********************************************************************************
1878/01: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993). Inland decay model
of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Florida.
1878/01 - 2003 REVISION:
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 175 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
05790 07/01/1878 M= 3 1 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
05795 07/01*254 873 40 0*254 866 40 0*255 860 40 0*256 850 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 40 0
05800 07/02*257 843 40 0*258 835 40 0*259 824 40 0*263 810 30 0
**
05805 07/03*273 796 40 0*280 783 40 0*287 770 40 0*294 756 40 0
05810 TS
No weakening indicated in original HURDAT while passing over Florida,
even though description mentioned utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995)
inland decay model. In this revision, Kaplan and DeMaria's model was
used to reduce the winds after landfall in Florida on the 2nd.
********************************************************************************
1878/02: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993). These
track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland decay model of Kaplan
and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over Mexico with an accelerated
decay rate to account for enhance topography. The storm is determined to
have reached hurricane intensity based upon reports from the ship "Padang".
The best track provided appears to describe the full life cycle of this
tropical cyclone (from its formation as a tropical storm to its peak as a
hurricane until its dissipation below tropical depression intensity).
1878/02 - 2003 REVISION:
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 178 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
05905 08/08/1878 M=12 2 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
05910 08/08*150 605 40 0*149 610 40 0*147 615 40 0*146 619 40 0
05915 08/09*146 624 40 0*146 628 40 0*145 633 40 0*145 641 40 0
05920 08/10*144 649 40 0*144 656 40 0*143 665 40 0*142 676 40 0
05925 08/11*141 686 40 0*140 700 40 0*140 713 40 0*141 730 40 0
05930 08/12*143 746 50 0*145 761 50 0*150 775 50 0*159 786 50 0
05935 08/13*166 796 50 0*174 806 50 0*180 815 50 0*187 825 50 0
05940 08/14*195 833 60 0*202 841 60 0*210 850 60 0*215 856 60 0
05945 08/15*220 861 70 0*225 868 70 0*228 875 70 0*229 881 70 0
05950 08/16*230 890 70 0*230 896 70 0*230 903 70 0*230 911 70 0
05955 08/17*230 921 70 0*230 930 70 0*230 940 70 0*230 948 70 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*227 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
05960 08/18*229 956 70 0*228 965 70 0*227 975 70 0*226 985 40 0
***
05965 08/19*225 992 30 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0
05970 HR
Track adjusted slightly to provide a more realistic translational velocity.
********************************************************************************
1878/03: Only major change from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane is to extend the storm for a full day
to the 21st of August as suggested by Partagas and Diaz. 963 mb
central pressure suggests 88 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track because of extremely
high latitude and cold waters. Storm determined to have reached
hurricane intensity based upon several ship reports, the 963 mb
central pressure measurement and the destruction that occurred at
Magdalene Islands, Canada.
********************************************************************************
1878/04: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b) for this
newly documented hurricane. 996 mb central pressures suggests
55 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
50 kt chosen for best track. 972 mb central pressure suggests
84 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure relationship -
90 kt chosen for best track. 975 mb central pressure suggests
78 kt from the northern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. Storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon the 972 and 975 mb central pressure readings
as well as several ship reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/05: Major track changes are made to this storm from that shown
in Partagas and Diaz (1995b) and Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 3. These include indicating a loop in the track from
the 8th to the 11th of September rather than a stationary track.
Loop determined primarily from observations at Key West reported in
Partagas and Diaz. A pressure reading of 984 mb not in the hurricane's
center (at 06 UTC, 2nd of September) suggests winds of at least
72 kt from the southern wind-pressure relationship - 80 kt chosen
for best track. A pressure reading of 999 mb not in the storm's
center (at 06Z on the 5th) suggests winds of at least 49 kt from the
southern wind-pressure relationship - 60 kt chosen for best track.
A pressure reading of 1000 mb not in the storm's center (on 18 UTC
on the 7th) suggests winds of 47 kt from the southern wind-pressure
relationship - 50 kt are chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 990 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 18 UTC on the 11th)
suggests winds of 63 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt is chosen for best track. A pressure reading
of 993 mb not in the hurricane's center (at 12 UTC on the 12th)
suggests winds of at least 59 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. Inland decay
model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Hispanola, Cuba and the eastern United States. Used an accelerated
decay rate for Hispanola and Cuba to account for enhanced topography.
Storm is determined to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean
based upon the 984 mb peripheral pressure, the destruction in Trinidad,
Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba, and several ship reports. The storm
regained hurricane force status in the Gulf of Mexico based upon several
ship reports. The storm attained hurricane intensity for a third time in
the Atlantic Ocean based upon the periphery pressure readings of 990
and 993 mb, reports from the ships "Sabre" and "City of New York",
as well as wind reports from Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
1878/05 - 2003 REVISION:
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 181 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=1
05935 09/01/1878 M=13 5 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
*** *
05940 09/01* 85 542 50 0* 87 556 50 0* 90 570 60 0* 96 584 60 0
05945 09/02*103 599 70 0*113 617 80 0*123 633 80 0*133 648 80 0
05950 09/03*143 663 80 0*152 678 80 0*160 693 80 0*167 701 80 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 80 0*190 730 70 0*196 739 70 0
05955 09/04*175 711 80 0*182 721 70 0*189 730 60 0*195 739 70 0
** *** ** ***
05960 09/05*199 746 70 0*202 756 60 0*205 766 60 0*207 771 60 0
05960 09/05*200 746 70 0*205 756 60 0*210 766 60 0*215 771 60 0
*** *** *** ***
05965 09/06*211 778 50 0*214 783 50 0*217 786 50 0*221 793 50 0
05965 09/06*219 778 50 0*221 784 50 0*223 790 50 0*225 795 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05970 09/07*222 799 50 0*226 804 50 0*230 806 50 0*237 809 50 0
05970 09/07*228 800 50 0*231 805 50 0*236 808 50 0*243 809 50 0
*** *** *** *** *** *** ***
05975 09/08*246 810 60 0*252 810 60 0*260 815 60 0*266 821 60 0
05975 09/08*250 810 60 0*258 812 50 0*265 815 40 0*269 819 40 0
*** *** *** ** *** ** *** *** **
05980 09/09*266 829 70 0*259 831 70 0*255 834 70 0*252 831 70 0
05980 09/09*272 824 40 0*274 829 50 0*276 833 60 0*278 835 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** ***
05985 09/10*251 826 70 0*252 818 70 0*260 811 60 0*270 808 50 0
05985 09/10*280 834 80 0*283 830 90 0*287 825 80 970*292 820 70 0
*** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** **
05990 09/11*279 806 50 0*288 806 60 0*297 806 70 0*305 806 70 0
05990 09/11*297 815 60 985*301 811 70 0*305 809 80 0*309 807 80 0
*** *** ** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** **
05995 09/12*312 806 80 0*317 806 80 0*325 805 80 0*345 801 60 0
05995 09/12*313 806 80 0*318 805 80 0*325 804 80 0*340 801 60 0
*** *** *** ***
06000 09/13*368 798 50 0E392 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
06000 09/13*365 798 50 0E390 794 50 0E415 790 40 0E440 785 40 0
*** ***
06005 HRBFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
06005 HRBFL2DFL1 NC1 SC1 GA1
********
U.S. Tropical Storm Landfall Data
---------------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Landfall
Winds State
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0100Z 24.7 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$ 2100Z 24.7 80.9 60 FL
* ***** ****
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0600Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$ 0200Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
*****
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
5-9/10/1878$ 1000Z 25.7N 81.3W 70kt 1 (985mb) BFL1
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 (970mb) BFL2,DFL1
***** ***** ***** **** * ******* **** ****
5-9/12/1878 1000Z 32.2N 80.5W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 (976mb) NC1,SC1,GA1
**** **** *****
Hurricane is revised from the initial analysis due to the inclusion of work
by Ho (1989). In particular, additional observations were provided from
Key West, Punta Rassa and St. Augustine, FL that provided alterations in
both track and intensity. Observations from Key West showed that the
system made its closest approach to the east of that town around 21Z on the
7th as a tropical storm, made landfall over the Florida peninsula shortly
thereafter. All measurements indicated that it proceeded slowly to the north
and drifted back offshore, where it reintensified. Early on the 10th,
it began moving back toward the east and made landfall just before 12Z
on the 10th, likely north of Tampa. Observations from St. Augustine showed
that the center of the hurricane passed overhead around 02Z on the 11th with a
central pressure of 985 mb. (The wind intensity from St. Augustine is in
conflict with those at nearby Jacksonville and it is believed that the
observer may have had a high bias at the former station. However, strong
winds along the coast from the 7th to the 9th were likely due to a
combination of the system's wind field along with a large pressure gradient
induced by a strong ridge to the north. This ridge also blocked the storm
and induced a slow motion for the same days.) The hurricane's track was
altered from the 7th until the 13th based upon these new data. The 985 mb
central pressure corresponds to 70 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure
relationship - 70 kt used in the best track after oceanfall back to the
Atlantic at 06Z on the 11th . From this 985 mb central pressure and that
the hurricane was over Florida for about 16 hours, a 970 mb central pressure
was estimated for its landfall in Southwest Florida from the pressure-
decay relationship of Ho et al. (1987). A 970 mb central pressure suggests
winds of 89 kt from the Gulf of Mexico wind-pressure relationship - 90 kt
is chosen for the winds at landfall. Winds are reduced on the 4th to
account for realistic weakening while tracking over Hispanola. Track also
adjusted during trek over Cuba from the 4th until the 7th based upon
re-analysis efforts for Cuban hurricanes by Perez (2000). Assignment of
Category 1 hurricane landfall in Cuba agrees with assessment by Perez (2000).
********************************************************************************
1878/06: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 4. Storm is
determined to have reached hurricane status based upon several ship
reports.
********************************************************************************
1878/07: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 5. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
Haiti with an accelerated decay rate to account for enhanced topography.
938 mb central pressure suggests 105 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 110 kt chosen for best track. This storm is determined
to have reached hurricane intensity in the Caribbean Sea based upon
reports from the ships "Princess Alexandra" and "William Phipps". The
hurricane is determined to have reached major hurricane status based
upon the central pressure reading of 938 mb as well as several ship
reports.
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 183 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
06160 09/24/1878 M=15 7 SNBR= 186 NOT NAMED XING=0 SSS=0
***
06165 09/24*151 719 40 0*155 719 40 0*160 720 50 0*162 720 50 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 723 70 0
06170 09/25*164 720 60 0*167 721 60 0*170 721 70 0*176 722 70 0
***
06175 09/26*180 724 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 50 0
06175 09/26*180 723 70 0*184 724 60 0*187 725 50 0*192 726 40 0
*** **
06180 09/27*195 726 50 0*197 726 50 0*201 726 60 0*205 726 60 0
06180 09/27*195 726 40 0*197 726 40 0*201 726 50 0*205 727 60 0
** ** ** ***
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 728 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
06185 09/28*209 728 70 0*212 729 70 0*216 730 70 0*221 731 70 0
***
06190 09/29*224 733 80 0*227 734 80 0*232 735 80 0*236 735 80 0
06195 09/30*239 735 90 0*242 735 90 0*247 735 90 0*254 735 90 0
06200 10/01*258 735 100 0*263 734 100 0*268 733 100 0*274 731 100 0
06205 10/02*276 731 110 0*280 731 110 0*285 730 110 0*289 729 110 0
06210 10/03*293 726 120 0*298 725 120 0*302 721 120 0*308 719 120 0
06215 10/04*314 715 120 0*319 711 120 0*325 706 120 0*333 700 120 0
06220 10/05*339 693 110 0*344 686 110 0*350 677 110 0*360 666 110 0
06225 10/06*373 648 110 0*385 626 110 0*397 605 110 0*407 583 110 0
06230 10/07*417 555 110 0*427 519 110 0*435 485 110 938*448 443 100 0
06235 10/08*462 395 100 0*475 355 100 0*485 310 90 0*495 270 90 0
06240 HR
Track slightly adjusted to provide for a more realistic motion. Winds
slightly decreased on the 26th and 27th, due to transit over Hispanola
and accounting for reasonable weakening.
********************************************************************************
1878/08: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
large alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993), originally
storm number 6. These track changes are found to be reasonable. Inland
decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) utilized for inland winds over
the SE United States. 982 mb central pressure suggests 71 kt from the
northern wind-pressure relationship - 70 kt chosen for best track. The
storm is determined to have reached hurricane status over the Atlantic
Ocean based upon several ship reports as well as the 982 mb central
pressure reading.
1878/08 - 2003 REVISION:
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 184 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
06245 10/09/1878 M= 7 8 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=0
***
06250 10/09*235 913 40 0*246 911 40 0*256 906 40 0*263 901 40 0
06255 10/10*268 896 50 0*273 891 50 0*281 881 50 0*292 866 50 0
06260 10/11*306 838 50 0*315 808 50 0*327 781 60 0*335 766 60 0
06260 10/11*306 838 40 0*315 808 40 0*327 781 50 0*335 766 60 0
** ** **
06265 10/12*345 750 70 0*358 736 70 0*370 725 70 0*388 705 70 0
06270 10/13*402 681 70 0*418 651 70 0*429 626 70 982*438 597 70 0
06275 10/14*445 568 70 0*452 533 70 0*455 500 70 0*455 475 70 0
06280 10/15E455 440 60 0E455 409 60 0E455 375 60 0E455 340 60 0
06285 HR
Winds reduced on the 11th to account for weakening while tracking over
Florida and Georgia, utilizing the Kaplan and DeMaria (1995) inland
decay model.
********************************************************************************
1878/09: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 7. Note
that storms 8 and 9 likely merged as a large extratropical storm on
the 16th of October. The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon several ship observations.
********************************************************************************
1878/10: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b). Track
unaltered from Neumann et al. (1993), originally storm number 8. 951 mb
central pressure suggests 103 kt from the subtropical latitude wind-
pressure relationship - 100 kt chosen for best track. The storm is
determined to have reached major hurricane intensity based upon the
951 mb central pressure measurement.
********************************************************************************
1878/11: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 9. Inland decay model of Kaplan and DeMaria
(1995) utilized for inland winds over the eastern United States. 975 mb
central pressure suggests 78 kt from the northern wind-pressure
relationship - 80 kt chosen for best track (storm was inland by this
point suggesting lower winds than 78 kt, yet fast moving suggesting
higher winds than 78 kt). The best track provided appears to describe
the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its formation as a
tropical storm to its peak as a hurricane until its dissipation as an
extratropical storm). The storm is determined to have reached hurricane
intensity based upon destruction in Cuba and the mid-Atlantic U.S.
states, wind reports in North Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey, and the
central pressure reading.
1878/11 - 2003 REVISION:
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 187 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
06280 10/18/1878 M= 8 11 SNBR= 190 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=2
***
06285 10/18*172 796 40 0*177 801 40 0*180 805 50 0*182 806 50 0
06290 10/19*185 809 60 0*187 811 60 0*190 813 60 0*194 816 60 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 70 0*212 824 70 0
06295 10/20*197 819 70 0*202 821 70 0*207 824 80 0*212 824 80 0
** **
06300 10/21*219 824 70 0*225 823 70 0*232 820 70 0*244 810 70 0
06300 10/21*219 824 90 0*225 822 90 0*232 818 80 0*244 810 70 0
** *** ** *** **
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*312 780 80 0
06305 10/22*259 798 70 0*273 793 70 0*287 788 80 0*307 780 80 0
***
06310 10/23*340 776 90 0*365 775 80 0*389 770 80 975*405 760 70 0
06310 10/23*330 774 90 963*357 770 90 0*390 772 80 975*415 754 70 0
*** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** ***
06315 10/24*422 740 60 0*427 716 60 0*425 689 60 0*415 666 60 0
06315 10/24E427 736 60 0E429 714 50 0E425 688 50 0E415 666 50 0
**** *** **** *** ** * *** ** * **
06320 10/25E409 650 50 0E402 631 50 0E395 613 50 0E390 598 50 0
06325 HR NC2 VA1 MD1 DE1 NJ1 PA1
U.S. Hurricane Landfall Data
----------------------------
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- Central States
Winds Simpson Pressure Affected
11-10/23/1878 0100Z 34.4N 77.6W 90kt 2 (965mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
11-10/23/1878 0400Z 34.8N 77.1W 90kt 2 (963mb) NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
***** ***** ***** *******
Re-analysis of Cuban hurricanes from Perez (2000) suggests that this
system impacted Cuba as a Category 2 hurricane based mainly upon wind-caused
damages, with a track slightly to the east of the original HURDAT estimate.
Winds increased on the 20th and 21st and track altered on the 21st,
accordingly.
Altered track and intensity over the United States from the 22nd until
the 24th based upon re-analysis effort by Roth and Cobb (2000). Changes
do indicate a later (04Z rather than 01Z) landfall along North Carolina.
They estimate a landfall central pressure of 963 mb which would correspond
to 92 kt from the subtropical wind-pressure relationship. 90 kt is kept
for landfall intensity. Additional observations were obtained from the
new report by Ramsey and Reilly (2003). A 10 foot storm tide was observed
in Little Creek, Delaware; 11 foot in Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania; and
12 foot in Pea Patch Island, Delaware (Ramsey and Reilly 2003).
********************************************************************************
1878/12: No major changes from Partagas and Diaz (1995b), who made
reasonable small alterations to the track shown in Neumann et al. (1993),
originally storm number 10. Storm is also named the "San Rufo" for its
impact in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The best track provided
appears to describe the full life cycle of this tropical cyclone (from its
formation as a tropical storm until its dissipation below tropical storm
intensity).
********************************************************************************