****************************************************************************
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT - 
2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914
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By Chris Landsea, William Bredemeyer, John Gamache, and Lenworth Woolcock.  
(Special thanks are due to Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock.)

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1911/01 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
19889 08/04/1911 M= 9  1 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19889 08/04*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*310 860  20    0*311 848  20    0*
19889 08/05*312 837  20    0*313 826  20    0*315 815  25    0*317 805  25    0*
19889 08/06*318 795  25    0*319 785  25    0*320 775  25    0*320 764  25    0*
19889 08/07*320 753  30    0*320 742  30    0*320 730  30    0*320 719  30    0*
19889 08/08*320 708  30    0*320 697  30    0*320 685  30    0*323 672  30    0*
19889 08/09*328 660  35    0*334 647  35    0*340 635  35    0*346 623  35    0*
19889 08/10*352 611  40    0*358 599  45    0*365 585  50    0*374 568  50    0*
19889 08/11*384 546  50    0*395 520  45    0*410 490  40    0*425 460  35    0*
19889 08/12*440 430  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
19889 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 4:  A closed circulation formed over the southeast U.S., centered
near 31N, 86W.  No frontal boundaries can be detected near the system and
heavy rain occurred mainly to the east and north of the center.  No gale
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 5:  The system moved to the east, reaching the ocean along the Georgia 
border.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb surface pressure at 32N, 
80.5W, though the center appears to have been farther west and south near 
31.5N, 81.5W.  Heavy rainfall again fell near and to the northeast of the 
system.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 6:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 79W, though the 
center appears to have been father east near 32N, 77.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 7:  The system moved to the east with little observed change in 
intensity.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 75.5W, though the
center appears to have been farther east and north near 32N, 73W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 8:  The system moved to the east and the observations indicated 
some intensification.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1015 mb at 31N, 67W,
though the center appears to have been farther west and north near 32N, 
68.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  The system moved toward the northeast with evidence of near gale 
force winds close to the center of the system.  HWM indicated a low of at 
most 1015 mb at 35N, 61W, though it appears that the center was farther 
west and south near 34N, 63.5W.  Heavy rain was also reported at Bermuda as 
this system moved eastward just to the north of the island.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  Ship highlight:  30 kt SW 
at 33.7N, 61.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 10:  The system continued to move toward the northeast, along with
a few reports of gale force winds.  HWM indicated a low of at most 1010 mb
at 36.5N, 58W, though it appears that the center was farther west near 36.5N, 
58.5W.  A stationary front was located to the northeast of the system.  Ship 
highlight:  45 kt N at 36.1N, 60.4W at 12 UTC (HWM).
August 11:  The system accelerated to the northeast and wind observations
available were weaker.  HWM indicated a baroclinic low of at most 1010 mb
at 41N, 49W with a cold front extending southwest from the center and a
warm front extending east of the center.  However, evidence is weak that 
the cold front exists and that the warm frontal feature may not have
extended into the center of the system.   No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
August 12:  The system apparently continued to weaken and no closed
circulation center could be found.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.

The system began on the 4th as a tropical depression (over land), reaching
the ocean early on the 5th, reached tropical storm intensity on the 9th,
achieved maximum intensity on the 10th, weakened on the 11th and dissipated
early on the 12th.  Given that the strongest observed wind was a northerly
ship measurement of 45 kt on the 10th as the system was moving to the 
northeast, an estimate of (at least) 50 kt in the strong semi-circle is
indicated.

*******************************************************************************

1911/02 - 2005 REVISION:
 
19890 08/09/1911 M= 6  1 SNBR= 456 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
19890 08/09/1911 M= 7  2 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                    *  *       ***

(The 8th is new to HURDAT.)
19893 08/08*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*255 825  30    0*255 826  30    0*

19895 08/09*  0   0   0    0*248 820  60    0*254 825  65    0*260 830  70    0*
19895 08/09*255 827  30    0*255 828  35    0*257 830  35    0*260 833  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **

19900 08/10*265 833  70    0*271 838  70    0*278 843  70    0*281 848  70    0*
19900 08/10*265 836  40    0*271 839  45    0*276 843  50    0*281 848  55    0*
                ***  **          ***  **      ***      **               **

19905 08/11*286 854  70    0*290 859  70    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
19905 08/11*286 854  60    0*290 859  65    0*295 865  70    0*300 871  70    0*
                     **               **                     

19910 08/12*305 876  65    0*310 881  60    0*315 886  50    0*320 890  40    0*
19910 08/12*304 877  65    0*306 883  55    0*308 890  45    0*309 898  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

19915 08/13*324 893  35    0*329 897  30    0*334 900  30    0*339 904  30    0*
19915 08/13*310 907  35    0*310 916  30    0*310 925  30    0*314 930  30    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

19920 08/14*344 907  25    0*350 911  20    0*355 915  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
19920 08/14*322 933  25    0*334 934  20    0*350 935  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***     

19925 HRAFL1 AL1

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999), 
originally storm number 1.  Evidence for these alterations comes 
from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Tannehill 
(1938), Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), and
Jarrell et al. (1992).  

August 8:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.5N, 82.5W from HWM.  No HURDAT position/intensity on this date.  No 
gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 9:  Possible closed low (or southwest to northeast trough) centered
near 25.7N, 83W from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.4N, 82.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed, but peak observations were 27 kt and 1012 mb at 21 UTC in Key 
West.  "A moderate atmospheric depression was evident in the east Gulf" 
(MWR).  
August 10:  No closed circulation indicated in HWM from available 
observations.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
27.8N, 84.3W.  Peak winds observed were 50 kt E at Pensacola (PEN) at 22 UTC 
(likely in outer band, as gale force winds were not observed again at 
Pensacola until 18 UTC on the 11th).
August 11:  Closed low indicated near 27.5N, 86.5W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most from HWM.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
29.5N, 86.5W.  Station highlight:  70 kt SE and 1007 mb at 2248 UTC at 
Pensacola (MWR).  "[The storm] appeared as a distinct disturbance between 
Burwood, near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and Pensacola on the 
morning of the 11th.  The atmospheric pressure at Pensacola fell slowly from 
29.95 inches [1014 mb] at 11 a. m. to 29.73 inches [1007 mb] at 5 p. m., the 
lowest attained, and the 7 p. m. weather map revealed that the storm was 
then central between Pensacola and Mobile ... at 5.48 p. m. a maximum [5 min 
velocity] of 80 miles was registered ... total precipitation on 11th and 
12th, 4.48 inches ...  At Pensacola ... considerable damage was done to 
property in the city and harbor ... One-third of the roof of the Monarch 
pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was torn off, and also a few portions of old 
roofs in the city ... About 12 barges dragged anchors and grounded, some 
small launches and fishing smacks were wrecked, and some coal barges 
belonging to the navy yard went ashore.  In the city telegraph and telephone 
lines were blown down and the street car and electric light services were 
interrupted.  The damage at Pensacola is conservatively estimated as 
follows:  To electric lines, $500; local lumber interests $500; to launches, 
barges, etc., $3,000; fishing smacks, $2,500; loss of coal belonging to hay 
yard, $1,100; total, $12,600.  The highest wind at Mobile was 35 miles an 
hour and no damage resulted at that place" (MWR).  "Passed inland near 
Pensacola on August 11.  It was of small diameter but of considerable 
intensity; the wind reached 80 miles an hour from the southeast at 
Pensacola" (Tannehill).  "Aug 12 1911; center crossed coast near Pensacola; 
Pensacola 1 ft tide" (Connor).  "Aug. 11, NW FL, Minimal" (Dunn and Miller).  
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  1911 Aug NW-FL1 (AFL1) and AL1, U.S. landfalling
minimum sea level pressure missing (Jarrell et al. 1992).  
August 12:  Closed low indicated near 30N, 90W with 1010 mb pressure at most
in HWM, but wind observations suggest a position somewhat farther north and 
east.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 88.6W.  
Station highlight: 56 kt S at 03 and 05 UTC at Pensacola (PEN).  "The storm 
drifted slowly westward to Louisiana and Texas on the 12th, with heavy rains 
causing some washouts.  Rain and high southeast winds continued at Pensacola 
on the 12th" (MWR).
August 13:  Possible closed low centered near 31N, 92.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 33.4N, 90.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
August 14:  Possible closed low centered near 35N, 93.5W in HWM.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 35.5N, 91.5W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

Track of this system is begun a day early (8th) than in HURDAT based upon HWM 
data.  Track is also adjusted slightly to the west on the 9th and 10th
based upon HWM/COADS data.  Larger changes to the track made on the 12th
to the 14th (biggest on the 13th) again based upon synoptic data.  Note
that the changes after landfall are now consistent with the description on 
the system's position given in MWR.  The system was substantially weaker
than originally estimated in HURDAT early in its lifetime as shown by Key
West observations on the 9th.  Observational evidence for intensity 
suggests that hurricane stage achieved earlier on the 11th.  Winds reduced
on the 9th and 10th, accordingly.  Peak observed winds of 70 kt from that 
era's anemometer converts to 54 kt after accounting for their high bias 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924) and then to 57 kt after converting from a peak 
5 min wind to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  As it is unlikely 
that the observed wind in Pensacola sampled the highest winds existing in
the storm, a higher intensity estimate is appropriate.  The 70 kt at landfall
(Category 1) originally in HURDAT is consistent with winds somewhat higher
than seen at Pensacola and also with the resulting wind-forced damage in the
same town.  Thus no change to the landfall intensity is made to HURDAT.  
Landfall near the Alabama/Florida border occurred around 2300 UTC on the 
11th.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this 
suggests winds of 63, 51, 44, and 38 kt for the 12th at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC.  
Peak observed winds after landfall within two hours of the synoptic time
were 70, 56, 43 and 36 kt.  (These convert to 57, 46, 36 and 30 kt, 
respectively after for correction for bias and time averaging.)  Inland 
winds reduced slightly in HURDAT at 06 and 12 UTC on the 12th based upon
these observations.  (The winds in HURDAT could be reduced even more after 
landfall based upon measurements, but as these were only available at 
Pensacola and Mobile, higher winds likely did occur but were not measured.)
Peak observed storm tide was 1 ft at Pensacola (Connor), though it is likely
that higher values would have occurred near the Florida-Alabama border.  

*******************************************************************************

1911/03 - 2005 REVISION:

19930 08/23/1911 M= 8  2 SNBR= 457 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
19930 08/23/1911 M= 9  3 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        

19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*237 668  50    0*241 674  50    0*245 680  55    0*
19935 08/23*  0   0   0    0*252 655  35    0*255 665  40    0*258 674  40    0*
                             *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19940 08/24*250 687  65    0*254 693  70    0*258 700  70    0*262 707  75    0*
19940 08/24*261 683  45    0*263 692  50    0*265 700  55    0*267 707  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

19945 08/25*265 714  75    0*269 721  80    0*273 728  85    0*279 735  85    0*
19945 08/25*269 714  65    0*272 721  70    0*275 728  70    0*280 735  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

19950 08/26*287 743  85    0*296 751  85    0*301 758  85    0*305 764  85    0*
19950 08/26*287 743  80    0*296 751  80    0*301 758  80    0*305 764  80    0*
                     **               **               **               **

19955 08/27*308 771  85    0*311 778  85    0*315 787  85    0*317 792  80    0*
19955 08/27*308 771  80    0*311 778  80    0*315 787  85    0*318 792  85    0*
                     **               **                       ***      **

19960 08/28*318 796  65  983*320 803  65    0*322 810  65    0*323 815  45    0*
19960 08/28*320 796  85    0*321 803  85  972*322 810  65    0*323 815  50    0*
            ***      **  *** ***      **  ***                           **

19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*324 825  45    0*325 829  45    0*328 830  40    0*
19965 08/29*324 820  45    0*323 825  35    0*321 830  35    0*320 834  30    0*
                             ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19970 08/30*332 830  40    0*336 830  40    0*340 828  35    0*345 822  35    0*
19970 08/30*322 837  30    0*330 839  30    0E340 840  30    0E348 835  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     *    ***  **     **** ***  **

(The 31st is new to HURDAT.)
19972 08/31E354 825  25    0E358 810  25    0E360 795  20    0*  0   0   0    0*

19975 HR GA2 SC2
19975 HR GA1 SC2
         *** 

Minor changes from the track and major alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 2.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS 
ship database, Original Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, 
_Monthly Weather Review_, Cline (1926), Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. (1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 23:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to south and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 66.5W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
24.1N, 67.4W.  "First observations of this storm were at about 27N 
and 66W" (Tannehill).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 24:  No closed low indicated from observations, though not much
data available to east, south, and west of system.  Troughing indicated along
about 70W longitude.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 25.8N, 70.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
August 25:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26N, 73W with 1010 mb pressure at
most, but center with additional COADS observations appears to be closer to the
original HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 27.3N, 72.8W.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt ESE at 01 UTC at 
29.5N, 70.5W (COA), 45 kt SE at 17 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA), and 45 kt SSE
at 21 UTC at 28.5N, 71.5W (COA).
August 26:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 26.5N, 75.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
at most, but little data is available west and south of the center.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.1N, 75.8W.  Peak ship 
observation: 35 kt NW at 21 UTC at 30.0N, 77.0W (COA).
August 27:  Closed low indicated on HWM at 31.N, 79.0W with 1010 mb pressure at
most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 31.4N, 77.3W (am) and 32.1N, 
78.7W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.5N, 
78.7W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 12 UTC at 32N, 77.2W with 1010 mb central 
pressure.  Peak ship observation:  60 kt WNW, 1000 mb at 01 UTC at 
30.0N, 77.0W (COA).  Peak station wind: 52 kt NE at 2250 UTC at 
Charleston, SC (MWR).  "[At Charleston] the wind in force from the north 
[during the afternoon] attaining a velocity of 46 miles an hour ... At 
6.50 p. m. the velocity was 60 miles an hour" (MWR).  
August 28:  Closed low indicated just inland on HWM at 32.5N, 81W with 1005 mb
pressure at most.  Cline gave positions for this system of 32.9N, 80.3W (am) 
and 32.8N, 81.8W (pm).  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 32.2N, 81.0W.  Center of low shown in MWR at 00 UTC at 32N 79W with 1000 mb 
central pressure and at 12 UTC at 32.2N 80.5W with 983 mb central pressure.  
Peak ship observation:  35 kt SE at 12 UTC at 28.2N, 78.7W (HWM).  Peak 
station observations:  82 kt E at 0320 UTC, 992 mb at 0350 UTC at Charleston 
(MWR);  76 kt NW at 0710 UTC, 982 mb at 0810 UTC at Savannah (MWR).
"Pursuing a west-northwest course, it passed inland between Savannah and 
Charleston on the 28th.  There was great damage from winds and high tides 
between those cities.  At Charleston, the barometer fell to 29.30 inches 
[992 mb] and the wind reached 106 miles an hour [estimated by observer after 
instrument failure] from the northeast at 11:50 p.m. of the 27th.  On the 28th,
at 3:10 a.m. the center was closest to Savannah, barometer 29.02 inches 
[983 mb], wind 88 miles northwest" (Tannehill).  Aug. 27-28 Ga., S.C.,  Major 
Hurricane, 17 killed near Charleston (Dunn and Miller).  Aug GA2, SC2.
No mention of MSLP (Jarrell et al.).  Aug. 28, 1911   Storm direction toward 
280 deg.  Est MSLP 979 mb (computed from pressure profile and adjusted to the 
coast).  Lowest obs. Pressure 983 mb, Savannah, GA,  27 nmi RMW observed from 
wind speed record at Savannah, GA, 8 kts translational speed, landfall point 
32.2N 80.6W (Ho et al.).  75 kt estimated max 1 min, surface wind at landfall,
1011 mb environmental pressure (Schwerdt et al.).  "The Charleston-Savannah 
hurricane of August 27-29, 1911, was characterized by its relatively small 
diameter but intense energy, its unusual path directly from east to west, and 
its rapid loss of power after entering the coast line ... At Charleston the 
lowest pressure, 29.30 inches [992 mb], occurred at 11:50 p.m., August 27, wind 
southeast; at Savannah it was 29.02 inches [983 mb] at 8 a. m., August 28, 
wind northwest.  The diameter of the isobar of 29.30 inches [992 mb] 
surrounding the storm was approximately 100 miles.  The center or eye of 
the storm passed a few miles north of Savannah, where for two hours, from 
8.10 a. m. to 10.10 a. m., the 28th, the pressure remained lowest 
and the wind decreased to only 20 miles an hour.  The eye of the storm was 
about 14 or 15 miles in diameter.  At Savannah the wind backed from 
northwest to south about 10 a. m., the 28th, and the wind again increased
suddenly in velocity, heavy rain began, and the pressure rose rapidly.
At Charleston the wind veered from northeast to east and southeast, and
the destruction of property was much greater than at Savannah because the
winds were onshore.  At Charleston the damage to property is estimated
to have exceeded $1,000,000 and 17 lives were lost.  The damage at
Savannah was of a minor nature though large in the aggregate ... [In
Charleston the wind velocity reached] at 8.40 p. m. [27th] 68 miles, at
9.15 p. m. 72, and at 9.45 p. m. 86.  The wind shifted to east ... and
at 11.20 was blowing with a velocity of 94 miles an hour when the anemometer
ceased to properly record.  After 11.20 the wind became southeast and
was estimated to have attained a velocity of 106 miles an hour.  It 
continued to blow steadily from the southeast all of next day (28th),
remaining above 50 miles an hour most of the forenoon ... the barometer
reached its lowest point, 29.30 inches [992 mb], at 11.50 p. m.  Great damage 
was done by the wind ... Tin roofs began to be blown off and hundreds of 
houses were unroofed and chimneys were blown down.  A great many windows and
display signs were broken.  The streets were a tangle of fallen trees and
wires.  Many houses were destroyed and 4 persons were killed by falling
walls and 13 were drowned ... The high tide that night reached a point 
10.6 fee above mean low water, or somewhat lower than the tide of 1893.
A great deal of damage was done by water in the wholesale districts and in
other low portions of the city.  The water front next day was a confused
mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs ... [In Savannah] the wind 
attained a maximum (5 minute) velocity of 88 miles an hour shortly after
3 a. m. on August 28, with an extreme (1 mile) velocity of 96 miles an
hour at 3.08 a. m. during one of the terrific gusts ... The wind reached
62 miles an hour at 11.40 p. m., still blowing from the northwest with
strong gusts, and at midnight the pressure registered 29.50 inches [999 mb].  
The wind attained a velocity of 66 miles an hour at 12.05 a. m. August 28,
74 miles at 1.40 a. m., 78 at 2.45 a. m., and between 3.05 and 3.10 a. m.
it reached its maximum force of 88 miles an hour from the northwest.  From
3 a. m. to 6.05 a. m. the wind maintained a velocity ranging between 80 
and 90 miles an hour from the northwest ... At 8 a. m. the lowest pressure,
29.02 inches [983 mb], was recorded, the wind diminished with astonishing 
quickness, and from 8.10 to 10.10 a. m., the vortex of the storm passed 
practically over Savannah, the wind dying down to 20 miles an hour and shifting
to south about 10 a. m.  Immediately ... the velocity rapidly increased and
the rainfall became heavier.  The highest velocity attained after the
passage of the center was 64 miles an hour at 11.30 a. m. and at 12.05 p. m.
... Considering the severity of the storm it is remarkable that the damage
in the city of Savannah and contiguous territory was not larger.  No lives
were lost, and while the aggregate property loss was large, the damage
done was mostly of minor nature ... Small craft in the river and at
nearby resorts suffered greatly.  That the storm was not more destructive
on the water front was due to the fact that the wind was westerly and
southerly and not at any time from the east.  The hotel and residences on
Tybee Island were greatly damaged" (MWR).   
August 29:  Low centered near 32.5N, 83.5W in HWM with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  A stationary front was analyzed to the north and west of the storm. 
Cline gave positions for this system of 32.1N, 82.4W (am) and 31.8N, 83.7W 
(pm).  HURDAT listed this as a storm at 12 UTC at 32.5N, 82.9W with 45 kt
of wind.  Low centered near 32.5N, 82.0W with 1004 mb central pressure at 
00 UTC in MWR.  Low centered near 32.8N, 83.5W with 1005 mb central pressure 
at 12 UTC in MWR.  Peak station observation:  52 kt S at 00 UTC at Savannah 
(MWR).  "The storm drifted slowly to southeastern Georgia on the 
29th, with the pressure below 29.70 inches [1006 mb], and was accompanied by 
exceptionally heavy rains near the coast of Georgia, where much damage was done
to crops and live stock and numerous washouts occurred on the railroads.  
County roads suffered and many bridges were washed away ... [In Charleston the 
wind did not fall] below 36 miles an hour until after 4. a. m. on the 29th ... 
[In Savannah] the wind fell below the verifying velocity of 36 miles at 
2.10 a. m." (MWR).  
August 30:  No closed low indicated in HWM, but a center may have been near
34.5N, 83.5W.  The system is shown to be along a stationary frontal boundary.  
Cline gave positions for this system at 33.5N, 94.1W (am) and 35.5N, 83.5W 
(pm).  HURDAT lists this as a storm at 12 UTC 34.0N, 82.8W with 35 kt of 
wind.  Center of system plotted near 32.0N 84.5W and with 1009 mb central 
pressure at 00 UTC in MWR.  Center of system is plotted near 34.0N, 84.5W 
with 1011 mb central pressure at 12 UTC in MWR.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
August 31:  No closed low indicated in HWM.  Cline gave a position in the
morning at 36.2N, 80.2W.

Moderate adjustments to the track are made on the 23rd and 24th to better
agree with available ship observations indicating a position farther north
than originally shown.  Another moderate change to the track on the 29th
and 30th was made to better match inland reports showing a position 
somewhat farther west than originally indicated as well as to better
match Cline's detailed analysis after landfall.  Track extended an
additional day based upon HWM and Cline analyses.  Winds reduced from the 
23rd to the 26th based upon available ship observations.  For the 
intensity at landfall (which may also in this case be the peak intensity 
of the system), evidence was available from winds, pressure, storm surge 
and damages.  Highest observed winds were 82 kt in Charleston, with an 
estimate that the maximum that they reached after the anemometer was 
disabled was 92 kt.  However, reducing for the high-bias of the 
instrument at the time alters these to 63 kt observed and 70 kt estimated 
(Fergusson and Covert 1924).  Altering these to a maximum 1 min wind (Powell 
et al. 1996) gives 67 kt observed and 74 kt estimated.  Ho et al.'s estimated 
central pressure of 979 mb suggests winds of 76 kt from the subtropical 
pressure-wind relationship.  However, Ho et al. did not take into account that
the hurricane's central pressure would have filled some between the time of
landfall (~0930 UTC on the 28th) and the time it made its closest approach
to Savannah (~1300 UTC).  A run of the inland pressure deficit decay model
(also in Ho et al.) suggest a central pressure at the coast of 970 mb from
the Atlantic coast model (South Carolina to New England) and 974 mb from 
the Florida peninsula model.  As the landfall location was at the Georgia-
South Carolina border, a compromise of these two analyses was utilized to 
come up with the final estimate of 972 mb at landfall at the coast.  (The 
983 mb observed in Savannah, originally was listed in HURDAT as a central 
pressure, is replaced with this revised 972 mb value.)  972 mb central
pressure suggests 84 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  
Ho et al.'s analysis of 27 nmi RMW has been reconfirmed and is close to that 
expected from climatology for this latitude of landfall and central pressure 
(25 nmi - Vickery et al. 2000), so no large deviation from 84 kt would be 
expected.  A storm tide of 10.6 feet was reported in Charleston with 
moderate wind forced damage.  Given that it is unlikely that Charleston 
experienced the exact peak winds of the hurricane at landfall, a value 
higher than that observed (and even estimated with some caution being taken) 
would be reasonable.  Thus 85 kt maximum 1 min winds are analyzed for this 
hurricane at landfall near the Georgia/South Carolina border near 0930 UTC on 
the 28th.  This is at the low end of a Category 2, which is what is analyzed
for conditions occurring in South Carolina.  However, Georgia's impact is 
reduced to Category 1 based in part on the modest winds reported in Savannah
and in part on the moderate sized RMW which would have kept the peak winds
on the front right quadrant in South Carolina and would have avoided
Georgia.  Category 2 in South Carolina retains what was estimated previously
in HURDAT, Jarrell et al. and Neumann et al., though Category 1 in Georgia
is a reduction by one category from those references.  After landfall, a run
of the Kaplan and DeMaria's (1995) inland decay model gave 60 kt at 
28th/12 UTC, 47 kt at 18 UTC, 36 kt at 29th/00 UTC, and 30 kt at 06 UTC.  
Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these times were 73, 56, 52, and 
37 kt.  These correct to 59, 46, 43, and 31 kt after adjusting for bias and 
to 1 min peak values, which are very close to that suggested by the inland 
decay model.  (It should be noted that data coverage at landfall for this 
system was quite good with observations available at Charleston, Savannah, 
Columbia, Macon, and Augusta.)  No gales were observed after 07 UTC on the 
29th.  Winds in HURDAT slightly increased at 18 UTC on the 28th and reduced 
on the 29th and 30th, accordingly.  The system is characterized on the 30th 
as extratropical in its decay over land, due to being absorbed by frontal 
system.  

*******************************************************************************

1911/04 - 2005 REVISION:

19980 09/03/1911 M=10  3 SNBR= 458 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
19980 09/03/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
                       *       ***

19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*137 579  35    0*138 598  35    0*
19985 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*120 570  30    0*122 584  30    0*
                                              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

19990 09/04*139 616  35    0*140 630  35    0*140 640  35    0*140 647  35    0*
19990 09/04*124 598  30    0*126 612  30    0*128 625  35    0*129 637  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

19995 09/05*140 653  35    0*140 658  35    0*140 667  35    0*141 672  40    0*
19995 09/05*130 648  35    0*130 659  35    0*130 670  35    0*130 680  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20000 09/06*141 680  40    0*142 688  45    0*143 696  45    0*144 705  50    0*
20000 09/06*130 690  40    0*130 700  45    0*130 710  45    0*129 718  50    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20005 09/07*146 714  50    0*147 723  55    0*147 732  55    0*146 741  60    0*
20005 09/07*128 724  50    0*127 730  55    0*125 735  55    0*123 741  60    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***

20010 09/08*144 751  60    0*141 761  65    0*139 770  70    0*136 777  70    0*
20010 09/08*122 747  60    0*121 753  65    0*120 760  70    0*120 768  70    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20015 09/09*134 784  75    0*131 791  80    0*130 800  85    0*130 811  85    0*
20015 09/09*121 777  75    0*122 787  80    0*123 797  85    0*124 809  85    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20020 09/10*130 823  85    0*131 834  80    0*132 846  60    0*133 857  45    0*
20020 09/10*126 822  85    0*128 834  85    0*130 846  60    0*132 857  45    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      ***              *** 

20025 09/11*133 868  40    0*134 879  40    0*134 890  35    0*136 902  35    0*
20030 09/12*138 916  35    0*140 931  35    0*140 935  30    0*141 940  30    0*
20035 HR

Major changes from the track and minor changes to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 3.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 3:  Likely closed circulation near 12N, 57W.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 13.7N, 57.9W.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 64W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 64.0W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
September 5:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north, west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 66W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 66.7W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, 
a low was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 69.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.3N, 69.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on west, south and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this 
lack, a low was indicated in HWM near 12.5N, 73W with 1000 mb pressure at most.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 14.7N, 73.2W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 8:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of data 
on north and south sides of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a 
low was indicated in HWM near 11.5N, 76W with 995 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT 
listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 13.9N, 77.0W.  No gale force
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 9:  Possible closed circulation near 12.5N, 80W with 990 mb pressure
at most in HWM, but there was a lack of data near the center of the storm at 
HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
13.0N, 80.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 10:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there was a lack of
data on all quadrants of the storm at the HURDAT location.  Despite this 
lack, a inland low over Nicaragua was indicated in HWM near 13N, 85W with 
990 mb pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 13.2N, 84.6W.  "A cable report ... from Corinto, Nicaragua ... states that
a hurricane struck that city, causing the death of 10 and injury to 50 
persons.  Eight city blocks, comprising 250 houses, were razed to the ground 
with an estimated loss of $2,000,000" (MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.  
September 11:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on north and east sides of storm at HURDAT location. Despite this lack, an
inland low over El Salvador was indicated in HWM near 13.5N, 89W with 995 mb 
pressure at most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.4N, 89.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 12:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on all quadrants of storm at HURDAT location.  Despite this lack, a low 
(back over water) was indicated in HWM near 14N, 95W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 14.0N, 93.5W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 13:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data 
on the east side of storm. Despite this lack, a low was indicated in HWM 
near 15N, 99.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.   However, available ship 
observations to the west of this position are inconsistent with a low located 
there.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.

The track is adjusted to the south by 100-200 km from the 3rd through the 
9th.  While data for most dates is sparse near the center, indications for a 
more southerly track are most apparent on the 3rd and the 8th.  Additionally,
these more southerly positions are for most days quite consistent with
that shown in HWM.  No changes are made to the storm for the 11th and 12th.
Winds are reduced slightly on the 3rd and 4th in accordance with no gale
force winds recorded in its passage through the Lesser Antilles.  The only
other change to its intensity is at 06 UTC on the 10th to maintain Category 2 
intensity (85 kt) until landfall.   Making few changes is primarily because 
of the lack of inner core data throughout most of its history and that the 
existing intensity estimates are consistent with the system becoming a 
hurricane on the 8th and making landfall as a destructive hurricane in 
Nicaragua on the 10th around 07 UTC.  Utilizing the inland decay model of 
Kaplan and DeMaria (1995), the following inland winds of 57, 41 and 41 kt 
were obtained for 10th/12, 18, and 11th/00 UTC.  These are close to existing
HURDAT values and no changes are made to the inland winds. 

*******************************************************************************

1911/05 - 2005 ADDITION:

20036 09/15/1911 M= 6  5 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20037 09/15*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*340 550  45    0*340 550  45    0*
20038 09/16*340 550  45    0*340 551  50    0*340 555  50    0*340 563  50    0*
20039 09/17*340 573  55    0*340 587  55    0*340 600  55    0*345 610  55    0*
20039 09/18*355 618  50    0*370 626  50    0*380 635  45    0*388 645  45    0*
20039 09/19*394 657  40    0*398 667  40    0E400 675  40    0E399 678  40    0*
20039 09/20E396 676  35    0E393 673  35    0E390 670  30    0E387 667  25    0*
20039 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database and Tucker (1995).  

September 14:  No data in vicinity of where system may have been.
September 15:  Closed non-baroclinic system indicated.  Center indicated
in HWM near 32.5N, 57.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Gale force winds
indicated in two ship observations, though westernmost one appears
suspect as flow is away from system's center.  Center suspected to be
closer to 34N, 55W due to placement with eastern observations and continuity 
with better defined center on the 16th.  Peak ship observation:  40 kt S at 
33.9N, 53.2W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 16:  System either remained stationary or moved slowly to the
west.  Center near 34N, 55.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  No
gale force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed.
September 17:  System moved westward and intensified.  Center was near 34N, 
60W in HWM with 995 mb pressure at most.  At the same time a weak 
extratropical system approached from the west and was located near 36N, 69W.  
Winds well to the north of the system increasing due to enhanced pressure 
gradient.  Peak ship observations:  30 kt ENE and 999 mb at 35.2N, 59.4W at 
12 UTC (HWM) and 35 kt SE at 38.8N, 52.6W at 12 UTC (HWM).  Tucker (1995):  
"September 17th., St. Georges again suffered a freak storm, -- a local tornado 
passed over the Sanatorium grounds uprooted trees, injured the bathehouse tops 
and balustrades, blew blinds off the old house and unroofed the stables  The 
wind passed over Market Wharf shortly before 5 p.m.  A general blow had been, 
on account of the falling glass, anticipated at St. Georges; and all the coal 
hulks and other floating property had been specially moored to withstand it."
September 18:  System moved toward the northwest and apparently merged with 
the decaying extratropical low, though a main stationary frontal boundary 
remained to the north of the system.  A trailing cold front in HWM extending
from the center of the storm appears suspect.  Center was near 38N, 63W in 
HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  Numerous gale force wind reports were 
observed poleward of the frontal boundary, not directly related to the 
system.  Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 38.9N, 61.3W at 12 UTC (HWM).  
September 19:  System continued to move toward the northwest and the frontal
boundary apparently reached the circulation center as gale force winds
with temperatures around 60F were observed just west and north of the center.
Center of system near 40N, 67.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.  
September 20:  System weakened and moved slightly to the southeast.  Frontal
boundary associated with system also weakened.  Center of system near
39N, 67W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure at most.
September 21:  System absorbed by stronger frontal system that moved in
from the northwest.

The system is started on the 15th as a tropical storm, reached peak intensity
on the 17th, became extratropical on the 19th and dissipated late on the 20th.
The conditions reported by Tucker likely was due to the periphery of the 
storm and a rainband-induced tornado.  The 999 mb peripheral pressure on the 
17th suggests winds of at least 50 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure 
relationship.  55 kt chosen for the best track at this time, which may have 
been the peak intensity.  The storm did exhibit some hybrid characteristics
and might, in a later era, be classified as a subtropical storm.  Note that 
complete lifecycle of this system is not known, as its genesis before the 
15th is uncertain due to lack of data.

*******************************************************************************

1911/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20040 10/23/1911 M=10  4 SNBR= 459 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20040 10/26/1911 M= 7  6 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
         **        **  *       ***

(The 23rd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20045 10/23*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*175 702  35    0*178 719  35    0*
20050 10/24*181 735  35    0*184 748  35    0*188 759  35    0*188 767  35    0*
20055 10/25*191 775  35    0*192 781  35    0*194 787  35    0*195 792  35    0*

20060 10/26*196 797  35    0*198 801  35    0*199 805  35    0*200 808  40    0*
20060 10/26*225 755  30    0*225 770  30    0*225 785  30    0*224 799  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20065 10/27*201 810  40    0*203 812  40    0*204 815  45    0*205 818  45    0*
20065 10/27*223 813  30    0*222 827  35    0*220 840  40    0*217 848  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20070 10/28*207 822  45    0*208 825  45    0*210 828  45    0*212 831  45    0*
20070 10/28*214 853  40    0*212 857  40    0*210 860  40    0*208 862  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **   

20075 10/29*214 834  45    0*216 837  40    0*219 840  40    0*223 844  35    0*
20075 10/29*206 864  40    0*205 865  40    0*205 865  40    0*208 864  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** ***  

20080 10/30*228 849  35    0*233 855  35    0*239 859  35    0*245 862  35    0*
20080 10/30*212 863  35    0*218 861  35    0*225 859  35    0*235 860  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          ***              *** ***  **

20085 10/31*251 863  35    0*258 864  35    0*265 863  35    0*273 859  30    0*
20085 10/31*245 861  45    0*255 861  45    0*265 860  45    0E275 850  35    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **     **** ***  **

20090 11/01*285 847  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
20090 11/01E290 825  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           **** ***  **

20095 TS

Major changes from the track and minor changes from the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999), originally storm number 4.  Evidence for these 
alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship 
database, the _Monthly Weather Review_, the Original Monthly Records
station data, Perez (2000), and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez.

October 23:  No closed circulation was apparent from HWM and COADS 
observations, but there was a lack of data on south side of storm at HURDAT
location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.5N, 70.2W.  
"A decided pressure fall over the West Indies indicated the presence of a 
disturbance in the Caribbean Sea not far from Porto Rico and Santo Domingo" 
(MWR).  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
October 24:  No closed circulation apparent from HWM and COADS observations.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 18.8N, 75.9W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 25:  No closed circulation was apparent, but there is a lack of data on
south side of storm at HURDAT location.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical
storm at 12 UTC at 19.4N, 78.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 26:  No closed circulation was apparent in HWM, but observations
from HWM, COADS and the Cuban ship data indicate a center near 22.5N, 78.5W.  
A warm front was analyzed extending from near the system's center north 
through Cuba and Florida, but evidence for this feature is weak.  HURDAT 
listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.9N, 80.5W.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 27:  A weak circulation with 1010 mb pressure at most in the HWM 
was indicated in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with an embedded stationary 
front extending northeastward across Florida.  Evidence for the front is
weak from available observations.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 20.4N, 81.5W.  Observations suggest that the center was
near 22N, 84W.  "The disturbance was of small diameter and moved slowly 
west-northwestward, passing south of and near Habana, Cuba, early on the 
morning of Friday, October 27th, and moving into the Gulf of Mexico during 
the day" (MWR).  Peak station observation:  40 kt SE "early morning" at 
Havana (MWR).
October 28:  Circulation center ill-defined, but farther west than indicated
in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
21.0N, 82.8W with 45 kt winds.  A stationary front is analyzed to begin near 
the storm's center and extend off to the northeast over Florida though the
evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely located near 21N, 86W.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 29:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther west 
and south than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 21.9N, 84.0W.  A stationary front is analyzed 
to begin near the storm's center and extend off to the northeast 
over Florida though the evidence is weak for this feature.  Center likely
located near 20.5N, 86.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed near the storm.
October 30:  Circulation center ill-defined, but appears to be farther south 
than indicated in HURDAT is likely.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 23.9N, 85.9W.  Center likely located near 22.5N, 86W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed near the storm.
October 31:  Circulation center near 26.5N, 86.5W in HWM with 1005 mb pressure
at most, close to that indicated by HURDAT.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical 
storm at 12 UTC at 26.5N, 86.3W.  Moderate cold front analyzed to be 
approaching the system from the north and west.  "On Tuesday, October 31, there
were strong indications that the storm had recurved and was approaching the 
northwest coast of Florida" (MWR).  Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 27.2N, 87.7W at
12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  10 kt S with 1009 mb (minimum for
month) at Tampa at 18 UTC (OMR).
November 1:  "By night [Oct. 31-Nov. 1] the storm center was over northern
Florida.  It still retained its moderate character and passed northeastward
over the Atlantic Ocean during the [next] night with decreasing intensity"
(MWR).  In partial support of this statement, 00 UTC observations showed
SW winds at Tampa and NE winds at both Pensacola and Jacksonville.  However,
by 12 UTC all three stations reported N winds a substantially cooler
temperature behind the front and no remnant circulation remained.  

Observations are sufficient to determine that a delay in the genesis of
this tropical storm is required.  The storm is now begun as a tropical 
depression on the 26th just northeast of Cuba, rather than having 
genesis on the 23rd just south of Hispanola.  Ship data of the "Regina"
provided by Dr. Ramon Perez were crucial in determining that the system had 
developed into a tropical depression east of Cuba rather than south of
Cuba.  Winds recorded by this ship were SW-SSW at 20-25 kt for 12 hours late
on the 26th and early on the 27th and minimum pressure was 1010 mb at 21Z
on the 26th (though pressure values appear to be about 4 mb too high for 
this ship - a minimum of 1006 mb looks more reasonable).  The system crossed
Cuba as a tropical depression moving just south of due west and it became
a tropical storm on the 27th while south of Havana.  The track is 
adjusted to the west on the 28th and to the south and west on the 29th to 
better match ship observations and to better correspond with pressure 
changes in Havana.  Track moved to the south on the 30th to match 
observations and continuity with the position on the 29th.  These track
changes around Cuba on the 26th to the 30th are in agreement with that 
suggested by Perez (2000).  Winds are analyzed to have peaked around 45 kt 
on the 31st.  Due to being absorbed by the cold front late on the 31st and 
early on the 1st, the status is changed to an extratropical cyclone at 
those times.

*******************************************************************************

1911 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate a trough present near 50W on 17
February 1911. The trough progressed westward on the 18th near 53W and 
eventually became a tropical depression on the 19th near 22N, 52W (HWM). 
Available observations indicate a clear circulation of 30 kt winds (HWM,COA) 
with peak observations of 45 kt and 1008 mb early on the 20th. The system's 
brief stint as a tropical depression ended on the 21st as it quickly 
dissipated. One ship reported (somewhat suspect) gale force wind observations 
of 35 and 45 kt on the 19th and early on the 20th (COA).  However, without 
additional pressure and/or wind observations this system is considered a 
tropical depression and not added to HURDAT. 

DAY    LAT LON STATUS
Feb 17 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~50W
Feb 18 --- --- Open Inverted Trough along ~53W 
Feb 19 22N 52W Tropical Depression 
Feb 20 25N 49W Tropical Depression
Feb 21 --- --- Dissipated 


2) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
near 36N, 55W on 22 May 1911 from an existing extratropical storm.  The system
then meandered around 35N, 53W over the next three days before being absorbed 
by a second extratropical cyclone on the 24th.  Highest winds observed
from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 23rd (HWM).  Lowest pressures 
observed were 1009 mb on the 23rd (HWM). Although one gale of 35 kt is 
present, not enough evidence is available that the system reached tropical
storm intensity.  Thus it is considered a tropical depression (or perhaps
a subtropical depression) and not added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 19   35N  53W     Extratropical
May 20   36N  49W     Extratropical  
May 21   37N  52W     Extratropical 
May 22   36N  55W     Tropical Depression
May 23   32N  53W     Tropical Depression                
May 24   33N  53W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 25   35N  53W     Extratropical


3) A cyclone formed on the 29th of June northwest of Bermuda, moved toward 
the east-northeast, reached a peak intensity of around 50 kt on the 2nd of
July, and was absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone on the 3rd.  Peak
observations were a ship with winds of 45 kt on the 30th and 997 mb peripheral
pressure on the 1st.  While the system may have gained some tropical (or
subtropical) characteristics on the 1st and 2nd, it was judged to still
retain baroclinic features and thus is not added into HURDAT.  Information 
for this system was obtained from the Historical Weather Map series and the 
COADS ship database.  
 
DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun 29   36N  69W     Extratropical
Jun 30   37N  64W     Extratropical
Jul 01   39N  61W     Extratropical
Jul 02   41N  56W     Extratropical
Jul 03   --   --      Absorbed by larger extratropical system


4) Mr. Michael Chenoweth uncovered this information from _The Voice of 
St. Lucia_ newspaper dated 7 Oct. 1911:
"Extract from The Jamaica Gleaner, undated.
 Port Limon, Costa Rica, Sept. 4 [Monday]. The tail of a hurricane 
 struck this locality on Tuesday [29 August], doing some heavy damage 
 to some farms. Westfalia, a comparatively small banana farm, is said 
 to have lost 10,000 bunches of bananas, while others escaped 
 entirely."
A review of the Historical Weather Map series for the 28-30 August time
frame does suggest a tropical disturbance moved through Central America
during these dates.  However, perhaps because of the lack of both
ship and station data, no closed circulation could be identified nor
were there any gale force observations.  Likewise, a search of the COADS 
ship database while also being somewhat sparse for observations in the 
region did not provide any evidence of a closed low or gale force winds
(or equivalent in pressure).  Thus this system will be kept here in the
additional notes section as a possible new storm, but one needing
additional corroborative evidence to be added into HURDAT.


5) An area of disturbed weather in mid-September in the Caribbean was
investigated for possible inclusion as a tropical cyclone.  Information
was obtained from summaries in the Monthly Weather Review, the Historical
Weather Map series and COADS database.  "On the morning of the 16th a 
decided fall in barometer set in over the West Indies ... the center of 
the disturbance and its intensity were not definitely known ... Some 
indications disturbance south of Haiti.  On the morning of the 17th ...
placing the center of the disturbance south-southwest of Jamaica.  On the
18th ... indications disturbance in Caribbean Sea is west of Jamaica and
approaching Yucatan Channel.  Intensity unknown.  At Habana a wind 
velocity of 32 miles an hour from the northeast was reported as having
occurred during the night of the 17th-18th.  No further evidence of 
this storm has been reported" (MWR).  This system appears to be a strong 
easterly wave that moved across the Caribbean without becoming a tropical 
cyclone.  It is possible though that it did become a tropical depression 
on the 17th and/or 18th, but definite evidence for a closed  circulation 
does not exist.  Additionally, no winds (or winds implied from pressure) 
support tropical storm intensity.  Thus this system is not included into 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 16  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 70W)
Sep. 17  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 75W)
Sep. 18  ---  ---     Open wave? (trough along 80W)
Sep. 19  ---  ---     Open wave (trough along 85W)


6) The Historical Weather Map series and COADS database indicate the
presence of a storm system from 16-20 October, 1911 in the North Atlantic.
This system moved eastward for 5 days at about latitude 35N.  While
no frontal features could be determined during most of the storm's 
lifetime, gale force winds in the were storm were primarily to be found
well away from the storm's center.  This system is judged to be a large 
non-tropical gale center.  While the storm was non-baroclinic, it lacked 
the high wind mesoscale structure required of tropical cyclones.  The one 
possible exception during its lifetime occurred on the 20th, when a gale 
force report was found just to the south of the center.  However, lack of 
collaboration with additional data make this single report ambiguous for 
knowing the structure of the system at that time.  Thus this storm is not 
included as an additional system for HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 16  38N  66W     Non-tropical low
Oct. 17  34N  56W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 18  36N  53W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 19  35N  52W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 20  34N  49W     Non-tropical gale center
Oct. 21  ---  ---     Dissipated


7) Historical Weather Maps, Monthly Weather Review, and COADS indicate a that a
low pressure area formed near 21.5N, 71W on 11 December 1911 and appeared to be
a tropical cyclone in structure. The system was likely a tropical depression on
the 11th as indicated by MWR, "maximum winds of 36 mph [30 kt], southwest, in 
the afternoon and lowest pressure of 29.68 inches [1005 mb] in the morning" for
the Turks Islands. This pressure observation implies at least 36 kt from the 
southern pressure-wind relationship, unless the observation is considered a 
central pressure which would in turn indicate maximum winds of ~35 kt. The 
depression maintained its intensity and "moved westward, centered immediately
north of eastern Cuba" on the 12th (MWR). It is also noted to, "soon dissipate
as it moved into the Gulf as indicated by pressures and winds in Havana and 
south Florida" (MWR). On the 13th, the system was weakening and by the 14th was
completely dissipated. Although this system contained one observation of gale
force, such pressures (1008 mb and higher) do not support winds of tropical
storm force from the southern pressure-wind relationship. Therefore, this storm
is considered a tropical depression and should not be added to HURDAT.

Dec 09 19N 69W Extratropical
Dec 10 20N 68W Extratropical 
Dec 11 21N 73W Tropical Depression 
Dec 12 22N 77W Tropical Depression
Dec 13 32N 53W Tropical Depression - Dissipating 
Dec 14 33N 53W Dissipated

*******************************************************************************

1912/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20190 06/07/1912 M=10  1 SNBR= 460 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20190 06/07/1912 M=11  1 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                   **          ***

20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*230 853  35    0*235 855  35    0*
20195 06/07*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*280 880  35    0*277 877  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20200 06/08*239 858  35    0*242 860  35    0*245 863  35    0*246 866  35    0*
20200 06/08*274 874  40    0*272 871  45    0*270 870  50    0*268 873  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20205 06/09*247 869  35    0*248 873  35    0*248 876  35    0*248 879  40    0*
20205 06/09*267 878  50    0*266 884  50    0*265 890  50    0*264 895  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20210 06/10*248 883  40    0*247 886  45    0*247 890  45    0*247 894  45    0*
20210 06/10*262 900  50    0*261 905  50    0*260 910  50    0*261 912  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20215 06/11*247 899  50    0*247 903  50    0*248 908  50    0*250 914  50    0*
20215 06/11*262 913  55    0*263 914  60    0*265 915  60    0*268 917  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20220 06/12*255 919  50    0*261 925  45    0*269 929  45    0*277 931  45    0*
20220 06/12*272 920  60    0*276 923  60    0*280 925  60    0*285 924  60    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20225 06/13*286 929  45    0*295 921  45    0*305 908  40    0*316 888  35    0*
20225 06/13*291 920  60    0*298 915  55    0*305 908  50    0*315 895  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **      *** ***  **

20230 06/14*328 862  35    0*340 835  35    0*350 814  35    0*355 798  35    0*
20230 06/14*325 875  40    0E335 845  35    0E345 810  35    0E350 785  35    0*
            *** ***         **** ***         **** ***         **** ***

20235 06/15*358 784  35    0*360 769  35    0*360 752  35    0*359 734  35    0*
20235 06/15E353 770  35 1005E354 756  40    0E355 745  40    0E355 730  40    0*
           **** ***     ******** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20240 06/16*358 715  35    0*355 696  35    0*351 675  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
20240 06/16*355 710  35    0*355 694  35    0*355 680  30    0*353 670  30    0*
            *** ***              ***          *** ***          *** ***  **

(17th is new to HURDAT.)
20242 06/17*351 661  30    0*348 653  30    0*345 645  30    0*  0   0   0    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20245 TS                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database,  and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

June 5:  Closed low shown in HWM at 23.5N, 92.5W with pressure 1010 mb at
most. The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 23N, 92.5W (a.m.) and 
24N, 94W (p.m.).  However, available observations depict only an open trough. 
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 6:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 92W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 25.5N, 92.8W (a.m.) and 27N, 90.2W (p.m.).  
However, available observations depict only an open trough.   Station 
highlight:  38 kt SE wind at Pensacola (MWR).
June 7:  Closed low shown in HWM at 28.5N, 88W with pressure 1010 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 87.8W with 1008 mb pressure (a.m) and 28.2N, 
85W (p.m.).  HURDAT first lists this system at 12 UTC as a tropical storm at 
23.0N, 85.3W.  the MWR track appears to be most accurate from available
observations.  Ship and coastal station data do at this point indicate a 
closed circulation.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 8:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26N, 85W with pressure 1005 mb at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27.2N, 83.5W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
25.7N, 84.2W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.5N, 86.3W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a 
position north and slightly west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1005 mb pressure 
at 10 UTC at 27.0N, 87.0W (COA), 50 kt NE wind at 14 and 18 UTC at 
28.0N, 87.0W (COA).  
June 9:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25N, 89.5W with pressure 1005 mb at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 25.3N, 87.2W with 1000 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.3N, 89.2W with 1005 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 24.8N, 87.6W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position north and west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  50 kt NE wind
at 02 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W (COA) and 50 kt NE wind and 1003 mb pressure at 
12 UTC at 27.2N, 89.8W (HWM).  "On the 9th a wireless vessel report from the 
middle Gulf of Mexico indicated the presence of a disturbance of moderate 
intensity in that region" (MWR).  
June 10:  Closed low shown in HWM at 25.5N, 91W with 1010 mb pressure at 
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 23.5N, 88.5W with 1007 mb pressure (a.m.) 
and 25.5N, 91.2W (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
24.7N, 89.0W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just
north of HWM.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 06 UTC at 28.0N, 88.0W 
(COA); 35 kt ENE wind at 12 UTC at 28.3N, 88.3W (HWM).
June 11:  Closed low shown in HWM at 26.5N, 91W with 1005 mb pressure at most.
The MWR tracks locate it at 27N, 93W (a.m.) and at 26N, 94.3W (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 24.8N, 90.8W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position just north of HWM.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 12:  Closed low shown in HWM at 27.5N, 92.5W with 1000 mb pressure at
most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 28N, 94.2W with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 
at 28.5N, 93W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 26.9N, 92.9W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  40 kt NNE wind 
and 995 mb pressure at 12 UTC at 28.4N, 92.5W (HWM).  "On the morning of the 
12th observations from west Gulf stations indicated that the disturbance was 
apparently approaching the eastern Texas or the Louisiana coast and advices 
were accordingly sent to Gulf stations and vessel interests" (MWR).  
June 13:  Closed low has moved inland over Louisiana as shown in HWM at 
31N, 91.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
30.7N, 90.7W with 1006 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33.2N, 86.8W with 1000 mb 
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 30.5N, 90.8W 
at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  37 kt wind at New Orleans (MWR); 1000 mb 
pressure at Birmingham (MWR).  "By the morning of the 13th the center had 
passed inland over Louisiana causing some damage by the spreading of flood 
waters; no damage however was reported to shipping" (MWR).  
June 14:  Closed low still inland over South Carolina is shown in HWM at 
35N, 80.5W with 1005 mb pressure at most and with a stationary front draped 
across it from WNW to ESE.  (However, observations do not appear to support 
such a frontal analysis.)  The MWR tracks locate it at 34.7N, 80.7W with 
1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 35N, 75.5W with 1004 mb pressure (p.m.).  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 35.0N, 81.4W at 12 UTC.  
Available observations suggest a position closest to the MWR center.
Station highlight:  42 kt wind at 0215 UTC in Atlanta (MWR); 1002 mb pressure 
at 00 UTC in Montgomery (OMR).  "The storm, which was of moderate intensity, 
passed east-northeastward to the North Carolina coast by the evening of the 
14th, causing storm winds over the south Atlantic coast warnings of which 
were issued on the 14th.  A severe local storm was reported near 
Fayetteville, N.C., during the 14th" (MWR).
June 15:  Closed low back over water in the Atlantic is shown in HWM at 
35N, 75W with 1010 mb pressure at most.  The MWR tracks locate it at 
34.5N, 73.7W with 1010 mb pressure (a.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
tropical storm at 36.0N, 75.2W at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest
a position just south and east of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  4 kt E and
1005 mb at 00 UTC at Cape Hatteras (OMR) - possible central pressure.
June 16:  Closed low is shown in HWM at 34N, 67.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression at 35.1N, 67.5W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations suggest a position just north and west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied by pressure) were observed.
June 17:  An open trough is shown in HWM, but available observations 
indicate a closed low near 34.5N, 64.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied by
pressure) were observed.

Major adjustments to the track on the 7th through the 10th to the north
and west are justified by ship and coastal observations.  Minor changes
to the track are made from the 11th through the 16th.  Additional day 
added to the track on the 17th based upon ship and Bermuda observations.
Intensity increased from the 8th to the 13th based upon ship observations.
995 mb pressure from HWM ship at 12 UTC on the 12th suggests winds of at
least 54 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt
utilized.  60 kt tropical storm at landfall around 05 UTC on the 13th is 
consistent with high winds (42 kt in Atlanta) and low pressures (1004 mb in 
Charlotte) found inland along track.  This wind adjusts to 35 kt after 
accounting for the high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to 
a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996). 
Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests 
winds of 52, 43, 35, and 27 kt for the 13th at 06, 12, 18 UTC and 14th at 
00 UTC.  Peak observed winds after landfall were 35 kt (after adjustment)
at 02 UTC on the 14th.  This suggests a slower than usual decay.  Winds of 
55, 50, 45, and 40 kt, respectively, are chosen for the intensities.  
Intensity increased slightly on the 15th due to coastal observations as the 
system reached the ocean.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/02 - 2005 REVISION:

20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 461 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20250 07/12/1912 M= 6  2 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
                               ***

20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*264 711  35    0*270 718  35    0*
20255 07/12*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*250 740  35    0*258 745  35    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***

20260 07/13*275 724  35    0*280 731  35    0*284 738  35    0*287 745  35    0*
20260 07/13*266 750  35    0*273 755  35    0*280 760  35    0*285 764  35    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          *** ***

20265 07/14*291 752  35    0*294 759  35    0*297 767  35    0*300 776  40    0*
20265 07/14*289 767  35    0*293 771  35    0*297 775  35    0*300 781  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***              ***              ***

20270 07/15*304 784  40    0*309 792  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  45    0*
20270 07/15*304 788  40    0*309 797  40    0*313 807  45    0*313 819  40    0*
                ***              ***                                    **

20275 07/16*313 831  35    0*313 843  30    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
20275 07/16*313 831  40    0*313 843  35    0*313 855  30    0*314 865  25    0*
                     **               **

20280 07/17*315 875  25    0*316 884  20    0*317 893  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20285 TS                    

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_, and Dunn and Miller (1960). 

July 12:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 25N, 74W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 26.4N, 
71.1W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 13:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center may be present
near 28N, 76W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate it at 29.8N, 
79.7W with 30.08" pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical 
storm at 28.4N, 73.8W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
July 14:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 29.5N, 77.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it 
at 28.5N, 78.5W with 30.00" pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 80.2W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.7N,
76.7W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
July 15:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a center is located from
ship and coastal observations near 31.5N, 80.5W.  The MWR tracks locate it at
31N, 81.3W with 1014 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 31.3N, 83W with 1011 mb
pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 
31.3N, 80.7W at 12 UTC.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE wind at Savannah 
at 16 UTC.  "The following report on the storm near the Georgia 
coast is taken from notes furnished by Mr. C. J. Doherty, local forecaster, 
in charge at Savannah, Ga.:  A decided fall in the barometer took place on 
the 14th, with increasing winds.  The regular p. m. reports showed an 
incipient disturbance near the Georgia coast, and high winds with unusually 
rough seas prevailed at Tybee Beach during the night.  The morning reports 
of the 15th indicated that the storm had increased slightly in intensity.  
The weather was thick and threatening, with light intermittent showers which 
continued during the day and night.  After midnight the wind became fresh and 
gusty.  A verifying velocity was attained at 7.35 a. m. of 36 miles an hour, 
and thereafter the wind continue high until 10 p. m., with a maximum velocity
of 49 miles from the southeast shortly after 11 a. m. on the 15th.  During 
the day the displayman at Tybee reported unusually wild seas, with high winds 
and swell from the southeast.  Northeast storm warnings were displayed from 
Jacksonville to Charleston.  No material damage was reported" (MWR).  "On the
evening of the 14th there was an unsettled condition off the Georgia coast, 
and by the morning of the 15th pressure had fallen slightly over that region, 
and a maximum wind velocity of 36 miles from the east was reported from 
Charleston.  Storm warnings were ordered from Charleston to Jacksonville, and 
special observations were called for, but no further development was noted.  
Heavy rains, however, occurred over Georgia and South Carolina" (MWR). 1912
July 14-15 ; Ga., S.C.; Minimal intensity; Center near Tybee Beach (Dunn and
Miller).
July 16:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a circulation center can
be identified inland near 31.5N, 85.5W from available ship and station 
reports.  The MWR tracks show the system at 31.1N, 85.7W with 1013 mb
pressure (a.m.) and at 32N, 87.8W with 1012 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists
the system as a tropical depression at 31.3N, 85.5W at 12 UTC.  Station
highlight:  40 kt SE wind at Charleston at "morning" (MWR).  "... and a maximum 
wind velocity of 46 miles from the southeast was reported on the morning of 
the 16th from Charleston.  This disturbance caused showers and thunderstorms 
over the East Gulf and South Atlantic States for several days following the 
16th" (MWR).
July 17:  No closed low depicted in HWM; however, a possible circulation 
center could be seen near 31.5N, 89.5W based upon station reports.  It is
possible though that the circulation has decayed to an open trough 
oriented west-east.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical depression
at 31.7N, 89.3W at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.

A large west shift in the track was analyzed for the 12th to the 14th based 
upon available ship and coastal station reports.  Intensity not altered 
before landfall in Georgia.  Landfall around 16 UTC on the 15th with winds 
of 45 kt from HURDAT originally matches observed peak winds of 43 kt from 
Savannah.  (This wind adjusts to 36 kt after accounting for the high bias 
of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind 
[Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996]).  Observed 40 kt (33 kt
true) winds early on the 16th are the reason for slightly increasing the 
intensity on the 16th.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/03 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20286 09/02/1912 M= 5  3 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20287 09/02*382 725  30    0*381 725  30    0*380 725  35    0*378 725  40    0*
20288 09/03*376 725  45    0*373 725  45    0*370 725  45    0*365 728  45    0*
20289 09/04*360 732  40    0*355 735  40    0*350 740  40    0*345 747  40    0*
20289 09/05*340 754  35    0*335 762  35    0*330 770  35    0*326 780  30    0*
20289 09/06*322 792  30    0*318 807  30    0*315 825  25    0*313 845  20    0*
20289 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, and Original
Monthly Record station data from NCDC.  

September 2:  A low forms off of the North Carolina/Virginia coast
centered at 36.5N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.
Additional COADS observations indicate the center was farther
north.  Low appears to be tropical as no frontal features are apparent
in the vicinity of the storm.  Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 
38.0N, 71.0W at 21 UTC (COA).
September 3:  The low was located at 37N, 72.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SE at 37.5N, 71.5W at 13 UTC
(COA) and 15 kt SW and 1007 mb at 35.2N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (HWM).
September 4:  The low was located at 35N, 73.5W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther east.  A dissipating cold front was analyzed in HWM
to be just north of the storm, which is reasonable.  No gale force
winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed for this day.
September 5:  The low was located at 32N, 77W with 1015 mb pressure at
most from HWM.  Additional COADS observations indicate the center was
somewhat farther north.  Peak station observation:  32 kt E and 1015 mb
at Charleston at 22 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed for this day. 
September 6:  The low was located inland over Georgia at 32N, 83W with
1015 mb pressure at most from HWM.  Additional data indicates the center
was somewhat farther south and east.  No gale force winds (or equivalent
in pressure) was observed for this day.
September 7:  The low dissipated by the 12 UTC analysis in HWM.

The system began on the 2nd as a tropical storm, quickly reached its peak 
intensity of 45 kt on the 3rd, gradually weakened over the next two days
with a decay to tropical depression stage on the 5th, made landfall early
on the 6th and dissipated by late on the 6th.  Individual hourly 
observations from Savannah indicate that landfall occurred just
north of Savannah around 03 UTC on the 6th.  Peak observed winds at
the coast were 32 kt from Charleston at 22 UTC on the 5th.  These
adjust to 28 kt after accounting for the high bias of the anemometer
of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute wind (Fergusson and Covert 
1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Additionally, the lowest pressure recorded
in Savannah was 1014 mb (00 UTC on the 6th) and in Charleston was 1015 mb
(22 UTC on the 5th).  Thus the system is analyzed to have made landfall
near the Georgia/South Carolina border as a 30 kt tropical depression.

*******************************************************************************

1912/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20290 09/11/1912 M= 4  3 SNBR= 462 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20290 09/10/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *  *       ***

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20292 09/10*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 840  30    0*290 843  35    0*

20295 09/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*290 841  60    0*288 843  60    0*
20295 09/11*290 845  40    0*290 848  45    0*290 850  50    0*289 852  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20300 09/12*286 845  65    0*285 848  70    0*283 854  70    0*282 857  70    0*
20300 09/12*287 854  60    0*286 857  65    0*285 860  70    0*285 863  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **

20305 09/13*281 862  70    0*280 867  70    0*280 872  70    0*283 876  70    0*
20305 09/13*286 867  80    0*288 871  80    0*290 875  80    0*293 878  75    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20310 09/14*292 880  70    0*304 884  65    0*318 888  50    0*350 885  30    0*
20310 09/14*297 881  70    0*301 883  65    0*308 885  50    0*318 885  40    0*
            *** ***          *** ***          *** ***          ***      **

(The 15th is new to HURDAT.)
20312 09/15*330 885  35    0*350 885  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20315 HR AL1             
20315 HR AL1AFL1             
            ****

Major changes from the track and minor alterations to the intensity shown in 
Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, the Original
Monthly Record station observations from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

September 6-9:  Beginning on the 6th of September as storm 1912/03 was inland 
over Georgia, a trough of low pressure formed in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.  
This trough appears to be a separate entity to storm 1912/03 or its remnants.
The trough remained in the eastern Gulf of Mexico from the 6th through
the 9th, though it did not seem possible to close off a well-defined
center of circulation.   No gale force winds (or implied from pressures)
were observed.
September 10:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 84.5W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W for both a.m. 
and p.m.  Available observations indicate that the center indicated in MWR 
is most reasonable.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 11:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 28.5N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 29N, 84W (a.m.) and at 
27N, 87W (p.m.).  (The MWR tracks then keep this system stationary until the 
13th p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 29.0N, 84.1W at 
12 UTC.  Available observations indicate that the center was likely west
of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
September 12:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1010 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W at both a.m. 
and p.m.  HURDAT lists this system as a Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W 
at 12 UTC.  Available observations suggest that the center was likely just
north and west of HURDAT's position.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The period of 6 days from the 7th to 12th was 
noteworthy for excessive rains on the west coast of Florida, Tampa, receiving 
13.71 inches, Pinellas Park 15.31, and Cedar Keys 23.15 inches" (MWR).  "From 
the 6th to the 13th conditions were unsettled off the east Gulf coast and 
reports from land stations as well as those from vessels by wireless 
indicated the existence of a disturbance of slight intensity in that region.  
On the afternoon of the 12th, special observations indicated that the storm 
was increasing in intensity" (MWR).
September 13:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 29N, 86W with 1000 mb
pressure at most.  The MWR tracks have the center at 27N, 87W (a.m.) and at 
28N, 87.5W with 1002 mb pressure (p.m.).  HURDAT lists this system as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 28.3N, 85.4W at 12 UTC.  Ship highlight: 70 kt wind 
and 982 mb pressure from the barkentine Golden Rod near 29.4W, 87.2W at 
03 UTC (MWR).  Station highlight:  41 kt at Pensacola at 22 UTC (HWM).  
Available observations suggest a position north and just west of HURDAT.
"The barkentine Golden Rod ... encountered the storm off Cape San Blas 
on the night of the 12th.  The squalls grew more frequent and severe and at 
night he was driven along before them under bare poles, passing about 60 miles 
south of Pensacola at 11 p.m., when his barometer fell to 29 inches [982 mb].  
He [the captain] said the squalls were terrific and the ship remained over on 
her beam ends during the height of the storm" (MWR). 
September 14:  A closed low is indicated in HWM near 30N, 89W with 1005 mb
pressure at most and with an ill-defined warm front to the north and west of 
the system.  (The frontal analysis appears suspect.)  The MWR tracks have the 
center at 31.5N, 88.5W with 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and at 33N, 92.5W (p.m.)  
HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 31.8N, 81.8W at 12 UTC.  
Station highlight:  64 kt SE wind at 0600 UTC and 1003 mb pressure at 0730 
UTC at Pensacola (MWR); 45 kt SE wind at 0850 UTC and 995 mb pressure at 
0830 UTC at Mobile (MWR).  Available observations suggest a center south and
just east from HURDAT.  "[At Pensacola on the 13th] fifty-three miles 
from the southeast was registered at 7.18 p. m., 50 southeast at 
8.14 p. m., 59 southeast at 9.21 p. m., with an extreme 62 miles; 
58 southeast at 10.57 p. m., and 58 southeast at 11.56 p. m.  ...  
at 7 p. m., the tide was 1 foot above normal.  On the 14th extremely 
severe southeast squalls continued to 7 a. m., reaching 68 miles southeast 
at 12.24 a. m., and 74 southeast at 2 a. m., with an extreme velocity of 
86 miles at 1.58 a. m.  The next squall, at 2.26 a. m., carried away the 
anemometer, which had worked loose on its stand.  The anemometer record was 
started again at 8.26 a. m.  It was the general opinion that the squall at 
2 a. m. was the hardest, but the severe squalls of about 60 miles continued 
to 6 a. m., south winds prevailing after 3 a. m. ... Pressure fell to 29.62 
inches [1003 mb] at 2.30 a. m., then began rising rapidly, reaching 30 inches
[1016 mb] at 9 p. m. ... The tide during the night of the 13th-14th rose 2 feet
above normal high water, the waves were about 4 feet high, and the wind 
carried the spray over the American National Bank Building ... Beginning at 
Pensacola entrance and making a circuit of Pensacola Bay, the following damage 
by the storm was observed:  Fishing smack Two Boys ashore.  The tracks of the 
Pensacola Electric Co. were undermined for a distance of about 1,200 feet 
immediately south of Bayou Grande:  also about 1,000 feet on Maine Street; 
their tracks were also inundated by high tide at the corner of Intendencia 
Street and Ninth Avenue.  Private wharves along the bay shore from Fort 
Barrancas to Baylen Street were generally carried away, together with numerous 
small houses for fishermens equipment.  The entire beach was strewn with 
timber and about 20 barges went ashore; only a few barges remained at anchor 
and retained their cargoes of lumber.  The British SS. Meltonian, moored along 
the east side of Perdido Wharf, broke away and went aground on Rat Island...  
One of them [coal barges] damaged the steamer Edna C, the quartermasters 
steam yacht Page, and rammed and sank the revenue cutter Penrose.  At 
Jefferson Street Wharf a house-lighter sank with a cargo of naval stores.  
Traffic over the L. & N. R. R. was suspended for about 18 hours on account 
of the damage to the bridge by being rammed with rafts of timber.  The west 
end of the roof of Monarch Pavilion on Santa Rosa Island was blown off and a 
portion of the southeast corner of the roof of the Gulf Beacon Inn was torn 
off by the gales.  The British S. S. Conniston went ashore about 75 miles 
east of Pensacola.  The fishing smack Isabelle went ashore about 12 miles 
west of Pensacola entrance...The damage by wind throughout the city was 
slight.  The Western Union lines went down during the night and were out of 
order until 1 p. m. of the 14th.  Electric light circuits were cut off 
about 1 a. m. of the 14th.  Telephone lines to the navy yard were blown 
down...The estimated damage by tide and waves in Pensacola is $23,500, and 
by winds $1,500" (MWR).  "The storm that passed inland from the Gulf on the 
night of September 13-14, with its center probably not over 20 miles west of 
Mobile, was much less destructive than several other storms recorded in the 
meteorological history of Mobile.  The short duration of the high winds, the 
comparatively low accompanying tides, and the absence of heavy rainfall for 
an extended period tended to lessen its disastrous effects...The tides in 
Mobile River had been abnormally low, but during the east and southeast winds 
rose rapidly, and reached the level of the top of the lowest wharves at about
4.30 a. m. ... A maximum rate of 32 miles and hour was attained at 2.50 a. m.,
and the highest velocity, 52 miles an hour, at 3.50 a. m.  No high winds 
occurred after 6 a. m.  On September 14 east winds prevailed from 1.30 a. m. 
to 3.15 a.m., and were followed by southeast winds changing to south at 
4.45 a. m.  At Pascagoula, Miss., about 35 miles southwest of Mobile, the 
wind backed from northeast to southwest, and the highest wind was from the 
northwest.  The wind did not reach dangerous velocities at Gulfport, Miss., 
or other storm warning stations farther west...A rapid fall began after 
midnight; the lowest atmospheric pressure, 29.37 inches [995 mb], occurred at 
3.30 a. m., the pressure remaining almost stationary for half an hour, and 
then rising steadily until 29.65 inches [1004 mb] was reached at 8 a. m. on the
14th.  The loss of property in the city of Mobile from the high winds is 
estimated at $8,000.  A church, a very weak structure, on the corner of 
Delaware and Cedar Streets, was blown down, as were also some business signs 
and many fences.  The wire systems also sustained considerable damage.  The 
loss to vessels in the bay and river is estimated at $4,000.  The larger 
vessels had been made fast with extra cables, and many of the smaller vessels 
had ascended the river to places of safety.  The principal loss to shipping 
interests was a barge, valued at $2,000, which was lost in Mobile Bay, and 
the steamboat National, which sank in shallow water about 3 miles up the 
river.  During the storm a watchman on a barge fell overboard and was drowned"
(MWR). "1912 Sep 13; Pensacola; Minimal intensity; Center moved W of Mobile...
1912 Sep 13-14; Mobile; Minor intensity; Tide 5.2 ft above MLW" (Dunn and 
Miller).  "Estimated lowest pressure 29.32" [993 mb]" (Connor).  AL 
Category 1 hurricane, no central pressure provided (Jarrell et al.). 
This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for inclusion 
(Ho et al. 1987).  
September 15:  The system appears to have dissipated in HWM by 12 UTC.
The MWR Tracks indicated the system was at 38.2N, 85.5W with 1010 mb pressure
(a.m.) and at 42N, 74.5W with 1008 mb pressure (p.m.).  (MWR Tracks also
gave a 16th a.m. position of 40.5N, 69W with 1006 mb pressure.)

Genesis of this system is begun a day early, due to evidence from HWM and
COADS data of a closed circulation.  Track has minor alterations from the
11th to the 14th to better match available observations.  Additional
half day added on the 15th for more realistic translational velocity at
end of track and to better match observations of the decaying system.
Intensity slightly reduced on the 11th and 12th to accommodate weak surface
observations, which is also in accordance with MWR assessment.  Intensity
chosen to peak at 80 kt on the 13th over the Gulf of Mexico, rather than 
70 kt originally, due to 982 mb peripheral pressure report.  (This supports 
winds of at least 74 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.)  
However, landfall of this system as a weaker hurricane (winds 65 kt) as 
originally found in HURDAT is supported by available wind data as well as 
observations of modest wind-caused damages primarily in Pensacola.  The peak 
observed 5 min winds of 64 kt convert to about 53 kt after accounting for 
bias of that era's anemometer (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and going to a 
maximum 1 min wind (Powell et al. 1996).  Landfall as a minimal hurricane 
is also consistent with the assessment by Connor of central pressure near 
993 mb.  (This pressure would suggest maximum 1 min winds of 58 kt from the 
Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind relationship.  Thus no changes are made to the 
intensity around the time of U.S. landfall around 08 UTC on the 14th
of a 65 kt Category 1 hurricane.  Category 1 conditions are the same as that 
listed in HURDAT/Neumann et al., though Northwest Florida (AFL) is added
as experiencing hurricane conditions.  It appears that the peak 
winds for this system were likely found between Pensacola and Mobile, so that 
the radius of maximum winds for this system were somewhere between 40 and
60 nmi.  After landfall, a run of the inland decay model (Kaplan and DeMaria 
1995) suggests winds of 50 kt, 37 kt and 29 kt at 12 and 18 UTC on the 14th 
and 00 UTC on the 15th.  Highest observed winds within 2 hours of these 
synoptic times were:  42 kt, 41 kt, and 32 kt.  Winds in HURDAT are thus 
increased from 30 to 40 kt at 18 UTC, but kept at 50 kt at 12 UTC as higher 
winds may have been present though not observed.  Highest observed storm 
tide was 2' in Pensacola from MWR.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20320 10/04/1912 M= 6  4 SNBR= 463 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20320 10/03/1912 M= 8  5 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
         **         *  *       ***

(The 3rd is new to HURDAT.)
20322 10/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E285 885  30    0E286 872  30    0*

20325 10/04*  0   0   0    0*283 768  50    0*294 764  50    0*300 759  55    0*
20325 10/04E287 858  30    0E288 844  30    0E290 830  30    0E292 814  30    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20330 10/05*306 754  55    0*311 751  60    0*316 749  65    0*321 746  70    0*
20330 10/05E294 796  35    0E297 778  40    0E310 760  45    0E313 750  50    0*
           **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **     **** ***  **

20335 10/06*325 744  70    0*329 744  75    0*332 750  75    0*331 753  80    0*
20335 10/06*316 744  55    0*318 741  65    0*320 740  75    0*322 743  80    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  

20340 10/07*327 757  80    0*323 760  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 751  80    0*
20340 10/07*324 749  80    0*323 755  80    0*321 758  80    0*320 755  80    0*
            *** ***              ***                               ***  

20345 10/08*319 743  75    0*321 734  75    0*324 724  75    0*326 716  70    0*
20345 10/08*319 749  75    0*321 742  75    0*324 735  75    0*326 726  70    0*
                ***              ***              ***              ***  

20350 10/09*327 708  60    0*327 699  55    0*329 690  35    0*333 677  25    0*
20350 10/09*327 717  60    0*327 708  50    0*329 700  40    0*331 695  35    0*
                ***              ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 10th is new to HURDAT.)
20352 10/10*334 692  30    0*337 691  30    0*340 690  30    0*345 690  25    0*

20355 HR                    

Major changes from the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database, and _Monthly Weather Review_. 

September 30-October 2:  Moderate cold front pushed into the Gulf of 
Mexico.  While the HWM showed a closed low on the 1st and 2nd, evidence 
from observations for this is inconclusive. "On September 27 a moderate 
depression (Brownsville 29.92 inches [1013 mb]) appeared at the mouth of the 
Rio Grande.  It moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico in an east-northeast 
direction without any material increase in intensity" (MWR).
October 3:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 28.5N, 88.5W 
with 1012 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward 
and a warm front extending eastward from the center.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.
October 4:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 29N, 83W with 
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and a 
warm front extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a 
tropical storm at 12 UTC at 29.4N, 76.4W.  Available observations suggest
a position just east of HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from
pressures) were observed.  "[The storm] crossed the Florida Peninsula on 
October 4" (MWR).  
October 5:  HWM depicts an extratropical system centered near 32N, 75W with
1010 mb pressure at most and with a cold front extending southwestward and warm
fronts extending eastward from the center.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.6N, 74.9W.  Available observations suggest a
center south and west of HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
October 6:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 76W with 1010 mb 
pressure at most and with weakening frontal features.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.2N, 75.0W.  Available observations
indicate a center south and west of HURDAT.  Station highlight:  40 kt N at
Cape Hatteras (MWR).  Ship highlight:  45 kt NNE wind at 12 UTC at 
32.7N, 79.6W (HWM) and four other ship reports of 45 kt).  "[The storm] then 
followed a sharp turn to the north-northeastward with rapidly increasing 
intensity attendant upon a change in direction to the northward" (MWR). 
October 7:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 76W with 1005 mb
pressure at most as a non-baroclinic closed low.  HURDAT listed this as a 
Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 75.8W.  Ship highlight: 996 mb 
pressure and 50 kt E wind at 05 UTC at 32.5N, 74.5W (MWR/COA) and two other
ship reports of 50 kt.  "On the evening of October 6 the storm was 
central about 350 miles east of Charleston, S. C., a vessel observation in 
that locality showing a barometer reading of 29.42 inches [996 mb]" (MWR).  
October 8:  HWM depicts the system centered near 32N, 72.5W with 1005 mb 
pressure at most as a closed low.  A new cold front approached the storm from 
the north and west and was located a couple hundred miles away.  HURDAT listed 
this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.4N, 72.4W.  Available 
observations indicate a center west of HURDAT.  Ship highlight:  1001 mb 
pressure and 50 kt W wind at 05 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA); 1000 mb pressure 
and 50 kt W wind at 09 UTC at 31.5N, 74.5W (COA).  "Heavy rains and winds of 
hurricane force attended the storm which continued north-northeastward with 
slowly decreasing intensity" (MWR).
October 9: HWM depicts the system centered near 32.5N, 69W as a closed low with
1015 mb pressure at most and a weakening stationary front extending from near 
the center off to the northeast.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
12 UTC at 32.9N, 69.0W.  Available observations indicate a center west of
HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
"...it was lost somewhere between the North Carolina coast and the island of 
Bermuda" (MWR).
October 10:  System not indicated in HWM, but available observations place
a center near 34N, 69W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  

Genesis for this system is begun on the 3rd as a weak extratropical storm
in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, rather than on the 4th as a tropical storm
in the Atlantic east of Florida.  Available observations indicated that the 
system moved eastward with little change in intensity through the 5th.  This
is consistent with the assessment in the Monthly Weather Review.  The storm 
appears to have both attained a tropical cyclone structure and intensified
early on the 6th.  Thus intensity reduced on the 4th and 5th and system
is indicated as an extratropical system in the revision for these dates.
Minor changes in the location of the system was included for most of 
its lifetime, except for the 4th where translation of the system from
the west is indicated rather than formation just north of the Bahamas.
No direct observations of hurricane force winds were obtained which 
would have substantiated HURDAT's listing of this system as peaking as
a Category 1 hurricane.  However, the MWR indicated "winds of hurricane
force" were found on the 8th, though these could not be confirmed in either 
HWM or COADS.  Several 50 kt reports were found on the 7th through the 8th 
and a low pressure of 996 mb on the 7th suggests winds of at least 55 kt 
from the subtropical pressure-wind relationship.  Thus maintaining this 
system as a minimal hurricane would appear prudent.  Enough evidence was
found on the 10th to extend the track for this system an additional day,
though it was only of tropical depression status at the time.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1912/06 - 2005 REVISION:

20360 10/11/1912 M= 7  5 SNBR= 464 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20360 10/11/1912 M= 8  6 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=2
                    *  *       ***                        *

20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*196 807  60    0*197 817  65    0*
20365 10/11*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*185 807  35    0*189 815  35    0*
                                              ***      **      *** ***  **

20370 10/12*198 826  70    0*199 836  75    0*201 845  75    0*203 854  80    0*
20370 10/12*193 823  40    0*197 831  45    0*201 840  50    0*205 850  55    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20375 10/13*205 864  80    0*208 873  85    0*210 882  85    0*213 890  85    0*
20375 10/13*209 861  60    0*212 872  50    0*215 882  45    0*217 890  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      ***      **

20380 10/14*215 897  85    0*218 903  85    0*221 910  85    0*224 918  85    0*
20380 10/14*218 897  55    0*219 903  60    0*221 910  65    0*224 918  70    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20385 10/15*228 926  85    0*232 933  85    0*238 941  85    0*243 949  85    0*
20385 10/15*228 926  75    0*232 933  80    0*238 941  85    0*244 949  85    0*
                     **               **                       *** 

20390 10/16*250 956  80    0*255 962  80    0*262 968  75    0*268 972  70    0*
20390 10/16*251 957  85    0*258 964  85    0*265 970  85    0*271 974  85    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20395 10/17*273 976  65    0*279 980  50    0*286 982  30    0*292 969  25    0*
20395 10/17*277 976  50    0*283 977  40    0*288 978  30    0*292 977  25    0*
            ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***              ***

(The 18th is new to HURDAT.)
20397 10/18*295 975  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*


20400 HRATX1                
20400 HRATX2                
        ****

Minor changes to the track and major changes to the intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station 
data from NCDC, _Monthly Weather Review_, Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller 
(1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and Jarrell et al. (1992). 

October 7 to 10:  A strong wave moved through the Lesser Antilles and into
the Caribbean Sea, as indicated by wind shifts, pressure drops and rainfall
amounts.  Highest daily rainfall amount indicated was 1.82" for 24 hours
up to 12 UTC on the 8th in San Juan (HWM).  From the _St. Kitts Daily 
Express_, 8 October 1912, courtesy of Michael Chenoweth:  "Yesterday was a 
day of rain.  Copious showers fell all day and business in nearly all 
departments was at a standstill."  However, a closed circulation was not
evident, nor were there any observations of gale force winds (or pressure
equivalents).
October 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 80W with pressure
at most 1005 mb.  However, observations do not completely support a closed 
circulation, though data near the southerly side of the system are lacking.  
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.6N, 80.7W.  Available
observations suggest a center between the HWM and HURDAT estimates.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 20N, 84W with pressure 
at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
20.1N, 84.5W.  The MWR Map of Low Pressure Tracks locate a center at 
19.5N, 86.5W with 999 mb pressure (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that HWM is the most reasonable center.  Ship highlight:  35 kt E wind at 
23.5N, 82.5W at 09 UTC (COA), 999 mb pressure near 21N, 86W (MWR).  "A week 
later [October 12] it was off the eastern coast of Yucatan, with reported 
barometer readings of 29.50 inches [999 mb]" (MWR).
October 13:  HWM depicts a closed low near 21N, 87.5W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  A stationary front is depicted to the north of the system in
HWM, which could have been extended westward to just south of Brownsville,
Texas.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 21.0N, 
88.2W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 20.5N, 89W and pressure 998 mb
(a.m.) and 23N, 89.5W (p.m.).  Available observations suggest a position
just north of HURDAT's estimate.  Ship highlight: 35 kt ENE at 23.6N, 88.3W 
at 12 UTC (HWM).  Station highlight:  1004 mb pressure at Merida at 12 UTC 
(HWM).  
October 14:  HWM depicts a closed low near 22.5N, 90W with pressure at most
1005 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 22.1N, 
91.0W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 24N, 91.5W (a.m.) and 24.5N, 94W 
(p.m.).  A dissipating stationary front is depicted in the HWM north of the 
system, though it appears that the temperature contrast was still quite 
strong and the front should have been extended to south of Brownsville, 
Texas.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
October 15:  HWM depicts a closed low near 24.5N, 94W with pressure at most
1000 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 23.8N, 
94.1W.  The MWR Tracks locate a center at 25N, 94W (a.m.) and 25N, 95W 
(p.m.) with 1008 mb pressure.  While no frontal boundary was depicted in 
HWM, there does appear to be a significant front just north of the 
storm.  However, while data are sparse near the storm's center, the system is 
likely to still be a tropical cyclone.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
October 16:  HWM depicts a closed low on the coast near the border of Texas
and Mexico near 26N, 97W with pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT lists this as 
a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 26.2N, 96.8W (just offshore).  The MWR 
Tracks locate a center at just offshore at 26N, 97W (a.m.) with 996 mb
pressure and inland at 27.5N, 97.5W (p.m.).  The previously mentioned frontal
feature - still not depicted in HWM - is likely dissipating at this time,
though temperatures themselves are still quite cool.  Station highlight:  
48 kt wind and 996 mb pressure at Brownsville at "morning" (MWR).
"... at the morning observation of October 16, [Corpus Christi] reporting a 
barometer reading (reduced to sea level) of 29.86 inches [1011 mb] and 
[Brownsville] 29.40 inches [996 mb].  In the meantime a steady rain set in 
along the entire Texas coast and the weather continue squally, with high 
tides and approaching the mouth of the Rio Grande ...  On Wednesday, 
October 16, the storm moved inland between Corpus Christi and Brownsville ... 
the steamship Nicaragua ... foundered on October 16 about 100 miles southeast 
of Corpus Christi.  The following is an extract from the report of this 
storm, made by Mr. Joseph L. Cline, local forecaster, in charge of the 
Weather Bureau office at Corpus Christi:  ... Northerly winds prevailed for 
several days at this station, shifting to the east on October 16.  the 
maximum wind velocity was 30 miles from the north on the 14th and 37 miles 
from the north on the 15th.  On the 16th storm velocities prevailed from 
12.03 a. m. to 8.18 a. m., with a maximum velocity of 51 miles from the 
north at 4.10 a. m., and from 6.32 p. m. to 7.46 p. m. 110th a maximum 
velocity of 40 miles from the southeast at 7.05 p. m.  The wind lulled and 
shifted to the southwest during the night of October 16-17.  Rain fell from 
4.57 a. m. to 7.14 p. m. of October 15, and from 7.52 p. m. of the 15th to 
5.33 p. m. of October 16.  the total amount was 3.99 inches of which 
3.33 inches fell in 22 hours and 50 minutes from 4.31 p. m. of the 15th.  
The barometric pressure remained above 30 inches [1016 mb] until the 
afternoon of October 15, when it commenced falling and continued to fall 
until the afternoon of the 16th, reaching the lowest, 29.75 inches [1007 mb]
about 5 p. m.  Moderately high tides were reported on the morning of 
October 16, doing several hundred dollars damage to property on Harbor 
Island and nearly $1,000 damage to the municipal wharf now under 
construction at this place.  Considerable damage was reported from Point 
Isabel near Brownsville, Tex.  No other damage was reported, except the 
sinking of the steamer Nicaragua in the Gulf of Mexico east of Padre 
Island, or southeast of Corpus Christi, on the morning of October 16.  
This boat sailed from Tampico, Mex., October 11 for Port Arthur, Tex., 
loaded with cotton and miscellaneous freight valued at $20,000.  It had 
length of 286 feet and a net tonnage of 310 tons and was owned by the Cia 
Consolidita de Maderas, of Tampico, Mex.  The crew consisted of 27 men.  
Capt. E. Eschevarra and 12 members of his crew were picked up in the Gulf of 
Mexico by members of the United States life-saving station at Port Aransas, 
Tex., on the afternoon of October 22.  They were in two lifeboats.  The 
captain believes that six of the crew were lost at the time the vessel 
foundered and that the others may still be drifting in lifeboats somewhere 
along the south Texas shore line.  (Sinking of Nicaragua taken from newspaper 
reports.) [End of Cline's report.]  Considerable damage was caused along the 
Texas coast between Rockport and Brownsville by wind and tide.  Padre and 
Brazos Islands were reported submerged for several hours and a number of 
buildings were washed away.  At Point Isabel, a fishing station about 
22 miles from Brownsville, the damage to buildings and fishing boats is 
estimated at $7,000.  At Brownsville several windmills were wrecked, trees 
were blown down, and poorly constructed buildings more or less damaged.  No 
loss of life was reported.  The total damage, however, is insignificant when 
compared with the benefits resulting from the heavy rains accompanying this 
storm.  About two-thirds of the entire area of Texas received a copious 
supply of moisture, the amounts ranging from 1 to over 5 inches, which not 
only relieved the droughty conditions existing in many localities, but also 
prepared the ground for fall plowing and sowing.  By far the greater portion 
of the moisture soaked into the ground as evidenced by an extremely small 
run-off.  The heaviest rainfall occurred at Brownsville, where the total 
amount from this storm measured 8.26 inches, and in a large number of 
localities northward as far as Corsicana the amounts ranged from 4 to 5 
inches ... the highest wind velocities reported were 55 miles an hour at 
Brownsville, Tex." (MWR).  "Oct 15 1912; Ft. Point (GLS) 1.8 ft; (Connor).
"1912; Oct. 15-16; Lower coast of Texas; Minimal damage; Damage $28,000 (Dunn 
and Miller).  "1912 October 16 Hurricane with winds of 100 mph struck central 
Padre Island [estimated, not observed] ... In Brownsville, the Herald 
complained that the tropical storm was not tropical enough.  They wrote 'On the
contrary it was a blue norther cold wet rain of the damp chilly variety so 
familiar to the people in the semi-arctic regions around San Antonio and 
Austin.' At Point Isabel, a number of buildings were wrecked and several boats 
were capsized.  The tide rose about six feet in less than four hours and the 
rain fell non-stop day and night.  The oldest inhabitant said he had never 
seen such a storm" (Ellis).  This U.S. landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  
The implication is that it was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was 
Ho's criterion for inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  TXA1 [South Texas Coast], no 
central pressure given (Jarrell et al.).  
October 17:  HWM depicts a closed low inland 29.5N, 97.5W with pressure at 
most 1010 mb.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 12 UTC at 
28.6N, 98.2W (inland).  The MWR Tracks locate a center inland at 28N, 98W 
(a.m.) with 1010 mb pressure and at 30N, 96.5W (p.m.) with pressure 1009 mb.  
Station highlight:  35 kt SE wind at Corpus Christi at 0005 UTC (MWR).
"[The storm was] decreasing rapidly in energy and breaking up on October 17 
as an independent storm with general and heavy rains over the eastern 
two-thirds of Texas" (MWR).  
October 18-20:  HWM and available observations suggest that the system 
dissipated late on the 17th.  HURDAT did the same.  The MWR Tracks, however, 
continued to track a remnant center:  33.8N, 94.5W with 1008 mb pressure on 
18th a.m.; 32N, 88W with 1009 mb pressure at 18th p.m.; 31.2N, 85.5W with 
1012 mb pressure at 19th a.m.; 30N, 84.2W with 1011 mb pressure at 19th p.m.; 
27.7N, 84.7W (back over the Gulf) with 1011 mb pressure at 20th a.m.

Minor changes to the track from the 11th to the 13th and the 16th and 17th 
are primarily based upon HWM and COA data.  Track extended until 00 UTC on
the 18th to match available data and for a more realistic (slower) 
translational velocity at the last point in HURDAT.  Intensity is reduced
from the 11th to the 13th based on data that indicates that the system
did not reach hurricane strength until the getting back over the Gulf of
Mexico.  Winds also reduced on the 13th and 14th after landfall in the Yucatan 
of Mexico, which was not accounted for in the original HURDAT.  No direct
measures of hurricane force winds (or implied by pressures) were observed
for this system.  The peak observations were 48 kt of wind and 996 mb
pressure measured in Brownsville, Texas.  (The 996 mb peripheral pressure
measurement suggests winds of at least 53 kt from the Gulf of Mexico 
pressure-wind relationship.)  However, the 6' storm tide and inundation
at Padre and Brazos Islands suggests landfall of a low-end Category 2
hurricane (~85 kt) in southern coastal Texas around 1800 UTC on the 16th.  
This is an increase from the Category 1 assessment at landfall by Jarrell 
et al. and Neumann et al., but is the same as the 85 kt shown originally in 
HURDAT.  A issue arose as to whether this system was or evolved into an 
extratropical storm at any point.  Evidence is clear until the 14th that
it was definitely a tropical cyclone.  However, the data is ambiguous on
the 15th and 16th.  It was decided to retain the system as a tropical cyclone
on these dates in part because of the rise in temperature at Brownsville by 
8F (56F to 64F) from 12 UTC 15th to 12 UTC 16th, even though the winds 
remained out of the northwest.  This suggested that both the temperature 
contrast of the existed frontal feature was decaying in addition to the
arrival of a warm core system.  Thus the system is retained as a tropical 
cyclone throughout its lifetime.  Utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) 
inland decay model, this suggests winds of 58, 44, and 35 kt for the 00, 06, 
and 12 UTC on the 17th.  Peak observed winds after landfall within 2 hours of
these synoptic times were 35 kt, 32 kt, and 20 kt, respectively.  It
appears that this system filled faster than what the model would suggest, 
though the data coverage was (as usual) somewhat sparse near the system's 
center.  Winds are chosen to be 50, 40, and 30 kt, respectively.  Peak 
observed storm tide was 6' at Point Isabel (Ellis).

*******************************************************************************

1912/07 - 2005 REVISION:

20405 11/11/1912 M=15  6 SNBR= 465 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
20405 11/11/1912 M=11  7 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L
                   **  *       ***

20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 790  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
20410 11/11*  0   0   0    0*112 797  35    0*114 800  35    0*117 803  35    0*
                                 ***  

20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  35    0*126 806  35    0*
20415 11/12*119 805  35    0*122 807  35    0*124 807  40    0*126 806  45    0*
                                                       **               **

20420 11/13*128 805  35    0*130 804  35    0*131 803  35    0*132 802  35    0*
20420 11/13*128 805  50    0*130 804  55    0*131 803  60    0*132 802  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20425 11/14*132 801  35    0*132 801  40    0*133 800  40    0*135 799  45    0*
20425 11/14*132 801  70    0*132 801  70    0*133 800  70    0*134 799  70    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      **

20430 11/15*138 798  50    0*141 797  60    0*144 796  65    0*148 796  70    0*
20430 11/15*135 798  70    0*137 797  70    0*140 796  70    0*145 796  75    0*
            ***      **      ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20435 11/16*152 798  80    0*157 799  85    0*160 800  95    0*168 800 100    0*
20435 11/16*150 798  80    0*155 799  85    0*160 800  90    0*163 800  95    0*
            ***              ***                       **              ***

20440 11/17*165 798 105    0*168 797 115    0*170 795 120    0*173 792 125    0*
20440 11/17*165 798 100    0*168 797 100    0*171 795 100    0*174 792 100    0*
                    ***              ***      ***     ***      ***     ***

20445 11/18*176 787 130    0*178 784 130    0*181 782 130    0*188 777 130    0*
20445 11/18*177 789 100    0*180 786 100    0*183 784 100  965*184 781  85    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***  *** *** *** ***

20450 11/19*191 780 125    0*187 787 125    0*184 793 120    0*183 797 115    0*
20450 11/19*185 775  80    0*187 765  75    0*190 757  70    0*189 760  65    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***

20455 11/20*182 800 110    0*180 804 105    0*179 808 100    0*181 811  95    0*
20455 11/20*187 767  60    0*185 780  55    0*183 793  50    0*182 803  45    0*
            *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** *** ***      *** ***  **

20460 11/21*185 812  85    0*192 810  85    0*200 805  75    0*209 796  75    0*
20460 11/21*181 810  40    0*180 815  35    0*180 820  30    0*180 825  25    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

(The 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.)
20465 11/22*219 785  70    0*233 773  70    0*252 762  70    0*275 751  65    0*
20470 11/23*299 744  65    0*323 738  65    0*346 729  65    0*369 714  65    0*
20475 11/24*391 690  65    0E413 658  60    0E435 620  60    0E455 575  55    0*
20480 11/25E473 518  55    0E489 451  50    0E504 375  45    0E520 300  45    0*

20485 HR                    

Major changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann 
et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical 
Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather Review_, 
Hall (1913), Mitchell (1924), Tannehill (1956), Perez (2000), and
and ship observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the Cuban journal 
Resena Meteorologica.

November 6-9:  HWM observations show lowered pressures (by up to 4 mb) 
occurred throughout the Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th, but without 
a closed circulation.  Despite this, HWM analyzed a closed center near 
14N, 67W on the 7th; 15N, 70W on the 8th; and 14N, 68W on the 9th.  
A severe squall impacted Trinidad on the 9th (see details extracted from 
the _Trinidad Mirror_, provided by Mike Chenoweth).  It was investigated
to see whether either the HWM closed circulation and/or the squall in
Trinidad had any direct association with storm #7.  However, surface 
observations from HWM, COADS and newspaper accounts show no closed 
circulation existed from the 6th through the 9th, though the data is sparse
away from the Lesser Antilles.  While the wave that went through the
Lesser Antilles on the 6th and 7th may have been associated with the
tropical disturbance that later formed into a tropical storm on the 11th,
it appears unlikely that the squall that impacted Trinidad on the 9th had
any direct association with the subsequent tropical cyclone.
"There was a severe depression of the barometer here Wednesday night [6th] 
but happily nothing came of this warning.  We have been getting some heavy 
showers of rain since Sunday." (_Dominica Guardian_, Friday, Nov. 8, 1912 - 
provided by Mike Chenoweth).  The Grenada Chronicle and Gazette newspaper 
mentions nothing of the system (provided by Mike Chenoweth).  _Trinidad 
Mirror_, Monday, 11 November 1912 "HEAVY SQUALL IN THE GULF! MANY 
VESSELS DAMAGED, SEVERAL SUNK, No Human Casualties
      An old mariner told one of our representatives on Saturday that in 
 all his local experience in the Gulf, which extended over more than thirty 
 years, he had never known of such a sharp squall as that which occurred at 
 about 5 a.m. on Saturday morning. For the past week there were many 
 indications of bad weather; vivid sheet lightning, slight winds, and some 
 rains alternated, in the meantime the barometer sinking continuously. Among 
 local shipowners and others who had business with the sea this occasioned 
 at first some serious apprehension and efforts were made to put every thing 
 in ship shape, ready for any eventuality. Since last week, as already 
 stated, the barometer was exceedingly low and on Thursday last we were 
 informed that it was seen at its lowest (locally) for the past ten years. 
 Nothing untoward having occurred, however, apprehension was cast aside and 
 people were lulled into a sense of security and began to pursue their 
 wonted course. Friday night was rather gloomy and there were sharp flashes 
 of distant lightning from a very early hour on Saturday morning. Then at 
 about 5 o'clock, the lightning increased and the south-west wind began to 
 rise. The latter increased in violence as a slight rain began falling and 
 the sea began to rise. It rose in mountainous, huge, towering billows, 
 thundering against the wharves and jetties, sending up masses of water 
 topped with wavy plumes of angry spray and banging and bashing and 
 battering all the craft moored alongside, soon making driftwood of many of 
 them.The tug Edith of the Trinidad Shipping and Trading Company, which was 
 moored against the St. Vincent Street Jetty, seeing the great danger and 
 the damage that was occurring, kept up a shrill wailing with her siren in 
 order to arouse mariners and apprise them of the state of affairs. People 
 hearing the whistles all over the town, seeing the lightning and rain and 
 feeling the wind, began to get rather uncomfortable, and made up their 
 minds to experience a bad time of it, but nothing worse occurred. Several 
 boat and lighter owners, of course, hastened to the wharves to see what was 
 up, while several others did not make any stir owing to the fact that 
 November is not considered a hurricane month. It must be borne in mind that 
 though we in Trinidad have been visited with no marine misfortunes of any 
 appreciable magnitude within the last 50 years or so, still it is the 
 custom, as is the case also all over the West Indies, to look our for bad 
 weather from about 25 June to October 25, and we are told that in some of 
 the Northern Islands at the latter date, the people unite in public 
 thanksgiving for having passed that trying time of the year without any 
 mishaps. November 8, therefore was not thought to be a likely date for bad 
 weather and as a consequence lighters were heedlessly moored alongside the 
 wharves, barges were anchored near to lighters and boats and particularly 
 none but the most elementary precautions were observed as the lightermen 
 and others, left the boats on Friday night. As a result when the winds blew 
 and the seas rose, a scene which almost beggars description was witnessed 
 by those who were either on the wharves or in the snug security of the 
 coastal and other steamers and vessels near by or out at their moorings a 
 safe distance away. Boats, barges, and lighters dragged at their anchors 
 and strained at their moorings. They banged and cannoned against each 
 other, creating a fearful din and doing great damage. Spars were broken and 
 fell overboard, bowsprits snapped off, while others served as rams which 
 stove in their neighbors, making big holes into which the fierce seething 
 waves impetuously flowed, soon filling and finally engulfing the vessels....
 ....We know as a fact that a boat belonging to Messrs. J. T. Hamlyn & Sons, 
 which for many years has been used in going off to the lighters at their 
 moorings in rough weather, capsized with five men aboard, some of whom had 
 a very narrow escape from a watery grave. Another boat carrying four oars 
 with seven men aboard was then sent out to assist in rescuing the people, 
 but this one also got swamped. The squall began to subside about 9:30 a.m. 
 .... The weather moderated about 11 a.m. and at about mid-day the gulf had 
 practically assumed its normal condition."
 [large list of losses and other details of damages done are omitted]
The same day's paper on another page carried news from San Fernando, Trinidad.
"HEAVY WEATHER IN THE GULF FLATS DAMAGED AND SUNK, GALLANT RESCUE WORK BY 
 SERGEANT RILEY AND HIS MEN.  NO LIVES LOST.  DAMAGE TO FLATS AND GOODS 
 ESTIMATED AT $6,000.
      San Fernando woke on Saturday morning to find that much damage had 
 been done in the Gulf by heavy winds....
 THE SQUALL
     At about 5:30 a.m. on Saturday the sea was calm as usual though the 
 sky was a bit cloudy and the air worst [sic]. But about ten minutes or so 
 after a strong southwesterly wind began blowing and conditions were 
 immediately upset. A squall set in. Boats and lighters were tossed about 
 vigorously, the launch Guapo was constantly beating against the jetty...The 
 sea was rough and rowing difficult and dangerous, for as the boat attempted 
 to go forward it seemed that the angry waves would upset her. [were able to 
 save men on flat going down] On the way back they saw two fisherman in the 
 water clinging on their capsized boats. These men were also taken in and 
 brought to shore." [Other accounts of damages follow].
The Trinidad Mirror, Tuesday, November 12, 1912
"The squall which wrought such havoc to the gulf on Saturday morning was not 
 confined to Trinidad solely as the Dutch mail steamer Prins der 
 Nederlandern, which arrived here yesterday morning coming from Curacao via 
 Venezuelan posts reports that La Guayra was left on Friday evening about 
 half three o'clock and there was a heavy swell along the coast until about 
 midnight when it began to blow a gale which lasted about four hours. 
 Evidently the squall which struck this steamer is the same one which struck 
 the gulf about five o'clock, the duration being about the same length of 
 time, as matters began to quiet down in the gulf four hours after the start."
 [Further damage reports follow concerning the storm at Port of Spain on 
 Saturday, and clean-up efforts]
(The above extracts from Trinidad papers provided by Mike Chenoweth.)
November 10:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 71.5W with pressure
at most 1010 mb.  However, observations do not support a closed circulation, 
though data near the southerly, westerly and easterly sides of the system 
are lacking.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
November 11:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 75.5W with 
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC 
at 11.4N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "The first was a tropical disturbance of 
which the first reported indications were violent thunderstorms on the 
11th over the island of Jamaica.  During the 11th and 12th radiograms 
from vessels in the Caribbean Sea east of Nicaragua showed falling 
pressure" (MWR).
November 12:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
12.4N, 80.7W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 13:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 15N, 79W with
pressure at most 1010 mb, though evidence for a closed circulation is 
somewhat weak.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 
13.1N, 80.3W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position is
likely more correct than HWM.  Ship highlight:  992 mb at 13N, 80W
(MWR). "On the 13th, through the aid of vessel radiograms, a definite 
center of disturbance was noted from 100 to 150 miles east of the 
Nicaragua coast, with a barometer reading of 29.30 inches" (MWR).
November 14:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1005 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at
12 UTC at 13.3N, 80.0W.  The limited data suggest that the HURDAT position 
is likely more correct than HWM.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.
November 15:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 14.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 14.4N, 79.6W.  Observations suggest that the center is
likely somewhat south of the HURDAT position.  No gale force winds (or 
implied from pressures) were observed.  "The hurricane began over the 
island [Jamaica] on the 15th and continued for several days" (MWR).  
November 16:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 78.5W with
pressure at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 16.0N, 80.0W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE at 12 UTC at
19.1N, 81.7W (HWM).  Station highlights:  48 kt SE and 1004 mb at 19 UTC 
at Woodlawn, Jamaica (HALL) ; 26 kt NE and 1002 mb at 18 UTC at Negril 
Point, Jamaica (HALL).
November 17:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 77W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 79.5W.  The HURDAT position appears to be accurate
from available observations.  Ship highlight:  40 kt ENE at 12 UTC at
21.7N, 77.2W (HWM).  Station highlight:  52 kt SE and 995 mb at 18 UTC
at Negril Point (HALL).
November 18:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 18.5N, 78W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.1N, 78.2W.  The position based on observations appears
to be just north and west of the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:
70 kt ENE and 980 mb at 03 UTC at 18.2N, 78.5W (HALL).  Station
highlight:  105 kt NE and 979 mb at 0703 UTC, calm and 965 mb at 
11 UTC at Negril Point, Jamaica (HALL).   "The pressure fell steadily 
until 6 a. m. of the 18th, at which hour the barometer at Negril Point 
read 28.487 inches, while at Kingston at the same time the reading was 
about 1 inch higher.  Vessels in the path of the storm reported wind 
velocities of more than 100 miles an hour, and at Negril Point, the 
anemometer recorded  a velocity of 120 miles an hour from the northeast 
at 2.03 a. m. of the 18th, when two of the cups were wrenched off, with 
the wind still increasing.  The barometer at that time read 28.90 inches, 
and for 12 hours previously the wind had been blowing between 60 and 80 
miles an hour from the southeast.  By 10 a. m. the wind had shifted to 
northwest, but was still blowing with hurricane force with a barometer 
reading of 28.78 inches.  From 7 a. m. of the 17th to 2 a. m. of the 18th 
the average wind velocity was 66 miles an hour, while the rainfall for the 
24 hours ending at 7 a. m. of the 18th was 12.79 inches.  There had also 
been 3.34 inches during the previous 24 hours" (MWR).  "Great damage was 
wrought in Jamaica.  Several towns were practically wiped out by winds and 
tidal waves, and the loss of approximately 100 lives was reported.  At the 
town of Savannah La Mar, on the south coast of the island, the tidal wave 
was the highest in a century" (MWR). "The following account of the 
hurricane by Rev. J. J. Williams, S. J., of Black River, Jamaica (about
40 miles southeast of Negril Point Lighthouse), is take from "America,"
December 21, 1912:
    It was the night of Sunday, the 17th, however, that the real storm
 commenced.  The southeasterly wind, increasing in violence at every puff,
 until its velocity exceeded 150 mile per hour [estimated], was 
 accompanied by a torrential downpour, such as passes description.  During
 the course of Monday morning the rains stopped for a time, while the wind
 continued with unabated fury until the middle of the day, when it 
 suddenly sank to rest, without any noticeable change of direction.  
    Then succeeded a breathless calm for a few hours, that seemed to 
 indicate that the very vortex of the storm was passing over us.  The lull
 lasted for about three hours.  The unnatural stillness, marred only by an
 occasional drizzle, was itself portentous of approaching trouble.  As there
 had been no change of the wind, the knowing ones prepared for the worst.
 Suddenly the low-scudding clouds swept in from the north, and a perfect
 deluge of rain again swept the land.  The wind did not immediate resume its
 former fury; that was to come later.  For the time being it moaned 
 dismally.
    Toward the hour of sunset the sky took on a most terrible aspect.  No one
 recalls having ever seen anything of its kind before.  The heavy yellow fog
 that mystified the world subsequent to the eruption of Krakatoa some 30
 years ago was nothing in comparison.  It was like the judgment day.  The
 rain was coming in fitful gusts, when suddenly we seemed to be standing in
 the midst of a blazing furnace.  Around the entire horizon was a ring of
 blood-red fire, shading away to a brilliant amber at the zenith.  The sky,
 in fact, formed one great fiery dome of reddish light that shone through the
 descending rain ... The burst forth the hurricane afresh, and for two hours
 or more (I have lost track of the hours that night) it raged and tore
 asunder what little had passed unscathed through the previous blow.
    In some places, as Savanna la Mar, the ocean swept in and carried away
 the very debris.  In other places, as Montego Bay, the inrushing torrents
 sweeping down the gullies leaped their banks and without a moment's
 warning bore out to sea row after row of houses.  Despite the heroic
 efforts at rescue, many were the unfortunates who found a water grave.
    All along the coast vessels were wrecked upon the reefs or foundered in
 the open sea.  At Montego Bay along 14 sailing craft were lost, while at
 Savanna la Mar more than one hulk was left high and dry in the public
 market.  
    Meanwhile, inland the wind was playing havoc everywhere wiping out whole
 plantations of bananas, obliterating files of sugar cane, laying low the
 cocoanut groves, scattering like chaff the hovels of the poor, reducing to
 shapeless masses of ruins the better class of dwellings, and sparing 
 nothing it its fury.
    Practically one-third of the entire island was thus laid waste ... The
 total loss on the island is estimated at 200 lives, with the destruction of
 property valued at $1,000,000" (Mitchell).
November 19:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 17.5N, 79W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 4 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 18.4N, 79.3W.  Mitchell (1924) indicated a center near 
18.5N, 77W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 19.5N, 76W.  Observations 
available suggest a more eastward and northward position than that in 
HURDAT, not as far as that by Perez, but close to Mitchell's estimate.  Ship 
highlights: 70 kt NE and 998 mb at 0330 UTC at 18.4N, 76.9W (HALL); 
NE-NW winds and 1000 mb at 06 UTC at 20.0N, 75.8W at Santiago de Cuba (Cuba).
"The storm apparently recurved after reaching Jamaica" (MWR). "The storm 
rapidly decreased in intensity and filled up between the island of Jamaica
and the Windward Passage" (Mitchell).  "The damages in all of the province
of Oriente are not much considering, although trees were uprooted and
roofs of buildings damaged, telegraph communications were interrupted, 
banana plantations were knocked over and other impacts of moderate importance 
occurred" (Cuba).
November 20:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 16.5N, 80W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 3 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 17.9N, 80.8W.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 20.5N,
74.0W.  Observations available indicate a center east of the HURDAT
position.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"After leaving Jamaica the intensity of the storm decreased and on the 
morning of the 20th, a vessel radiogram from the Windward Passage showed a 
barometer reading of 29.84 inches with a moderately strong northeast wind"
(MWR).  "The storm lost intensity rapidly after passing Jamaica and was 
not traced beyond extreme eastern Cuba" (Tannehill).  Perez (2000)
indicated a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba from this system.
November 21:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 19N, 81.5W with
pressure at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 20.0N, 80.5.  Perez (2000) suggests a center near 24N, 73.5W.
Available observations suggest a weakened and disorganized center to the 
south and west of the position in HURDAT.  No gale force winds (or implied 
from pressures) were observed.
November 22:  HWM depicts a closed low centered at 25.5N, 76W with pressure
of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 
12 UTC at 25.2N, 76.2W.  Perez (2000) suggest a center near 29N, 73W.
MWR Map of Lows indicates a center at 22.5N, 78W with 1013 mb pressure
(a.m.) and 27.7N, 77.7W with 1014 mb pressure (p.m.).  Observations 
do not indicate a closed circulation near any of the possible positions.  
A cold front can be analyzed as extending from a developing extratropical 
low at 28.5N, 79.5W, southward to near Miami and then over western Cuba.  
Ship highlight:  45 kt ESE at 12 UTC at 25.8N, 75.7W (HWM).  "The storm 
apparently continued northward a short distance to the westward of Turks 
Island" (MWR).
November 23:  HWM depicts a closed low centered near 34.5N, 73W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane
at 12 UTC at 34.6N, 72.9W.  The MWR Map of Lows analyzed the center at
31.5N, 73.5W with 1004 mb pressure (a.m.) and 35N, 73W with 1004 mb
pressure (p.m.).  A cold front can be analyzed from the observations 
extending from the low southwestward as well as a warm front going 
east-northeastward from the low.  Ship highlight: 50 kt NW at 01 UTC at 
30.5N, 78.5W (COA).  "It was next noted on the morning of the 23rd about 
300 miles east of Charleston, S. C." (MWR).  
November 24:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 42N, 63W with
pressure of at most 995 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 43.5N, 62.0W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Map of Lows indicated a center
at 39.8N, 75.5W and 1002 mb pressure (a.m.) and 42N, 73.5W and 996 mb
pressure (p.m.).   Ship highlight:  50 kt S and 998 mb at 04 UTC at 
38.5N, 64.5W (COA); 30 kt S and 992 mb at 12 UTC at 42.1N, 62.0W (HWM).
"It then continued due northward with slowly increasing energy" (MWR).
November 25:  HWM depicts an extratropical low centered at 51N, 36W with
pressure of at most 1000 mb.  HURDAT listed this as an extratropical
storm at 50.4N, 37.5W.  MWR Map of Lows indicated a center near 45N, 73W
with pressure 993 mb (a.m.) and 46N, 67W with pressure 998 mb (p.m.).  
Ship highlight:  35 kt W at 12 UTC at 47.9N, 40.0W (HWM).  "By the morning 
of the 25th had reached northern New York.  After this time it moved 
northeastward and was last noted over Nova Scotia on the morning of the 
26th" (MWR).  [Note:  apparently the analysis in the Monthly Weather Review
on the 24th to the 26th was following a secondary, extratropical low
pressure system, which was not utilized in HWM or HURDAT.] 

The track is adjusted on the 11th to provide a realistic initial motion.
Small additional modifications were made on the 15th through the 18th
based upon available observations.  A larger change to the track of this
hurricane was made on the 19th, which now takes the system over the 
northern half of the island based upon observations in Hall (1913).
The positions of the system were similar to HURDAT on the 20th, as
the storm turned back to the west after reaching the ocean off of Jamaica.
For the 21st to the 26th, there are a variety of opinions as to what
happened to this system:  1) MWR suggested it went northward across
Cuba and the Bahamas and made landfall in New York on the 23rd before
decaying over Nova Scotia on the 26th;  2) HWM and HURDAT suggested it went 
northward across Cuba and the Bahamas, but then turned to the northeast at 
the latitude of the Carolinas, became extratropical, clipped Newfoundland
on the 24th and decayed over the far north Atlantic on the 25th;  3) Perez 
suggested it went northeastward passing between Cuba and Hispanola, then 
northward to the latitude of the Carolinas, then following the HWM/HURDAT 
scenario; and, finally, 4) Tannehill and Mitchell suggested that it 
decayed near extreme eastern Cuba.  The MWR and HWM/HURDAT tracks are 
not correct, as observations from Cuba (Perez 2000) indicate that no 
tropical storm or hurricane made landfall in central Cuba, though the
system did cause a Category 1 impact in southeastern Cuba.  However, available 
ship and coastal observations indicate that the Perez track cannot be 
correct either with a track through the Windward Passage.  The Tannehill/
Mitchell scenario appears closest to being accurate, though available
observations indicate that the system dissipated instead on the 21st 
in the western Caribbean.  The system tracked in HWM and HURDAT from
the 22nd until the 25th was a separate, extratropical storm that underwent
cyclogenesis on the morning of 22nd near 28.5N, 79.5W along a well
defined frontal zone.  (It is to be noted that on the 22nd the HWM had 
the baroclinic low well to the southeast of its actual position.)  Thus 
the dates of the 22nd through the 25th are removed from HURDAT.  The 
intensity of the system was boosted substantially on the 12th to the 
15th, based upon MWR reports of ship observations of pressures around 
992 mb.  992 mb peripheral pressure on the 13th suggests winds of at 
least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind relationship - 65 kt chosen 
at 18 UTC on the 13th.  Thus it is estimated that the system became a 
hurricane late on the 13th, rather than the 15th as originally shown 
in HURDAT.  The intensity at landfall in Jamaica on the 18th can be 
ascertained from a central pressure reading in Negril Point of 965 mb
at 11 UTC.  This suggest winds of 95 kt from the southerly pressure-wind
relationship.  Winds of 105 kt were also recorded at this station, which
reduces to 84 kt after accounting for the high bias of the instrumentation
of the time (Fergusson and Covert 1924) and converting to a peak 1 min
observation (Powell et al. 1996). Detailed hourly measurement of the
winds at Negril Point allows for an estimate of a 10 nmi RMW, which is
smaller than that expected by climatology (14 nmi) for this latitude and
central pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus an increase over the winds
suggested by the pressure-wind relationship to 100 kt (Category 3) is 
selected for winds at landfall in Jamaica, as well as the peak intensity of 
the storm.  (No other observations exceeded 70 kt wind or less than 983 mb 
pressure for the lifetime of the system.)  Winds are thus reduced 
significantly from the 17th to the 19th.  A peripheral pressure of 1000 mb
and winds shifting from NE-NW on the 19th from a ship at Santiago de Cuba 
indicates a close pass just south of Cuba.  This is consistent with the
moderate impact in southeast Cuba and assessment of Category 1 conditions
by Perez (2000).  Observations indicate that the system weakened to tropical 
storm intensity on the 20th, decreased to a tropical depression on the 21st, 
and dissipated by early on the 22nd.  The impact and severity of this 
hurricane, while not being as intense as originally suggested, was probably 
enhanced by the extreme, prolonged rainfall on the island beginning on 
the 11th up through the time of landfall of the hurricane as well as 
the lengthy duration that hurricane force winds were felt at Jamaica 
during landfall.

******************s************************************************************

1912 - Additional Notes:

1) Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical cyclone developed
in the open Atlantic near 29N, 40W on 4 April 1912 from an existing 
extratropical storm.  The system moved toward the southwest for two days and 
was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second extratropical cyclone on the 
6th.  Highest winds observed from this tropical cyclone were 35 kt on the 4th 
(HWM).  Lowest pressures observed were 1015 on the 4th (HWM).  With only one 
observed gale and moderately low pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this a tropical storm.  Thus this system is considered a tropical 
depression (or perhaps a subtropical depression) and will not be added to 
HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Apr 03   37N  39W     Extratropical      
Apr 04   29N  40W     Tropical Depression
Apr 05   26N  43W     Tropical Depression (Dissipating)
Apr 06   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2)  Historical Weather Maps and COADS data indicate a baroclinic low leaving 
the northeastern US to September 20 with winds of about 35 kt.  It gains 
intensity on the 21st by having a fall in central pressure to near 1010 mb.  
On the 22nd, pressures fall to 1005 mb and gale force winds up to 40 kt are 
observed.  On the 23rd, the storm changes little in intensity, but the
frontal features are beginning to dissipate.  On the 24th, the system 
weakens, but starts to gain tropical characteristics.  On the 25th, winds 
reach 30 kt with a central pressure of 1006 mb.  On the 26th, it has winds 
of 30 kt with a central pressure of not more than 1002 mb, indicating the 
possibility of a tropical storm.  However, since there were no gale force 
wind reports and since the system is very broad, it is uncertain whether it
had obtained tropical storm intensity.  On the 27th, it loses tropical 
characteristics and weakens.  On the 28th, it has evolved into an 
extratropical system and has the strongest winds far from the center.  This 
system raced across the north Atlantic with pressures below 1000 mb.  On 
October 1st, its forward momentum slows and pressures reach 985 mb.  
Weakening occurs on the 2nd and 3rd with pressures returning to over 
1000 mb.  On the 4th, the remnants move over Italy and by the 5th the 
system has dissipated.  Thus this system was not included into HURDAT 
because of the lack of confirmation of tropical storm intensity on the
days that it appeared to have tropical cyclone characteristics (24-26).


DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 20 42N  66W     Extratropical
Sep. 21 39N  62W     Extratropical
Sep. 22 42N  58W     Extratropical
Sep. 23 41N  54W     Extratropical
Sep. 24 36N  52W     Extratropical or Tropical Depression
Sep. 25 35N  52W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 26 37N  54W     Tropical Depression
Sep. 27 42N  53W     Extratropical
Sep. 28 48N  48W     Extratropical
Sep. 29 47N  30W     Extratropical
Sep. 30 48N  22W     Extratropical
Oct. 1  49N  13W     Extratropical
Oct. 2  47N   7W     Extratropical
Oct. 3  45N   3E     Extratropical
Oct. 4  43N  12E     Extratropical Dissipating

3)  The Connor (1956) reference has a map of a tropical storm for 21-25 Sep.
1912, which began in the Gulf of Mexico south of Texas, made landfall in
Northwest Florida on the 23rd and reached the ocean late on the 24th off of
North Carolina.  This system was also briefly mentioned in the Monthly
Weather Review (page 1305) and it was included in its Map of Low Pressure
Tracks.  It is noted that the estimated central pressures listed in the
MWR Tracks peaks over water, then weakens over land - which is characteristic
of a tropical cyclone.  One gale force wind report was noted (Jacksonville 
on the 24th).  However, after inspection of the Historical Weather Maps, the 
system is clearly extratropical in structure throughout its lifetime and thus
will not be added to the HURDAT database.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Sep. 21  25N  95W     Extratropical
Sep. 22  29N  91W     Extratropical
Sep. 23  29N  87W     Extratropical
Sep. 24  36N  74W     Extratropical
Sep. 25  ---  ---     Extratropical Dissipating

4)  Historical Weather Maps indicate that a low pressure area formed 
on the 17th of October southeast of Bermuda, moved generally 
northwestward until the 20th, recurved and moved toward the northeast 
from the 21st until the 24th, and dissipated on the 25th southeast of 
Cape Race.  Available HWM and COADS ship data suggest that it was a 
tropical depression from the 17th until the 20th, then became 
extratropical as a cold front moved from the northwest and overtook 
the storm on the 21st.  Peak intensity during its tropical depression 
stage was 25-30 kt, though there was a single, isolated 35 kt NNW ship 
report (COA) at 12 UTC on the 20th at 35.0N, 62.0W.  Without 
corroborating additional evidence for tropical storm intensity, this 
system is not added to HURDAT but is listed here as a possible
tropical storm.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Oct. 17  29N  54W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 18  26N  52W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 19  30N  55W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 20  34N  59W     Tropical Depression
Oct. 21  38N  53W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 22  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 23  38N  51W     Extratropical Storm
Oct. 24  41N  48W     Extratropical Storm

5)  Historical Weather Maps indicate a closed extratropical low west of 
Spain on November 4th, 1912.  A pressure of 1005 is observed and maximum 
winds were 30 kt.  There was little change on Nov. 5th with a pressure of 
1003 mb.  On November 7th, it obtained some tropical characteristics with 
winds of about 20 kt and it moved slowly to the south.  On the 8th, winds 
near the center were unknown and minimum pressure was likely below 1009 mb.  
On the 9th, central pressure increased to near 1014 mb with maximum winds 
of 20 kt.  Winds increase on the 10th to 25 kt and the depression moved 
west on November 8-10.  On the 11th, it turned NE and was absorbed into a 
frontal boundary.  There was no evidence of gale force winds for this 
system, thus it was not added as an additional system into HURDAT.

DAY     LAT  LON     STATUS
Nov. 4  37N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 5  34N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 6  32N  24W     Extratropical
Nov. 7  30N  25W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 8  29N  26W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 9  30N  39W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 10 30N  46W     Tropical Depression
Nov. 11 32N  42W     Tropical Depression Being Absorbed by Front

*****************************************************************************

1913/01 - 2005 REVISION:

20460 06/22/1913 M= 7  1 SNBR= 466 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20460 06/21/1913 M= 9  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **         *          ***

(The 21st is new to HURDAT.)
20462 06/21*  0   0   0    0*110 800  30    0*110 805  30    0*111 806  30    0*

20465 06/22*  0   0   0    0*110 800  60    0*118 810  65    0*124 818  70    0*
20465 06/22*112 807  30    0*113 808  35    0*115 810  40    0*121 813  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      ***      **      *** ***  **

20470 06/23*131 825  70    0*138 832  70    0*145 837  70    0*153 841  70    0*
20470 06/23*127 816  45    0*134 820  45    0*140 825  45    0*146 830  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20475 06/24*161 845  75    0*170 850  75    0*178 854  80    0*185 860  80    0*
20475 06/24*152 835  35    0*158 840  35    0*165 845  40    0*175 850  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 06/25*191 865  85    0*197 869  85    0*203 874  85    0*212 878  85    0*
20480 06/25*185 855  50    0*195 860  50    0*205 865  50    0*214 871  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 06/26*222 881  85    0*232 884  85    0*240 892  85    0*245 902  85    0*
20485 06/26*223 878  40    0*232 885  45    0*240 892  50    0*245 902  55    0*
            *** ***  **               **               **               **

20490 06/27*249 917  80    0*252 933  80    0*257 947  75    0*263 959  70    0*
20490 06/27*249 917  60    0*252 933  65    0*257 947  65    0*263 959  65    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20495 06/28*270 972  65 1004*277 984  55    0*285 995  35    0*3001008  20    0*
20495 06/28*270 972  65     *277 984  45    0*285 995  35    0*2931003  30    0*
                        ****          **                       *******  **

(The 29th is new to HURDAT.)
20497 06/29*3001008  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*

20500 HRATX1                

Minor changes are made to the track and major changes to the intensity 
shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Connor (1956), Dunn and Miller (1960), Ho et al. (1987), Ellis (1988), and 
Jarrell et al. (1992). 

June 21:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11N, 80.5W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
June 22:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
11.5N, 81W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
11.8N, 81.0W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 23:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
14.0N, 82.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at
14.5N, 83.7W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.
June 24:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not show a closed circulation,
though data to the south of the possible center are sparse.  If a center
exists, it is likely near 16.5N, 84.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 
hurricane at 12 UTC at 17.8N, 85.4W.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  "On the morning of the 24th vessel reports
indicated the presence of a disturbance in the extreme western Caribbean
Sea" (MWR).
June 25:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 20.5N, 85.5W,
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 20.3N, 87.4W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely between the HWM and HURDAT
positions.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 26:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 25.5N, 90.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 24.0N, 89.2W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
"During the following 48 hours the disturbance moved north-northwest to
about latitude 25, and longitude 89" (MWR).
June 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1007.5 mb at 24.5N, 96W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 25.7N, 94.7W.  
Observations suggest that the center is likely close to the HURDAT position.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
June 28:  Observations indicate a closed low over land near the Texas-
Mexico border at 28.5N, 99.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm 
at 12 UTC at 28.5N, 99.5W.  Station highlight:  43 kt SE at 08 UTC at
Corpus Christi (OMR); 10 kt NW and 1003 mb at 01 UTC at Brownsville (OMR). 
"It thence moved about northwest until the evening of the 27th when it was
off the mouth of the Rio Grande with pressure at Brownsville, Tex., 29.62
inches.  By morning of the 28th, it had passed inland over the Texas coast
between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, a maximum wind velocity of 52 [50] 
miles from the southeast being reported on that morning at Corpus Christi. ...
The storm apparently broke up over the upper Nueces watershed after giving
copious rains in that section.  The center of heaviest precipitation was at
Montell, Uvalde County, where from 2.30 p. m. June 28 to 9 a. m. June 29
the fall amounted to 20.60 inches ... Uvalde, in the same county, and less
than 30 miles southeast of Montell, reported a rainfall of 8.50 inches
from 1 p. m. June 28 to 6 a. m. June 29.  These rains caused considerable
damage in that section, flooding the lowlands, washing away houses and stock,
and interrupting traffic and communication by telegraph and telephone for
several days.  One person was drowned in the vicinity of Montell" (MWR).
"June 27.  Lower Texas Coast.  Minor.  Torrential rains" (Dunn and Miller).
"Tide information - 1.4' Ft. Point, Galveston" (Connor).  "1913 Jun TX,
1S [southern coast of Texas]" (Jarrell et al.).  "Hurricane made landfall
on Central Padre Island near Big Shell with 100 mph winds [~85 kt] ... Storm 
surge peaked at 12.7' in Galveston" (Ellis).  [These storm surge and wind
wind values are erroneous as can be shown from the Weather Bureau Galveston 
station Original Monthly Records:  "27th - The tide was about 1.5 feet above
normal most of the day...Maximum velocity 39 mph [34 kt]".  This U.S. 
landfalling hurricane not mentioned.  The implication is that it 
was not deeper than 982 mb at landfall, which was Ho's criterion for 
inclusion (Ho et al. 1987).  
June 29:  System appears to have dissipated over south central Texas from
HWM observations by 12 UTC, but may still have been a tropical cyclone
at 00 UTC.

Genesis for this hurricane is begun a day earlier in the southwestern
Caribbean on the 21st, based upon available observations.  Minor alterations
to the track are made on the 22nd to the 26th due to ship and coastal
data.  Track extended to 00 UTC on the 29th based upon observations 
indicating its existence through early on the 29th as well as for a more 
realistic translational velocity.  Intensity reduced dramatically from the 
22nd to the 25th as observations indicate that it did not reach hurricane 
intensity until reaching the Gulf of Mexico.  No observations of hurricane 
force winds or equivalent in central pressure were ever measured for this 
system.  (Highest observed winds were 43 kt and lowest observed pressure
was 1003 mb.)  However, due to landfall in a relatively sparsely monitored
part of Texas between Brownsville and Corpus Christi, it is quite possible
that the system did obtain minimal hurricane force intensity and made
landfall in Texas as a Category 1 (65 kt) hurricane around 0100 UTC at 
27.1N, 97.4W.  (The 1004 mb pressure in HURDAT at 00 UTC on the 28th is a
peripheral pressure and is thus removed from HURDAT.)  Utilizing the Kaplan 
and DeMaria (1995) inland decay model, this suggests winds of 44, 34, and 
28 kt for 06, 12 and 18 UTC on the 28th.  Peak observed winds after 
landfall within 2 hours of these synoptic times were 43, 41, and 28 kt, 
respectively.  These adjust to 37, 35 and 24 kt after accounting for the 
high bias of the anemometer of the era and converting to a peak 1 minute 
wind (Fergusson and Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Thus winds are 
reduced from 55 to 45 kt at 06 UTC, kept at 35 at 12 UTC, and increased 
from 20 to 30 kt at 18 UTC.  Peak storm tide observed was 1.4' at Ft.
Point, Galveston (Connor).

*****************************************************************************

1913/02 - 2005 ADDITION:
 
20501 08/14/1913 M= 3  2 SNBR= 471 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20502 08/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*320 680  30    0*330 655  30    0*
20503 08/15*340 632  35    0*350 610  35    0*360 590  40    0*370 575  40    0*
20504 08/16*382 565  40    0*395 562  40    0E410 560  35    0E425 560  30    0*
20504 TS

This is a new tropical storm, previously not documented in _Monthly Weather
Review_ or Neumann et al. (1999).  Evidence for this system comes from
the Historical Weather Map series and the COADS ship database.  

August 13:  A stationary front is depicted in HWM as extending from near
Bermuda to North Carolina, though the structure appears to be better
described as a trough with little to no surface baroclinic structure.
No closed circulation is evident, though there are winds up to 25 kt on
the south side of the trough.
August 14:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 32N, 71W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 32N, 68W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure)
were observed.
August 15:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 35N, 61.5W with
a cold front extending to the southwest and a stationary front extending
to the east of the center.  However, COADS and HWM data indicate that
likely no frontal features existed at this time and that the center was
closer to 36N, 59W.  Ship highlights:  35 kt SSW at 33.3N, 55.3W at 12 UTC
(HWM) and 35 kt ENE at 39.3N, 58.0W (HWM).
August 16:  HWM indicates a stationary front extending from near Bermuda to
north-northeastward to 39N, 60W, then extending east-northeastward to
43N, 45W.  While it does appear at this time that modest frontal features
has formed by this time, a closed circulation can be identified at 41N, 56W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt S at 40.7N, 58.2W (HWM).
August 17:  System has been completely absorbed into a frontal boundary
and has lost its identity.

This system formed as a tropical cyclone of tropical depression intensity
on the 14th of August west of Bermuda.  It intensified to a tropical storm
on the 15th and reached a peak intensity of around 40 kt late on the
15th and early on the 16th.  It transformed into an extratropical storm
system on the 16th and had dissipated south of Newfoundland by the 17th.
There is some uncertainty of the true character of this system, as on the
15th (the date of peak intensity) the storm's center is elongated SW-NE
along HWM's (supposed) frontal boundary.  Another interpretation of this
system is that it could be described as a non-tropical gale with an
ill-defined center.

*******************************************************************************

1913/03 - 2005 REVISION:

20545 09/03/1913 M=10  3 SNBR= 468 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
20545 08/26/1913 M=18  3 SNBR= 472 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0
      ** **        **          ***

(The 26th of August through the 2nd of September are new to HURDAT.)
20546 08/26*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*125 210  30    0*126 222  30    0*
20546 08/27*127 235  35    0*127 247  35    0*127 260  40    0*127 273  45    0*
20546 08/28*127 285  45    0*127 298  45    0*127 310  45    0*127 322  45    0*
20546 08/29*128 335  45    0*129 347  45    0*130 360  45    0*130 373  45    0*
20546 08/30*130 385  45    0*131 398  45    0*132 410  45    0*132 422  45    0*
20546 08/31*133 435  45    0*134 447  45    0*135 460  45    0*136 472  45    0*
20546 09/01*137 483  45    0*138 494  45    0*140 505  45    0*142 516  45    0*
20546 09/02*144 527  45    0*147 538  45    0*150 550  45    0*155 562  45    0*

20550 09/03*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*170 596  35    0*177 602  35    0*
20550 09/03*160 574  45    0*165 584  45    0*170 596  45    0*177 602  45    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **               **               **

20555 09/04*184 607  35    0*191 611  40    0*198 614  40    0*204 616  45    0*
20555 09/04*184 607  45    0*191 611  45    0*198 614  45    0*206 616  45    0*
                     **               **               **      ***      

20560 09/05*210 618  45    0*216 619  50    0*223 623  50    0*233 624  55    0*
20560 09/05*214 618  45    0*222 619  45    0*230 623  45    0*239 624  45    0*
            ***              ***      **      ***      **      ***      **

20565 09/06*246 627  60    0*259 627  60    0*271 621  60    0*282 605  70    0*
20565 09/06*249 627  45    0*260 627  45    0*271 621  50    0*282 605  50    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20570 09/07*292 585  70    0*300 562  75    0*306 540  75    0*308 518  80    0*
20570 09/07*292 585  50    0*300 562  50    0*306 540  55    0*308 518  55    0*
                     **               **               **               **

20575 09/08*310 496  80    0*313 474  85    0*321 456  85    0*324 454  85    0*
20575 09/08*310 496  55    0*310 474  60    0*311 460  60    0*315 454  60    0*
                     **      ***      **      *** ***  **      ***      **

20580 09/09*329 453  85    0*334 454  85    0*339 459  85    0*344 464  85    0*
20580 09/09*323 453  60    0*331 454  60    0*339 459  60    0*344 464  60    0*
            ***      **      ***      **               **               **

20585 09/10*349 469  85    0*353 475  80    0*358 482  75    0*362 490  70    0*
20585 09/10*349 469  60    0*353 475  60    0*358 482  60    0*364 488  55    0*
                     **               **               **      *** ***  **

20590 09/11*365 499  70    0*368 509  70    0*370 520  70    0*371 531  65    0*
20590 09/11*371 493  55    0*378 498  55    0*385 500  55    0*394 500  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20595 09/12*371 544  60    0*369 557  45    0*360 570  35    0*350 568  30    0*
20595 09/12*404 500  45    0*416 500  40    0E430 500  35    0E445 500  30    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **     **** ***         **** *** 

20600 HR                    
20600 TS
      **

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map series, 
the COADS ship database and _Monthly Weather Review_.

August 26:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggests a closed low near 
12.5N, 21W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 27:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 12.7N, 26W.
Ship highlight:  35 kt E at 13.5N, 26.5W at 12 UTC (COA).
August 28:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 16N, 31W.
HWM and COADS observations analyze the system farther south.  No gale force 
winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 29:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on the west and south sides.  A low center was analyzed
at 13N, 36W based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from 
pressures) were observed.  
August 30:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13N, 41W.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.  
August 31:  Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a closed low near
13.5N, 46W.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NE and 1005 mb at 14.6N, 47.0W at
12 UTC (HWM).
September 1:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 14N, 50.5W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 2:  Observations from HWM and COADS do not suggest a closed low,
but data are sparse on all sides.  A low center was analyzed at 15N, 55W 
based upon continuity.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) 
were observed.  
September 3:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 17N, 59.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 17.0N, 59.6W.  No gale 
force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 4:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 19N, 58W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 19.8N, 61.4W.  HWM
and COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 5:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1012.5 mb at 22.5N, 62W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 22.3N, 62.3W.  Available
observations indicate a center north of HURDAT and HWM.  No gale force winds 
(or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 26.5N, 64.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 27.1, 62.1W.  HWM and
COADS observations indicate that the HURDAT position is more reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were observed.
September 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 30.5N, 54W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 30.6N, 54.0W. 
Ship highlight:  20 kt NNW and 1005 mb at 12 UTC at 31.0N, 55.7W (HWM).
September 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1000 mb at 32N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 32.1N, 45.6W.
HWM and COADS ship observations indicate a moderate cold front passing
to the north of the storm and that the storm is somewhat south and west
of the HWM and HURDAT positions.   Ship highlight:  35 kt SSE at 12 UTC at 
30.3N, 44.4W (HWM).
September 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 34N, 45.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 2 hurricane at 12 UTC at 33.9N, 45.9W. 
Ship highlight:  35 kt N at 12 UTC at 34.5N, 47.2W (HWM).
September 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb at 36N, 48W.
A non-tropical low system is approaching the tropical cyclone from the
west.  HURDAT listed the tropical cyclone as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC 
at 35.8N, 48.2W. Ship highlight:  Several ships with 35 kt (HWM and COA).
September 11:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 37.5N, 58.5W.
HURDAT listed this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 37.0N, 52.0W. 
The low shown by HWM appears to be an unrelated non-tropical low.  Available 
observations suggest that the tropical cyclone is closer to, but to the north 
and east of, the HURDAT position.  Ship highlight:  45 kt SW at 12 UTC 
at 37.9N, 48.1W (COA).
September 12:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb at 36.5N, 57W.
HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at 36.0N, 57.0W.  
However, available observations and continuity suggest that the system near
36N, 57W is not the tropical cyclone, but is instead the unrelated 
non-tropical low seen on the 11th.  The tropical cyclone was identified 
farther northeast near 43N, 50W and was weakening in increasingly baroclinic 
surroundings.  No gale force winds (or implied from pressures) were 
observed.

This tropical cyclone is begun eight days earlier than the original 
HURDAT as ship observations indicate it formed off of Africa on the 26th 
and became a tropical storm on the next day.  Small alterations are made 
on the track of this system on the 3rd through the 10th (excluding the
7th when no location changes were made).  A large track change was made
for the 11th and 12th as ship observations from HWM and COADS indicate
that the system continued to move to the north rather than turning abruptly
back to the west and south.  The turn to the west and south in HURDAT
originally was due to confusing the tropical cyclone with a non-tropical
low that moved toward the existing system from the west.  Extensive ship 
data shows that the tropical cyclone reached only tropical storm intensity 
(peak of at most 60 kt on the 8th through the 10th).  Intensities reduced 
substantially in HURDAT from the 6th to the 11th and the system has been 
downgraded from a peak of a Category 2 hurricane to a tropical storm/
borderline hurricane.

*****************************************************************************

1913/04 - 2005 REVISION:

20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  2 SNBR= 467 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
20505 08/30/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 473 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
                       *       ***
        
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*300 700  40    0*303 702  45    0*
20510 08/30*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*285 725  40    0*295 726  40    0*
                                              *** ***          *** ***  **

20515 08/31*306 704  50    0*308 707  60    0*313 713  65    0*314 716  70    0*
20515 08/31*302 727  45    0*308 728  45    0*313 730  50    0*317 732  50    0*
            *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20520 09/01*316 720  75    0*319 725  80    0*324 730  80    0*326 735  80    0*
20520 09/01*320 734  55    0*322 737  60    0*324 740  65    0*326 742  70    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **          ***  **          ***  **

20525 09/02*331 740  75    0*336 745  70    0*340 750  70    0*343 754  70    0*
20525 09/02*329 743  75    0*332 745  75    0*335 748  75    0*339 752  75    0*
            *** ***          ***      **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20530 09/03*346 758  70    0*348 761  70    0*349 767  60    0*350 773  50    0*
20530 09/03*343 757  75    0*346 763  75  976*349 772  55    0*352 784  40    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **  ***     ***  **      *** ***  **

20535 09/04*351 787  35    0*352 805  25    0*350 825  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
20535 09/04*351 798  30    0*350 815  25    0*345 835  20    0*  0   0   0    0*
                ***  **      *** ***          *** ***

20540 HR NC1                

Minor changes are made to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. 
(1999), originally storm #2.  Evidence for these alterations comes from 
the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly 
Weather Review_, Original Monthly Record station data from NCDC, 
Tannehill (1938), Dunn and Miller (1960), Schwerdt et al. (1979), Ho et al. 
(1987), and Jarrell et al. (1992).

August 29:  HWM and COADS ship data do not indicate a closed circulation
between the Bahamas and Bermuda, though several ships are reporting winds
up to 20 kt.  "On August 29 there was a slight pressure fall over the 
Windward Islands to the southeastward and the fall probably drifted 
normally to the northwestward without attaining true cyclonic development 
until assisted by the heat and moisture of the Gulf Stream during the 
night of August 31 - September 1" (Monthly Weather Review).
August 30:  Observations from HWM indicate a closed circulation exists 
near 28.5N, 72.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 12 UTC at
30.0N, 70.0W.  There were no reports of gale force wind (or equivalent
in pressure).
August 31:  HWM indicates a dissipating stationary front off of the
U.S. Atlantic coast, though available observations do not support any
significant frontal boundary.  Available HWM and COADS observations
indicate a closed low near 31.5N, 73.0W.  HURDAT lists this a Category 1
hurricane at 12 UTC at 31.3N, 71.3W.  There were no reports of gale force
wind (or equivalent in pressure).
September 1:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1015 mb at 32N, 73W with 
a warm frontal boundary extending from the system off to the northeast, 
though available observations do not indicate a significant frontal 
feature.  HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 
32.4N, 73.0W.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 32.4N, 74.3W and 1011 mb
(a.m).  Observations from HWM and COADS and the MWR location suggest a 
center farther west of that in HURDAT.  There were no reports of gale 
force winds (or equivalent in pressure).  "The morning weather map of 
September 1, 1913, revealed the presence of a disturbance, apparently of 
very moderate force, central in the Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles 
southeast of the coast of North Carolina in which the lowest pressure was 
about 29.9 inches" (Monthly Weather Review).
September 2:  HWM depicts a closed low of a most 1010 mb at 34N, 74.5W.
HURDAT lists this as a Category 1 hurricane at 12 UTC at 34.0N, 75.0W.
Observations from HWM and COADS suggest a center farther south than both
the HWM and HURDAT and between the longitudes given in HWM and HURDAT.
Ship highlight:  45 kt E and 1009 mb at 12 UTC at 34.8N, 74.3W (COA).
September 3:  HWM depicts a closed low of at most 1005 mb just inland in
North Carolina at 35N, 77W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
34.9N, 76.7W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.8N, 77.5W
with 1007 mb (a.m.) and 35.5N, 79.5W and 1007 mb (p.m).  Available
observations suggests that the HURDAT and HWM centers may be more
accurate than MWR.  Ship highlight:  50 kt from three ship reports
at 01, 05, and 12 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  64 kt SE at 11 UTC and
1003 mb at 09 UTC at Cape Hatteras (DLR).  "At 8:30 p.m. [September 2nd] 
the pressure was 29.98 inches, having fallen only .06 of an inch, but 
from 8:30 p.m. there was a rapid decrease to 29.54 inches at 4:45 a.m. 
on the 3rd; at 5 a.m. the pressure began to rise rapidly and at 5:31 a.m. 
the 5 minute maximum velocity for the storm was recorded and showed a 
velocity of 74 miles per hour from the southeast, with one mile at the 
rate of 92 miles per hour fifteen minutes later.  The wind reached its 
maximum velocity by a steady hourly increase, though the wind came 
in severe flaws lasting from 10 to 20 seconds and seeming reaching a 
velocity of 100 miles per hour, then dropping to 50 miles per hour for 
a few seconds" (Original Monthly Record, Hatteras, N.C.).  "A severe 
coast storm passed inland and near the station on the 3d.  The barometer 
began to fall about midnight, and continued falling slowly until 
8:00 a.m. (reading 29.86) when there was decided drop.  The pressure 
continued to fall rapidly until 2:00 p.m., when the lowest reading 
occurred.  (The corrected barograph reading was 29.37).  The wind 
shifted from northeast to east at 2.10 p.m., and to southeast at 
2:20 p.m., with the pressure rising as rapidly as it fell. The storm 
was attend by excessive rainfall and high winds which lasted about ten 
hours.  During this period the wind blew, first from the northeast then 
from the southeast at the rate of from 30 to 37 miles per hour.  
Considerable damage resulted therefrom, especially to the telegraph and 
the telephone" (Original Monthly Record, Raleigh, N.C.).  "Another 
noteworthy feature was the small storm that entered North Carolina 
between Wilmington and Hatteras from the Atlantic Ocean on September 3, 
which instead or recurving northeastward, drifted slowly westward, 
passing south of Raleigh, where the pressure fell to 29.37 inches ...
The center of the disturbance moved inland between Hatteras and Beaufort, 
N. C., took a westerly course, and passed south of Raleigh about 2 p.m. 
on the third.  The barograph trace at this station is of interest in 
showing the rapidity of the fall and rise of pressure, although the 
lowest pressure reached was only 29.37 inches at 2.10 ;.m. of that date 
... Great damage to property and crops resulted over the eastern portion 
of the State, especially in the Pamlico Sound section, owing to the high 
waves from the Sound.  The highest wind velocity registered was 74 miles 
from the southeast at Hatteras.  At Raleigh the maximum velocity was 
37 miles from the northeast, at Wilmington 30 miles from the west, while 
at Charlotte there was no wind of any consequence.  The greatest loss of 
property occurred in the vicinity of Washington and Newbern, where the 
water driven by northeast to southeast gales is reported to have risen 
10 feet above previous high-water marks.  The bridge of the Norfolk & 
Southern Railroad at Washington, a mile in length, was washed away, and 
also a similar bridge at Newbern, and many other small bridges and 
trestles.  The loss by inundation of the lower streets, also to small 
boats and fishing craft, was very heavy.  Telegraph and telephone lines 
were prostrated or damaged over a wide area ... In the vicinity of 
Norfolk, Va., the damage by wind was not great.  In the open country 
telegraph and telephone poles and trees were blown down, and at Ocean 
View, Newport News, and Old Point, Va., a number of small houses were 
unroofed.  There were no marine disasters in Hampton Roads." (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Five lives were lost an property damage was estimated
at four or five million dollars" (Tannehill).  "Sept. 3, N.C. Minimal
Intensity, 5 killed" (Dunn and Miller).  "Sep. 3, 1913, 34.8N, 76.4W
landfall position, central pressure estimate 976 mb, radius of maximum
wind 38 nmi (Ho et al.).  Maximum 1 min, surface wind estimate at the
coast 84 kt, 1016 mb environmental pressure" (Schwerdt et al.).  
"1913, Sep. NC 1, MSLP - missing" (Jarrell et al.)
September 4:  No closed low is analyzed in HWM, but available station
observations suggest a closed center can be found near 34.5N, 83.5W over
northeast Georgia.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
35.0N, 82.5W at 12 UTC.  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.7N, 83.0W
with 1011 mb pressure (a.m.) and 33.5N, 88.5W with 1010 mb pressure 
(p.m.).  There were no winds gale force (or equivalent in pressure) 
observed.  "[The storm was] degenerating into a general rain area over 
western North Carolina and Virginia on the 4th ... After leaving the 
coast section the storm diminished rapidly in intensity and finally 
spent its force before reaching the mountain region" (Monthly Weather 
Review).
September 5 and 6:  MWR Tracks of Low Centers suggests 34.0N, 90.5W with
1012 mb pressure (5th a.m.), 33.0N, 94.5W with 1009 mb pressure (5th p.m.),
32.5N, 93.0W with 1011 mb pressure (6th a.m.), 32.0N, 91.5W with 1009 mb
pressure (6th p.m.).  However, available station data indicate that the
system dissipated over land by late on the 4th.

Small changes to the track of this hurricane are made for the lifetime
of the system, with the largest alterations made on the 30th and 31st.
The intensity is reduced moderately from the 30th until the 1st based
upon available HWM and COADS ship observations.  Highest observed winds
for this hurricane were 64 kt at Cape Hatteras at 11 UTC on the 3rd, 
which converts to 53 kt after accounting for the high bias of the
instrument and adjusting from 5 min to a peak 1 min (Fergusson and 
Covert 1924 and Powell et al. 1996).  Lowest observed pressure was 995 mb
from Raleigh (well-inland) at 18 UTC on the 3rd, though this reading was
likely somewhat north of the eye as the storm moved along toward the 
west.  Estimated central pressure from Ho et al. (1987) of 976 mb was 
derived from this Raleigh pressure, assuming an inland decay function of 
pressure after landfall.  Utilizing this 976 mb as a landfall central
pressure (which looks reasonable), one would get 80 kt from the subtropical
pressure-wind relationship and 77 kt from the northern pressure-wind
relationship (the border between the two at 35N).  Ho et al. also analyzed a
radius of maximum wind that was 38 nmi, which is somewhat larger than
the 28 nmi on average from climatology at that latitude and central
pressure (Vickery et al. 2000).  Thus maximum 1 min surface winds at
landfall are assessed at 75 kt, which is consistent with the original
assessment of Category 1 in Neumann et al. and Jarrell et al. and is just 
slightly higher than the 70 kt originally entered in HURDAT.  (It is lower 
than the 84 kt suggested by Schwerdt et al., but this seems somewhat too high 
given the larger RMW than usual.)  Winds are adjusted upward accordingly
on the 2nd and 3rd.  Landfall is analyzed to be at 34.7N, 76.5W, just 
south and west of Ho et al.'s position around 07 UTC.  Maximum observed
winds within 2 hours of the synoptic times after landfall at 12 and 18 UTC 
on the 3rd and 00 UTC on the 4th are:  64, 40, and 29 kt.  These convert 
to 52, 34 and 25 kt, respectively, after adjusting for the high bias and
measurement interval.  A run of the inland decay model of Kaplan and
DeMaria (1995) suggests winds at the same times of 56, 41, 32 kt.  Given
the somewhat sparse data coverage after landfall, the higher values from
the inland decay model appear to be more realistic.  Winds in HURDAT
reduced from 60 to 55 kt at 12 UTC, reduced from 50 to 40 kt at 18 UTC,
and reduced from 35 to 30 kt at 00 UTC.

*******************************************************************************

1913/05 - 2005 REVISION:

20605 10/06/1913 M= 6  4 SNBR= 469 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20605 10/02/1913 M=10  5 SNBR= 474 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=1
         **        **  *       ***                        *

(The 2nd to the 5th are new to HURDAT.)
20606 10/02*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0E410 710  50    0E405 705  50    0*
20607 10/03E400 700  50    0E395 695  50    0E390 690  50    0E387 682  55    0*
20608 10/04E384 672  55    0E382 665  55    0E380 660  55    0E378 659  55    0*
20609 10/05E376 661  55    0E373 665  55    0E370 670  55    0E365 676  55    0*

20610 10/06*  0   0   0    0*347 708  50    0*340 718  50    0*335 726  50    0*
20610 10/06*360 684  50    0*355 694  50    0*350 705  50    0*343 717  50    0*
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***          *** *** 

20615 10/07*331 734  50    0*328 742  50    0*326 750  50    0*326 760  50    0*
20615 10/07*336 728  50    0*330 739  50    0*326 750  55    0*326 760  55    0*
            *** ***          *** ***                   **               **

20620 10/08*326 771  50    0*326 782  45    0*328 791  45    0*330 798  45    0*
20620 10/08*326 771  60    0*328 782  65    0*330 791  65    0*332 798  45    0*
                     **      ***      **      ***      **      ***

20625 10/09*332 802  40    0*335 804  35    0*337 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
20625 10/09*334 802  40    0*336 804  35    0*338 804  35    0*340 803  35    0*
            ***              ***              ***              

20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*345 799  35    0*348 796  30    0*349 792  30    0*
20630 10/10*343 801  35    0*344 799  35    0*345 796  30    0*345 792  30    0*
                             ***              ***              ***

20635 10/11*349 788  25    0*350 784  20    0*351 779  15    0*  0   0   0    0*
20635 10/11E345 788  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*
           ****              *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20640 TS                    
20640 HR SC1
      ** ***

Major changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999),
originally storm #4.  Evidence for these alterations comes from the 
Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database, _Monthly Weather 
Review_ and newspaper accounts provided by Prof. Cary Mock of the 
University of South Carolina.

October 2:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located at about 41N, 71W, just offshore New England, 
with a cold front extending southwest and a warm front extending to the 
southeast.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt S at 41.1N, 65.0W at 12 UTC 
(COA) and 993 mb at 40.5N, 73.5W at 21 UTC (COA).
October 3:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most 
995 mb pressure located near 39N, 69W with a cold front extending to 
the southwest with a warm front extending to the northeast.  (A 
secondary frontal system east of the existing cold front appears 
somewhat suspicious.)  Peak ship observations: 45 kt W at 36.5N, 70.5W 
at 13 UTC (COA) and 45 kt WSW at 36.5N, 71.5W at 17 UTC (COA) and 
992 mb (three ship reports - COA).
October 4:  HWM indicates an extratropical storm system of at most
1000 mb pressure located near 38W, 66W with a cold front extending to 
the south and a warm front to the east.  Peak ship observations:  
50 kt N at 36.5N, 72.5W at 01 UTC (COA) and 50 kt N at 36.5N, 73.5W 
at 05 UTC (COA) and 991 mb at 38.1N, 70.8W at 12 UTC (COA).
October 5:  HWM indicates an occluding extratropical storm system of
at most 1005 mb pressure near 37N, 67W with a dissipating front 
boundary extending to the east of the center.  Peak ship observations:
50 kt ENE at 38.7N, 68.3W at 12 UTC (COA) and 1002 mb at 39.4N, 60.1W
at 12 UTC (COA).
October 6:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure 
near 35N, 70.5W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 
34.0N, 71.8W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates 
the center at 33.5N, 72.3W with 1011 mb (a.m.) and 32.7N, 75.0W with 
1009 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest the HWM position is 
more accurate than HURDAT and MWR locations.  The HWM analysis of no 
frontal features at this time does appear realistic.  Peak ship 
observation:  50 kt N 37.5N, 71.5W at 05 UTC (COA).
October 7:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 34N, 75W.  HURDAT listed this as a tropical storm at 32.6N, 75.0W
at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center at
33.0N, 76.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 31.8N, 77.5W with 997 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT position is most
reasonable.  Peak ship observations:  45 kt NW and 1002 mb at 
32.2N, 78.3W at 21 UTC (COA) and 30 kt NW and 998 mb at 30.7N, 76.0W
(COA).
October 8:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1005 mb pressure
near 32.5N, 79W, almost at landfall in South Carolina.  HURDAT listed
this as a tropical storm at 32.8N, 79.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of
Centers of Lows indicates the center at 31.5N, 79.5W and 1005 mb (a.m.)
and 32.8N, 80.5W and 1003 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest
that the HURDAT position is most reasonable.  Peak ship observations:
60 kt W and 992 mb at 32.7N, 79.2W at 12 UTC (COA).  Peak land station
observations:  32 kt at 1430 UTC and 1002 mb at 19 UTC at Charleston
(OMR).  "The following details, though obtainable from the records, are 
summarized here for convenience:  North and northwest winds prevailed 
on the 7th and continued on the 8th, being more steadily from the 
northwest after 4 a.m. on the 8th, shifting to west at Noon, to 
southwest at 3:30 p.m. and to south at 11 p.m.  The highest velocity in 
connection with this disturbance was 37 miles from the northwest at 
9:30 a.m. on the 8th and velocities were greatest from 8 a.m. to Noon on 
the 8th, diminishing during the afternoon but rising to higher velocity 
towards Midnight, reaching a velocity of 34 miles from the south at 
12:05 a.m., on the 9th and diminishing slowly thereafter.  Changes in 
pressure were gradual, the lowest, 29.58 inches, reduced to sea level, 
occurring at 2 p.m., but if the usual diurnal oscillation be 
eliminated the record would show that the pressure remained stationary 
at the lowest from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., after which it rose very 
gradually..." (Original Monthly Record, Charleston).  "The first marked 
barometric depression of October was that which entered the district 
from the Atlantic Ocean near Charleston on the 8th, the pressure at 
that point falling to 29.58 inches.  This was a small disturbance 
rapidly diminishing in force, but it was accompanied by heavy rains 
over southeastern North Carolina and the adjacent portions of South 
Carolina ... There were practically no damage either at Georgetown 
or Charleston, or, so far as reports indicate, at any point" (Monthly 
Weather Review).  "Sat., Oct. 11, 1913, p. 1  No Serious Damage.
   A storm of wind and rain struck Georgetown early Wednesday 
morning, and for a short time the city was in the midst of what 
promised to be a very serious and disastrous storm, but 
fortunately for the city no great amount of damage was done.
   The greatest sufferers from the blow were the Georgetown 
Railway and Light Company and the Home Telephone Company.  
Wires and poles were prostrated all over the city.  All 
connection with the outside world being cut off for a short 
time, but the managers of both of these concerns bestirred 
themselves and it was not long before they had adjusted 
matters.
   Other than a few fences and limbs of trees being blown down 
there was no damage worth mentioning.
   It is reported that much damage has been done to the cotton 
crop in various sections of the county, but we have not been 
able to get any reliable information on the subject" (Georgetown
Times).  "Wed., Oct. 15, 1913, p. 1  CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE
To Crops Occasioned by the Wind and rain of Last Week.
   Reports are beginning to come in from all sections of the 
county respecting the high winds and heavy rains of last week.  
The disturbance seems to have covered the entire county.
   While there was no loss of life and no especial spot of 
damage by reason of the storm, nevertheless the loss to farmers 
will probably aggregate about $75,000.  One of the heaviest 
individual losers, so far as the information goes, was 
Mr. Joseph H, Johnson.  Mr. Johnson estimates that his cotton 
output will be diminished by at least twelve bales.
   A great deal of hay had been cut just previous to the 
breaking of the storm.  A considerable portion of this was 
saved, but several hundred tons of it was spoiled - a total 
loss.  Corn, too, suffered, but not so much as would have been 
the case had the storm occurred a week earlier.
   All things considered, the farmers of the county are not 
feeling in the least blue.  They made fine crops, and feel 
grateful that so large a proportion of them was saved.  
Strawberries, beans and tobacco are always harvested and out of 
the way before the coming of the September and October gales"
(Georgetown Times).
October 9:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1010 mb pressure
near 33N, 80.5W, inland over South Carolina.  HURDAT listed this as
a tropical storm at 33.7N, 80.4W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Centers
of Lows does not show a low for this day.  Available observations 
suggest that HURDAT is more reasonable in location.  Peak ship
observation:  35 kt SE at 33.1N, 77.6W at 12 UTC (COA).  No gales
(or equivalent in pressure) were observed over land.
October 10:  HWM indicates a closed low of at most 1015 mb pressure
near 33.5N, 79W, at the South Carolina coastline.  HURDAT listed this
as a tropical storm at 34.8N, 79.6W.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows
indicates the center at 34.0N, 79.5W (p.m.) and 1014 pressure, but no 
center in the morning.  The HURDAT position appears to be reasonable.  
No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed.
October 11:  HWM shows a strong cold front has swept through the
region, leaving no identifiable closed low.  Gale force winds were 
observed in Cape Henry and in ships along the upper Atlantic
coast, but these were northerly winds occurring after the frontal
passage.  The MWR Tracks of Centers of Lows indicates the center
at 35.5N, 78.2W with 1014 mb (11th a.m.), 36.8N, 76.5W with 1013 mb
(11th p.m.), 37.8N, 71.5W with 1011 mb (12th a.m.), 43.0N, 65.0W with
1011 mb (12th p.m.).  (The MWR apparently latched onto a separate
frontal wave, which does not appear to directly linked to tropical
system.)

The origins of this tropical storm have been extended back four days 
in time to the 2nd, beginning as an extratropical storm system off 
of New England.  As the system drifted south (first southeast, then
southwest), it gradually occluded and developed tropical 
characteristics.  By 00 UTC on the 6th, it is estimated that it
transitioned to a tropical storm.  Minor track changes are made from
the 6th to the 11th to better match available observations.  The
06 and 12 UTC portions of the 11th were removed from HURDAT, as the
system was absorbed by a vigorous front early on the 11th.  A 998 mb
peripheral pressure on the 7th suggests winds of at least 52 kt from
the subtropical pressure-wind relationship - 55 kt utilized.  On the
8th, just before landfall in South Carolina, a ship reported a
60 kt WSW wind and a 992 mb pressure.  This peripheral pressure
supports winds of at least 61 kt from the subtropical pressure-wind
relationship.  Because of these observations along with the moderate
damage impacts described in the newspaper articles provided by 
Prof. Cary Mock, it is analyzed that this system strengthened to a 
minimal (Category 1) hurricane at landfall in South Carolina.  Thus the
intensity is boosted from 45 kt up to 65 kt at landfall in South
Carolina around 15 UTC on the 8th.  

*****************************************************************************

1913/06 - 2005 REVISION: 

20641 10/28/1913 M= 3  6 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=0 SSS=0                    L 
20642 10/28*180 865  35    0*190 863  40    0*200 860  45    0*210 855  55    0* 
20643 10/29*215 851  65    0*218 848  65    0*220 844  55    0*222 840  40 1003* 
20644 10/30*225 833  35    0E228 823  30    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0* 
20644 HR 

This is a new hurricane, previously not documented in Neumann et al. 
(1999), but it was depicted in Tannehill (1938).  Evidence for this system 
comes from the Historical Weather Map series, the COADS ship database 
and and station observations provided by Dr. Ramon Perez from the 
Cuban journal Resena Meteorologica. 

October 27:  HWM and COADS observations indicate no closed low existed 
at this point, but did suggest an open trough along 85W with a cold front 
moving across the central Gulf of Mexico.  No gale force winds (or equivalent 
in pressure) were observed. 
October 28:  HWM and COADS observations indicate that a closed low existed 
near 20N, 86W.  A weakening frontal boundary was becoming stationary in 
the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.  Ship highlight:  35 kt NW and 1015 mb 
at 17.5N, 86.7W at 11 UTC (COA). 
October 29:  HWM, COADS and Cuba observations indicate that a closed low was 
near 22N, 84.5N over westernmost Cuba.  A dissipating stationary front was 
over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, while a second surge of cold air 
was present over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.  Station highlights: 
992 mb and E-NW winds at the Cape of San Antonio at 0330 UTC (Cuba); 
1003 mb and SE-calm-NW winds at Remates (Guane) at 18 UTC (Cuba).  "By 
the date of the 29th [of October] the system had become a true cyclone 
of moderate intensity according to the observation from the Cape of 
San Antonio, where the barometer reached a low of 744.22 mm [992 mb] on 
the night of the 28th, along with strong rain and wind of 80 mph, rolling 
from east to northwest.  It is not known if the rotation [of the wind] 
passed by the south or north.  In Remates [Guane] the minimum barometer 
was 752.60 mm [1003 mb] at 2 pm. on the 29th, and the wind in that 
morning rolled from the southeast to south, then went calm at 2 pm, then 
the wind came from the northwest at 3pm" (Resena Meteorologica). 
October 30:  The secondary cold front is analyzed in HWM to go through 
the Straits of Florida over to the Yucatan of Mexico.  However, additional 
COADS observations indicate that the front actually extended across central 
Cuba down toward the Gulf of Honduras.  The tropical cyclone has likely 
been absorbed by the frontal boundary just north and east of Cuba.  No 
gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were observed in connection 
with the tropical cyclone. 

This system is analyzed to have undergone genesis early on the 28th of 
October in the Gulf of Honduras.  A 992 mb peripheral pressure early on 
the 29th suggests winds of at least 61 kt from the southern pressure-wind 
relationship and at least 59 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  Thus 65 kt (and therefore a minimal hurricane) is chosen for 
00 UTC on the 29th, which is also its peak intensity as it made landfall into 
westernmost Cuba.  The "80 mph" value from the observer in Cape San Antonio 
while being a visual estimate and thus subject to considerable uncertainty, 
also supports hurricane intensity.  A 1003 mb central pressure 
value at 18 UTC on the 29th suggests winds of 41 kt from the southern 
pressure-wind relationship and 39 kt from the Gulf of Mexico pressure-wind 
relationship.  40 kt is chosen for HURDAT at this time.  The weakening of 
the system during the 29th is consistent with decay expected over land, 
along with possibly enhanced shear experienced as a front was approaching 
the area.  The system apparently was absorbed by the strong cold frontal 
boundary pushing through the region early on the 30th.  The track derived 
is similar to that shown in Tannehill (1938). 


*****************************************************************************

1913 - Additional Notes:

1) May 1-9: Historical Weather Maps and COADS indicate that a tropical 
depression formed northeast of Bermuda near 35N, 60W on 5 May 1913 from an 
existing extratropical storm. The system slowly moved toward the southwest 
the next three days and was absorbed by the frontal boundary of a second 
extratropical cyclone late on the 7th.  Highest winds observed were a single
report of 35 kt on the 5th (COA). Lowest pressures observed were 1003 mb on 
the 5th (COA).   However, with only one observation of gale force winds and
moderately low environmental pressures, not enough evidence exists to 
designate this as a tropical storm. Therefore this system is considered a 
tropical depression (or possibly a subtropical depression) and will not be 
added to HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
May 01   42N  58W     Extratropical
May 02   40N  60W     Extratropical  
May 03   39N  55W     Extratropical 
May 04   36N  57W     Extratropical
May 05   35N  60W     Tropical Depression                
May 06   34N  63W     Tropical Depression 
May 07   36N  60W     Tropical Depression (being absorbed)
May 08   39N  60W     Dissipating                
May 09   ---  ---     Dissipated/Merged with Frontal Boundary

2) June 13-17:  A closed circulation was apparent in the southwestern Gulf 
of Mexico in the Bay of Campeche, possibly formed at the end of an old 
front that dissipated a few days earlier.  It drifted to the north and
west and made landfall late on the 16th in southern Texas and dissipated
on the 17th overland.  It was likely to have been a tropical depression.  
No gale force winds were reported with this system.  One ship reported 
1001, 1001, and 1002 mb on the 13th, 14th, and 15th - not consistent with
the other ships or wind reports.  The pressure readings on the ship are
likely to be about 10 mb too low.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jun. 13  21N  94W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 14  24N  93W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 15  25N  95W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 16  26N  97W     Tropical Depression
Jun. 17  27N  99W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

3) July 20-24:  A closed circulation near the Azores was apparent.  
Pressures were 5-10 mb lower than in the surrounding high-pressure region.  
It was apparently a tropical depression or a non-tropical low center.
However, no gales or sufficiently low pressures were found to characterize 
it as a tropical storm.  The low was absorbed into a frontal band on the 
24th.

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Jul. 20  37N  25W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 21  37N  23W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low 
Jul. 22  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 23  38N  22W     Tropical Depression/Non-tropical Low
Jul. 24  ---  ---     Absorbed by Front  

3) August 3-7:  A low, an apparent tropical depression, formed from an old 
frontal band late on the 3rd of August in the Gulf of Mexico south of 
Tallahassee.  On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, it appeared to be a closed 
circulation of tropical nature that was drifting southwestward toward 
Mexico.  It dissipated over the open Gulf of Mexico late on the 7th.  No 
gales or sufficiently low pressures were found, however, to classify it
as more than a tropical depression.  

DAY      LAT  LON     STATUS
Aug. 3   ---  ---     Open Wave
Aug. 4   28N  86W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 5   27N  88W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 6   26N  90W     Tropical Depression
Aug. 7   28N  89W     Tropical Depression Dissipating

4) Sept 12-15:  A system was mentioned in the Monthly Weather Review near 
the mouth of the Rio Grande on the 12-15 of September, 1913.  Storm warnings 
were issued by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps 
for these dates shows a vigorous cold front pushing through Texas on the 
12th and 13th, cyclogenesis forming along the front late on the 13th and
14th off of Texas, then the low moving northward through Texas and 
Louisiana on the 15th.  The system clearly was of extratropical nature 
throughout its lifetime.  

5) Sept 24-28:  A stationary system is mentioned in the Monthly Weather
Review off of the Texas coast.  Storm warnings were also issued for this 
system by the Weather Bureau.  A review of the Historical Weather Maps for 
this system reveals a strong cold front moving through Texas on the 24th 
and 25th, cyclogenesis just off the Texas coast late on the 25th and 26th 
along the front, and the low weakening into an open trough on the 27th and
28th near the Louisiana/Texas border.  While the HWM does analyze a
small closed low ahead of the cold front on the morning of the 25th,
available observations do not confirm that the system had a
closed circulation - though it may have been a tropical depression
briefly before the front arrived.  Thus despite the heavy rains that
accompanied the front/low (over 8" in Brownsville), the system was
baroclinic for the duration that it retained a closed circulation.


*****************************************************************************

1914/01 - REVISION:

20465 09/14/1914 M= 6  1 SNBR= 470 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
20465 09/15/1914 M= 5  1 SNBR= 475 NOT NAMED   XING=1 SSS=0
         **         *          ***

(The 14th removed from HURDAT.)
20470 09/14*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*238 735  35    0*239 736  35    0

20475 09/15*242 739  35    0*246 742  35    0*254 748  35    0*260 755  35    0
20475 09/15*252 764  30    0*259 767  35    0*265 770  40    0*270 773  40    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20480 09/16*269 763  40    0*278 772  40    0*291 782  45    0*295 793  45    0
20480 09/16*275 777  40    0*280 781  45    0*285 785  50    0*291 792  55    0
            *** ***          *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **

20485 09/17*304 804  40    0*310 816  40    0*315 831  35    0*315 843  35    0
20485 09/17*298 801  60    0*305 812  60    0*310 825  40    0*312 839  35    0
            *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***  **      *** ***

20490 09/18*311 859  35    0*305 874  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 900  35    0
20490 09/18*311 854  35    0*305 870  35    0*302 888  35    0*301 906  30    0
                ***              ***                               ***  **

20495 09/19*300 912  35    0*300 922  35    0*300 931  30    0*  0   0   0    0
20495 09/19*300 922  30    0*300 937  25    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0
                ***  **          ***  **      *** ***  **

20500 TS     

Minor changes to the track and intensity shown in Neumann et al. (1999).  
Evidence for these alterations comes from the Historical Weather Map 
series, the COADS ship database, Original Monthly Record station data from 
NCDC, and _Monthly Weather Review_.

September 13:  HWM and COADS observations indicate the presence of an
open wave near longitude 73W.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in
pressure) were observed.
September 14:  HWM indicates a dissipating cold front extending from
the Florida Straits off to the east-northeast.  A closed low apparently
does not exist in the region, though a trough axis could be analyzed 
near 76W.  HURDAT lists this system as a tropical storm at 23.8N, 73.5W
at 12 UTC.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were 
observed.
September 15:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb located at 
27N, 74.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 25.4N, 74.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 
24N, 75.5W with 1012 mb (a.m.) and at 26.3N, 77W with 1012 mb (p.m.).
Available observations and continuity indicate that the center was
likely just south of the HWM position, but west of all estimates.  Ship 
highlights:  three ships with 35 kt at 12 UTC (HWM and COA).
September 16:  HWM indicates a low of at most 995 mb located at
28.5N, 78.5W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 29.1N, 78.2W.
The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at 28.0N, 78.0W
with 1010 mb (a.m.) and at 30N, 79.8W with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available
observations suggests that the HWM position is more accurate.  Ship
highlight:  35 kt ENE at 32.7N, 77.5W at 12 UTC (COA).  Station 
highlight:  34 kt NE at Charleston at 17 UTC (OMR).  "The storm on the 
morning of the 16th was off the eastern coast of Florida and on the 
evening of that date off the southern Georgia coast" (Monthly Weather
Review).
September 17:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb inland over
Georgia at 31.5N, 83W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at
31.5N, 83.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the
center was at 31.7N, 82.2W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and at 30.7N, 85.7W
with 1008 mb (p.m.).  Available observations suggest that the center
was farther south than these estimates and was between the HWM and
MWR longitude positions.  Ship highlight:  60 kt ESE and 1004 mb at
32.5N, 78.5W at 05 UTC (COA).  Station highlight:  40 kt E Charleston
at 07 UTC (OMR).  "Instead of passing northward up the coast, as is 
customary with disturbances of this character, it advanced westward 
over southern Georgia and continued its progress westward to the Texas 
coast, where it disintegrated.  This disturbance caused winds of gale 
force along the south Atlantic coast, and vessel reports indicate that 
it was even more severe off the Georgia coast.  After reaching the land 
the storm decreased in intensity and caused general rains in the south 
Atlantic and Gulf States" (Monthly Weather Review).
The _New York Times_ reported in the "Weather" section on Sept. 18th
"The southern storm passed inland during Wednesday [16th] night and
Thursday [17th] night its center was over Alabama.  This disturbance
has diminished greatly in intensity but during the last twenty-four
hours it caused general showers in the South Atlantic and East Gulf
States, and during Wednesday night it caused strong shifting winds
on the South Atlantic Coast".  The _Miami Herald_ reported also on
the 18th:  "The northeast of Wednesday [16th] raised some water
around St. Augustine, causing the tide to come in so high that it
ran over the South Street Causeway, and tons of dead grass were
washed away from the marshes about the city.  No damage was done as
the boatmen had plenty of warning of the blow." 
September 18:  HWM indicates a low of at most 1005 mb over just offshore
at 29N, 89W.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical storm at 30.2N, 88.8W at
12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates the center was at
30.3N, 89.0W with 1008 mb (a.m.) and 30.5N, 91.0W with 1010 mb (p.m.).
Available observations suggest that the HURDAT and MWR locations are
more reasonable.  No gale force winds (or equivalent in pressure) were
observed.
September 19:  HWM indicates an open trough extending NE-SW in Texas
and Louisiana.  HURDAT lists this as a tropical depression at 
30.0N, 93.1W at 12 UTC.  The MWR Tracks of Low Centers indicates a
center near 30.2N, 93.2W with 1011 mb (a.m.).  Available observations
suggest that the HWM is correct that the tropical system had dissipated
by 12 UTC on this date.

Genesis for this system was begun a day later on the 15th at 00 UTC as 
a tropical depression, as observations indicate that it was an open wave 
on the 14th.  The track had minor alterations for the duration of the
tropical storm's lifetime.  The winds were increased on the 16th and
17th due to a 60 kt ship report near the coast as the tropical storm
was making landfall.  This wind was chosen as the peak intensity for
the system as well as its landfall intensity.  This boost is consistent
with modest storm surge observed along the coastline.  (Wind observations 
on the coast reached only 40 kt, but the tropical storm made landfall in a
sparsely monitored region between the Jacksonville and Savannah 
stations.)  Landfall is estimated to have occurred around 07 UTC on
the 17th near 30.6N, 81.4W.  Dissipation likely occurred earlier than
that indicated in HURDAT as seen from HWM and COADS observations on
the 19th.  

*****************************************************************************

1914 - Additional Notes:

1)  A cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico in late September and
early October was investigated for the possibility of inclusion into 
HURDAT.  On the 28th of September, brisk east to northeast to north
winds covered the Gulf of Mexico after an early, vigorous cold front
passed through the region.  On the 29th, a possible low center was
forming along this pre-existing frontal boundary in the northern
Gulf of Mexico.  The pressure gradient was enhanced and 42 kt from
the east were observed in Mobile.  On the 30th, the low was in the 
northeastern Gulf just south of Pensacola and though high winds
were reported (peak of 42 kt from the east in Pensacola), the system
continued to be baroclinic in structure with a cold front off to
the southwest and a warm front off to the southeast.  On October 1st,
the system went inland and weakened over southern Alabama and Mississippi.  
The remnants of the system continued to cause rains in the along the
Gulf coastal states on the 2nd.  While the storm clearly had gale
force winds associated with it, the system also apparently retained 
its baroclinic character throughout its lifetime.  Thus this 
extratropical storm is not added into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Sep. 29  26N  92W      Extratropical
Sep. 30  29N  88W      Extratropical
Oct. 1   31N  91W      Extratropical
Oct. 2   ---  ---      Extratropical Dissipating

2)  Both Tannehill (1938) and Connor (1956) listed a second tropical 
system occurring in late October in their compilations of the season. 
early October.  This was investigated for the possibility of 
inclusion into HURDAT.  On the 24th, low pressure was present 
throughout the western Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Caribbean
Sea.  A possible low center was forming in the extreme northwestern
Gulf of Mexico with an attached cold front extending to the south.
On the 25th, this low had consolidated somewhat and was moving 
toward the east across the central Gulf of Mexico as a well-
defined extratropical storm with gale force winds on the northern
half of the system.  At the same time, HWM and COADS ship 
observations suggest that a separate low pressure center - 
perhaps a tropical depression - had formed in the northwestern
Caribbean Sea.  Lowest pressure with this possible tropical low
were down to 1004 mb, but peak winds associated with it were
only 20 kt due to the overall weak pressure gradient present.
On the 26th, the extratropical low continued moving toward the
east and its associated cold front began moving across Florida
and Cuba.  It appears likely that the frontal boundary absorbed
the possible tropical depression at this date.  On the 27th,
the extratropical storm center weakened to an open trough, even
though strong northerly winds were observed along the Carolina
coasts behind the associated cold front.  There is no indication
of a separate tropical cyclone being present on this date.  Thus
the main system  7apparently retained its extratropical character
for its lifetime, but the secondary low on the 25th was likely
a tropical depression.  It is unlikely that this reached tropical
storm strength and thus is not included into HURDAT.

DAY      LAT  LON      STATUS
Oct. 24  27N  97W      Extratropical
Oct. 25  26N  91W      Extratropical (and)
         21N  86W      Tropical Depression
Oct. 26  27N  86W      Extratropical (and)
         ---  ---      Tropical Depression Absorbed into Front
Oct. 27  ---  ---      Extratropical Degenerated into open trough

*****************************************************************************

1992/02 - ANDREW - 2002 ADDITION:

54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=4
54545 08/16/1992 M=13  2 SNBR=1158 ANDREW      XING=1 SSS=5
                                                          *

54550 08/16*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0*108 355  25 1010
54555 08/17*112 374  30 1009*117 396  30 1008*123 420  35 1006*131 442  35 1003
54560 08/18*136 462  40 1002*141 480  45 1001*146 499  45 1000*154 518  45 1000
54565 08/19*163 535  45 1001*172 553  45 1002*180 569  45 1005*188 583  45 1007
54570 08/20*198 593  40 1011*207 600  40 1013*217 607  40 1015*225 615  40 1014
54575 08/21*232 624  45 1014*239 633  45 1010*244 642  50 1007*248 649  50 1004

54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  60  994*258 683  70  981*257 697  80  969
54580 08/22*253 659  55 1000*256 670  65  994*258 683  80  981*257 697  95  969
                                      **               **               **

54585 08/23*256 711  90  961*255 725 105  947*254 742 120  933*254 758 135  922
54585 08/23*256 711 110  961*255 725 130  947*254 742 145  933*254 758 150  922
                    ***              ***              ***              ***

54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 120  937*256 812 110  951*258 831 115  947
54590 08/24*254 775 125  930*254 793 130  937*256 812 115  951*258 831 115  947
                                     ***              ***

54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 115  946*278 896 120  941
54595 08/25*262 850 115  943*266 867 115  948*272 882 120  946*278 896 125  941
                                                      ***              ***

54600 08/26*285 905 120  937*292 913 115  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
54600 08/26*285 905 125  937*292 913 120  955*301 917  80  973*309 916  50  991
                    ***              ***    

54605 08/27*315 911  35  995*321 905  30  997*328 896  30  998*336 884  25  999
54610 08/28*344 867  20 1000*354 840  20 1000*  0   0   0    0*  0   0   0    0

54615 HRCFL4BFL3 LA3
54615 HRCFL5BFL4 LA3
        ********
		
U.S. and Bahamian Hurricane Data
--------------------------------
Date/Time   Lat    Lon    Max  Saffir- Central   Landfall       States
                         Winds Simpson Pressure  Location       Affected
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  130kt   4     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---	
8/23/2100Z  25.4N  76.6W  140kt   5     923mb    Eleuthera, Ba  ---
                          ***     *

8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  125kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
8/24/0100Z  25.4N  77.8W  130kt   4     931mb    Barry Is., Ba  ---
                          ***

8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  125kt   4     922mb    Fender Point   CFL4, BFL3
8/24/0905Z  25.5N  80.3W  145kt   5     922mb    Fender Point   CFL5, BFL4
                          ***     *                             ****  ****

8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  105kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
8/26/0830Z  29.6N  91.5W  100kt   3     956mb    Pt. Chevreuil  LA3
                          ***

After considering the presentations regarding various recommendations for 
the revisions of Andrew's best track intensities, the NHC Best Track Change 
Committee made alterations to the winds in HURDAT for Hurricane Andrew for 
the dates of 22 to 26 August.  These changes are made to Hurricane Andrew's 
intensity data for the time while the storm was over the Atlantic Ocean just 
east of the Bahamas, over the Bahamian islands and south Florida, over the 
Gulf of Mexico and at landfall in Louisiana.  Neither the best track 
positions nor the central pressure values of Andrew were adjusted.  The 
alterations in wind intensity were based upon the Franklin et al. (2003) 
methodology, which is consistent with the work of Dunion et al. (2003) and 
Dunion and Powell (2002) as discussed earlier.  The changes to HURDAT were 
applied for these dates as aircraft reconnaissance observations were 
available throughout this period and there were limited in-situ surface 
observations indicative of the maximum 1 min surface winds.  The revisions 
make Andrew a Category 5 hurricane on the SSHS at landfall in both Eleuthera 
Island, Bahamas and in southeastern Florida.  The maximum 1 min surface wind 
for Hurricane Andrew at landfall in mainland southeastern Florida near Fender 
Point (8 nmi [13 km] east of Homestead) at 0905 UTC 24 August is officially 
estimated to be 145 kt.  The original best track landfall intensity estimate 
was 125 kt.  The peak intensity of Andrew, originally assessed at 135 kt, is 
now judged to be 150 kt at 1800 UTC 23 August just east of the northern 
Bahamas.   
Details of presentations made and minutes of deliberations can be found at:
   http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/index.html

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