	83	2052	5000	1/31/98	0143	0501	3.3	187.0	7.8
33	2430	3155	84	2137	5000	1/31/98	0904	1222	3.3	194.4	8.1
34	2430	3244	83	2220	5000	1/31/98	1621	1939	3.3	201.7	8.4
35	2430	3334	84	2304	5000	2/01/98	2342	0300	3.3	209.0	8.7
36	2430	3423	83	2387	5000	2/01/98	0700	1018	3.3	216.3	9.0
37	2430	3513	84	2471	5000	2/01/98	1420	1738	3.3	223.6	9.3
38	2430	3602	83	2554	5000	2/02/98	2138	0056	3.3	230.9	9.6
39	2430	3652	84	2638	5000	2/02/98	0458	0816	3.3	238.3	9.9
40	2430	3741	83	2721	5000	2/02/98	1216	1534	3.3	245.6	10.2
41	2430	3831	84	2805	5000	2/02/98	1936	2254	3.3	252.9	10.5
42	2430	3915	74	2879	5000	2/03/98	0229	0547	3.3	259.8	10.8
43	2430	3959	74	2954	5000	2/03/98	0921	1239	3.3	266.7	11.1
44	2430	4032	56	3009	5000	2/03/98	1523	1841	3.3	272.7	11.4
45	2430	4105	56	3065	5000	2/04/98	2124	0042	3.3	278.7	11.6
46	2430	4138	56	3121	5000	2/04/98	0326	0644	3.3	284.7	11.9
47	2430	4211	56	3176	5000	2/04/98	0928	1246	3.3	290.8	12.1
48	2430	4244	56	3232	5000	2/04/98	1529	1847	3.3	296.8	12.4
49	2430	4317	56	3288	5000	2/05/98	2131	0049	3.3	302.8	12.6
50	2430	4350	56	3343	5000	2/05/98	0333	0651	3.3	308.9	12.9
51	2430	4423	56	3399	5000	2/05/98	0934	1252	3.3	314.9	13.1
52	2430	4456	56	3455	5000	2/05/98	1536	1854	3.3	320.9	13.4
53	2430	4529	56	3510	5000	2/06/98	2138	0056	3.3	326.9	13.6
54	2430	4602	56	3566	5000	2/06/98	0339	0657	3.3	333.0	13.9
55	2430	4635	56	3622	5000	2/06/98	0941	1259	3.3	339.0	14.1
56	2430	4708	56	3677	5000	2/06/98	1543	1901	3.3	345.0	14.4
57	2430	4741	56	3733	5000	2/07/98	2144	0102	3.3	351.0	14.6
58	2430	4814	56	3789	5000	2/07/98	0346	0704	3.3	357.1	14.9
59	2430	4847	56	3844	5000	2/07/98	0948	1306	3.3	363.1	15.1
60	2430	4920	56	3900	5000	2/07/98	1549	1907	3.3	369.1	15.4
61	2430	4953	56	3956	5000	2/08/98	2151	0109	3.3	375.2	15.6
62	2430	5026	56	4012	5000	2/08/98	0352	0710	3.3	381.2	15.9
63	2430	5059	56	4067	5000	2/08/98	0954	1312	3.3	387.2	16.1
64	2430	5132	56	4123	5000	2/08/98	1556	1914	3.3	393.2	16.4
65	2430	5205	56	4179	5000	2/09/98	2157	0115	3.3	399.3	16.6
66	2430	5238	56	4234	5000	2/09/98	0359	0717	3.3	405.3	16.9
67	2430	5311	56	4290	5000	2/09/98	1001	1319	3.3	411.3	17.1
68	2430	5344	56	4346	5000	2/09/98	1602	1920	3.3	417.3	17.4
69	2430	5428	74	4420	5000	2/10/98	2255	0213	3.3	424.2	17.7
70	2430	5512	74	4494	5000	2/10/98	0547	0905	3.3	431.1	18.0
71	2430	5556	74	4568	5000	2/10/98	1239	1557	3.3	438.0	18.2
72	2430	5640	74	4643	5000	2/10/98	1932	2250	3.3	444.8	18.5
73	2430	5724	74	4717	5000	2/11/98	0224	0542	3.3	451.7	18.8
74	2430	5808	74	4791	5000	2/11/98	0916	1234	3.3	458.6	19.1
75	2430	5852	74	4865	5000	2/11/98	1609	1927	3.3	465.5	19.4
76	2430	5936	74	4940	5000	2/12/98	2301	0219	3.3	472.3	19.7
77	2430	6020	74	5014	5000	2/12/98	0553	0911	3.3	479.2	20.0
78	2430	6104	74	5088	5000	2/12/98	1246	1604	3.3	486.1	20.3
79	2430	6148	74	5162	5000	2/12/98	1938	2256	3.3	492.9	20.5
80	2430	6232	74	5237	5000	2/13/98	0230	0548	3.3	499.8	20.8
81	2430	6316	74	5311	5000	2/13/98	0923	1241	3.3	506.7	21.1
82	2430	6400	74	5385	5000	2/13/98	1615	1933	3.3	513.6	21.4
83	2430	6444	74	5459	5000	2/14/98	2307	0225	3.3	520.4	21.7
84	2430	6528	74	5534	5000	2/14/98	0600	0918	3.3	527.3	22.0
85	2430	6612	74	5608	5000	2/14/98	1252	1610	3.3	534.2	22.3
86	2430	6656	74	5682	5000	2/14/98	1944	2302	3.3	541.0	22.5
87	2430	6740	74	5756	5000	2/15/98	0237	0555	3.3	547.9	22.8
88	2430	6824	74	5830	5000	2/15/98	0929	1247	3.3	554.8	23.1
89	2430	6908	74	5905	5000	2/15/98	1621	1939	3.3	561.7	23.4
90	2501	6930	68	5973	5000	2/16/98	2257	0215	3.3	568.3	23.7
91	2523	6952	55	6028	5000	2/16/98	0456	0814	3.3	574.2	23.9
92	2545	7014	55	6083	5000	2/16/98	1054	1412	3.3	580.2	24.2
93	2608	7037	57	6140	5000	2/16/98	1659	2017	3.3	586.3	24.4
94	2630	7100	56	6196	5000	2/17/98	2301	0219	3.3	592.3	24.7
95	2630	7121	35	6231	5000	2/17/98	0403	0721	3.3	597.4	24.9
96	2630	7144	38	6269	5000	2/17/98	0914	1232	3.3	602.5	25.1
97	2630	7206	37	6306	5000	2/17/98	1422	1740	3.3	607.7	25.3
98	2630	7228	37	6342	5000	2/17/98	1930	2248	3.3	612.8	25.5
99	2630	7251	38	6381	5000	2/18/98	0041	0359	3.3	618.0	25.7
100	2630	7313	37	6417	5000	2/18/98	0550	0908	3.3	623.1	26.0
101	2630	7335	37	6454	5000	2/18/98	1058	1416	3.3	628.3	26.2
102	2630	7358	38	6492	5000	2/18/98	1609	1927	3.3	633.5	26.4
103	2630	7415	28	6520	5000	2/19/98	2057	0015	3.3	638.3	26.6
104	2630	7431	27	6546	5000	2/19/98	0145	0503	3.3	643.1	26.8
105	2630	7448	28	6575	5000	2/19/98	0633	0951	3.3	647.9	27.0
106	2630	7505	28	6603	5000	2/19/98	1121	1439	3.3	652.7	27.2
107	2630	7518	22	6624	5000	2/19/98	1609	1927	3.3	657.5	27.4
108	2630	7530	20	6644	5000	2/20/98	2057	0015	3.3	662.3	27.6
109	2630	7442	20	6664	5000	2/20/98	0145	0503	3.3	667.1	27.8
110	2630	7554	20	6684	5000	2/20/98	0633	0951	3.3	671.9	28.0
111	2630	7605	18	6702	5000	2/20/98	1121	1439	3.3	676.7	28.2
112	2630	7612	12	6714	5000	2/20/98	1609	1927	3.3	681.5	28.4
113	2630	7618	10	6724	5000	2/21/98	2057	0015	3.3	686.3	28.6
114	2630	7625	12	6736	5000	2/21/98	0145	0503	3.3	691.1	28.8
115	2630	7631	10	6746	5000	2/21/98	0633	0951	3.3	695.9	29.0
116	2630	7638	12	6757	4570	2/21/98	1121	1427	3.1	700.5	29.2
117	2630	7644	10	6767	2000	2/21/98	1557	1727	1.5	703.5	29.3
118	2630	7651	12	6779	1000	2/21/98	1857	1951	0.9	705.9	29.4
119	2630	7656	8	6787	500	2/21/98	2121	2206	0.8	708.1	29.5
120	2620	7658	19	6806	0	2/21/98	2259	2259	0.0	709.0	29.5
121	2549	7711	61	6867	0	2/22/98	0151	0151	0.0	711.9	29.7
122	2630	7856	191	7058	0	2/22/98	1049	1049	0.0	720.8	30.0
123	2700	7912	62	7119	500	2/22/98	1349	1434	0.8	724.6	30.2
124	2700	7917	8	7128	559	2/22/98	1604	1649	0.8	726.8	30.3
125	2700	7923	10	7138	501	2/22/98	1819	1904	0.8	729.1	30.4
126	2700	7930	12	7149	521	2/22/98	2034	2119	0.8	731.3	30.5
127	2700	7937	12	7161	583	2/22/98	2249	2334	0.8	733.6	30.6
128	2700	7941	7	7167	699	2/23/98	0104	0149	0.8	735.8	30.7
129	2700	7947	10	7177	505	2/23/98	0319	0404	0.8	738.1	30.8
130	2700	7952	8	7186	372	2/23/98	0534	0619	0.8	740.3	30.8
131	2700	7956	7	7192	209	2/23/98	0749	0834	0.8	742.6	30.9
132	3247	7955	643	7835	0	2/24/98	1444	1444	0.0	772.7	32.2

Summary of projected times (all in GMT):

Total distance (km) = 7835

Total distance (nmi) = 4227

Assumed ship speed (kts) = 11.5

Total steaming time (hours, days) = 401.5, 16.7

Total station time (hours, days) = 371.2, 15.5

Total of 772.7 (hours), 32.2 (days) required

The track line for this Leg is exactly the same (inverted) as for Leg 1. This station plan assumes 128 full water column CTD stations. Note this lists a total of 132 "station" numbers, four of which are turning points. Station numbers listed here with zero depths are turning points used to calculate steaming time. The ship will not stop and water samples will not be drawn at those four stations.

The projected times listed here are all in GMT and assume that the ship can maintain an average speed of 11.5 knots, including slowing down and speeding up for stations, weather-related slow downs, etc. The Ronald H. Brown is rated at 15 knots. Should excellence in seamanship allow the ship to maintain an average speed of 13 knots, this schedule would effectively allow for two days of weather and mechanical delays.

This schedule also assumes a minimum of 90 minutes are required to sample each rosette once the CTD is back on deck. If the stations are spaced particularly close so that the steaming time is less than 90 minutes, the ship is assumed to have to hove-to at the next station until sampling is complete.

Some extra time (6 minutes) is also added for the deployment and recovery of the rosette.